Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Courbes de résistance'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 30 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Courbes de résistance.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
El, Mrabet Nadia. "Arithmétique des couplages, performance et résistance aux attaques par canaux cachés." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450099.
Full textTran, Khanh Le. "Étude de la résistance et de la stabilité des tôles courbes cylindriques en acier : applications aux ouvrages d'art." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00808411.
Full textDelmotte, Joël. "Modélisation numérique de la déchirure ductile en milieu bidimensionnel à l'aide d'une approche locale : simulation des courbes de résistance à la fissuration." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD451.
Full textVecchiola, Aymeric. "Développement d’une imagerie de résistance électrique locale par AFM à pointe conductrice en mode contact intermittent." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112058/document.
Full textThe atomic force microscope (AFM) allows to characterize with excellent spatial resolution samples of different types of surfaces and can be implemented in various environments. This versatility has encouraged the development of a large number of derivative technics, intended to investigate various local physical properties. The LGEP thus achieved a module, the Résiscope, capable of measuring the local electrical resistance on the surface of a sample polarized continuously, on a range of 11 decades. Developed in contact mode, where the tip continuously exerts a force on the sample, this technic works well on hard materials, but finds its limits on soft or fragile samples since under certain conditions, the tip can alter the surface. For such samples, an intermittent contact mode, in which the tip comes at regular intervals touch very briefly the surface, is more appropriate, but complicates the achievement of electrical measurements. The aim of this thesis was to overcome this difficulty by changing the Résiscope to be able to join the "Pulsed Force Mode", intermittent mode where the tip oscillates at a frequency of 100Hz to 2000Hz. Different hardware and software changes have been made to permit the detailed temporal monitoring of the electrical resistance signal to each make / break contact (necessary to review the phenomena related to intermittency), as well as to be able to work in acceptable scan speeds. For imaging, the best contrasts were obtained through an electronic timing and treatment taking into account the electrical resistance values at specific times.To test this new system, we have initially compared resistance and deflection curves we get by this mode with those considered classically in the force-distance curves mode. We then investigated the influence of main parameters (frequency and amplitude of oscillation, setpoint, coating of the tips, etc.) on the topographical and electrical measurements, using the HOPG as reference material. These tests resulted to highlight a nearly systematic delay of the electrical signal relative to the deflection signal (other than the Resiscope measure time), which we were not able to elucidate the origin. Once these knowledge acquired, we studied two types of organic samples, one in academic nature - Self-Assembled Monolayers of alkanethiols (SAMs), the other more applicative purpose – formed of thin layers of an interpenetrating network of two components (P3HT:PCBM) for photovoltaic cells. In both cases we have shown the relevance of the Resiscope tool in intermittent mode to obtain qualitative and quantitative information. In addition to these work on fragile materials, we conducted an annex study on a phenomenon of growth material of insulating nature found in special conditions on various hard materials, which has been interpreted as the friction polymer formation as a result of repeatedly nano-sliding associated with the deflection of the cantilever. These investigations were conducted under a CIFRE agreement with the Concept Scientific Instruments company, backed by the ANR MELAMIN» (P2N 2011) project
Hello, Gaëtan. "Modélisation numérique de la rupture ductile par la méthode des équations intégrales de frontière." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1832.
Full textThe main goal of the works carried out during this ph-D thesis consists in developing a robust numerical strategy for the simulation of the ductile tearing phenomenon occurring in thin sheets of aluminiumalloys. The selected numerical approach belongs to the class of discontinuous methods where the cracks resulting of the damage are explicitly represented as geometrical entities. Within this framework of the non-linear fracture mechanics, reaching our aim first requires to be able to simulate efficiently the behaviour of a cracked metal sheet enduring material non-linearities. This issue is handled by the mean of a continuous description of the model based on integral equations associated to their discretized counterpart relying on the boundary element method. The extension of the elastoplastic BEM formulation to general cracked media is based on the dual BEM approach. To fulfill our initial aim, the evolution of the damage parameters has to be determined from the accurate evaluation of local mechanical fields provided by the BEM code. The modelization of the damage is hence based on the uncoupled local model of Rice/Tracey which suits to the metal sheets encountered and is easily integrated into the developed C++ BEM libraries. The coupling of these two components enables the effective simulation of resistance curves for the fracture of aeronautical panels
Pozzolini, Cédric. "Continuation dans les problèmes de contact pour des plaques en flexion." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00479613.
