Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cours martiales'

There is often a misconception regarding the military and the procedures that it uses in order to bring military personnel and prisoners of war to justice. While it is true that Constitutional liberties are limited within the military system, the Constitution still very much applies to uniformed members who swear an oath to the document. In this regard, the Uniform Code of Military Justice was adopted to mirror the Federal Rules of Evidence, which govern the procedures for Article III courts. Through scrutinizing the sentencing procedures that take place in a civilian court and comparing those same procedures with its court martial counterpart, there is evidence to suggest that the UCMJ has better methods to ensure that a defendant’s rights are protected from the time an investigation begins to the time of acquittal or guilt. The methods in jury selection and the weight of the orders issued by a Judge Advocate General are two examples of such enhanced procedures. Since 2001, there has also been discussion involving detained individuals at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, which has led to a sparked interest in the discussion of military commissions. Ultimately, individuals are far more likely to face a fair trial if they enter into a court martial rather than a civilian court.

De son instauration en juillet 1940 à son effondrement quatre ans plus tard, le régime de Vichy n’a eu de cesse de mobiliser la Justice afin d’en faire un instrument de répression au service de ses objectifs politiques. Au cœur du dispositif se trouve le tribunal correctionnel, autour duquel est peu à peu créé un maillage de juridictions d’exception au fonctionnement et aux compétences variés et évolutifs, tels les sections spéciales, le tribunal d’Etat ou les cours martiales. S’y trouvent confrontés tant les ennemis naturels de Vichy, communistes et Juifs, que les éléments jugés déstabilisateurs pour le régime, tels les auteurs de délits d’opinion ou encore les réfractaires au travail obligatoire, et surtout, en nombre croissant, les résistants. L’évolution de ce système répressif se caractérise par une radicalisation progressive. Elle est la fois le fruit d’une logique propre à l’Etat français et d’une adaptation au contexte international. Elle est en outre la conséquence de la montée des oppositions et de la radicalisation de leurs méthodes d’action. Ces différents paramètres amènent le régime de Vichy à accroître les sanctions encourues devant les juridictions répressives tout en restreignant les échappatoires légales. Par ailleurs, l’insatisfaction des autorités face à une action jugée toujours insuffisante des magistrats professionnels les conduit à introduire peu à peu dans le dispositif en place des « juges » non professionnels, choisis sur des critères politiques. Ayant hérité du cadre judiciaire de la troisième République duquel il s’est tout d’abord accommodé, l’Etat français l’a progressivement remodelé, lui donnant ainsi une identité politique nouvelle
From his establishment until his collapse four years later, the Vichy regime didn’t stop using Justice as an oppressing tool dedicated to political objectives. At the heart to this system, there is the tribunal correctionnel, around which several courts have been created, as the sections spéciales, the tribunal d’Etat or the cours martiales. Various enemies of Vichy are brought before these courts : natural enemies, like communists and Jews ; people considered as destabilizing persons, like those who had “bad” opinion or those who refused compulsory work ; and, more and more, Resistants. The particularity of this oppressive system was his gradual toughening. This was the consequence of both political evolution proper to the regime and world war two stages. Moreover, Vichy had to conform the judiciary oppressive system to growing oppositions and violent acts that members of the Resistance commited. So he made penalties harsher and harsher, with less and less legal ways to get away. Always dissatisfied with professional judges, he appealed to more and more non professional judges, selected according to their political opinions. Therefore, first using the republican judiciary system, the Vichy regime had restructured this tool step-by-step to give it his own political identity

