Academic literature on the topic 'Courbes de fragmentation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Courbes de fragmentation"
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Machar, I. "Changes in the fragmentation and ecological stability of the Morava River floodplain forest in the course of the 20th century." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 3 (March 18, 2009): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/98/2008-jfs.
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This paper presents the results of an analysis of the changes in the fragmentation and ecological stability of the floodplain forest geobiocoenoses in the Protected Landscape Area Litovelské Pomoraví, Czech Republic. Using GIS methods, it was determined that the fragmentation within the study area had increased slightly and the ecological stability of the landscape had decreased slightly between the years 1938 and 2006, although the latter remained on a fairly high level. The data reflect the anthropogenic conditionality of the floodplain forest ecosystem and show that an anthropogenically conditioned geobiocoenosis may attain a relatively high level of ecological stability, this being particularly characteristic of floodplain forest geobiocoenoses in Central Europe. The results of the study contribute to the documents that will be used in drawing up a management plan for the locality important at the European level which is a part of the Natura 2000 system.
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Ryzhenkov, Anton Vladimirovich, Vladimir Anatolevich Dashkovskii, and Mikhail Anatolevich Vinnik. "Massive open online courses and russian education system." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2016-1-75-87.
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The analysis platforms massive public online courses (MOOC), identified the advantages and disadvantages MOOC. We propose a way of further development and improvement of MOOC. The role of educational and scientific films in MOOC. A model scheme of the system on-line education with the use of mass open online courses, the implementation of which it is possible to eliminate the inherent disadvantages of massive online courses: a low level of socialization and personal contact students and faculty, low student motivation and excessive fragmentation, fragmented, unsystematic nature of learning within one specialty. The role of educational trajectories in the construction of distance education programs and MOOC in particular. The methods of construction of educational trajectories based on individual characteristics and wishes of the student have been proposed. Attention is given to promising areas: mind-fitness and gamefication. Formulate rules for building online educational systems with MOOC. The basic rules for writing an instructional video and the system as a response to the authors of the course, and for students to be able to improve the video course have been formulated.
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Jimmy, Eunice Nthambi, Javier Martinez, and Jeroen Verplanke. "Spatial Patterns of Residential Fragmentation and Quality of Life in Nairobi City, Kenya." Applied Research in Quality of Life 15, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 1493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09739-8.
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Abstract Residential fragmentation undermines integration by physically excluding some urban dwellers through walling, fencing and use of barriers limiting interactions. Research has shown that many cities in the Global South are experiencing spatial fragmentation issues associated with increasing inequalities, social exclusion and proliferation of gated communities. This results in distinct residential fragments with limited interactions and unequal quality of life (QoL) conditions of the residents of the fragments. The aim of this paper is to describe the association between residential fragmentation and QoL based on three residential fragments in the city of Nairobi (Kenia). A mixed method approach was applied to understand fragmentation in the city and analyse integration and QoL satisfaction in the fragments. Household surveys and key informant interviews were main data collection methods. Data analysis methods used included descriptive statistics, spatial and content analysis. The results show, as expected, slum residents felt the least integrated symbolically compared to the planned non-gated and gated community residents. Similarly, gated community residents have higher QoL satisfaction compared to other types of fragments. There is a strong positive correlation between symbolic integration and QoL domains related to housing and safety in the slum, indicating that people who are satisfied with housing also have a sense of belonging to their neighbourhood. In contrast, community integration has a negative correlation with safety in the gated community implying that when the residents are satisfied with safety, they tend to have low social networks. Based on the empirical evidence, fragmentation is related to specific domains of QoL as it is associated with spatial exclusion through barriers and gating and marginalization of the poor making it harder for them to feel integrated. The residential fragments reflect the intense divides in Global South cities in terms of QoL conditions and access to services.
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Santos, Carla Madalena, Rubia Amanda Franco, Diego Leon, Daniel Bovolenta Ovigli, and Pedro Donizete Colombo Junior. "Interdisciplinarity in Education: Overcoming Fragmentation in the Teaching-Learning Process." International Education Studies 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n10p71.
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The importance of interdisciplinarity in the teaching-learning process has been much debated. This topic has challenged schoolteachers, who do not always manage to integrate interdisciplinarity into the school routine. This paper emerged from the discipline Research Methodology taught at the postgraduate course in education of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. During this course, we sought to gain knowledge about the academic production related to interdisciplinarity in the teaching-learning process, mainly in terms of teacher training and teaching practice, published in dissertations and theses. We explored contents published from 2011 to 2016 in Brazil. The covered period was based on a search for recent productions on the proposed theme, conducted by using the database of the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. Analyses of the documents pointed to the need to work interdisciplinarity during teacher training courses and to adopt an interdisciplinary posture in daily teaching practice in schools. These practices should help to overcome compartmentalization of the teaching-learning process and to provide students with a global view of the world.
