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Hsu, Yu-Pei. "Technology transfer in cournot oligopoly /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091933.
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Darnaud, Michel Avanzini Guy. "La pensée pédagogique d'Antoine Augustin Cournot." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1991. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/1991/darnaud_m.
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Darnaud, Michel. "La pensée pédagogique d'A. A. Cournot." Lyon 2, 1991. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/1991/darnaud_m.
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Le philosophe et économiste A. Cournot écrit à soixante-trois ans une volumineuse histoire de l'éducation en France. Il manifeste une conception réaliste originale de l'enseignement en démontrant que ce sont les institutions sociales qui déterminent les institutions éducatives et non l'inverse. Ses préoccupations prioritaires vont au système de formation des enseignants, au contenu des programmes aux examens et à la sélection. Il propose une pédagogie expérimentale qui permettrait de mieux connaitre et de mieux orienter les élèves en fonction des nécessités sociales, économiques et culturelles. Il estime nécessaire de conserver les modèles du passé, tout en étant résolument tourné vers l'avenir. A travers l'analyse du système éducatif on retrouve ses préoccupations philosophiques : qu'est-ce que l'homme, qu'est-ce que le citoyen, qu'est-ce que vivre ? Ce sont les accumulations de connaissances et d'idées se manifestant dans tous les domaines qui permettent le progrès de l'esprit et de l'humanité<br>The philosopher and economist A. Cournot wrote, at the age of sixty-three, a voluminous history of education in France. He presents an original and realistic conception of teaching, by demonstrating that it is social institutions that determine economic institutions and not the contrary. He is concerned first and foremost with the system of teacher training, the content of the curriculum, and with examens and selection. He puts foward a set of experimental teaching methods which enable us to better understand and orientate the pupils according to their social, economic and cultural needs. He considers it necessary to retain the models of the past, whilist at the same time looking determinedly towards the future. In his analysis of the education system we encounter his philosophical concerns : what is man ? what is a citizen ? what is existence ? It is this amassing of knowledge and ideas in every domain which allows the avancement of the mind of humanity
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Martin, Thierry. "Probabilités et critique philosophique selon Cournot." Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0003.
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La these se propose d'etudier lma relation qui unit la representation cournotienne des probabilites a sa philiosophie de la connaissance, pour montrer comment elles se conditionnent l'une l'autre. La reflexion philosophique de cournot sur la theorie mathematique des probabilites met en place une double distinction entre probabilites objective et subjective d'une part, probabilites mathematique et philosophique de l'autre, ce faisant, la demarche de cournot conduit a assigner au calcul des probalites le statut d'une theorie mathematique pure et a asseoir la connaissance du reel sur une dimension probabiliste, ou se lit l'orginalite de cournot tant dans l'histoire du calcul des probabilites que dans la philosophie des sciences. Dans un premier moment, la these analyse les conditions theoriques et historiques de l'interpretation cournotienne des probabilites, a savoir la nature des relations entre philosphie et calcul des probabilites, l'histoire du calcul des probalites dans sa periode classique, enfin sa relation a cette combinatoire generalisee que cournot nomme "syntactique", ceci permet d'etudier la doctrine probabiliste de cournot, c'est-a-dire d'interroger les problemes que soulevent sa theorie objectiviste du hassard, la facon dont il assure a la probalite mathematique une valeur objective, et, en consequence, la nature et la portee des applications du calcul des probabilites et de la statistique. Le troisieme moment de la these complete l'analyse precedente en interrogeant sa relation a la philosophie cournotienne de la connaissance : elle examine la nature des probabilites philosophiques et leur relation a la distin ction entre ordre rationnel et ordre logique, le rapport des mathematiques au reeal, le statut de l'induction, de la finalite et leurs relations a la theorie du hascard<br>The thesis aims to study the link between cournot's idea of probabilities and his philosophy cognition to emphathize their reciporcal influence. Cournot's philosophical reflection on the mathematical theory of probabilities shows a double distinction between objective and subjective probilities on the one hand, mathematical and philosophical probabilities on the other hand. Thus cournot's approach leads to give the calculus of probabilities the status of a pure mathematical theory and to establish the apprehension of reality on a probabilistic ground, where cournot's originality lies regarding the history of the calmculus of probabilities as much as the philosophy of science. The thesis first analyses the theoreticaland historical conditions of cournot's interpretation of probalilities, meaning the kind of connections between philosophy and the calculus of probabilities, then the hisotory of the calculus of probabilities in its classical period, and then its connection to the peneralized combinatory cournot calls "syntactic". That leads to a study of cournot's probabilistic doctrine, examining the problems his objectivistic theory of chance brings forward, the wary he grants the mathematical probability objective value, then and consequently the nature and reach of the applications of the calculus of probabilities and statistics. The third part of the thesis completes the previous analysis, examining its connection to cournot's philosophy of cognition ; it investigates the nature of philosophical probabilities and their relations to the distinction between rational order and logical order, the relation between mathematics and reality, the nature of induction, finality and their connections to the chance theory
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Mesta, Iscan Ozlem Wang X. H. "Entry biases in Cournot markets with free entry." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6150.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 15, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. X. H. Wang Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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LUO, Huajiang. "Information leakage and Stackelberg leadership in Cournot competition." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2015. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/cds_etd/12.
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In duopoly Cournot competition with sequential moves, it is well known that each player prefers Stackelberg leadership without demand uncertainty. We study the same game when the demand is uncertain, and firms possess some private information about the uncertain demand. There are two effects of private information in this game. First, when the Stackelberg leader moves first, its private information is leaked to, or inferred by the Stackelberg follower via the output quantity. Hence, the Stackelberg follower makes decision based on more accurate information than the leader. Second, the leader incurs a cost to signal its information to the follower, which hurts the leader. Both effects hurt the Stackelberg leader, then the follower may earn more ex ante profit than the leader. When the demand is continuous, Gal-or (1987) assumes that firms follow linear decision rules and reports that the follower always sets a higher output quantity than the leader and earns more profit than the leader. However, our study finds that it is true if and only if the demand is unboundedly distributed. Otherwise, the Stackelberg leader's Pareto-optimal output quantity is not linear in its private information unless it observes the highest signal, and the follower does not always earn more ex ante profit than the leader. When the demand is discretely distributed, we study how the number of demand states influences the effect of cost of signaling. With more demand states, the effect of cost of signaling on the leader becomes more significant, and the follower may earn more ex ante profit than the leader.
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Grandner, Thomas. "Gerwerkschaften in einem Cournot-Duopol. Sequentielle vs. simultane Lohnverhandlungen." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1994. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6301/1/WP_26.pdf.
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Somma, Ernesto. "Essays in competition and organisation of industry." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313769.
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Andree, Kai. "Wohlfahrtseffekte horizontaler Unternehmensfusionen in einem räumlichen Cournot-Modell mit asymmetrischer Nachfrage." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5851/.
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In diesem Beitrag wird die Profitabilität und Wohlfahrtseffekte einer horizontalen Unternehmensfusion in einem räumlichen Wettbewerbsmodell mit asymmetrischer Nachfrage untersucht. Die Untersuchung wird für drei Unternehmen durchgeführt, von denen zwei miteinander fusionieren und eins unabhängig von dem fusionierten Unternehmen agiert. Die Standardtheorie über Unternehmensfusionen impliziert, dass Fusionen auf Grund des “business stealing effect” in integrierten Märkten häufig nicht profitabel sind. Die Resultate der Analyse im räumlichen Modell mit asymmetrischer Nachfragestruktur zeigen, dass dies in diesem Modellrahmen nicht zwingend so ist; eine Unternehmensfusion kann profitabel und wohlfahrtssteigernd sein, falls der Transportkostensatz relativ hoch ist und die Märkte eine nicht zu asymmetrische Größe aufweisen.
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Mazzotti, Sofia. "Equilibri nel modello di Cournot quando esistono limiti di capacità produttiva." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13564/.
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L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di applicare alcune nozioni tipiche dei sistemi dinamici discreti a una situazione economica. Si considerano vari casi di oligopolio, secondo il modello di Cournot, e si osserva che un sistema di n competitori inizia a essere instabile con l'aumentare di n. Si approfondisce poi il caso di un duopolio simmetrico in cui i competitori hanno limitate capacità produttive. Se ne studiano i punti di equilibrio e la loro stabilità e, considerando la funzione di reazione, si osserva che le variazioni degli attrattori prodotte da cambiamenti dei parametri nella funzione dei costi sono dovute alle border-collision bifurcations, cioè all'urto di tali attrattori con le discontinuità della funzione di reazione. Si danno in ultimo alcuni strumenti per trovare i bacini di attrazione.