Full textWoessner, Philippe. "Influence d'un traitement thermique sur la résistance mécanique du bois." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13615.
Full textHoussain, Hilal. "Algorithmes cryptographiques à base de courbes elliptiques résistant aux attaques par analyse de consommation." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832795.
Full textDubuc, Jonathan. "Influence de l'endommagement cumulatif en fatigue sur la résistance en compression et en traction de cornières d'acier." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5420.
Full textJiang, Zhaoyi. "Développement d'une machine de fatigue gigacyclique en torsion pour les matériaux métalliques à haute résistance." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100002/document.
Full textThis research work concerns the study of the torsional ultrasonic fatigue system of indirect type which is able to study the behavior of high-strength metallic materials, mainly in the domain of gigacyclic fatigue. With the developments of technique, there are currently two types of ultrasonic torsional system: the first one is described as "direct" and its converter delivers a rotation which allows the system vibrate in torsion; the second one is described as "indirect", which uses a longitudinal converter and requires the transformation of a translation into a rotation to create a desired torsional resonant vibration in the specimen. Firstly, the study of the indirect system could understand the fatigue behavior and the properties of this system. This study is presented with the analytical and numerical calculations in order to determine and model the indirect system. Then, the optimization of this system by using the finite element method is performed and a more efficient and robust system is developed. Some comparisons between the numerical results and calibration’s results are proposed and an interpretation of differences is proposed by using new numerical simulations. Secondly, the tests of the 16MnCr5 and 50CrV4 steels of the FreqTigue project are carried out at 20 kHz and beyond 10⁸ cycles by using this optimized system. The staircase method is used in the tests to describe the S-N curve, to estimate the fatigue strength and to obtain the fatigue life. Then, the comparisons of the S-N curves at different vibration frequencies and stresses are presented, and the ruptured surfaces of the specimen are also analyzed to identify the causes of the rupture
Dosso, Fangan Yssouf. "Contribution de l'arithmétique des ordinateurs aux implémentations résistantes aux attaques par canaux auxiliaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0007.
Full textThis thesis focuses on two currently unavoidable elements of public key cryptography, namely modular arithmetic over large integers and elliptic curve scalar multiplication (ECSM). For the first one, we are interested in the Adapted Modular Number System (AMNS), which was introduced by Bajard et al. in 2004. In this system of representation, the elements are polynomials. We show that this system allows to perform modular arithmetic efficiently. We also explain how AMNS can be used to randomize modular arithmetic, in order to protect cryptographic protocols implementations against some side channel attacks. For the ECSM, we discuss the use of Euclidean Addition Chains (EAC) in order to take advantage of the efficient point addition formula proposed by Meloni in 2007. The goal is to first generalize to any base point the use of EAC for ECSM; this is achieved through curves with one efficient endomorphism. Secondly, we propose an algorithm for scalar multiplication using EAC, which allows error detection that would be done by an attacker we detail
Dicaire, Louise. "Les causes de la résistance au changement chez le personnel soignant, et leurs conséquences sur l'intégration d'un programme de formation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29311.
Full textAl-Maghribi, Abir. "Comportement des matériaux composites à fibres courtes : applications à l'impact basse vitesse." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/337/.
Full textThe objective of this work is to investigate the behaviour of a short fiber composite material subjected to low speed impacts. The studied material is a SMC composite material realized by compressive moulding. A first part of the study gives elastoplastic with damage behaviour of this type of material. These laws were coded into the user defined material subroutine of (LS-DYNA3D and EUROPLEXUS). Characterizations tests of the SMC-R were realized in order to identify non linear behaviour. The tests realized are tensile test, compressive test, shearing test and dynamic compressive test. The tests have allowed us to identify damage behaviour. The obtained behaviour is necessary for the study of impact. The second part of the study presents the experimental analysis of the impact. The impacts were realized for various energies (4, 8, 12, 16 J). The defects after impact tests are controlled by RX testing, US control, and microscopic observation, in the aim to analyze and quantify the defects create during the impacts. These analyses showed a conical defect in the thickness of plates. Finally a comparison is made between the results obtained experimentally and those obtained from an explicit numerical simulation. This comparison shows that the numerical simulations of impact behaviour are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results globally show a global correlation for the load-displacement behaviour and a local correlation for the defect size
Puijalon, Anne Sara. "Stratégies adaptatives des végétaux aquatiques et stress mécaniques : réponses morphologiques et plasticité phénotypique." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10117.