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Hudson, Rosalie. "Disembodied Souls or Soul-Less Bodies: Spirituality as Fragmentation." Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 18, no. 2-3 (July 20, 2006): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j496v18n02_04.
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Borovets, S. Yu, M. A. Rybalov, A. G. Gorbachev, S. Kh Al’-Shukri, and A. V. Levina. "LONG-TERM RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NONBACTERIAL PROSTATITIS AND INCREASED LEVEL OF SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION WITH THE PROSTATILEN® AC DRUG." Andrology and Genital Surgery 19, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2018-19-2-52-57.
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The study objectiveis to evaluate the results of treatment of patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, increased level of sperm DNA fragmentation, and concomitant reproductive function disorders with the Prostatilen® AC drug 1, 2, and 3 months after the end of therapy.Materials and methods. Thirty five men aged 21–46 years (mean age 31.3 ± 4.3 years) with a verified diagnosis of “chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, associated reproductive function disorders, history of early-stage missed miscarriage in a wife/sex partner” were examined. All patients received Prostatilen® AC as rectal suppositories daily for 10 days with a repeat course 20 days later. Before and after the treatment, as well as after 1, 2, and 3 months after its end, the fraction of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA was measured in all patients using sperm chromatin structure assay with flow cytofluorometry. The risk of decreased fertility was considered low if the number of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA was 15 % or lower (this value is considered the norm). If DNA fragmentation was 16 % or higher, it was considered increased.Results. The fraction of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA significantly decreased during the treatment, and 1 month after the end of the therapy it was 7.5 ± 4.2 % (prior to treatment it was 17.8 ± 6.7 %) (p <0.005). Prior to Prostatilen® AC treatment, enhanced DNA fragmentation was observed in 18 (51 %) patients, 1 month after treatment – only in 6 (17 %); the difference is statistically significant (p <0.001). Two months after the end of treatment, increased level of DNA fragmentation was detected in 7 (20 %) patients, 3 months after – in 15 (42 %) patients. Aside from that, if the fraction of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA was more than 30 % before treatment, then a decrease in this value during treatment wasn’t statistically significant.Conclusion. Prostatilen® AC promotes a reduction in the level of sperm DNA fragmentation in patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. A steady positive effect persists for 2 months with a tendency to weaken at the end of month 3 which indicates advisability of repeated courses of Prostatilen® AC treatment 2 months after the end of therapy.
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Wahid, Ratnaria, Aidi Ahmi, and A. S. A. Ferdous Alam. "Growth and Collaboration in Massive Open Online Courses: A Bibliometric Analysis." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 21, no. 4 (July 2, 2020): 292–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v21i4.4693.
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Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are an important approach for achieving UNESCO’s aim of open and accessible education. However, there are concerns regarding fragmentation or bias of MOOCs toward certain disciplines or countries. This study sought to: (a) examine how MOOCs research has evolved and is distributed, (b) determine what key areas are discussed in MOOCs research, and (c) identify the major players in MOOCs research and their collaborations. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 3,118 scholarly works related to MOOCs as recorded in the Scopus database in July, 2019. Specifically, we analyzed the evolution of MOOCs research by examining (a) published studies, (b) source titles, (c) types of sources and documents, as well as (d) the languages in which the documents were written in. We further analyzed the key areas of MOOCs research by looking into common subject areas, keywords used most often, and title analysis. Finally, we sought to increase our understanding of the major players in MOOCs research and their collaborations by examining (a) which countries contributed most to MOOCs research, (b) the main institutions involved, as well as (c) authorship and citation analysis. Findings indicated that in their early development starting in 2009, MOOCs caught the attention of scholars from both the East and the West, and the number of publications grew consistently over the 10 years after that. MOOCs research has been well distributed but has yet to adequately encourage inclusiveness. There has been healthy cross-country collaboration, but there is a gap in MOOCs research originating from certain countries as compared to the rest of the world. Our findings provide important input towards improving the inclusivity and global reach of MOOCs.
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I Namin, J., and P. Spurný. "Fish community structure of the middle course of the Bečva River." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 1 (December 11, 2011): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4270-cjas.