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Dickson, A. W. "On strategic Marshallian analysis : Shapley and Shubik meet Marshall and Cournot." Thesis, Keele University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423419.
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Johal, Surjinder. "Political economy models of trade and the environment in a federal system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288483.
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Merzoni, Guido Stefano. "Economic theory of incentives and the market for managers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310830.
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Nebel, Jonathan. "A puzzle about economic explanation: examining the Cournot and Bertrand models of duopoly competition." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18964.
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Master of Arts<br>Department of Economics<br>Peri da Silva<br>Economists use various models to explain why it is that firms are capable of pricing above marginal cost. In this paper, we will examine two of them: the Cournot and Bertrand duopoly models. Economists generally accept both models as good explanations of the phenomenon, but the two models contradict each other in various important ways. The puzzle is that two inconsistent explanations are both regarded as good explanations for the same phenomenon. This becomes especially worrisome when the two models are offering divergent policy recommendations. This report presents that puzzle by laying out how the two models contradict each other in a myriad of ways and then offers five possible solutions to that puzzle from various economists, philosophers of science, and philosophers of economics.
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Hu, Tingting. "FDI versus exporting under Cournot oligopoly and trade in a hotelling model of differentiated duopoly." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47611/.
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This study investigates FDI versus export decisions under oligopoly in the trade liberalization, and examines how trade liberalization affects welfares in the Hotelling model of differentiated Bertrand duopoly. It uses a four-firm two-country Cournot oligopoly model to resolve the conflict between the theory, which predicts that a reduction in trade costs discourages FDI, and the empirical evidence, which is that trade liberalisation has led to an increase in FDI, and shows that both FDI and exporting can co-exist in the same market, in line with recent trends. In the static game, a reduction in trade costs causes a decrease in FDI, and the outcomes are often a prisoners’ dilemma where the firms are worse off when they all undertake FDI than when all firms from both markets choose to export. To avoid it, firms can tacitly collude over their FDI versus export decisions when the game is infinitely-repeated. Then a reduction in trade costs may lead firms to switch from exporting to undertaking FDI when trade costs are sufficiently high. The robustness of the analysis is checked by using the constant elasticity demand function. A two-country Hotelling model of spartial duopoly is developed to consider the welfare effects of trade liberalisation. It is shown that gains from trade occur when products are highly differentiated, and losses from trade occur when products are close substitutes, as the positive effect of more product choices overweighs the negative effect of the decreased home sales caused by trade liberalization when products are highly differentiated. This contrasts to Fujiwara (2009) who prove that there are always losses from trade in the Hotelling model. The reason behind is that the kinked demand market structure is often ignored, and by considering the full features of the Hotelling model, welfare effects depend on product differentiation and trade costs.
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Carelli, Enori. "Ánalise de práticas anticompetitivas por meio do método de cournot na geração da energia elétrica no Brasil." Florianópolis, SC, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/102579.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T01:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
212393.pdf: 766033 bytes, checksum: 1c59a79ac03824f0bee609b8ab58e436 (MD5)<br>Em 1990, na Inglaterra, teve início a reforma do Setor Elétrico com a reestruturação e privatização do setor. Desde então, outros países, dentre eles EUA, Nova Zelândia e Brasil, iniciaram o processo de reforma e desregulamentação do setor elétrico, objetivando a introdução da competição no setor e o direcionamento de investimentos para a expansão da oferta de energia, de modo a assegurar a eficiência econômica do setor, bem como reduzir os preços. Em geral, tais reformas introduziram a competição nos setores de geração e comercialização para consumidores livres e mantiveram os monopólios regulados nas atividades de transmissão e distribuição. Esses princípios também foram adotados na reforma do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. Além de ser um insumo básico de produção, a energia elétrica possui também caráter social, por ser considerada um serviço de utilidade pública. Por outro lado, não havendo possibilidade de armazenar energia economicamente, sua produção é simultânea ao consumo, acarretando que sua produção seja equivalente à demanda e que a competição entre as empresas geradoras ocorra na quantidade de produção. Com a introdução de um modelo de competição no setor elétrico, uma das preocupações dos países que fizeram a reforma foi a possibilidade das empresas ou grupos de empresas exercerem poder de mercado por meio de práticas anticompetitivas. Isto posto, o tema de pesquisa escolhido para este trabalho foi "a análise das práticas anticompetitivas visando a estabelecer práticas competitivas na geração da energia elétrica, utilizando o modelo de Cournot-Nash". O objetivo geral desta tese é: "identificar quais medidas sugeridas pela literatura especializada para evitar a adoção de práticas anticompetitivas e reduzir o poder de mercado estão sendo consideradas na implementação do novo modelo para o setor elétrico brasileiro, tendo como referência teórica o modelo de Cournot-Nash". A motivação para escolha desse tema está no fato de que, se a variável estratégica escolhida para a competição for a quantidade de energia gerada, o modelo de Cournot é o mais adequado para analisar o setor; sendo a eletricidade um produto homogêneo, podem-se obter preços significativamente acima do custo marginal, desde que a oferta desse produto seja administrada explorando a capacidade de usina geradora. Assim, o setor deve ser regulado para restringir as possibilidades de adoção de práticas anticompetitivas pelos geradores ou grupo de geradores. A técnica de coleta de dados utilizada para a efetivação deste trabalho consistiu na comparação e análise de documentos publicados pelos órgãos que atuam no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, em especial o MME, a ANEEL, o MAE e o ONS, e da pesquisa bibliográfica associada ao tema. A comparação permitiu avaliar se as medidas adotadas para o modelo brasileiro contemplam as recomendações sugeridas na literatura pertinente e, conseqüentemente, verificar se o modelo implementado no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro restringe a possibilidade das empresas geradoras de energia exercer poder de mercado por meio da adoção de práticas anticompetitivas, como a manipulação da quantidade de energia ofertada.
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Tolla, Christian-Joseph. "Regard historique et épistémologique sur l'évolution du statut des mathématiques dans l'économie, depuis les origines jusqu'à Cournot." Corte, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CORT0007.
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L’économie et les mathématiques sont liées depuis toujours, sans que l’on puisse attribuer d’antériorité à l’une ou aux autres. Dans toutes les grandes civilisations où s'est constituée une hiérarchisation des fonctions, il y a des traces écrites de l’existence de mathématiques. En outre, à chaque stade de développement de l’activité économique, correspondent des outils mathématiques associés à un mode de pensée. Replacée dans le contexte général des connaissances humaines, l’histoire des mathématiques, même fragmentaire, montre comment un simple outil pour l’activité économique a acquis le statut de modèle théorique pour la science économique. Les premiers raisonnements apparaissent avec les philosophes de la Grèce antique et la conceptualisation mathématique, dans la foulée des grandes découvertes du XVIIème siècle, est étroitement associée à la philosophie humaniste qui fait éclore l’économie politique en affirmant l’individu. C’est pour se constituer en science autonome que cette dernière puisera dans les concepts mathématiques ses premiers modèles aux XVIIIème et XIXème siècles. L’utilisation des mathématiques pour clarifier l’exposé des théories économiques a suscité et suscite encore de nombreuses controverses qui portent sur sa légitimité. En tant que mathématicien d’une faculté d’économie, notre projet est d’examiner des phases de la pénétration des mathématiques dans l’économie, en fait de leur interaction. Et de comprendre, par l’exemple de la genèse du concept fonctionnel à partir du numérique, et leur constitution en outil de modélisation de l’économie, comment ces concepts mathématiques, mis en présence du paradigme individualiste économique, ont permis à Cournot de signer l’acte de naissance de l’économie mathématique<br>Economics and mathematics have always been related and no one knows which one came first. In all the important civilizations in which functions are organized in a hierarchy, one found written evidences of the existence of mathematics. In addition, at each stage of the economic development corresponds a set of mathematical tools associated with a particular mode of thought. In the broader context of human knowledge, even a partial bird’s -eye view of the history of mathematics shows how a simple tool of the economic activity turns into the theoretical framework of economics. The first reasoning appear with the philosophers of ancient Greece; and mathematical conceptualization, in the wake of major discoveries of the 17th century, is closely related to humanist philosophy which builds political economy on the basis of the individual. In order to form a stand-alone science, political economy will find in mathematical concepts its first models during the 18th and 19th centuries. The use of mathematics in order to clarify the presentation of economic theories was and is still a subject of debates. As a teacher in mathematics in a faculty of economics, my project aims at exploring some phases of the penetration of mathematics into economics, and in fact their interaction. I also try to understand, through the example of the apparition of the concept of function raised from the concept of number and the way they became together tools for economic modeling, how the encounter between these concepts and the paradigm of economic individualism allowed Cournot to create mathematical economics
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Yan, Jun. "Investigation of the impact of demand elasticity and system constraints on electricity market using extended Cournot approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16774.