Full textAdaptive phenotypic plasticity results in an improvement of plant performance and hence an increase of fitness. This study focused on plastic responses of two higher aquatic species exposed to hydraulic stress (current). This study revealed two contrasting ategies: high resistance to breaking and uprooting for the first one vs. Escape from stress (size reduction) for the other one, without decrease of fitness. The latter species displayed an altered clonal growth pattern in response to hydraulic stress (e. G. More compact growth form, high clonal growth to the detriment of vertical expansion of the main individual). The stress release leads to compensatory growth at both individual and clone scale. The morphological response to hydraulic stress is regulated by the nutrient level (growth favored for intermediate velocity and high nutrient levels)
Moussa, Tala. "Refroidissement du pont de contact meule / verre plat par un échangeur multi-jets lors du façonnage." Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT2069.
Full textIn the process of flat glass shaping, grindstone-glass interface temperature can reach high values, exceeding the glass transition temperature. This work concerns two aspects related to this manufacturing method: the first is heat transfer in the grindstone and the glass, as well as at their interface; the second is the cooling of the grindstone by a series of water impinging jets stemming from a curved fluid distributor. The cooling process was numerically and experimentally investigated. The objective was the analysis of the distributor hydraulics, internally (flow hydrodynamics in the curved channel, velocity profiles, flow rate distribution,. . ) and externally, associated with the jet impingement on the grindstone. On the other hand, the grindstone thermal study addressed the assessment of the influence of machining parameters on the glass temperature, as well as the measurement of interfacial thermal parameters. Temperature measurements were carried out in the grindstone by means of microthermocouples and a miniature telemetry device. An innovative method based on thermocouple bands located on both sides of the glass plate allowed glass temperature recording during the process. Finally, by means of simultaneous measurements in the grindstone and the glass, it was possible to evaluate interfacial parameters, such as the generated heat flux, the flux sharing coefficient, as well as a possible range for the value of the grindstone-glass thermal contact resistance
Lespine, Ismael. "Influence de la géométrie des structures sur les propriétés de rupture dans les matériaux quasi-fragiles." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13533.
Full textAbou, Harb Mohamed Bassam. "Une famille d'éléments finis raffinés de structures multicouches assurant la continuité des contraintes de cisaillement transversal." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10548.
Full textTantin, Dominique. "La justice pénale ordinaire dans le département des Deux-Sèvres du milieu des années 1930 à la fin des années 1940 : Le tribunal correctionnel de Niort (1936-1951). La cour d'assises des Deux-Sèvres (1936-1949)." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100180.
Full textThis work aims at defining the influence of the Vichy regime on how the ordinary penal justice worked by studying the activity of the magistrates’ court of Niort between 1936 and 1949 and that of the criminal court of Deux- Sèvres between 1936 and 1951. This will be studied through the successive regimes, each following the evolution of the judiciary and penal policies of the different times. The study of the magistrates’ careers shows that a large majority of them were completely submissive to the regimes at the time, particularly under the Vichy regime. Almost one quarter of the magistrates in activity under the Vichy regime were implicated in the administrative purge process, but they were all exonerated. The penal activity of the magistrates’ court strongly increased from the summer of 1940 and its level of activity until 1949 remained greater than that of the time before World War II, with a particularly steady increase in trials related to thefts. The Vichy period stands out for two reasons. First, until 1942, there were an important number of condemnations concerning war supplies, and second, from 1943 on, there was an exploitation of penal justice serving a moral policy, which continued after the Liberation. Correlatively, we notice a great increase in the number and the proportion of women judged and condemned, particularly in 1943. Another major characteristic of the Vichy period is the harshness of the magistrates’ court, the drop in deferred sentences, and a record total number of imprisonments without parole. Sex cases represent the first category of incriminations for criminal court judgments, but these were not subject to major changes during the war. However, their number and the harshness with which they were dealt increases after the Liberation
Gaied, Sadok. "Modélisation théorique et numérique de la formabilité des flans aciers raboutés laser - Validation expérimentale." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1730.