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Fish communities of the Bečva River were studied in summer and autumn 2000 and 2001. Electric fishing gear (Honda EX 1000, DC 230 V, 0.75–0.9 kW) was used for sampling. Four sampling sites (Grymov 19.6 r. km, Rybáře 35.8 r. km, Hustopeče 50.7 and Choryně 54.7 r. km) were selected. Total of 23 fish species representing 5 families were determined. The family Cyprinidae with 15 species was dominant while Salmonidae, Balitoridae, Percidae and Gadidae were the other recorded families. Species diversity ranged from 9 at Hustopeče to 20 at Grymov localities. The lowest biomass and abundance were observed at Hustopeče locality (28.93 kg/ha and 336 fishes/ha) and the highest at Choryně locality (612.90 kg/ha and 7 367 fishes/ha). Barbus barbus, Chondrostoma nasus and Leuciscus cephalus contributed 87.73–97.55% and 60.5%–87% to total biomass and abundance in different samplings, respectively. The Chondrostoma nasus population was dominated by fish of total length over 300 mm. We believe that river fragmentation, trapping and blockade of fish are the main reasons for this irregular distribution. Index of diversity ranged from 0.811 to 2.05 and equitability index from 0.449 to 0.821. Physical and chemical parameters were also measured, pH value ranged from 7.8 to 9.8, DO (7.62–12.15 mg/l), conductivity (450–639 µS/cm), N-NH<sub>4</sub> (0.65–2.39 mg/l), P-PO<sub>4</sub> (0.12–0.68 mg/l)and alkalinity (2.55 to 3.40 mg/l).
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Laws, Glenda. "Embodiment and Emplacement: Identities, Representation and Landscape in Sun City Retirement Communities." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 40, no. 4 (June 1995): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/br6h-gqgf-rdn8-xa31.
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This article focuses on the embodiment, emplacement and representation of aged identities and suggests that more attention be paid to the spatiality of age relations. Identities are both externally imposed and self nominated. Using the example of retirees I explored the ways in which particular places are involved in the creation of identities. Sun City retirement communities are shown to 1) have a material form that serves the retiree identity, 2) be represented in particular ways that contribute to that identity and 3) simultaneously act as a representation. The article asks whether or not these communities are indicative of a shift to postmodernism, characterized by increased emphasis on surveillance, security, simulations, consumerism, and fragmentation of identities, in both life courses and landscapes.
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Hopper, Tim F., Kathy Sanford, and Hong Fu. "Finding the Connective Tissue in Teacher Education: Creating New Spaces for Professional Learning to Teach." Articles 51, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 1013–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039626ar.
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A common concern in teacher education programs is the fragmentation of knowledge between courses that contribute to separation between discipline-focused theoretical knowledge and teachers’ practical work in schools. Drawing on reviews on innovative learning spaces in schools and analysis of teacher knowledge, we theorize a conceptualization of professional learning with an intention to draw attention to a re-visualization of teacher education. We refer to the concept of electronic-portfolios as a powerful connective tissue in creating new spaces for teacher education, followed by an outline of an aspect of our teacher education program, with insights from students, that is emerging. We conclude with reflections on how we are integrating deep conceptual understandings of education with cumulative narratives of education in practice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Courbes de fragmentation"
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Ait-Kaci, Malika. "Étude de la photoionisation dissociative du méthane et de ses analogues deutériés." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112194.
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Dans ce travail on présente la dissociation de l'ion méthane et de ses analogues deutériés. La technique expérimentale employée est la méthode de coïncidence ce photoion-photoélectron de seuil avec utilisation du rayonnement synchroton comme source de photons. Cette méthode nous permet de sélectionner les ions en énergie interne. Les ions sont ensuite analysés par spectroscopie de temps de vol ce qui permet de déterminer leurs masses et leurs abondances relatives. La comparaison de nos résultats expérimentaux aux résultats théoriques que nous obtenons en appliquant un modèle statistique (théorie RRKM) montre que la dissociation de l'état X est bien décrite par la théorie statistique. On propose un mécanisme de dissociation des hauts niveau, vibrationnels de l'état X. Dans l'état A il semble le qu'on observe la compétition entre la dissociation de l'état A et la conversion interne vers l'état fondamental. Au -dessus de l'état A on forme l'état satellite dont la dissocia ti on est plus rapide que la conversion interne. Nos résultats montrent que les processus de conversion interne sont peu efficaces. Il serait donc souhaitable d'avoir davantage d'informations sur les surfaces de potentiel des états excités, afin d'effectuer des calculs RRKM sur ces surfaces.
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Michel, Bertrand. "Modélisation de la production d'hydrocarbures dans un bassin pétrolier." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345753.