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Includes bibliographical references<br>In today's electricity supply industry, demand side participation is considered an important factor that can influence the market performance and output effectively. Demand elasticity shows the sensitivity of demand side to the market price, and thus can provide potential adjustment of demand in the market. The purpose of this research is to study the impact of demand elasticity on power producers 'market competition output. An analytical model, called "Extended Cournot model" is developed in this thesis based on the classical Cournot model. Through the integration with conjectural variation model, in which power producers consider both the generation and price level, the extended Cournot model can analyze electricity market results under the conditions of different constraints. In the classical Nash Cournot model, capacity withdrawal exists in most cases especially when transmission constraint occurs. In contrast, the newly developed analytical model ensures that demand is always satisfied at all time. Demand elasticity is incorporated directly into the market results calculation instead of using the market clearing price. This approach enables the load demand to directly obtain the market results by tuning its demand elasticity. The intention is to show that demand side should be more encouraged to participate in the market competition. In the classical economic dispatch, the load demand is highly inelastic. From the load curve, there is only a change of physical volume of demand. The demand responsiveness, which is represented by demand elasticity, has been understated. In this thesis, the hypothesis is that demand elasticity and system constraint have critical influence on the power producers' competition results in terms of market clearing price, individual output and profit. Load demand can make use of demand elasticity to affect its final payment to the market. Such ability is expected to be limited in the case where system constraints, i.e. generation limits and transmission limits, exist. For simplicity, a small network and number of power producers are used in this thesis to investigate the effectiveness of the Extended Cournot model. However, this model can be applied to more complex networks with different market environments.
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Fessler, Damien. "Valeur et mesure dans les " Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses " d'Antoine-Augustin Cournot." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163290.
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L'ouvrage publié en 1838 par Antoine-Augustin Cournot (1801-1877), les Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses, est considéré comme un ouvrage précurseur de l'économie moderne, notamment au travers de l'influence qu'il exerça sur les économistes marginalistes à partir de la fin du 19ème siècle. Néanmoins la démarche entreprise par Cournot en 1838 ne saurait être comprise indépendamment du contexte intellectuel de son apparition. L'objet de la thèse est d'éclairer les conditions de l'utilisation des mathématiques dans les Recherches, en replaçant cette démarche dans le cadre de questions théoriques propre à l'économie politique classique et en apportant également un éclairage épistémologique.<br />Cette thèse montre que, loin de constituer une rupture avec la théorie économique dominante, la démarche des Recherches traduit au contraire l'attachement de Cournot au concept classique de valeur, caractérisé par la coexistence de plusieurs registres d'évaluation, hiérarchisés et articulés entre eux. Cette thèse montre en outre l'originalité de la posture épistémologique de Cournot et la manière dont il conçoit l'intervention des mathématiques dans la connaissance.
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Reinert, Olof, and Tobias Wiesinger. "DATA QUALITY CONSEQUENCES OF MANDATORY CYBER DATA SHARING BETWEEN DUOPOLY INSURERS." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175180.
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Cyber attacks against companies are becoming more common as technology advances and digitalization is increasing exponentially. All Swedish insurance companies that sell cyber insurance encounter the same problem, there is not enough data to do good actuarial work. In order for the pricing procedure to improve and general knowledge of cyber insurance to increase, it has been proposed that insurance companies should share their data with each other. The goal of the thesis is to do mathematical calculations to explore data quality consequences of such a sharing regime. This thesis is based on some important assumptions and three scenarios. The most important assumptions are that there are two insurance companies forced to share all their data with each other and that they can reduce the uncertainty about their own product by investing in better data quality. In the first scenario, we assume a game between two players where they can choose how much to invest in reducing the uncertainty. In the second scenario, we assume that there is not a game, but the two insurance companies are forced to equal investments and thus have the same knowledge of their products. In the third scenario, we assume that the players are risk averse, that is, they are not willing to take high risk. The results will show how much, if any, the insurance companies should invest in the different scenarios to maximize their profits (if risk neutral) or utility (if risk averse). The results of this thesis show that in the first and second scenario, the optimal profit is reached when the insurance companies do not invest anything. In the third scenario though, the optimal investment is greater than zero, given that the companies are enough risk averse.
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Njocke, Martin. "Nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication et effets sur la compétitivité des entreprises dans un duopole de Cournot." Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU2002.
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Nous avons essayé d’évaluer les effets des Nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (NTIC) sur la compétitivité des entreprises dans un environnement concurrentiel, avec comme modèle restreint le duopole de Cournot où deux entreprises se livrent à la conquête des parts de marché. Nous envisageons deux cas de figure : une concurrence en information minimale et une concurrence en information asymétrique. Les effets des NTIC sur la compétitivité des entreprises peuvent être variés : positifs, négatifs, neutres ou sans intérêt au-delà d’un certain seuil d’utilisation. Les NTIC apparaissent comme un facteur nécessaire pour l’amélioration de la compétitivité d’une entreprise, mais ne peuvent pas être considérées comme un facteur suffisant. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en lumière le paradoxe de Robert Solow, économiste américain et prix Nobel d’économie en 1987 qui dit en substance : «You can see the computer age everywhere except in the productivity stactistics», ce qui peut se traduire par : «Les Nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication se voient partout sauf dans les statistiques de productivité». Dans ce travail, une source d’explication du paradoxe de Solow, autre que l’endogénéité du progrès technique et autre que la flexibilité entre le facteur capital et le facteur travail, est l’information asymétrique<br>We tried to assess the effects of new technologies of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the competitiveness of firms in a competitive environment, with the model restricts the Cournot duopoly where two firms engaged in the conquest of shares market. We consider two cases : minimum information in competition and competition in asymmetric information. The effects of ICT on the competitiveness of enterprises can be varied: positive, negative, neutral or no interest beyond a certain threshold of use. ICTs are seen as a necessary factor for improving the competitiveness of a company, but cannot be considered a sufficient factor. This analysis helped to highlight the paradox of Robert Solow, American economist and Nobel Prize in Economics in 1987 which basically says: "You can see the computer age everywhere except in the productivity stactistics", which can result in "New technologies of information and communication are seen everywhere except in productivity statistics". In this work, a source of explanation of the Solow paradox, other than the endogeneity of technical progress and other than the flexibility between capital input and labor input is asymmetric information
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Weigt, Hannes. "Modeling Competition and Investment in Liberalized Electricity Markets." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-24711.
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In this thesis current questions regarding the functionality of liberalized electricity markets are studied addressing different topics of interest in two main directions: market power and competition policy on electricity wholesale markets, and network investments and incentive regulation. The former is studied based on the case of the German electricity market with respect to ex-post market power analysis and ex-ante remedy development. First an optimization model is designed to obtain the competitive benchmark which can be compared to the observed market outcomes between 2004 and 2006. In a second step the horizontal breaking up of dominant firms (divestiture) is simulated applying equilibrium techniques (the classical Cournot approach and the Supply Function Equilibrium approach). The later issue of transmission capacity investment is addressed by highlighting the complexity of network investments in electricity markets and by analyzing a regulatory mechanism with a two part tariff approach. The technical characteristics of power flows are combined with economic criteria and tested for different network settings.
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Piotto, Diego. "Estudo de poder de mercado em sistemas de geração de energia elétrica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18705.
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-14<br>O sistema elétrico brasileiro sofreu grandes mudanças em sua regulação nas últimas décadas no intuito de aumentar a eficiência de mercado baseando-se no incentivo a competição entre os agentes. O incentivo a entrada de geradores privados tem gerado resultados significativos a competição e tem provocado uma reestruturação que tem modificado a operação antes totalmente centralizada para modelos descentralizados que estimulam a competição entre agentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é, partir do artigo de Barroso Et al. (2001), onde é obtido a ação de poder de mercado em sistemas hidrotérmicos para ambiente competitivo e de mínimo custo tanto para modelo estático como modelo dinâmico, desenvolver o modelo de comportamento dos agentes para situações de colusão entre agentes price makers tanto para o modelo estático como para o dinâmico. Além disso obter as taxas de juros limites para o desvio da colusão. Será demostrado que em mercados com poucos agentes, o benefício de se desviar da colusão somente ocorre para altas taxas de desconto. Com a inclusão de maior quantidade de agentes, identifica-se que o incentivo ao desvio da colusão possui taxas descrentes. Será apresentado que para modelos acoplados no tempo o comportamento de um possível conluio fará com que os agentes sustentem o preço spot mais elevado, mesmo em períodos de baixa afluência.<br>The Brazilian electrical system has undergone great changes in its regulation in the last decades in order to increase the efficiency of the market based on the incentive to the competition among the agents. The incentive to the entry of private generators has generated significant results the competition and has caused a restructuring that has modified the operation before totally centralized to decentralized models that stimulate the competition between agents. The objective of this work is to analyze the market power in hydrothermal systems that is, based on thermal and hydroelectric generation, using low cost models for centralized systems and Nash Cournot model for decentralized systems both decoupled in time in order to obtain the dispatch great. The analysis extends to the strategic behavior of the agents for time coupled systems using low cost models for centralized systems and Nash Cournot model using stochastic programming resources to determine the optimal dispatch of the agents of the market. It has been shown that in markets with few agents, the benefit of diverting from collusion only occurs at high discount rates. With the inclusion of a greater number of agents, it is identified that the incentive to the deviation of collusion has unbelievable rates. It will be shown that for time-coupled models the behavior of a possible collusion will cause the agents to sustain the higher spot price, even in periods of low affluence.