Thesis (M.J.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.
"May 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-174). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Предмет докторске дисертације је рад два ванредна суда – Чрезвичајног суда над бунтовницима (1839) и Преког суда формираног поводом Катанске буне (1844). Први је формиран пошто је пропала Јованова буна, коју је подстакао кнез Милош Обреновић (1815–1839, 1858–1860) с циљем да ослаби утицај својих противника у Државном савету и васпостави своју апсолутну власт. Формирању Чрезвичајног суда претходила је истрага против осумњичених за учешће у буни, коју су водиле чак четири истражне комисије. Оне су током свог рада користила следећа доказна средства: признања окривљених, суочења окривљених, сведоке, суочења окривљених и сведока и писане исправе. Чрезвичајни суд почео је са радом 25. јула 1839. И он је спровео доказни поступак, у којем су коришћена мање-више иста доказна средства. Пошто су изведени докази, Чрезвичајни суд је приступио доношењу пресуда. Мање важни окривљени су или ослобођени кривице или осуђени на благе казне, док су они за које је Чрезвичајни суд устанио да су били покретачи и организатори буне осуђени на вишегодишње казне лишења слободе. Мање важни осуђени помиловани су још за време рада Чрезвичајног суда, да би недуго након тога уследило и помиловање важнијих осуђеника.Катанска буна, догађај који је представљао повод за формирање другог ванредног суда, представља неуспели покушај присталица династије Обреновић да оборе устваобранитељски режим, одиграо се између 22. и 25. септембра 1844. Против неких од заробљених бунтовника истрагу су водили Тома Вучић Перишић, командант војске упућене да угуши побуну, и Стеван Новаковић, судија шабачког окружног суда. Истражни поступак, и то против свих окривљених водио је и сам Преки суд. Сем доказних средстава наведених у излагању о Чрезвичајном суду, у истрази коју је водио Преки суд употребљавано је и јемство представника власти за окривљене. Организатори и предводници буне осуђени су на смрт, они који су знали за буну пре њеног избијања, а то нису пријавили властима, на доживотну робију, лица која су се придружила бунтовницима на казне лишења слободе у различитом трајању, а они који су искористили метеж настао побуном за крађе на телесне казне или затвор од две године. У току 1845. и 1846. један број осуђених ослобођен је даљег издржавања казне, а неким осуђеницима казне су ублажене. Међутим, већина осуђених наставила је да издржава казне по слову пресуда Преког суда.Разлог због којег је Преки суд био строжи него Чрезвичајни суд лежи у политичким околностима у којима су они деловали. Противници кнеза Милоша 1839. нису имали подршку у народу и због тога нису смели строгим кажњавањем да одвраћају потенцијалне присталице од себе. С друге стране, 1844. није постојала реална опасност од повратка Обреновића на српски престо. То је омогућило уставобранитељској власти да много строже казни покушај обреновићевске реакције.
Predmet doktorske disertacije je rad dva vanredna suda – Črezvičajnog suda nad buntovnicima (1839) i Prekog suda formiranog povodom Katanske bune (1844). Prvi je formiran pošto je propala Jovanova buna, koju je podstakao knez Miloš Obrenović (1815–1839, 1858–1860) s ciljem da oslabi uticaj svojih protivnika u Državnom savetu i vaspostavi svoju apsolutnu vlast. Formiranju Črezvičajnog suda prethodila je istraga protiv osumnjičenih za učešće u buni, koju su vodile čak četiri istražne komisije. One su tokom svog rada koristila sledeća dokazna sredstva: priznanja okrivljenih, suočenja okrivljenih, svedoke, suočenja okrivljenih i svedoka i pisane isprave. Črezvičajni sud počeo je sa radom 25. jula 1839. I on je sproveo dokazni postupak, u kojem su korišćena manje-više ista dokazna sredstva. Pošto su izvedeni dokazi, Črezvičajni sud je pristupio donošenju presuda. Manje važni okrivljeni su ili oslobođeni krivice ili osuđeni na blage kazne, dok su oni za koje je Črezvičajni sud ustanio da su bili pokretači i organizatori bune osuđeni na višegodišnje kazne lišenja slobode. Manje važni osuđeni pomilovani su još za vreme rada Črezvičajnog suda, da bi nedugo nakon toga usledilo i pomilovanje važnijih osuđenika.Katanska buna, događaj koji je predstavljao povod za formiranje drugog vanrednog suda, predstavlja neuspeli pokušaj pristalica dinastije Obrenović da obore ustvaobraniteljski režim, odigrao se između 22. i 25. septembra 1844. Protiv nekih od zarobljenih buntovnika istragu su vodili Toma Vučić Perišić, komandant vojske upućene da uguši pobunu, i Stevan Novaković, sudija šabačkog