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Cette thèse a pour objet la modélisation de la production pétrolière dans un bassin d'hydrocarbures. Le modèle proposé s'appuie sur une description probabiliste des réserves, de l'exploration des hydrocarbures et de la mise en production des gisements découverts. L'utilisation de la loi de Lévy-Pareto pour décrire les tailles des gisements s'appuie d'une part sur une description probabiliste de la formation des réserves au cours de l'évolution du temps géologique et d'autre part sur les propriétés d'invariance de la distribution de Poisson Dirichlet pour des processus de coalescence et de fragmentation, dans le cadre du modèle de Bolthausen Sznitman. Deux principaux problèmes statistiques, relevant tous les deux d'une problématique de choix de modèle en estimation de densité, sont identifiés. Le premier concerne l'estimation d'un modèle d'exploration pétrolière et le second est une étude de courbes de production qui repose sur une classification non supervisée et une sélection de variables pertinentes effectués via la sélection d'un modèle de mélange Gaussien. Dans les deux cas, un critère de maximum de vraisemblance pénalisé est défini pour obtenir une inégalité de type oracle. Le modèle global de production pétrolière d'un bassin ainsi obtenu permet d'une part de préciser la forme des profils de production de bassin et d'autre part de proposer des scénarios de prolongement de la production de bassin en cours d'exploitation.
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Crabot, Julie. "Continuité écologique, fragmentation et dynamique spatio-temporelle des communautés en rivières intermittentes." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1319.
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L’écologie vise à comprendre comment les espèces et les individus sont distribués dans l’espace et dans le temps. De nombreux progrès ont récemment été réalisés dans l’analyse spatiale des communautés mais les mécanismes ont souvent été considérés comme à l’équilibre. Cela pourrait affecter la compréhension du rôle de processus déterministes (comme l’influence de facteurs environnementaux locaux) et stochastiques (comme une variation aléatoire du taux de mortalité) dans le maintien des écosystèmes, et d’autant plus pour les milieux dynamiques régulièrement soumis à des changements drastiques des conditions environnementales. Mon objectif dans cette thèse était ainsi d’améliorer la connaissance de la structure spatiale et temporelle des communautés en milieu dynamique en s’appuyant sur le cas de rivières intermittentes, sujettes à des cessation d’écoulement et/ou des assèchements. Le Chapitre 3 a contribué à l’amélioration d’un outil largement utilisé dans les analyses spatiales de communautés. En effet, les tests de Mantel, visant à mesurer la corrélation entre deux matrices de distance et tester sa significativité, sont un outil courant dans l’étude des métacommunautés pour mesurer la contribution du filtre environnemental et de la dispersion. Nous avons montré que la Moran Spectral Randomization permettait de corriger la surestimation de la corrélation entre deux matrices de distance présentant une autocorrélation spatiale. Nos résultats suggèrent que les analyses de communautés fondées sur ces tests ont pu surestimer la part accordée au filtre environnemental dans la structuration des communautés et que notre méthode permettra à de futures analyses de s’affranchir de ce biais. Les tests de Mantel étant utilisé dans d’autres domaines tels que la génétique, l’amélioration que nous proposons pourrait avoir des implications plus larges que le cadre de l’écologie des communautés. Dans le Chapitre 4, j’ai montré que la distribution spatiale et temporelle des assecs pouvait influencer la dynamique des communautés en rivière intermittente. L’influence de la localisation d’une perturbation, définie ici comme un changement extrême des conditions environnementales, sur la structure de communautés avec une dispersion contrainte dans une direction de l’espace avait été testée avec des simulations et sur des mésocosmes mais cela n’avait encore jamais été testé sur des données in situ. Les bassins versants avec des assèchements en amont présentaient des communautés plus dissimilaires entre elles que les communautés de bassins versants avec des assèchements en aval. Les assèchements en amont du réseau ont pu freiner la recolonisation par les organismes aquatiques, conduisant à moins d’homogénéisation des communautés. La fréquence et la durée des assecs avaient également une influence sur la dynamique temporelle des communautés, menant globalement à une plus grande variabilité dans le temps des taxons et des traits biologiques observés à un site, cette relation dépendant par ailleurs de la configuration spatiale d’assèchement. En comparant des rivières françaises exposées à des assèchements depuis des siècles et des rivières tchèques exposées à des assèchements depuis moins d’une décennie et dont l’intermittence est due à des perturbations anthropiques, j’ai montré des différences de réponse des communautés aquatiques à l’intermittence (Chapitre 5). Considérer la diversité bêta spatiale et temporelle a permis de mettre en évidence la plus forte variabilité de composition taxonomique qu’induisent les assèchements sur les communautés des rivières tchèques. De plus, une forte sensibilité des taxons résilients à l’augmentation de l’intermittence ayant été mise en évidence dans le Chapitre 5 pour les rivières qui ne sont pas naturellement intermittentes, l’augmentation de la durée et la longueur des assèchements attendue avec le changement climatique pourraient menacer le rétablissement des communautés après un assec dans ces rivièresEcology aims at understanding how species and individuals are distributed in space and time. Progress has been recently made in spatial analyses of communities but structuring mechanisms are often considered as static or stable over time. This could affect the understanding of the role of deterministic (such as the influence of local environmental factors) and stochastic processes (such as random fluctuations of mortality rates) in maintaining ecosystems, especially for dynamic ecosystems regularly exposed to