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Hawkins, Jenny Rae. "Essays in Industrial Organization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202519.
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This dissertation consists of three essays evaluating topics in industrial organization. The first essay investigates a market structure or property regime in which a final good exists only by assembling multiple, monopoly-supplied components. In such dynamic settings, any sunk cost results in an outcome of hold-up, also known as tragedy of the anticommons. I design a model showing conditions for which two factors that reduce sunk cost, refunds and complementarities, mitigate hold-up. If the first component purchased has positive stand alone value or the first seller offers a full refund, hold-up is mitigated. My results suggest several policies that can mitigate inefficient outcomes in assembly problems, including legal requirements on full refunds, regulation on the purchasing order of components, and prohibition of price discrimination. The second essay applies Bayesian statistics to single-firm event studies used in securities litigation and antitrust investigations. Inference based on Bayesian analysis does not require an assumption of normality that potentially invalidates standard inference of classical single-firm event studies. I investigate ten events, five from actual securities litigation cases. Various Bayesian models, including replication of the frequentist approach, are examined. A flexible Bayesian model, replacing parametric likelihood functions with the empirical distribution function, also is explored. Our approach suggests an alternative, valid method for inference with easy implementation and interpretation. The third essay, motivated in the context of pharmaceutical advertising, analyzes demand rotations caused by an exogenously determined advertising parameter under Cournot oligopoly competition. We find that firms and consumers prefer extreme levels of advertising, but preferences for which extreme do not necessarily align. However, these differences can be alleviated with few or many firms in the market or cheap or expensive technologies. Therefore, advertising levels, regulated or not, might not serve consumers' best interests unless certain market attributes hold.
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Deng, Shu. "THREE ESSAYS ON INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/260429.
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Economics<br>Ph.D.<br>There are three main chapters in the dissertation which fall in the areas of industrial organization and international economics. After the introduction and the literature review, I present two different models that highlight how the degree of substitutability between differentiated products on a market affects a new entrant's entry decisions. I further extend the benchmark model to discuss the implications of the government trade policy on the competition strategies. The last chapter investigates how the bilateral trade flows in various industries between the United States and China respond to Yuan/Dollar exchange rate fluctuations and a few other key variables. In the second chapter, I extend the Singh and Vivies (1984) model and the Hackner (2000) model by allowing for a multi-product duopoly, a domestic incumbent and a foreign entrant, with asymmetric costs in producing two differentiated products: high- and low-quality. If they engage in Cournot competition, in the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, the foreign entrant will choose to supply both products when two varieties are more heterogeneous. If two varieties are more homogeneous, the foreign entrant tends to supply only one product. After extending the model to consider the tariff imposed on foreign imports, the simulation results suggest that, to increase domestic welfare, the government should allow cost-effective foreign entrants to enter, but keep cost-ineffective ones out of the domestic market. In the third chapter, I provide a thorough analysis of the Bertrand model with a setup that is similar to the Cournot model. When firms compete on prices, the SPNE differs significantly from that of the Cournot model. Depending on the relative marginal cost between two firms, there are circumstances under which the foreign entrant would choose to only enter into the low- or the high-quality market regardless of the degree of substitutability between two varieties. Furthermore, when the domestic government imposes a tariff on the foreign imports, the foreign entrant's entry decision changes with the tariff level. In the last chapter, unlike the existing literature which mainly look at the relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance at the aggregate level, I attempt to investigate the short-run and the long-run impact of the Yuan/Dollar exchange rate on the US trade balance at the commodity level using a new methodology, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Testing approach. As most articles found no short-run and long-run relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance at the aggregate level ("aggregation bias"), I argue that different commodities may respond to the exchange rate fluctuations differently. Therefore, this study would offer us a better understanding on which US industries are more vulnerable to the Yuan/Dollar exchange rate fluctuations and which ones are strong players against Chinese competitors. In addition, I further explore other possible contributors to the US trade deficit such as income levels, China FDI inflow, and the US FDI outflow.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Karabas, Sukriye. "Collaboration And Competition In Presence Of Imperfect Information And Non-linear Pricing." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614306/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, a market is assumed with n competing buyers where price is an inverse linear function of the quantity supplied to the market. The buyers get engaged in Cournot competition, but may also collaborate on purchasing decisions from a supplier. The supplier offers a quantity discount, as the quantity purchased increases unit price decreases. Furthermore, the demand base in the market is uncertain, but the buyers may get a signal of the demand. In this setting, the value of collaboration, information sharing and non-linear pricing is analyzed.
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Svizzero, Serge. "Analyse théorique des fluctuations endogènes : essai de bilan des principales approches en univers concurrentiel : contribution à l'étude de situations de concurrence imparfaite à la Cournot." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE0002.
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L'objectif de cette these est l'etude theorique des mecanismes capables d'engendrer des fluctuations endogenes (cycliques ou complexes) apparaissant par bifurcation au sein de modeles d'equilibre general intertemporels construits sur des relations non lineaires et deterministes. Dans la premiere partie, on presente les prinicipales approches qui permettent l'existence de ces fluctuations dans un cadre concurrentiel. Le premier chapitre est tuations dans un cadre concurrentiel. Le premier chapitre est consacre au modele mono puis multi-sectoriel de croissance optimale formule en temps continu puis en temps discret. Dans le second chapitre ou la dynamique repose sur des generations imbriquees, on etudie le cas d'une economie d'echange pur et celui d'une economie avec production simplifiee. Le manque de pertinence des fluctuations ainsi obtenues nous conduit dans la seconde partie a etudier un modele d'equilibre general avec concurrence imparfaite a la cournot. Le premier chapitre en presente la version statique en insistant sur les relations entre le chomage involontaire et les effets de feed-back. Le second chapitre presente la version dynamique du modele, basee sur des generations imbriquees. On etudie alors l'emergence de fluctuations endogenes dans les dynamiques de plein-emploi et de sous-emploi<br>The purpose of this thesis is the study of mechanisms (using the notion of bifurcation) that may give rise to endogenous fluctuations (either periodic or chaotic) in nonlinear and deterministic models of general intertemporal equilibrium. Its first part surveys the main competitive approaches. The first chapter is about the mono and multisector models of optimal economic growth in continuous-time and discrete-time versions. The second chapter presents overlapping generations models in an exchange economy and in an economy with production. Because of those fluctuations are unrealistic, we study in the second part a model of general equilibrium with imperfect competition "a la cournot". In the first chapter, we establish for the static case the relationships between involuntary unemployment and feedback effects. In the second chapter, the model is extended to dynamic based on overlapping generations. We study the conditions under which endogenous fluctuations are possible when there is full employment or underemployment
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Kuennen, Nicholas Francis. "Existence and uniqueness of Cournot equilibrium for an oligopoly under linear and nonlinear demand a channel model for one manufacturer-two retailers with substitutes /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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El-Husseini, Farid. "Interspatial price equilibrium and the incidence of tariffs : the development of the Cournot-Cunynghame-Pigou approach to the partial equilibrium analysis of international trade." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247671.
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Buehler, Stefan, Anton Burger, and Robert Ferstl. "The Investment Effects of Price Caps under Imperfect Competition. A Note." Forschungsinstitut für Regulierungsökonomie, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1766/1/document.pdf.
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This note analyzes a simple Cournot model where firms choose outputs and capacities facing varying demand and price-cap regulation. We find that binding price caps set above long-run marginal cost increase (rather than decrease) aggregate capacity investment. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics
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Goss, Line Valerie. "Two Essays in Financial Economics." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1920.