okružnog suda. Istražni postupak, i to protiv svih okrivljenih vodio je i sam Preki sud. Sem dokaznih sredstava navedenih u izlaganju o Črezvičajnom sudu, u istrazi koju je vodio Preki sud upotrebljavano je i jemstvo predstavnika vlasti za okrivljene. Organizatori i predvodnici bune osuđeni su na smrt, oni koji su znali za bunu pre njenog izbijanja, a to nisu prijavili vlastima, na doživotnu robiju, lica koja su se pridružila buntovnicima na kazne lišenja slobode u različitom trajanju, a oni koji su iskoristili metež nastao pobunom za krađe na telesne kazne ili zatvor od dve godine. U toku 1845. i 1846. jedan broj osuđenih oslobođen je daljeg izdržavanja kazne, a nekim osuđenicima kazne su ublažene. Međutim, većina osuđenih nastavila je da izdržava kazne po slovu presuda Prekog suda.Razlog zbog kojeg je Preki sud bio stroži nego Črezvičajni sud leži u političkim okolnostima u kojima su oni delovali. Protivnici kneza Miloša 1839. nisu imali podršku u narodu i zbog toga nisu smeli strogim kažnjavanjem da odvraćaju potencijalne pristalice od sebe. S druge strane, 1844. nije postojala realna opasnost od povratka Obrenovića na srpski presto. To je omogućilo ustavobraniteljskoj vlasti da mnogo strože kazni pokušaj obrenovićevske reakcije.
The subject of this doctoral dissertation are two irregular courts – Irregular Court for Rebels (1839) and Martial Court formed on the occasion of Katanska Rebellion (1844). The first of these two courts was formed after Jovan’s rebellion, incited by Prince Miloš Obrenović (1815–1839, 1858–1860) with the goal of weakening the authority of his opponents in State Council and renewal of the ruler’s absolute power, had been quenched. Antecedent of the Irregular Court’s establishment, four investigation boards had undertaken the investigation against the persons suspected of participation in Jovan’s Rebellion. In the course of the inquiry the boards produced following evidence: suspects’ confessions, confrontations of suspects, witnesses, confrontations of suspects with witnesses and documentary evidence. Irregular Court commenced its work on July 25th 1839. This institution also performed production of evidence, during which more or less above-cited sorts of evidence were produced. After the evidence had been shown, Irregular Court turned to deliberation. Less important suspects were either acquitted or sentenced to mild punishments, as those who Irregular Court found organizers and instigators of Jovan’s Rebellion are condemned to multiyear prison sentences. The convicts of less significance were pardoned while Irregular Court’s activity was still in progress. Not long after, more important convicts were granted pardon as well. Katane (Hussars)’s Rebellion, the event that occasioned the formation of the second irregular court, represents an unsuccessful attempt of Obrenović dynasty's followers to overthrow Constitution-Defenders' regime. The inquiry against some of the suspects was conducted by Toma Vučić Perišić, the commander of the troops sent to put down Katane's Rebellion, and Stevan Novaković, a judge of Šabac District Court. Martial Court also carried out investigations, of which all suspects were subjects. Besides evidence mentioned in previous paragraph, vouchments for a suspects' moral integrity and rightful political attitude, given by the representatives of local authorities, were also used in the proceedings led by Martial Court. The organizers and instigators of Katane's Rebellion were sentenced to death, the persons who knew that the rebellion would break out and did not report it to the authorities were condemned to perpetual forced labor, the individuals who joined the rebells were sentenced to prison whose duration varied. The people who used Rebellion-provoked tumultation to commit thefts and burgalries were, according to verdicts of Court Martial, to undertake corporal punishments or two-year prison. In 1845 and 1846 a certain number of convicts was pardonned, as some sentences were mitigated. Nevertheless, most of them were not granted pardon.The reason of Martial Court's greater harshness in comparison with Irregular Court lies in political circumstances in which the two institutions worked. Prince Miloš’opponents were not favorite among the people. Therefore they did not want to even more deteriorate their low popularity by admitting Irregular Court to pronounce severe punishments. On the other hand, in 1844 Obrenovićs’ partisans were not serious threat to Constitution-Defenders regime. It enabled power-holders to punish an attempt of Obrenović’s reaction more severely.