Full textA Laser Welded Blank (LWB) consists of steel sheets with different thickness and strength levels, welded together to produce a single blank prior to the forming process. However, in order to take advantage of this technology, designers need to overcome the formability of LWBs and be able to accurately predict the LWB forming characteristics early in the design process. In order to forecast the formability of steel based Laser Welded Blanks in the base metal, in the interaction zone and in the weld seam, a multi-criteria approach was carried out. A new 3D formability model to avoid the failure in the base metal was used. This criterion is based on strain and stress gradient through the thickness. The second criteria applied in the interaction zone is based on the mechanical interaction between the two materials. The last model based on a coupled analysis including microstructure aspect, weld pool geometry and ductile fracture model, is used to predict the fracture in the laser seam,. A comparison of numerical and experimental results shows a good agreement. These approaches offer a considerable gain to obtain the Laser Welded Blanks formability for all configurations
Cruz, Barrón Magali de la. "Compartmentalization of class 1 integrons and IncP-1 plasmids in the Orne river (France), an aquatic ecosystem impacted by urban and industrial anthropogenic pressures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0212/document.
Full textMobile genetic elements (MGEs) are genetic structures frequently associated to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this work, we used two of them as proxies, class 1 integrons and IncP-1 plasmids, to better understand (i) the possible fate of ARGs once released in a river ecosystem (Orne, France), as well as (ii) the effect of anthropogenic pressures on their persistence. From river water analyses, we could show that the two MGEs do not behave the same way. The entry of class 1 integrons in the river system appeared to be diffuse rather than punctual, while the abundance of IncP-1 plasmid is relatively stable along the river section studied (23 km) thus indicating a rather indigenous origin. Anthropic inputs such as wastewater treatment plant did not seem to affect the abundance of MGEs because a too high level of effluent dilution. Interestingly, MGE-bearing bacteria appeared to be enriched on suspended material, which is likely to serve as a vehicle to drive MGE-richer communities of bacteria toward the sediments. The analysis of two sediment cores clearly indicates that only the top layers displayed an elevated level of MGE-bearing bacteria. These abundances decrease in deeper layers where only localized zones display micro-reservoirs of elevated MGE abundances. For one sediment core at least, we could show that the relative abundance of MGE negatively correlates with pollutants such as lead or certain PAHs
Bastos, Marília Camotti. "Study of the environmental contamination of human and veterinary medicines in the south Brazil." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2255/document.
Full textSouthern Brazil is an agricultural region that is experiencing a strong growth in both cereal and animal production. The intensification of agricultural practices as well as the growing urbanization in this region also generates a strong anthropic pressure for the aquatic environments and the soils. This work aims to better understand the impact of use and release of pharmaceutical compounds (human or veterinary) on rivers and soils through the example of the Rio Guaporé watershed. Soil studies have shown contamination by pharmaceutical compounds in agricultural areas where spreading of manure appears to be an important source of contamination and antibiotic resistance genes. The molecules detected vary according to the type of land use and the spreading. The significant erosion of soils in this region and their leaching by rainfall can then promote the transport of these contaminants to aquatic environments. The study of aquatic environments, through epilithic biofilm and POCIS, showed that areas with the highest agricultural production are the most contaminated. However, high contamination by urban areas has also been highlighted. These results are related to the absence of urban sanitation networks in this region. The nature and extent of contamination are influenced by seasonal variations. The use of sucralose and carbamazepine as tracers of anthropogenic activity proved promising, as was the use of biofilms and POCIS as samplers
O sul do Brasil é uma área agrícola, que tem experimentado forte crescimento de sua produção tanto animal quanto grãos. A intensificação das práticas agrícolas assim como o aumento da urbanização na região greram alta pressão antropica nos ambientes aquáticos e nos solos. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de melhor entender o impacto relacionado com o uso e a descarga de compostos farmacêuticos (humano ou veterinário) nos rios e solos através do exemplo da bacia hridrografica do Rio Guaporé. O estudo do solo mostrou contaminação das áreas agricolas por produtos farmacêuticos, onde a utilização de estrume está emergindo como uma importante fonte de contaminação e genes de resistência a antibióticos. As moléculas detectadas variaram dependendo do tipo de uso do solo e do tipo de esterco usado como fertilizantes. A erosão significativa sofrida pelos solos nesta região e sua lixiviação podem, então, promover o transporte destes contaminantes até ambientes aquáticos. O estudo dos ambientes aquáticos através de biofilmes epilíticos e amostradores passivos (POCIS), mostraram que áreas de maior produção agrícola são os mais contaminados. Também foi destacada a elevada contaminação causada peals áreas urbanas. Estes resultados devem estar relacionados com a falta de saneamento urbano na região. A natureza e extensão da contaminação são influenciados por variações sazonais. Além disso, a utilização de sucralose e carbamazepina como traçadores de atividade antrópica em biofilmes e POCIS provou ser promissor
Gangnant, Alexandre. "Étude de la rupture quasi-fragile d’un béton à l’échelle mésoscopique : aspects expérimentaux et modélisation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0401/document.