drastic changes of environmental conditions. My objective in this thesis was to improve knowledge on spatial and temporal structures of communities in dynamic ecosystems, based on the study of intermittent rivers, experiencing interruption of flow and/ or loss of surface water. The Chapter 3 contributed to improve a statistical tool routinely used in spatial analyses of community. Mantel tests, measuring the correlation between two distance matrices and its significance, are frequently used to study to which extent environmental filtering and dispersal structure metacommunities. We showed that Moran Spectral Randomization allowed us to correct the overestimation of the correlation between distance matrices when they presented spatial autocorrelation. Our results suggest that community analyses based on those tests may have overestimated the structuring role of environmental filtering and that our method will allow future analyses to avoid this bias. In addition, Mantel tests being used in other domains such as genetics, the improvement suggested here will have larger outcomes than community ecology. In Chapter 4, I showed that spatial and temporal distributions of drying event influenced community dynamics in intermittent rivers. The influence of the spatial pattern of disturbances, defined here as an extreme change of environmental conditions, had been previously tested with simulations and mesocosms but not in situ. Upstream-drying river basins harboured more dissimilar communities compared to downstream-drying basins. Upstream drying events may restrain recolonization for aquatic dispersers and lead to a lesser homogenisation of communities. Frequency and duration of drying events also influenced the temporal dynamics of communities and generally led to a higher temporal variability of taxonomic and functional compositions; this relationship was, however, dependent on the spatial drying pattern. By comparing French rivers that have been exposed to drying for centuries and Czech rivers recently exposed to flow intermittence caused by anthropic disturbances, I showed that aquatic communities responded differently to intermittence (Chapter 5). Measuring spatial and temporal beta diversity highlighted the higher variability of communities induced by drying in Czech rivers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. In addition, a higher sensitivity of resilient taxa to increasing flow intermittence was found in Chapter 5 for non-natural intermittent rivers and this suggests that the increase of drying duration and drying length induced by climate change might jeopardize the recovery of community of these ecosystems after drying in near future
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Pereira, Sílvia Regina. "Percursos urbanos : mobilidade espacial, acessibilidade e o direito à cidade /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105070.
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Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão SpositoBanca: Eda Maria Góes
Banca: Arthur Magon Whitacker
Banca: Vanda Ueda
Banca: Margarida Maria de Andrade
A estruturação urbana nas cidades capitalistas interfere no cotidiano dos citadinos à medida que estes necessitam locomover-se constantemente para realizarem as mais diversas funções e atividades, e para adquirir bens e serviços, os quais se encontram dispersos nesse espaço e são necessários à reprodução da vida. Dessa forma, a situação espacial de cada um pode facilitar ou dificultar esses deslocamentos intra-urbanos...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
The urban structuring in the capitalist cities interferes in the daily of the citizens as long as these need move constantly for they accomplish the most several functions and activities, and to acquire goods and services, which meet dispersed in that space and they are necessary to the life reproduction. In that way, the space situation of each one can facilitate or to make difficult those intra-urban displacenments...(Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)
Doutor
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Pereira, Sílvia Regina [UNESP]. "Percursos urbanos: mobilidade espacial, acessibilidade e o direito à cidade." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105070.
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A estruturação urbana nas cidades capitalistas interfere no cotidiano dos citadinos à medida que estes necessitam locomover-se constantemente para realizarem as mais diversas funções e atividades, e para adquirir bens e serviços, os quais se encontram dispersos nesse espaço e são necessários à reprodução da vida. Dessa forma, a situação espacial de cada um pode facilitar ou dificultar esses deslocamentos intra-urbanos...
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Madéore-Le, Pichon Céline. "Une approche "Paysage aquatique" pour une meilleure connaissance du fonctionnement des écosystèmes fluviaux et l'amélioration de la conservation des peuplements de poissons." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066538.
Full textBooks on the topic "Courbes de fragmentation"
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Fauchald, Ole Kristian, and André Nollkaemper. The practice of international and national courts and the (de-)fragmentation of international law. Oxford: Hart, 2012.
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Pellet, Alain. Should We (Still) Worry about Fragmentation? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816423.003.0012.
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Alain Pellet argues that we should not worry about fragmentation, given the multiplicity of international courts. To the contrary, he defends the dialogue among the many courts as contributing to the responsible development of international law. He responds to several criticisms concerning possible interpretative fragmentation; competing jurisdiction and forum shopping; as well as regional courts as a potential challenge to the global rule of law, holding that whilst fragmentation might be a problem in theory, it hardly ever occurs in practice. Pellet concludes that the several international courts are not a threat, but an enrichment of international jurisprudence.