This project seeks to address the recurring theme of revenge within war as exhibited in the recent upsurge of war crimes within the past ten years. To begin, I present an overview of Emile Durkheim’s perspective on punishment from The Division of Labor in Society. I argue that contemporary punishment is still primitive in nature and maintains a retributive form. This synopsis opens the discussion of two key factors within punishment: revenge and responsibility. To analyze these key elements, I conduct a content analysis utilizing courts-martial transcripts not readily available to the public for the recent cases of Operation Iron Triangle, the Baghdad Canal Killings and the Afghan Kill Team murders. As a historical comparative to the latest war crimes, I also analyze the My Lai case from Vietnam, using documentary transcripts with veterans involved in that operation. Throughout the analyses of all four cases, I employ the work of Paul Fauconnet’s Responsibility which further develops Durkheim’s ideology of revenge and augments our own understanding of collective and individual responsibility in society. I close this project with a discussion on Fauconnet’s “law of war” and its implications for soldiers enlisted in war time.

碩士
國立臺北大學
犯罪學研究所
98
The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of post stress disorder and traumatic bonding dependency of sex offence victims on court-martials in determining sex offences. The author observed activities in the hearing of court-martial, including the performance of defense attorneys, defendants and victim witnesses, checked and analyzed related court-martial decisions from National Defense Ministry’s “Military Law Knowledge Management Platform” searched by key words “sex offence”, “post stress disorder” and so on, interviewed military prosecutors and judges to discover how they made such charges and decisions. This study found no clear effect of victim on judgments of sex offence cases. However, victim impact has either a positive or negative effects on the final decision depending on how judges weigh it as evidence. In addition, this study also discovered that, when judges try the sex offence cases, there are 6 features which appear to be relevant 1) the strength of evidence weighed by subjective judgment, 2) the rule of experience, 3) gap between theories and practice, 4) lack of criminal psychology knowledge, 5) sex offence related rules and regulations not fully implemented, 6) forensic agencies’ arbitrary opinions. This study suggest improvements as follows: 1) improve judge’s knowledge on the basic theories of sex offending and victimology, 2) deal with sex offence cases not based on subjective personal experience and legal knowledge only, 3) further education to develop expertise, 4) take professional assessment seriously to improve future trial procedure, increase conviction rate, protect rights of victims and uphold justice.

Britain’s Royal Navy of the nineteenth century was the unquestioned master of the world’s oceans, having won such standing after over a century of near-uninterrupted warfare. However, while the strategies, tactics and technology of the navy evolved dramatically during this period, the laws that governed its many thousands of sailors and officers remained virtually unchanged from the original 1661 Articles of War. Despite minor amendments throughout the eighteenth century and a major reworking in 1749, both capital and corporal punishments were frequently employed as punishment for minor offences in a system that made England’s “Bloody Code” look positively humane. The 1860 Naval Discipline Act provided the first substantive overhaul of the original Articles of War, but historians have generally lamented this act as providing little comprehensive change to the governance of the navy. Using statistical data collected from thousands of courts martial records, this thesis takes a broad look at trends in naval courts martial, studying how these courts interacted with the legislative changes of the 1860s. Viewing how charges and sentences changed on the global scale, it becomes clear that the “arbitrary and cruel punishments” of the previous century had at last given way to a centralized, formal expression of discipline.
Graduate
2021-07-21