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Chapter 1 of this study investigates the link between a firm’s capital structure and their industry competitive behavior. Given the competitive behavior in certain markets, Cournot or Bertrand, we investigate if there are any inborn characteristics of these markets’ competitive behavior that would create an incentive for Cournot firms to have a different strategic debt level than Bertrand firms. Related theories argue that any industry’s competitive behavior, whether it is Bertrand or Cournot would typically consist of a certain type of debt and pursue a certain type of competitive strategy, based on its classification. In this study, we investigate the debt level of a sample of firms classified into either Cournot or Bertrand competition, i.e. explore competitive behavior as a characteristic of firms that tend to be associated with different debt ratios and determine if the competitive market type does in fact lead to a varying debt ratio target. We used two different measures to categorize competition type, the CSM and the SI measure. Our findings indicate that there is no significant difference between differentiated debt levels between Bertrand and Cournot firms.
Chapter 2 of the study examines various factors that may affect American Depository Receipts’ trading volume distribution between their home and US markets. These include factors not previously considered in the extant literature. One such factor is the trading motive (hedging or speculative) of investors. Other factors examined include price impact, relative volatility, market to book ratio, as well as a cultural dimension factor: individualism. Controlling for time-specific effects, we find that the relative motive measure of cross-listed firms has a positive relationship on the trading volume distribution. In addition, when looking at a small sample of firms with different motive factors, we find that hedging motive in the home country leads to an increased proportion of trading in the host country relative to the home country, while speculative motive leads to a decrease in the volume share of the host country relative to the home country. A positive and significant relationship is also observed between volatility and the log of trading volume share. The relationship is negative for liquidity and visibility in relation to the trading volume distribution of cross-listed firm’s stocks. Culture difference at home relative to host is found to positively impact trading volume distribution of cross-listed stocks.
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Norin, Anna. "Worker Safety and Market Dynamics." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-83039.
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Cordeiro, Junior Herbetes de Hollanda. "Previsão de demanda, preço e análise de poder de mercado no setor de energia alétrica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/3921.
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>A presente tese pretende desenvolver estudos aplicados ao setor elétrico brasileiro - SEB.
Inicialmente, é feita uma revisão geral do SEB, enfocando as instituições e os agentes atuantes
no setor. Em um primeiro estudo são feitas previsões para a demanda por energia elétrica no
Nordeste no período 2004-2010. As previsões foram revisadas, ainda, de forma a levarem em
conta o efeito do racionamento de energia elétrica ocorrido em 2001. Como resultado, os
modelos ajustados apresentaram um bom poder de explicação e os valores das elasticidades
foram próximos aos obtidos em outros estudos similares. Em um outro estudo, utilizou-se
modelos ARIMA para previsão de preços spot de energia elétrica no Brasil. Finalmente, para
analisar o potencial de exercício de poder de mercado no segmento de geração do SEB, foi
utilizado o modelo de oligopólio de Cournot para analisar o impacto de variações na estrutura
do setor sobre os preços de equilíbrio do mercado. Nestes termos, observou-se um maior
potencial de exercício de poder de mercado em meses de menor disponibilidade de geração
hidráulica. Outros fatores importantes no modelo foram a elasticidade da demanda e a
estrutura do setor, em termos do número e do tamanho das firmas
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Abada, Ibrahim. "Modélisation des marchés du gaz naturel en Europe en concurrence oligopolistique : le modèle GaMMES et quelques applications." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100043/document.
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Cette thèse étudie l’évolution des marchés du gaz naturel en Europe jusqu’en 2035 en utilisant les outils de la modélisation. Le modèle proposé, intitulé GaMMES, repose sur une description oligopolistique des marchés et ses principaux avantages sont les suivants : un niveau de détail important de la structure économique de la chaîne gazière et une prise en compte endogène des contrats de long-terme en amont ainsi que de la substitution avec les produits pétroliers et le charbon, au niveau de la demande. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions la question de la sécurité d’approvisionnement en gaz en Europe et les conditions favorables à la régulation des marchés vulnérables au risque de rupture d’approvisionnement, notamment de la part de la Russie. Trois études de cas sont proposées selon le degré de dépendance et la nature de régulation en place : le marché allemand des années 1980 et les marchés actuels de la Bulgarie et de l’Espagne. Nous étudions en particulier l’évolution des caractéristiques des marchés en fonction du risque de rupture et le type de régulation à mettre en place afin d’assurer l’optimalité du bien-être social. Ensuite, nous proposons un modèle de type systèmes dynamiques afin de prendre en compte la substitution énergétique entre le charbon, le pétrole et le gaz naturel. Notre approche permet d’estimer une nouvelle forme fonctionnelle de la fonction de demande pour le gaz naturel, qui englobe à la fois la substitution énergétique et les inerties de consommation dues aux investissements des usagers finaux. Dans un troisième temps, nous utilisons cette fonction de demande dans un modèle d’équilibre partiel des marchés du gaz naturel en Europe. Le modèle GaMMES, écrit sous forme de problème de complémentarité, représente les principaux acteurs de l’industrie du gaz naturel en considérant leurs interactions stratégiques et les pouvoirs de marchés. Il a été appliqué au marché du gaz naturel en Europe du nord-est afin d’étudier l’évolution, jusqu’en 2035, de la consommation, des prix spot, des prix et volumes long-terme, de la production et de la dépendance par rapport aux imports étrangers. Finalement, nous proposons une extension stochastique du modèle GaMMES afin d’analyser l’impact de la forte fluctuation du prix du Brent sur les marchés gaziers. Une étude économétrique a été menée afin de calculer la loi de probabilité du prix du pétrole, lorsqu’il est modélisé en tant que variable aléatoire, dans le but de construire et pondérer l’arbre des scénarii. Les résultats permettent de comprendre comment l’aléa modifie les comportements stratégiques des acteurs, notamment au niveau des contrats de long-terme. Enfin, la valeur de la solution stochastique est calculée afin de quantifier l’importance de la prise en compte des fluctuations du prix du pétrole pour chaque acteur de la chaîne<br>This thesis studies the evolution of the natural gas markets in Europe, until 2035, using optimization theory tools. The model we develop, named GaMMES, is based on an oligopolistic description of the markets. Its main advantages are the following: we consider an important level of detail in the economic structure of the gas chain and we endogenously take into account long-term contracts in the upstream as well as energy substitution between gas, oil, and coal in the demand. In the first part of this thesis, we study the issue of security of supply in Europe and the conditions under which it is necessary to regulate the gas markets that are strongly dependent on foreign imports. Three case studies are then presented, regarding the level of dependence and the markets' specificities: the German gas trade of the 1980s and the current Spanish and Bulgarian markets. We study in particular the evolution of the markets' outcome as a function of the supply disruption probability and the kind of regulation to implement in order to maximize the social welfare. In the second part, we develop a system dynamics model in order to capture fuel substitution between oil, coal, and natural gas. Our approach allows one to calculate a new functional form of the demand function for natural gas that contains energy substitution and consumption inertia effects due to end-users' investments. In the third part, we take advantage of our demand function and use it in a partial equilibrium model of natural gas markets in Europe. The GaMMES model, when written as a complementarity problem, describes the principal gas chain actors as well as their strategic interactions and market power. It was applied to the northwestern European gas trade to analyze the evolution of consumption, spot and long-term contract prices and volumes, production, and natural gas dependence, until 2035. In the last part, we present a stochastic extension of the GaMMES model in order to study the impact of the strong Brent price fluctuation on the gas markets. An econometric analysis allowed us to calculate the probability law of the oil price, when taken as a random variable, in order to construct the scenario tree and estimate its weights. Our results show how uncertainty changes the strategic behavior, in particular for the long-term contracting activity. Finally, the value of the stochastic solution is calculated to quantify the importance of taking into account randomness in the optimization programs of the gas chain actors
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Lasselle, Laurence. "Sous-emploi et fluctuations endogènes : l'impact des pouvoirs de marché et des anticipations." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX24006.
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Hosking, Thomas Shannon. "Differential games of exhaustible resource extraction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e740dad-4dd8-4f49-9dbb-3de5d7328960.