Full textConcrete exhibits a quasibrittle fracture due to the existence of a large fracture process zone (FPZ), mainly microcracked, which develops ahead of the crack front. The aim of the current work consists in highlighting the FPZ development and its extent. For that purpose,an experimental campaign using Wedge Splitting Test was carried out and followed by finite element simulation using Fichant – La Borderie isotropic damage model acting at the mesoscale of concrete. Experimental analysis exhibits that by the use from Resistance curves estimated in the framework of equivalent Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, the used geometry combined to the studied concrete properties are subjected to a confinement of FPZ. Numerical simulations achieved by the damage model are in agreement with experimental results and also seem to show FPZ confinement. There after, numerical simulations are used again on the same specimen geometry but by decreasing fracture properties of cementitious matrix, in order to minimize the FPZ size. Numerical results exhibit that the FPZ was now freely developed and followed by a self-similar propagation of the main crack as shown by the existence of a “plateau” value on the corresponding Resistance curve. A numerical analysis is performed and leads to the propositionof a FPZ development criteria based on a maximal value of the local damage energy release rate
Marguerit, Elisa. "Déterminisme génétique des réponses au déficit hydrique de la transpiration et de la croissance, induites par le porte-greffe, chez la vigne : approche intégrée de génétique quantitative et d'écophysiologie." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21777/document.
Full textIn the water scarcity context with the global climate change, drought tolerance must be taken into account in crop genetic improvement program, particularly for grapevine rootstocks. The objective of this thesis was to analyse at the whole plant level, the genetic determinism of rootstock effect on the transpiration and growth of the scion, under edaphic water deficit conditions. The study of these complex traits, submitted to a strong genotype × environment interaction, was performed with a quantitative genetic approach. Genotype × environment interactions were integrated with two methods: first, using response curve to an environmental variable for detecting QTL, and secondly, to combine data in a multi-environment QTL analysis. The pedigree population consisted of 138 F1 individuals derived from the interspecific cross of Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon × Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier. This family was mapped with single sequence repeats (SSR) markers. This population was assessed as rootstock, so every genotype was grafted with the same scion. Then, QTL were detected for transpiration, water use efficiency and transpiration plasticity induced by rootstock, and for growth and biomass allocation inside the whole plant. Transpiration plasticity was represented as a function of substrate water status and was genetically determined with distinct genome regions from the other traits related to water consumption. Candidate genes involved in hormonal (ABA) or hydraulic (aquaporins) signaling between rootstock and scion, under water deficit conditions, were localized in the QTL confidence interval. Some specific genome regions were involved in growth and confered vigour genetic determinism under water deficit conditions. These regions were also different from those identified for transpiration or water use efficiency. This result allows a further selection process for these two traits groups independently
Molbert, Noëlie. "Host-parasites transfer of micropollutants and eco-physiological consequences on a freshwater fish : case study of chub-acanthocephalan model." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS102.
Full textExposure to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants may have severe consequences in free-living. Under natural conditions, organisms are also exposed to other stressors, including parasites. Both chemical exposure and parasite infection have been well studied and documented, but have in many cases been investigated independently from one another. However, it is crucial to simultaneously assess their combined effect on wild organisms given that parasites may interfere with the fate of environmental contaminants within their host through their bioaccumulation capacity. Based on a field study, completed by an experimental approach, I investigated the fate and consequences of six families of organic contaminants, and some of their metabolites, in a host-parasite system composed of a freshwater fish, the European chub, Squalius cephalus, and its intestinal parasite, Pomphorhynchus sp. from the Marne River, France. Specifically, I investigated whether intestinal parasites were able to accumulate toxicants and how their presence affected the stress response of their definitive host exposed to environmental contaminants, at different biological levels with the use of general biomarkers (telomere, lysozyme, peroxidase, antioxidants, oxidative damage, gut microbiota, Fulton’s index and hepatosomatic index). Importantly, we demonstrated that intestinal worms were able to accumulate organic contaminants, detoxify their hosts and that their effects on the host shifted from negative to positive as chemical exposure increased
Malek, Rima. "Les dispositifs électroniques pédagogiques conçus pour l'encadrement en ligne des cours présentiels universitaires : le cas du Liban." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554968.