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Webb, Philippa. International Judicial Integration and Fragmentation. Oxford University Press, 2016.
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International Judicial Integration And Fragmentation. Oxford University Press, 2013.
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Downs, George W., and Eyal Benvenisti. Between Fragmentation and Democracy: The Role of National and International Courts. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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Downs, George W., and Eyal Benvenisti. Between Fragmentation and Democracy: The Role of National and International Courts. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
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Andenas, Mads, and Eirik Bjorge. Farewell to Fragmentation: Reassertion and Convergence in International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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Andenas, Mads. A Farewell to Fragmentation: Reassertion and Convergence in International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
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van Aaken, Anne, and Iulia Motoc, eds. The European Convention on Human Rights and General International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.001.0001.
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The European Court of Human Rights is one of the main players in interpreting international human rights law where issues of general international law arise. While developing its own jurisprudence for the protection of human rights in the European context, it remains embedded in the developments of general international law. But the Court does not always follow general international law closely and develops its own doctrines. Its decisions are influential for national courts as well as other international courts and tribunals, thereby, at times, influencing general international law. There is thus a feedback loop of influence. This book explores the interaction, including the problems arising in the context of human rights, between the European Convention on Human Rights and general international law. It contributes to the ongoing debate on fragmentation and convergence of International Law from the perspective of international judges as well as academics. Some of the chapters suggest reconciling methods and convergence while others stress the danger of fragmentation. The focus is on specific topics which have posed special problems, namely sources, interpretation, jurisdiction, state responsibility, and immunity.
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van Aaken, Anne, Iulia Motoc, and Johann Justus Vasel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0001.
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There are many ways of looking at the relationship between international human rights law (IHRL) and general international law. One may look at the influence of IHRL on general international law, or at the reverse influence, using a method of tracing judgments and their influence on other international courts. One may also discuss the relationship under the heading of fragmentation, taking a broader, systemic, and institutional view. This introduction embeds the specified topics treated in the book which we deem exemplary, namely sources, interpretation, jurisdiction, state responsibility, and immunity in this discussion, looking at both ways of influence. This book explores the interaction effects arising in the context of human rights between the European Convention on Human Rights and general international law. Some of the chapters suggest reconciling methods and convergence whereas others stress the danger of fragmentation. There is no single view which fits all issue areas of international law but judicial dialogue is of utmost importance to ensure the sustainable development of the law for the benefit of human rights.
Book chapters on the topic "Courbes de fragmentation"
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Caminos, Hugo. "The Growth of Specialized International Tribunals and the Fears of Fragmentation of International Law." In International Courts and the Development of International Law, 55–64. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-894-1_5.
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Pitea, Cesare. "Interpreting the ECHR in the Light of “Other” International Instruments: Systemic Integration or Fragmentation of Rules on Treaty Interpretation?" In International Courts and the Development of International Law, 545–59. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-894-1_40.
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Wagner, Gerhard. "Tort Law and Human Rights." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 209–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_12.
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AbstractThe article explores the relationship between tort law and human rights. It explains the potential inherent in holding corporations liable in tort for human rights violations along the supply chain, such as the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. On a theoretical level, it devises a legal framework of tort liability that is optimal from the standpoint of social welfare. Such an optimal liability system would make manufacturers internalise the full cost of production, including harm caused to workers, third parties and the environment. In contrast, the present global liability situation is characterised by legal fragmentation and enforcement deficits. These factors provide the explanation for the large-scale externalisation of production risks we witness today, leading to an inflated global demand. In principle, tort law is well suited to offer a remedy, as the interests protected by human rights and national tort law broadly overlap. Furthermore, the duty of care which is the core requirement for shifting losses to others via tort law is a flexible concept that may even be stretched to accommodate cross-border human rights policies. The new French “devoir de vigilance,” or human rights due diligence, as well the UK Supreme Court’s recent jurisprudence, aim to tap this potential. On the other hand, the article raises doubt in relation to the adverse economic incentives and market shifts if such duties are imposed selectively, i.e. only in some jurisdictions, but not in others. After all, private international law often stands in the way of a global application of national tort law. Finally, alternative mechanisms of enforcement are assessed and examined with a view to their comparative effectiveness. This analysis casts doubt on the usefulness of tort law as a means to further the human rights cause.
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Nollkaemper, André. "Fragmentation." In National Courts and the International Rule of Law, 217–43. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236671.003.0009.
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Shany, Yuval. "The Fragmentation of International Law." In Regulating Jurisdictional Relations Between National and International Courts, 107–22. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211791.003.0004.