The thesis primarily examines the legality of the courtsmartial that followed the 1838-1839 rebellion in Lower Canada against the contemporary principles of British jurisprudence and concludes that Sir John Colborne, the acting governor of the colony, and others within the governing political elite of Lower Canada exceeded their authority and violated the British Constitution in order to obtain convictions and executions of Patriotes for the purpose of satisfying their perception of justice and to deter another rebellion. The paper also concludes that what happened in Lower Canada is an example of the "law" being created by one or more of society's segments in favour of the interest of the dominant class or groups over the rest of society. Furthermore, fundamental legal rights are tossed aside when they are deemed an impediment by the dominant class or groups and the rule of law will only prevail when those in authority feel secure from serious threats. The work looks at the nature of law, its social contexts, and its relationship to power. It also discusses the history of the prohibition in Great Britain against the court-martial of civilians, the entitlement of British colonists and the inhabitants of "conquered colonies" to the legal rights of British subjects, and the use of courts-martial in the early nineteenth century in Upper Canada, South Africa, and the British Caribbean. All of the materials used herein were found in the University of British Columbia's Main Library, Law Library, and Sedgewick Library.

碩士
國防大學國防管理學院
法律研究所
97
Since September 1, 2003, the Code of Criminal Procedure in Taiwan applied a new criminal procedure,the Refined Adversary System, in which prosecutors, defendants, and lawyers cross-examine the witnesses and expert witness according to the rules of hearsay and cross-examination to derive the truth of the case. Furthermore, the court-martial followed the related rules by means of reducing the powers of the presiding judge after November 1, 2005, under the principle of which the final judgment of the court-martial and judicature is uniform. Nonetheless, the Code of Court Martial Procedure, with its infrastructure of inquisitorial system, adopted the cross-examination rule of the Refined Adversary System. Does any obstruction exists with regard to the principles of law after adoption? Does the military judge of all courts follow the rules in unanimity? Does the military prosecutors of all prosecutor's offices obey the Code of Court Martial Procedure in which they shall petition for investigation of any evidence advantageous or disadvantageous to the defendants? Does the rule of cross-examination help the court to derive the truth? Does the rule of cross-examination affects the judgment? Does the rule of cross-examination help raise the percentage of defendant's agreement and diminish the percentage of appeal? This article tries to advance the cross-examination of courts-martial and suggests the modification of the Code of Court Martial Procedure on the basis of consulting the military judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and lawyers. In addition, this article helps the Code of Court Martial Procedure to protect the right to litigation under the Constitution and to establish procedural justness as well as systematic protection of court-martial proceeding under law.

碩士
中華大學
科技管理學系碩士在職專班
100
The purpose of this study is to investigate the researcher’s 19 years learning process and understanding of martial arts as a form of Serious Leisure and then to indentify the qualities, benefits and conflicts of Serious Leisure. The main research method lies in the Self-Narrative approach, which is a subsystem of Narrative Inquiry. To construct the researcher’s unique life narrative and results analysis, the relevant information is summarized and organized by means of the Holistic-Content approach, which serves as the main method of analysis. The conclusions of this study consist of the following five parts: 1. The process of learning martial arts: This originated with a vision of martial arts in childhood and then led to joining a martial arts club in order to learn the strength and beauty of Wai Jia Quan. It came to an end with the encounter of the softness of Tai Chi. 2. The inspiration and realization of Serious Leisure: The researcher recognized the importance of confidence; comprehended the vital role of persistence while learning; developed an understanding of the main point of simplifying everything; transformed the strong personality into humbleness, and as a result of fate and karma, became a Taichi player. 3. The qualities of Serious Leisure are as follows: (1) perseverance, (2) long-term career, (3) significant personal effort, (4) durable benefits, (5) unique ethos, (6) identification. 4. The benefits from Tai Chi: These benefits include personal health, longevity, and feelings of achievement and self-satisfaction which contribute to personal effectiveness. In addition to group accomplishments, a sense of belonging and contributions to society all contribute to overall social effectiveness. 5. The conflicts and constraints of engaging in Serious Leisure activities: Due to the improper allocation of time, the researcher faces conflicts in fulfilling family responsibilities and experiences alienation within friendships.