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This thesis is concerned with game-theoretic models of oligopoly resource markets. They revolve around an open market, on which a number of firms sell a common resource. The market price-demand relationship means that the price (demand) that results from the firm’s production (pricing) decisions is a function of the decisions of all firms selling to that market. This means that firms must generally anticipate the actions of competing firms when determining their own strategies, which means that these models often need to be analysed using game theory. We focus on games in which the resource is exhaustible, with the exception of Chapter 5, in which the majority of the analysis is carried out in an inexhaustible resources setting. Exhaustibility introduces an additional complication into these games; that of allocating the extraction and sale of a limited resource pool over time. We consider several separate areas of extension, which we outline below. In Chapter 2, we consider a dynamic Stackelberg game. Stackelberg competition is an asymmetric form of competition in which one player (the leader) has the ability to pre-commit to and announce a strategy in advance. The ability to pre-commit to a strategy is almost always highly valuable, and in this case allows the leader to drive down the follower’s production by pre-committing to drive up their own. We follow the framework used in [62] to analyse Cournot competition to derive our results. In Chapter 3, we compare the two settings in which resource extraction models are usually formulated: Open-Loop, in which the players determine their strategies as functions of time and the initial resource levels of the players only; and Feedback-Loop, in which the players determine their strategies at each point in time as a function of the current resource levels at that time. Our focus is on the investigation of the relationship between the difference in the production or value of a firm under these two models, and the distribution of resources across the firms. In Chapter 4, we consider a common property resource game. These involve multiple firms which can extract from a common resource pool. We study a widely-used Open- viii Loop model, as formulated in [79]. We examine the result that analysis of the problem by standard methods results in two candidate equilibria, and argue that one of these equilibria can be ruled out by construction of a superior response. In Chapter 5, we analyse joint constraints on production, namely constraints which are met when the total production is above or below a certain level. It is a well- established result that these constraints can result in multiple equilibria. We provide several brief extensions to existing uniqueness results. We also demonstrate methods by which these results can be utilised to analyse games with piecewise-linear windfall taxes or congestion charges. Finally, we discuss the problems of extending these results to games with resource exhaustibility.
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Argenton, Cédric. "Quality provision in duopoly." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-495.
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This dissertation comprises three essays revisiting the classical topic of quality provision in a duopoly. Two essays consider a situation in which consumers cannot identify the origin of an individual product but observe or infer the average quality of the units brought to the market: Chapter 2 studies the case where the two producers bargain over a minimum quality standard before deciding about their own quality level, while Chapter 3 deals with the case where qualities are (exogenously) fixed and producers have to decide about the quantity they will offer for sale. The final essay (Chapter 4) switches to a perfect-information environment and asks whether the producer of an inferior variety is able to deter the entry of a superior product by having retailers sign onto exclusivity contracts.<br>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006
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Tipping, James Patrick. "The Analysis of Spot Price Stochasticity in Deregulated Wholesale Electricity Markets." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/864.
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Traditionally, time series of wholesale electricity market spot prices have been modelled either by mimicking market operation and equilibrating demand and supply, or by specifying an exogenous process for prices. More recently, a number of hybrid models have been developed, combining the merits of both methods. In this vein, we present an econometric model for daily spot prices in the New Zealand Electricity Market (NZEM) that utilises reservoir management theory to incorporate information on the hydro storage level, a recognised driver of NZEM spot price behaviour. In order to forecast future storage levels and prices, we also construct a model for daily reservoir releases that can be used in conjunction with time series of inflows. This analysis reveals that releases in New Zealand are driven primarily by hydrological factors, as opposed to market conditions. The combined price and storage forecasting model can be applied in a variety of contexts, and offers an alternative perspective to the traditional models of NZEM behaviour. Finally, we calibrate a Cournot model of market behaviour in the National Electricity Market of Australia during daily peak, shoulder and off-peak periods, adding credibility to the future application of such models. The resulting model parameters are, in general, consistent with conventional wisdom. Spot prices from this market are then modelled by combining the output of the analytical model with a stochastic price process.
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Dóczy, Aneta. "Hra o trhy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318282.
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This diploma thesis deals with conict economic situations based on game theory. In the beginning, basic models of conict situations and current popular software tools are dened not only for the general support of student education or for science, but also for solving economic problems in game theory. Based on this analysis, the conicting situation of two competing rms is being solved. Gradually, work goes deeper into areas of delay dierential equations that better show the behavior of two players on the market. Subsequently, these delayed dierential equations are projected into the Cournot model, for which a critical value is identied that switches the stability of two rms on the market due to the delayed realization of their outputs.
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Eryganov, Ivan. "Aplikace kooperativní teorie her pro Cournotovy oligopoly." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401580.
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This Master’s thesis deals with the application of cooperative game theory for solving the problems of Cournot's oligopolies. The knowledge of oligopoly theory and game theory has been elaborated to build a model describing the behavior of companies at a market that meets the preconditions of Cournot's oligopoly. The definition of cooperative game is based on the -characteristic function, which takes into account, compared to classical methods, that companies which are not in the coalition are pursuing their own profits, not suppressing coalition positions. The properties of the resulting cooperative games are examined in detail, focusing on monotony and convexity. Several theorems about these properties have been derived and their economic interpretations are given. Also, the question of calculation of the -characteristic function using the best-reply dynamics algorithm is being solved, and its convergence for a given type of games is justified. The model is applied to data from the oil market, which is further characterized by the results of the cooperative game.
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Belova, Alexandra. "Estimation of consumer demand on the air transport market." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E040/document.
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Une des particularités du marché des compagnies aériennes est la grande divergence des prix des billets pour les mêmes vol. Cela reflète principalement l'incapacité des entreprises à modifier facilement les volumes de production et/ou à les stocker. Le développement et l'utilisation des modèles de "yield management" (modèles d'attribution des sièges) ont été centrés sur les compagnies aériennes proposant différents types de tarifs pour un même vol. L'objectif de cette thèse est de construire un certain nombre de modèles économiques pour expliquer la dispersion des prix sur le marché du transport aérien à partir de différents points de vue. Dans le chapitre 3, je crée un modèle de prix direct qui explique comment différentes caractéristiques du produit et du consommateur influencent le niveau de prix. Le chapitre 4 est consacré aux différences de niveau de prix du point de vue de la concurrence. Dans un jeu stratégique où les entreprises se font concurrence, ! 'ensemble de stratégies rationalisables pour chaque joueur implique toutes les meilleures réponses aux décisions des autres. Ce chapitre propose un test empirique de l'existence de l'équilibre de Nash unique dans un oligopole de Cournot. Dans le chapitre 5, je traite le marché des passagers aériens comme un marché différenciant les produits et applique un modèle logit multinomial pour calculer les élasticités-prix. Le modèle logit (mettant particulièrement l'accent sur l'hétérogénéité des consommateurs) estime de quelle manière les différentes caractéristiques du produit influencent les parts de marché<br>Nowadays one of peculiarities of the liberalized airline market is a huge divergence of ticket prices for the same flights. Mostly it reflects the companies' being unable to easily change the volumes of production or/and store them. The development and use of the yield management models (seat allocation models) have centered on airlines offering a variety of different types of fares for travel on the same flight. The goal of this dissertation is to construct a number of economic models to explain the price dispersion on the airline market from the different points of view. In Part 3, I create a direct price mode! which explains how different product and consumer characteristics influence the price level. It is shown how different attributes like the moment of ticket reservation, ticket class, weekday of the departure and number of coupons define the price and how it corresponds to the consumer characteristics (gender, income, age, etc.). Part 4 is devoted to the differences of the price level from the competition point of view. In a strategic game where firms compete against each other the set of rationalizable strategies for each player entails ail the best responses to the others' decisions. This chapter proposes an empirical test of the existence of the unique Nash equilibrium in a Cournot oligopoly. In Part 5 I treat an airline passenger market as a market with the product differentiation and apply a multinomial logit model to calculate price elasticities. The logit model (with a special focus on the consumers heterogeneity) estimates how the different product characteristics influence the market shares
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Martin, Hélène. "L'apport des modèles d'équilibre général pour l'évaluation de la politique de la concurrence." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020075/document.
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L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser comment la politique de la concurrence peut être utilisée pour améliorer le pouvoir d’achat en générant des baisses de prix et affecter la répartition des revenus. L’évaluation des conséquences sur le bien-être de l’entrée de nouveaux concurrents sur un marché a fait l’objet d’une littérature importante. Mais elle repose sur des analyses en équilibre partiel et une approche complémentaire en terme d’équilibre général peut être utile. D’autres analyses de la politique de la concurrence en terme d’équilibre général ont été effectuées pour des économies avec des rendements d’échelle croissants.Cependant, dans la mesure où il semble discutable que les secteurs dans lesquels les rendements d’échelle sont croissants soient majoritaires dans les économies réelles, il apparaît pertinent d’analyser les effets de l’entrée dans des économies "convexes". Nous nous appuyons ainsi sur des modèles simples d’équilibre général pour étudier les conséquences de la politique de la concurrence - en matière d’entrée, de fusions etc... - sur le bien-être. Afin d’analyser ses effets distributifs, nous considérons des économies composées d’agents qui se distinguent par la nature des facteurs qu’ils offrent. Nous supposons en particulier que l’un d’eux fournit une quantité de travail exogène, que nous endogénéisons par la suite. Nous montrons ainsi que la politique de la concurrence peut être conflictuelle : elle peut ne pas impacter tous les consommateurs de la même façon et bénéficier à certains, au détriment d’autres<br>This thesis consists in analysing how competition policy by enhancing prices decreases,may be used to boost purchasing power and influence income distribution. A huge literature deals with the evaluation of how entry of firms within a particular sector improves welfare. But this literature mainly relies on a partial equilibrium approach. To complete this approach, a general equilibrium view point on competition policy is called for. There have been several attempts to study the welfare effects of entry in general equilibrium economies with increasing returns to scale. However, it is not clear that pervasive unexploited increasing returns to scale exist in real economies. Therefore, it seems relevant to consider the case of "convex" economies. In this perspective, we use simple general equilibrium models to examine how competition policy - with regard to entry or mergers - affects welfare. In order to study the redistributive effects of competition policy, we consider the case where several agents supply different inputs (the supply of labor is first considered as exogenous,and then endogenous). We show that competition policy is not always welfare improving for all agents
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Bautista, Alderete Guillermo. "Alternative Models to Analyze Market Power and Financial Transmission Rights in Electricity Markets." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/825.