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Richter, Klaus. "The Land of the Enemy." In Fragmentation in East Central Europe, 252–302. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843559.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on policies to overcome the effects of fragmentation at a domestic level. It takes German wartime practices of expropriation as a point of departure to investigate forms of property redistribution over the course of the 1920s. Land reform acts formed the most comprehensive and successful policy to empower the titular nations and structurally integrate the different parts of the states’ territories. It traces the interaction of local experiences of expropriation with the League of Nation’s Minority Section and with broader international discussions about the changing nature of property norms and the relationship of property and territory. Disenfranchised ethnic Germans relied on German nationalists, who used the case of land reform to promote a revision of the East Central European territorial order. Yet National Socialism, the land laws of which surpassed their counterparts in Poland and the Baltics regarding their radical character, ultimately made this support impossible.
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Brown, Chester. "The Emergence of a Common Law of International Adjudication against a Background of Proliferation." In A Common Law of International Adjudication, 15–34. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206506.003.0002.
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This chapter covers the proliferation of international courts and tribunals, and the perceived problem of fragmentation of international law. It first describes the proliferation of international judicial bodies. This has seen the creation of more than a dozen new international adjudicatory bodies in the past two decades. It then proposes possible reasons for the growth in the number of international courts and tribunals. The principal reasons include the erosion of the traditional reluctance to submit disputes to third-party adjudication, and the effects of globalization. It then turns to the effects of proliferation, and explains that it can cause increased jurisdictional competition (overlapping jurisdictions) among international courts and tribunals, and also the emergence of doctrinal inconsistencies in international law. This is particularly so, in light of international jurisprudence which suggests that international courts are ‘self-contained systems’. It then briefly reviews the International Law Commission's work on fragmentation.
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Margaret A, Young. "Part I Context, Ch.5 Fragmentation." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0005.
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This chapter examines fragmentation within the field of international environmental law. There is long-standing scholarly engagement with the fragmentation of international law into largely self-contained ‘regimes’ such as trade, investment, the law of the sea, and human rights. Such regimes are of fundamental importance to the governance of environmental matters. Multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) covering specific issues and sectors now number in the hundreds, and at times their aims and methods may be in opposition, while gaps remain especially in implementation. The chapter begins with a discussion of the functional conception of law-making within ‘regimes’, which has origins in both international relations and international law, and argues that the governance of environmental matters does not always (or even most often) happen in the context of environmental treaties and environmental institutions but also within norms and institutions that are constituted to pursue other functions, such as trade liberalization or investment protection. It then considers how international adjudication and the proliferation of international courts and tribunals have special salience for environmental matters. The chapter also looks at coordinating initiatives, including the proposal for a Global Pact for the Environment.
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A. Turcios-Casco, Manfredo, Richard K. LaVal, Marcio Martínez, and Hefer D. Ávila-Palma. "More Urbanization, Fewer Bats: The Importance of Forest Conservation in Honduras." In Natural History and Ecology of Mexico and Central America. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96493.
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Urbanization is a phenomenon that results in fragmentation and eventual destruction of forests. Suburbanization is a subset of that same phenomenon in which fragmentation has resulted in the retention of small patches of the original forest and surviving old growth trees. Alternatively, the area surrounding the central city had been cleared for agricultural use and the suburban residents have planted many trees in parks and private property. This fragmentation will of course affect many species of bats, including species of the family Phyllostomidae. In this work, we estimate and compare the diversity of phyllostomid bats in three landscapes in Honduras: forests, suburban, and urban areas, from 2015 to 2018. Concurrently, we compared bat activity patterns based on the hour and percentage of moonlight at the time they were captured, and we compared external measurements, forearm and ear length. Urban areas are the least diverse and exhibited the lowest abundance. The forearm and ear length were significantly different only between forests and urban areas. The degree of lunar phobia also differed among those landscapes, but the time of capture did not differ. This is the first attempt to describe the activity patterns of phyllostomids in these studied areas and the effect of urbanization on Honduran bats. As expected, we found that from forests to cities, the diversity and abundance of phyllostomids decreased. However, there are many gaps in our knowledge of how totally or partially urbanized areas are affecting phyllostomid bats in Honduras.
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Dresvina, Juliana. "Introduction." In A Maid with a Dragon. British Academy, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265963.003.0014.
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The introduction outlines the subject, sources, methodology, and the scope of the monograph. It then provides the synopsis of St Margaret’s legend – her noble origins, Christian education by the nurse, encounter with the pagan prefect Olibrius, arrest, torture, imprisonment, assault by a demonic dragon, interrogation of the black demon, heavenly apparitions, beheading by Malchus, burial, and posthumous miracles. It then discusses the structure and the content of the legend, highlighting its dichotomies: private–public, country–city, enclosure–spectacle, Christian–pagan, wholeness–fragmentation, and, of course, divine–demonic, action–reaction.