碩士
國立臺灣體育運動大學
體育研究所
105
This research investigates the effect different types of imageries have on self-efficacy and motor skill performance, with the framework being based on Hall, Martin, Paivio and Hausenblas (1997). A total of 54 college students had participated in the experiment held during martial arts class, in which 15 students were assigned into the motivational general-mastery imagery group, 10 into the cognitive specific group, and the remaining 29 served as a the control group. The two intervention groups were introduced with written scripts and asked to practice closed-eye imageries before being asked to fill out online questionnaires, which included completing a self-efficacy evaluation chart and three self-appraisal questions. The results of this research indicate: 1) the cognitive-specific group showed gradual improvement in self-efficacy, while there is no significant difference between the motivational general-mastery group and the control group when it comes to improvement. 2) there had been no difference among the three groups in terms of motor skill performance. The research findings may benefit future researchers and educational practitioners by proposing practical applications as well as areas of potential further investigation.

碩士
國立體育大學
體育研究所
99
This study is to explore the historical context of badminton courts at Yuanshan, particularly focusing on Taiwan’s Martial Law Era. During near 40 years of totalitarian government, people’s sport, space and sport-space were influenced by the power mechanism of the regime’s maneuver of political space. The study is built upon Michel Foucault’s theories on space and power along with cross-referencing data gathered from historical documents, participant observation and in-depth interviews. The study argues that, 1)badminton courts which were military camps at Yuanshan had been a hidden technique exercised as hierarchical surveillance; 2)the merchants who revamped the hill into badminton courts were able to appropriate certain techniques to avoid the normative judgment and examination was an example of agency realized during the Martial Law Era.

碩士
國防大學國防管理學院
法律研究所
97
A survey made by scholar revealed that people loses their faith in the existing justice system. Therefore, the Nation Judicial Reform Conference approved a resolution to allow citizen to participate in the member of judge in order to achieve the philosophy of Nation sovereignty and the democratization of Judiciary system. As the reforming of the military jurisdiction, that non-JAG officer to join the member of military judge conducting the courts-martial had been omitted. The jury system has being practiced for years in other countries and that have been an important channel for civilians to participate in judiciary system. As the viewpoint of comparative law, it is conflict to have jury system in Continental law. However, it is much helpful and valuable for us to examine the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system. As " the value of friendly counsel”(出自林語堂英漢詞典), this article tries to analyze the military personnel join the member of courts-martial in common law and to provide the reference for Taiwan to construct such judicial system in military.

This thesis examines how military members and veterans with Operational Stress Injuries are treated by Canadian justice systems. It suggests a correlation between mental injuries sustained on operations by military personnel and propensities for military and societal misconduct. By comparing civilian and military processes with American justice counterparts, a plan to improve the existing Canadian legal landscape is proposed. Using an analysis of the underlying philosophy and purpose of military justice, a problem solving diversionary court is recommended, along with legislative and policy amendments. The use of a consent-based “Treatment Standing Court Martial” would place military justice officials parallel to civilian justice alternative measures programs, and in a better position to break the cycle of recidivism among veterans by addressing root causes. Education to reduce stigma along with military-civilian partnerships are also advocated to enhance the detection of mental illness and to foster early treatment for military personnel and veterans. The overall goals of the work include: reducing recidivism, improving operational efficiency and taking care of military members, veterans and their families.