Full textSansico, Virginie. "La répression politique devant les tribunaux de l’Etat français : Lyon, 1940-1944." Lyon 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2008/sansico_v.
Full textFrom his establishment until his collapse four years later, the Vichy regime didn’t stop using Justice as an oppressing tool dedicated to political objectives. At the heart to this system, there is the tribunal correctionnel, around which several courts have been created, as the sections spéciales, the tribunal d’Etat or the cours martiales. Various enemies of Vichy are brought before these courts : natural enemies, like communists and Jews ; people considered as destabilizing persons, like those who had “bad” opinion or those who refused compulsory work ; and, more and more, Resistants. The particularity of this oppressive system was his gradual toughening. This was the consequence of both political evolution proper to the regime and world war two stages. Moreover, Vichy had to conform the judiciary oppressive system to growing oppositions and violent acts that members of the Resistance commited. So he made penalties harsher and harsher, with less and less legal ways to get away. Always dissatisfied with professional judges, he appealed to more and more non professional judges, selected according to their political opinions. Therefore, first using the republican judiciary system, the Vichy regime had restructured this tool step-by-step to give it his own political identity
Bonzom, Alice. "Criminelles ou rebelles, déviantes ou démentes : femmes victoriennes et édouardiennes dans l’univers carcéral londonien (1877-1914)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2118.
Full textThis thesis explores the journey of Victorian and Edwardian women through the London carceral and semi-carceral system. It focuses on a turning point in penal history, concentrating on the period between 1877, when local prisons were nationalised, and 1914, when the First World War broke out. Using the prism of gender, it connects the notions of criminality and deviance.For female offenders, penal, moral, social and medical judgments could overlap, blurring the boundaries between criminality, rebellion, badness and madness. To properly grasp the multifaceted figure of the female criminal, this thesis will accompany women along the corridors of the London courts, prisons, inebriate reformatories and refuges for ex-convicts and prisoners.In the perspective of gender studies, it sheds light on female experiences without obscuring the lives of male prisoners. Using archives “from above” and “from below”, this dissertation questions some of the theories expounded by historians of crime and gender, in particular when it comes to penal judgments, carceral treatment as well as medicalisation attempts. It demonstrates that female offenders became the epicentre, rather than the unique focal point, of a pathologising process of criminal deviance. Using three angles of approach – forging, reforming and curing the figure of the criminal woman – it shows that medicalisation endeavours were intertwined with classical moral principles.This analysis first discusses the forging of female criminals’ identity by the authorities, whether they be reformers, judges, penal administrators or philanthropists. It reveals that only an intersectional approach can yield fruitful conclusions when it comes to sentencing patterns, and that men were also the object of normative “civilising attempts”. Then, it gives pride of the place to the everyday reality of incarcerated women. Female bodies and minds were regulated and feminised, but also neglected. A “crash course in femininity” both materialised and evaporated. Paradoxically, women could regain control of their bodies by adopting the normative “feminine” behaviours that they had previously eschewed. As the 19th century wore on, and as reoffendingseemed to surge, new scientific theories emerged from outside the prison gates, colliding with the penal sphere. Degeneration seemed to loom, and eugenics grew in popularity. Female offenders found themselves at the confluence of medical discourses coming from medical doctors, alienists and even gynaecologists. Gradual emancipation attempts combined with contemporary fears for the future of the nation, giving birth to “criminal sciences”, and more specifically “female criminal sciences”. Some prisoners, especially those who suffered from inebriety, were labelled deviant but also defiant and deficient. Sent to inebriate reformatories or confined in special carceral wings, they were painted as sick. However, a close study of life in such reformatories reveals that moralising attempts were still very much at work. Social hygiene was the order of the day, more than medical treatments.As new penal policies announced in 2019 seem to foreshadow a reinforcement of the carceral network, it seems vital to shed light on yesterday’s prisons and today’s penal institutions, where the echoes of gender norms and medico-moral perspectives can still be heard
Bashtova, Kateryna. "Modélisation et identification de paramètres pour les empreintes des faisceaux de haute énergie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4112/document.