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One of the main concerns with the introduction of competition in the power sector is the strategic behaviour of market participants. Computable models of strategic behaviour are becoming increasingly important to understand the complexities of competition. Such models can help analyze market designs and regulatory policies. In this thesis, further developments on the modelling and analysis of strategic behaviour in electricity markets are presented. This thesis work has been conducted along three research lines. <br /><br /> In the first research line, an oligopolistic model of a joint energy and spinning reserve market is formulated to analyze imperfect competition. Strategic behaviour is introduced by means of conjectured functions. With this integrated formulation for imperfect competition, the opportunity cost between generation and spinning reserve has been analytically derived. Besides, inter-temporal and energy constraints, and financial transmission rights are taken into account. Under such considerations, competition in electricity markets is modelled with more realism. The oligopolistic model is formulated as an equilibrium problem in terms of complementarity conditions. <br /><br /> In the second research line, a methodology to screen and mitigate the potential exacerbation of market power due to the ownership of financial transmission rights is presented. Hedging position ratios are computed to quantify the hedging level of financial transmission rights. They are based on the actual impact that each participant has in the energy market, and on the potential impact that it would have with the ownership of financial transmission rights. Thus, hedging position ratios are used to identify the potential gambling positions from the transmission rights bidders, and, therefore, used to prioritize critical positions in the auction for transmission rights. <br ><br /> In the last research line, alternative equilibrium models of markets for financial transmission rights are formulated. The proposed equilibrium framework is more natural and flexible for modelling markets than the classic cost-minimization markets. Different markets for financial transmission rights are modelled, namely: i) forwards, ii) options, and iii) joint forwards and options. Moreover, one-period, multi-period and multi-round markets for forwards are derived. These equilibrium models are proposed to analyze the bidding strategies of market participants. The potential impact of bidders on congestion prices is modelled by means of conjectured transmission price functions.
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Chyong, Chi Kong. "Russia's strategic natural gas export policy : the case of Gazprom's 'bypass' pipelines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609732.
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Sanguanpuak, T. (Tachporn). "Radio resource sharing with edge caching for multi-operator in large cellular networks." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526221564.
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Abstract The aim of this thesis is to devise new paradigms on radio resource sharing including cache-enabled virtualized large cellular networks for mobile network operators (MNOs). Also, self-organizing resource allocation for small cell networks is considered. In such networks, the MNOs rent radio resources from the infrastructure provider (InP) to support their subscribers. In order to reduce the operational costs, while at the same time to significantly increase the usage of the existing network resources, it leads to a paradigm where the MNOs share their infrastructure, i.e., base stations (BSs), antennas, spectrum and edge cache among themselves. In this regard, we integrate the theoretical insights provided by stochastic geometrical approaches to model the spectrum and infrastructure sharing for large cellular networks. In the first part of the thesis, we study the non-orthogonal multi-MNO spectrum allocation problem for small cell networks with the goal of maximizing the overall network throughput, defined as the expected weighted sum rate of the MNOs. Each MNO is assumed to serve multiple small cell BSs (SBSs). We adopt the many-to-one stable matching game framework to tackle this problem. We also investigate the role of power allocation schemes for SBSs using Q-learning. In the second part, we model and analyze the infrastructure sharing system considering a single buyer MNO and multiple seller MNOs. The MNOs are assumed to operate over their own licensed spectrum bands while sharing BSs. We assume that multiple seller MNOs compete with each other to sell their infrastructure to a potential buyer MNO. The optimal strategy for the seller MNOs in terms of the fraction of infrastructure to be shared and the price of the infrastructure, is obtained by computing the equilibrium of a Cournot-Nash oligopoly game. Finally, we develop a game-theoretic framework to model and analyze a cache-enabled virtualized cellular networks where the network infrastructure, e.g., BSs and cache storage, owned by an InP, is rented and shared among multiple MNOs. We formulate a Stackelberg game model with the InP as the leader and the MNOs as the followers. The InP tries to maximize its profit by optimizing its infrastructure rental fee. The MNO aims to minimize the cost of infrastructure by minimizing the cache intensity under probabilistic delay constraint of the user (UE). Since the MNOs share their rented infrastructure, we apply a cooperative game concept, namely, the Shapley value, to divide the cost among the MNOs<br>Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on tuottaa uusia paradigmoja radioresurssien jakoon, mukaan lukien virtualisoidut välimuisti-kykenevät suuret matkapuhelinverkot matkapuhelinoperaattoreille. Näiden kaltaisissa verkoissa operaattorit vuokraavat radioresursseja infrastruktuuritoimittajalta (InP, infrastructure provider) asiakkaiden tarpeisiin. Toimintakulujen karsiminen ja samanaikainen olemassa olevien verkkoresurssien hyötykäytön huomattava kasvattaminen johtaa paradigmaan, jossa operaattorit jakavat infrastruktuurinsa keskenään. Tämän vuoksi työssä tutkitaan teoreettisia stokastiseen geometriaan perustuvia malleja spektrin ja infrastruktuurin jakamiseksi suurissa soluverkoissa. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa tutkitaan ei-ortogonaalista monioperaattori-allokaatioongelmaa pienissä soluverkoissa tavoitteena maksimoida verkon yleistä läpisyöttöä, joka määritellään operaattoreiden painotettuna summaläpisyötön odotusarvona. Jokaisen operaattorin oletetaan palvelevan useampaa piensolutukiasemaa (SBS, small cell base station). Työssä käytetään monelta yhdelle -vakaata sovituspeli-viitekehystä SBS:lle käyttäen Q-oppimista. Työn toisessa osassa mallinnetaan ja analysoidaan infrastruktuurin jakamista yhden ostaja-operaattorin ja monen myyjä-operaattorin tapauksessa. Operaattorien oletetaan toimivan omilla lisensoiduilla taajuuksillaan jakaen tukiasemat keskenään. Myyjän optimaalinen strategia infrastruktuurin myytävän osan suuruuden ja hinnan suhteen saavutetaan laskemalla Cournot-Nash -olipologipelin tasapainotila. Lopuksi, työssä kehitetään peli-teoreettinen viitekehys virtualisoitujen välimuistikykenevien soluverkkojen mallintamiseen ja analysointiin, missä InP:n omistama verkkoinfrastruktuuri vuokrataan ja jaetaan monen operaattorin kesken. Työssä muodostetaan Stackelberg-pelimalli, jossa InP toimii johtajana ja operaattorit seuraajina. InP pyrkii maksimoimaan voittonsa optimoimalla infrastruktuurin vuokrahintaa. Operaattori pyrkii minimoimaan infrastruktuurin hinnan minimoimalla välimuistin tiheyttä satunnaisen käyttäjän viive-ehtojen mukaisesti. Koska operaattorit jakavat vuokratun infrastruktuurin, työssä käytetään yhteistyöpeli-ajatusta, nimellisesti, Shapleyn arvoa, jakamaan kustannuksia operaatoreiden kesken
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Renault, Michel. "Du temps newtonien au temps de l'evolution dans l'analyse economique - du "programme de cournot" au "programme de marshall" et aux institutionnalistes americains du debut du xxe siecle - (un essai sur l'histoire d'une evolution intellectuelle dans la pensee economique." Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN11022.
