Contents
Academic literature on the topic 'Courts, juvenile literature'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Courts, juvenile literature.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Courts, juvenile literature"
1
Subroto, Wandi. "PERLUNYA KEADILAN RESTORATIF DALAM SISTIM PERADILAN ANAK TERHADAP KENAKALAN REMAJA." Jurnal Kelola: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/jk.v5i1.491.
Full textAbstract:
Children and adolescents are the nation's most important assets, and they must be protected from harmful influences that might lead to juvenile delinquency, which leads to criminal activities, and punishment by the law. In Indonesia, a crime is punished according to the court's ruling. If done to children or teenagers, it can lead to negative stigma and discrimination that can impact their future development. For this reason, other approaches to child-related legal cases, such as restorative justice, must be considered. As a result, this study seeks to assess the impact of restorative justice in Indonesian juvenile courts. The research method used is normative juridical legal research, and the research strategy is legal. Secondary data sources include literature and document investigations. The research concluded that diversion is one of the alternatives for addressing legal issues outside of court, as stated in Law No. 11 of 2012 about the Juvenile Justice System, stressing deliberation among perpetrators, victims, families, and connected parties. Recovery, not vengeance, is the aim.
2
Fowler, Eric, and Megan C. Kurlychek. "Drawing the Line." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204017708017.
Full textAbstract:
Every state maintains some mechanism by which youths can be tried as adults in criminal courts. While scholars have long debated the inherent benefits or detriments of prosecuting youths as adults, empirical studies of actual outcomes have provided mixed findings and have been limited by problems of selection bias and jurisdictional differences in processing. The current research aims to further inform this literature by capitalizing on a policy change in Connecticut that raised the age of criminal responsibility from 16 to 17 on January 1, 2010, creating a natural experiment to assess the recidivism differences for youths based upon the system of processing: juvenile versus adult court. Findings from a 2-year follow-up reveal that 16-year-olds processed in juvenile courts had substantially reduced rates of recidivism with odds of rearrest that were between .462 and .630 less than for 16-year-olds processed in adult courts dependent on model specification.
3
Justyna Włodarczyk - Madejska. "Sylwetki nieletnich sprawców, wobec których sąd orzekł umieszczenie w młodzieżowym ośrodku wychowawczym lub zakładzie poprawczym." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXIX (January 2, 2017): 273–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2017j.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyses the profiles of youth offenders with regard to whom courts in 2014 ruled one of the most severe penal measures specified in art. 6 of the Law on juvenile justice of 26 October 1982, i.e. placement in a youth care centre or youth correctional facility. The analysis was carried out using materials collected in the course of research at the National Institute of Justice for the Ministry of Justice within the framework of the project ‘Application of educational measures in the form of placement in youth care facilities and of correctional measures by family and youth courts in light of statistical data and court record research’. The research sample consisted of 397 juveniles (319 boys and 78 girls), who had been brought before a court for criminal offenses (demoralisation was indicated only in 75 of the cases). Information was also collected on 60 other juveniles with regard to whom the court had ruled non-isolation education measures or had discontinued proceedings. Due to the sizable disproportion between the two groups, the latter group was only used for comparative purposes at the stage of compiling the final report. It is not discussed in the article.For the purposes of the study, the notion of ‘juvenile profile’ was defined using the following variables: sex, age, school level, place of residence, problem behaviour at school and outside school, previous interaction with the system of justice, previously applied education measures and the nature of the offense. This ‘profile’ was supplemented by a description of the juvenile’s environment, including family structure, parents’ education and employment status, living conditions and occurring problems. A brief overview of Polish and international literature concerning the risk and protective factors when it comes to youth offenders confirms that it is useful to consider these two elements together. The aim of the analysis was to find out who were the offenders with regard to whom courts had ruled one of the most severe measures under art. 6 of the Juvenile law. Eight detailed research questions were formulated. Most of them came down to determining whether variables such as sex, age, school level, place of residence, negative behaviour in school or outside of school, previous experiences with juvenile courts and problems in the family had any influence on a higher incidence of offending. One of the questions was related to whether certain risk factors in the subjects’ family environment occurred more frequently depending on sex. Correlation between the variables was tested using cross tables and Cramer’s V and Phi statistical measures. Also included is a statistical analysis of juvenile delinquency based on the data of the Polish National Police Headquarters and of the Ministry of Justice.It was found that the juveniles with regard to whom the most severe measures had been ruled in 2014 were mostly boys who had committed criminal offenses, mostly property crimes, at the age of 15-16. They were middle school (gimnazjum) students, living in cities, causing problems both in school and beyond. More than half had previously come into conflict with the law and had previously been sentenced to different education measures. On average, one in two was growing up in a full family (whether biological, adoptive or reconstructed), in which the income did not exceed the national average. The living conditions of around half of them were average, while the family environment was characterised by various problems, ranging from substance abuse, criminality and prison sentences to domestic violence. Although the studied boys and girls presented a similar picture, a more detailed analysis of certain variables made it possible to bring out significant differences. These differences are visible when it comes to the reasons for launching proceedings before a court, the age at which the offense was committed, the problems caused, previous contacts with the law, as well as the type and frequency of previously applied education measures. The risk factors in the family environments of boys and girls were also largely the same. The only difference was the intensity of their occurrence – decidedly higher in the families of juvenile boys. This means that the boys had grown up in worse living conditions, their parents were less educated were rarely employed. The intensity of problems related to substance abuse, a criminal record and domestic violence in their homes was also higher.