Conference papers on the topic "Courbes de fragmentation"
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"Measurement of Land Fragmentation in the Course of Building Activities." In 20th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2013. ÖKK-Editions, Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2013_173.
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Li, Xinfang, Jing Li, Shuwen Sun, and Jingling Qiu. "Research on the design of micro-course in the era of fragmentation." In International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ciie140321.
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Vorobjovas, Viktoras, Ovidijus Šernas, Daiva Žilionienė, Lina Šneideraitienė, and Vilius Filotenkovas. "Evaluation of High-Quality Dolomite Aggregate for Asphalt Wearing Course." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.157.
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In Lithuania dolomite is the third most excavated by the amount mineral resource, which is mostly used in subbase layer and hot asphalt mixtures for asphalt binder and base courses. Although, for asphalt wearing layer are often used granite aggregates, but this magmatic rock is imported from foreign countries. In one of the quarries of JSC “Dolomitas” higher quality dolomite is produced, which has similar mechanical properties to granite. To determine changes in mechanical properties of the different type of aggregates while using in the road, high-quality dolomite and two types of granite were chosen for laboratory testing. In this study, for evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of aggregates by laboratory tests for determining resistance to freezing-thawing, resistance to fragmentation, and polished stone value were carried out. Also, according to the results of laboratory testing, high-quality dolomite aggregate showed equal performance comparing to granite aggregates.
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Zhu, Benchao, Weiwei Jiang, and Fan Zhang. "The Breakthrough of Medical Physics Course in Independent Medical Colleges: Fragmentation Teaching and Micro Learning Resource." In 2018 8th International Conference on Social science and Education Research (SSER 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sser-18.2018.54.
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Vahdat, Vahid, David S. Grierson, Kevin T. Turner, and Robert W. Carpick. "Nano-Scale Forces, Stresses, and Tip Geometry Evolution of Amplitude Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy Probes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48653.
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Atomic-scale wear is one of the main factors that hinders the performance of probes for atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1–6], including for the widely-used amplitude modulation (AM-AFM) mode. To conduct consistent and quantitative AM-AFM wear experiments, we have developed a protocol that involves controlling the tip-sample interaction regime, calculating the maximum contact force and normal stress over the course of the wear test, and quantifying the wear volume using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging (HR-TEM). The tip-sample interaction forces are estimated from a closed-form equation that uses the Derjaguin-Mu¨ller-Toporov interaction model (DMT) accompanied by a tip radius measurement algorithm known as blind tip reconstruction. The applicability of this new protocol is demonstrated experimentally by scanning silicon probes against ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) samples. The wear process for the Si tip involved blunting of the tip due to tip fragmentation and plastic deformation. In addition, previous studies on the relative contributions of energy dissipation processes to AFM tip wear are reviewed, and initial steps are taken towards applying this concept to AM-AFM.
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Goretzki, L., E. Miller, and A. Henschen. "CLEAVAGE PATHWAY,AND SPECIFICITY OF LEUCOCYTE ELASTASE AS COMPARED TO PLASMIN DURING FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643897.
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Plasmin and leucocyte elastase are regarded as the two medically most important fibrin(ogen)-degrading proteolytic enzymes. There is, however, a considerable difference in information available about the cleavage specificities and fragmentation pathways of these two enzymes. Degradation by plasmin has been studied already for a long time in great detail so that now the time course of the degradation, the cleavage sites and the functional properties of many fragments are well known. In contrast, relatively little is known about the degradation by leucocyte elastase, except that the overall cleavage pattern resembles that obtained with plasminIn this investigation the leucocyte elastase-mediated degradation of fibrinogen has been examined by means of proteinchemi-cal methods. Human fibrinogen was incubated with human enzyme material for various periods of time and at some different enzyme concentrations. The split products formed at the various stages were isolated in pure form by gel filtration followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The fragments were identified by N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition. The course of the degradation was also monitored by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All cleavage patterns were compared with the corresponding patterns from plasmic degradation. It could be confirmed that X-, D- and E-like fragments are formed also with elastase. However, several early elastolytic Aα-chain fragments are characteristically different from plasmic fragments. The previously identified N-terminal cleavage site in the Aα-chain, i.e. after position 21, was found to be the most important site in this region of fibrinogen. The very early degradation of the Aα-chain N-terminus by elastase is in strong contrast to the stability against plasmin. Several cleavage sites in N-terminal region of the Bβ-chain were observed, though the low amino acid specificity of elastase partly hampered the identification. The γ-chain N-terminus was found to be as highly stable towards elastase as towards plasmin. The results are expected to contribute to the understanding of the role of leucocyte elastase in pathophysiologic fibrino(geno)lysis