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L'objet de cette these concerne l'introduction progressive de la notion d'evolution dans l'analyse economique, qui assure le passage d'une conception newtonienne du temps au temps de l'evolution entre les annees 1870-1940. Cette introduction progressive est mise en relation avec le changement du cadre de reference analogique. Et methodologique qui passe progressivement de la mecanique a l'energetique puis a la biologie. Le "programme de cournot" (l'economie sans frottements) et le "programme de marshall" (la biologie economique) se sont ainsi succedes et ce dernier a ete repris par l'economique institutionnaliste americaine. Cet essai a ete divise en trois parties: -la premiere partie est consacree aux relations de l'economique mecaniste avec la mecanique newtonienne -la seconde partie decrit l'introduction de concepts issus de la physique des champs de forces et de l'energetique -la troisieme partie est consacree a l'emergence de l'economique institutionnaliste americaine qui se fonde sur la theorie darwinienne de l'evolution et la philosophie pragmatique pour tenter de faire de l'economique une science evolutionniste<br>This thesis is about the gradual introduction of the evolution concept in economic analysis, passing from "newtonian time" to "evolution time", between 1870 and 1940. This gradual introduction is connected to the changes in the analogical and methodological system of reference, which gradually pass from mechanics to energetics and to biology. The "cournot's program" (economy without frictions) guide the mechanistic economics' search and the "marshall 's program" (economic giology) will be assumed by the american institutional economics. This essay has been divided into three parts: -the first part is devoted to the relations between mechanistic economics and newtonian mechanics -the second part describes the introduction of concepts coming from field physics and energetics -the third part is devoted to the emergence of the american institutional economics based upon the darwinian theory of evolution and pragmatic philosophy
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Mouzouni, Charafeddine. "Topic in mean field games theory & applications in economics and quantitative finance." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC006.
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Les systèmes de jeux à champ moyen (MFG) décrivent des configurations d’équilibre dans des jeux différentiels avec un nombre infini d’agents infinitésimaux. Cette thèse s’articule autour de trois contributions différentes la théorie des jeux à champ moyen. Le but principal est d’explorer des applications et des extensions de cette théorie, et de proposer de nouvelles approches et idées pour traiter les questions mathématiques sous-jacentes. Le premier chapitre introduit en premier lieu les concepts et idées clés que nous utilisons tout au long de la thèse. Nous introduisons le problème MFG et nous expliquons brièvement le lien asymptotique avec les jeux différentiels N-joueurs lorsque N → ∞. Nous présentons ensuite nos principaux résultats et contributions. Le Chapitre 2 explore un modèle MFG avec un mode d’interaction non anticipatif (joueurs myopes). Contrairement aux modèles MFG classiques, nous considérons des agents moins rationnels qui n’anticipent pas l’évolution de l’environnement, mais observent uniquement l’état actuel du système, subissent les changements et prennent des mesures en conséquence. Nous analysons le système couplé d’EDP résultant de ce modèle, et nous établissons le lien rigoureux avec le jeu correspondant à N-Joueurs. Nous montrons que la population d’agents peut s’auto-organiser par un processus d’autocorrection et converger exponentiellement vite vers une configuration d’équilibre MFG bien connue. Les Chapitres 3 et 4 concernent l’application de la théorie MFG pour la modélisation des processus de production et commercialisation de produits avec ressources épuisables (ex. énergies fossiles). Dans le le Chapitre 3, nous proposons une approche variationnelle pour l’étude du système MFG correspondant et analysons la limite déterministe (sans fluctuations de la demande) dans un régime où les ressources sont renouvelables ou abondantes. Nous traitons dans le Chapitre 4 l’approximation MFG en analysant le lien asymptotique entre le modèle de Cournot à N-joueurs et le modèle de Cournot MFG lorsque N est grand. Enfin, le Chapitre 5 considère un modèle MFG pour l’exécution optimale d’un portefeuille d’actifs dans un marché financier. Nous explicitons notre modèle MFG et analysons le système d’EDP résultant, puis nous proposons une méthode numérique pour calculer la stratégie d’exécution optimale pour un agent étant donné son inventaire initial, et présentons plusieurs simulations. Par ailleurs, nous analysons l’influence de l’activité de trading sur la variation intraday de la matrice de covariance des rendements des actifs. Ensuite, nous vérifions nos conclusions et calibrons notre modèle en utilisant des données historiques des transactions pour un pool de 176 actions américaines<br>Mean Field Game (MFG) systems describe equilibrium configurations in differential games with infinitely many infinitesimal interacting agents. This thesis is articulated around three different contributions to the theory of Mean Field Games. The main purpose is to explore the power of this theory as a modeling tool in various fields, and to propose original approaches to deal with the underlying mathematical questions. The first chapter presents the key concepts and ideas that we use throughout the thesis: we introduce the MFG problem, and we briefly explain the asymptotic link with N-Player differential games when N → ∞. Next we present our main results and contributions, that are explained more in details in the subsequent chapters. In Chapter 2, we explore a Mean Field Game model with myopic agents. In contrast to the classical MFG models, we consider less rational agents which do not anticipate the evolution of the environment, but only observe the current state of the system, undergo changes and take actions accordingly. We analyze the resulting system of coupled PDEs and provide a rigorous derivation of that system from N-Player stochastic differential games models. Next, we show that our population of agents can self-organize and converge exponentially fast to the well-known ergodic MFG equilibrium. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with a MFG model in which producers compete to sell an exhaustible resource such as oil, coal, natural gas, or minerals. In Chapter 3, we propose an alternative approach based on a variational method to formulate the MFG problem, and we explore the deterministic limit (without fluctuations of demand) in a regime where re- sources are renewable or abundant. In Chapter 4 we address the rigorous link between the Cournot MFG model and the N-Player Cournot competition when N is large. In Chapter 5, we introduce a MFG model for the optimal execution of a multi-asset portfolio. We start by formulating the MFG problem, then we compute the optimal execution strategy for a given investor knowing her/his initial inventory and we carry out several simulations. Next, we analyze the influence of the trading activity on the observed intra-day pattern of the covariance matrix of returns and we apply our results in an empirical analysis on a pool of 176 US stocks
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Bauer, Francisca, Christoph Bremberger, and Margarethe Rammerstorfer. "The Impact of Different Unbundling Scenarios on Concentration and Wholesale Prices in Energy Markets." Forschungsinstitut für Regulierungsökonomie, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3069/1/wp12.pdf.
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A recent highly disputed subject of regulating energy markets in Europe is the unbundling of
vertically integrated down- and upstream firms. While legal unbundling is already implemented in
most countries and indisputable in its necessity for approaching regulatory aims, continuative models
as ownership unbundling or the alternative of an independent system operator are still ambiguous.
Hence, this article contributes to the economic analyses of identifying the differences of separate
types of unbundling. Via simulation, we find that legal unbundling brings about the lowest prices in
a market under Cournot competition. Moreover, under Bertrand competition, no differences between
legal unbundling and ownership unbundling can be identified. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics
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Janeček, Vítězslav. "Metody a nástroje modelování trhu s více komoditami." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236013.
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This study investigates Game theory including economic theories related to agricultural production. Model creation simulating economical system is built upon theoretic starting points. Commodity production is simulated using game theory with searching for Nash equilibria. Commodity demand function is grounded on concept of Cournot game. System includes land trading based on sealed-bid auctions with second-price. This model is using external Gambit software which is freeware library for game theory computations. Model evaluation is located in Experiments section where model structure and truthfulness is tested.
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Nenna, Luca. "Numerical Methods for Multi-Marginal Optimal Transportation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED017/document.
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Dans cette thèse, notre but est de donner un cadre numérique général pour approcher les solutions des problèmes du transport optimal (TO). L’idée générale est d’introduire une régularisation entropique du problème initial. Le problème régularisé correspond à minimiser une entropie relative par rapport à une mesure de référence donnée. En effet, cela équivaut à trouver la projection d’un couplage par rapport à la divergence de Kullback-Leibler. Cela nous permet d’utiliser l’algorithme de Bregman/Dykstra et de résoudre plusieurs problèmes variationnels liés au TO. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la résolution des problèmes du transport optimal multi-marges (TOMM) qui apparaissent dans le cadre de la dynamique des fluides (équations d’Euler incompressible à la Brenier) et de la physique quantique (la théorie de fonctionnelle de la densité ). Dans ces cas, nous montrons que la régularisation entropique joue un rôle plus important que de la simple stabilisation numérique. De plus, nous donnons des résultats concernant l’existence des transports optimaux (par exemple des transports fractals) pour le problème TOMM<br>In this thesis we aim at giving a general numerical framework to approximate solutions to optimal transport (OT) problems. The general idea is to introduce an entropic regularization of the initialproblems. The regularized problem corresponds to the minimization of a relative entropy with respect a given reference measure. Indeed, this is equivalent to find the projection of the joint coupling with respect the Kullback-Leibler divergence. This allows us to make use the Bregman/Dykstra’s algorithm and solve several variational problems related to OT. We are especially interested in solving multi-marginal optimal transport problems (MMOT) arising in Physics such as in Fluid Dynamics (e.g. incompressible Euler equations à la Brenier) and in Quantum Physics (e.g. Density Functional Theory). In these cases we show that the entropic regularization plays a more important role than a simple numerical stabilization. Moreover, we also give some important results concerning existence and characterization of optimal transport maps (e.g. fractal maps) for MMOT