Full textThe technological progress demands more and more sophisticated and precise techniques of the treatment of materials. We study the machining of the material with the high energy beams: the abrasive waterjet, the focused ion beam and the laser. Although the physics governing the energy beam interaction with material is very different for different application, we can use the same approach to the mathematical modeling of these processes.The evolution of the material surface under the energy beam impact is modeled by PDE equation. This equation contains a set of unknown parameters - the calibration parameters of the model. The unknown parameters can be identified by minimization of the cost function, i.e., function that describes the differ- ence between the result of modeling and the corresponding experimental data. As the modeled surface is a solution of the PDE problem, this minimization is an example of PDE-constrained optimization problem. The identification problem was regularized using Tikhonov regularization. The gradient of the cost function was obtained both by using the variational approach and by means of the automatic differentiation. Once the cost function and its gradient calculated, the minimization was performed using L-BFGS minimizer.For the abrasive waterjet application the problem of non-uniqueness of numerical solution is solved. The impact of the secondary effects non included into the model is avoided as well. The calibration procedure is validated on both synthetic and experimental data.For the laser application, we presented a simple criterion that allows to distinguish between the thermal and non-thermal laser ablation regimes
Toulouse, Jacynthe. "Découverte et optimisation d’inhibiteurs pour des enzymes DfrBs impliquées dans la résistance bactérienne." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22529.
Full textde, Lagarde Maud. "Prévalence, facteurs de risque et mécanismes de dissémination des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques, l’espèce équine et l’espèce porcine ont été étudiées en insistant particulièrement sur les antibiotiques de haute importance en médecine humaine dans chaque filière (céphalosporines de 3e génération et fluoroquinolones respectivement)." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25515.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance has become an essential issue in the last decades because of the extensive use of antimicrobials in numerous sectors. In order to follow the OneHealth approach, it is critical to have a precise picture of each situation, to adjust recommendations and prevent resistance gene dissemination as well as plasmid and clone spread. Our objectives were adapted to the animal populations under study. Therefore, our results were compatible with each sector. In the equine sector, we quantified phenotypic resistance and identified β-lactamase (ESBL/AmpC) genes present in the intestinal microbiome of healthy horses and we identified risk factors associated with their carriage both in France and in Quebec. Then, in France we characterized ESBL/AmpC gene spread mechanisms. We demonstrated that commensal E. coli originating from the feces of healthy horses were mostly non-susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and streptomycin. The presence of multidrug resistant E. coli and of E. coli carrying ESBL/AmpC genes was found in around 45% and 8% of horses respectively. The most frequently detected gene was blaCTX-M-1, although blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-14 were also identified in France. The AmpC gene blaCMY-2 was identified in both localities. Medical treatment, staff number, activity, and participation in an equestrian event within the last three months were identified as risk factors for MDR or ESBL/AmpC E. coli. In France, commensal E. coli from healthy horses most commonly possessed the IncHI1-ST9 plasmid. This plasmid carries blaCTX-M-1/2 genes and the fos operon. For the swine sector in Quebec, our objectives were to gather data provided by the Animal pathogenic and zoonotic E. coli (APZEC) database between 2008 and 2017, to assess the presence of a spatio-temporal cluster for enrofloxacin non-susceptible ETEC:F4 and to characterize these isolates and the mobile genetic elements they carry. Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic classified as highly important in human medicine and as such needs to come under higher scrutiny. For this sector, we demonstrated that more than 90% of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates from diseased swine submitted to the EcL between 2008 and 2016, were multidrug resistant. The main virotype in 2014 was LT:STb:F4. It was subsequently replaced by the LT:STb:STa:F4 virotype. A spatio-temporal cluster of LT:STb:STa:F4 isolates non-susceptible to enrofloxacin was detected between 04/2015 and 09/2016 in the centre of the Monteregie region. These isolates constituted an ETEC:F4 high risk enrofloxacin non-susceptible clone, which has been spreading in North America since 2013. Isolates belonging to this clone are ST100, O149H10, phylogroup A, and fimH gene negative. These isolates are multidrug resistant and associated with a higher pathogenicity and virulence than isolates detected before 2000. They all carry the incFII replicon. Resistance and mechanisms of dissemination are different according to the animal species being studied. This is likely due to different patterns of antimicrobial use in each industry and possible interactions with different protagonists in contact with the animals. It is essential to understand the situation for each animal species in order to adapt recommendations for efficiently limiting the spread of resistance genes, plasmids and clones.