The invasion by the Boers of Natal set a process in motion that changed the lives of Natal Afrikaners forever. As a group which shared family, cultural, and other ties with the invaders, but were British subjects by citizenship, they had to make a difficult decision: join the Republican forces or remain loyal to the crown. Factors which influenced this decision, amongst others, were the pre-war suspicion of all Natal Afrikaners by the Natal authorities and the prevalence of a general anti-Republican sentiment. Despite the above-mentioned, and the sympathy which existed for the plight of the Republics, very few Natal Afrikaners joined the commandos. Doing that would have meant economic annihilation. This the Natal Afrikaners understood and the majority remained neutral. Matters were complicated when the British Army and the colonial authorities withdrew south, leaving especially the Afrikaners of the Klip River county unprotected. When occupation did not convince the Afrikaners of the area to join, a well-thought out strategy based upon fear and misinformation, brought most into the fray. Duty on these commandoes was generally slack, subversive in nature, and as much as one can expect from people forced into military combat. A small group, however, managed, despite the pressures placed upon them, to remain loyal to Britain. For these loyalists the greatest rewards were in terms of economics and power. In stark contrasts were the economic experiences of the Natal Afrikaners who were somehow, either directly or indirectly, guilty of high treason. All their possessions were systematically looted or destroyed, leaving most of them in an impoverished state. Secondly, through a range of court cases 409 Natal Afrikaners or associated people were convicted of treason, mostly by the purposefully introduced Special Court and special magistrate. The outlined experiences coincided with victimization on socio-political and cultural levels under Martial Law. Afrikaners resident in the southern part of Natal, and especially in Umvoti county, did not suffer directly because of the war but experienced a different kind of war namely a pseudo war in which they were spied upon, viewed with suspicion and under Martial Law harassed. However, these Afrikaners managed to maintain some political power while economically they carried on as before the war. They attempted to use these assets to assist the Afrikaners who had to endure desertion by their own government and Boer occupation. Natal Afrikaners also experienced other aspects of the war normally associated with the Republics. Some were arrested as POWs, while others were deported to concentration camps within the Colony. Furthermore, as a result of the war, relations between Natal Afrikaners and English colonists and Africans suffered. The collective impact and legacy of the war, as well as the shared experiences of suffering under the British, with their Republican brothers and sisters, eventually helped to bring Natal Afrikaners into the broader Afrikaner fold.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Historical and Heritage Studies
unrestricted

130 ABSTRACT This Master's degree thesis deals with the problematics of the military criminal law in the Czechoslovak Republic between 1918 and 1938. I have chosen this theme for several reasons. First of these reasons is, that this subject mingles two legal disciplines - legal history and criminal law. Concurrently it is a topic, that has not yet been widely written up. The reason is that in both law disciplines combined in the theme of interwar criminal law, it is a marginal area of interest. Existing works in most cases focus only on a constituent parts of the problematics. In the second group of works the topic was chosen too widely and the character of resulting outputs was enumeratives, withnout providing context. The purpose of this tesis is to provide a global view on the matter of our military criminal law in the begining of 20th century and within this view then further focus on its dominant elements. The work is based mainly on the legislation effective in the given period, and the commented wordings. Another valuable source for the elaboration of the thesis were historical publications, although recent papers were not excluded. On several occasions the work marginally mentiones the comparison with the interwar general criminal law. In the topics of the military criminal law, whose legislation or...

Exploring Puritanical cultural habits in the 21st century American military, the following study focuses on U.S. Army courts-martial in the Global War on Terrorism. The study uses Emile Durkheim's original sociological interpretation of crime and deviance. That interpretation is linked with responsibility as described by Durkheim's follower Paul Fauconnet in Responsibility: A Study in Sociology ([1928] 1978) and with a new cultural reading of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ([1905] 1976). The study is an inductive, descriptive examination of the Puritanical aspects of American military culture based on its treatment of acts labeled as deviant and criminal in the Global War on Terrorism. Four sets of war crimes are included in the study: Abu Ghraib (which occurred in Iraq in 2004), Operation Iron Triangle (which occurred in Iraq in 2006), the Baghdad canal killings (which occurred in Iraq in 2007), and the Maywand District killings (which occurred in Afghanistan in 2010). My data include primary data collected through participation and observation as a consultant for courts-martial related to all the cases except Abu Ghraib. Records of trial, investigation reports, charge sheets, sworn statements, and other documentation are also included in the study as secondary data sources. The study illuminates how unconscious, Puritan cultural habits color and shape both military actions and their perceptions. I explore Puritanism and its influence on military law, responsibility, revenge, "magic" (in its sociological sense), and narcissism. The study concludes with observations and recommendations for changes in U.S. military law.