4
Stein, David M., Kendra J. Homan, and Scott DeBerard. "The Effectiveness of Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts: A Meta-Analytic Review of Literature." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 24, no. 2 (January 13, 2015): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2013.764371.
Full text
5
Revina, I. V., and N. V. Petrov. "IMPROVEMENT OF GUARANTEES FOR THE SUPPORT OF the RIGHTS of MINORs IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURES BY IMPLEMENTing the IDEAS OF JUVENILE JUSTICE: LEGAL ASPECTS." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-1-197-203.
Full textAbstract:
Russia's accession to the Council of Europe and the signing of relevant international agreements contributed to the development of regulations on the rights of a child and branching juvenile law in the Russian legal system. Meanwhile, it should be pointed out that processes of legal regulation in the field of the formation of the legislative basis of juvenile law are in some way incomplete, which is the result of the imperfection of the existing legal acts affecting the rights and interests of minors. The issue of the expediency of creating juvenile justice in Russia is being discussed for a long time in the legal papers and at the legislative level. The provision on the formation of juvenile justice was included in the 1991 Concept of Judicial Reform in the Russian Federation. Later, different authors worked out several draft Laws on Juvenile Justice. At parliamentary hearings in the State Duma, the prospects of creating juvenile courts in the system of courts of general jurisdiction were considered. Meanwhile, such close attention to the indicated problem does not have a significant impact on the increasing child and adolescent crime in the country. The plurality of the above-mentioned legal problems and their multifaceted nature necessitate improvement of justice in relation to minors. This raises a number of theoretical, legal, practical and ethical issues that require studying and adopting relevant decisions at the legislative level. Therefore, studies that allow analyzing the current Russian criminal procedure legislation from the point of view of the possibility of functioning of juvenile justice on its basis relying on international legal standards are really urgent. The criminal procedure legislation in the Russian Federation as a whole is focused on continuous improvement in the context of ensuring the maximum number of procedural guarantees of the legality of criminal proceedings, as well as observance of human rights with the application of their minimum restrictions, including in relation to such category of persons involved in criminal proceedings as minors. In this article, the authors consider the institution of juvenile justice as an additional guarantee of securing the rights of minors in criminal proceedings in Russia, propose the ways to address current and debatable aspects of this problem. The paper analyzes the current criminal procedural legislation, decisions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation as well as the judgements of the courts in specific cases concerning the problems of the study. In the study of individual topics of the issue, scientific literature as well as statistical data have been used. The conclusions and proposals made in the work are aimed at improving the current legislation of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice, and can also be used in the educational process.
6
DeVault, Alicia, Vanessa A. Helfrick, Shawn C. Marsh, and Katie M. Snider. "Environmental Considerations for Trauma-Responsive Juvenile and Family Courts: A Review of the Literature with Recommendations for Practice." Juvenile and Family Court Journal 69, no. 2 (June 2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12109.
Full text
7
Polii, Johanis L. S. S. "Criminal and criminal actions against minors." Gema Wiralodra 14, no. 3 (October 10, 2023): 1186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/gw.v14i3.495.
Full textAbstract:
This abstract conveys the importance of protecting children's rights as part of citizens. Every country in the world must provide adequate care and protection for children. This guidance and protection cover the child's overall physical, mental, and social growth and development. Even though there are cases of children involved in criminal acts, the development and protection of children remain the state's responsibility. In recent years, the media has often raised the issue of juvenile delinquency or crimes committed by children. This attracts public attention because children even become perpetrators of crimes. This research uses secondary data from library materials such as books, laws, literature, and journals. The educational punishment system is one form of the punishment system used today. This system pays more attention to children's rights and obligations and provides treatment to promote better integration of children into society. This treatment is carried out by placing children in care or coaching institutions that provide education job training and spiritual aspects to improve children's morals and spirituality so that mental improvement can be carried out more quickly. The rules for implementing juvenile crimes in Indonesia are regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHP) and Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Juvenile Courts. In this way, it can be seen how the child punishment system currently applies in Indonesia.
8
KHRABROVA, ELENA V., and EVGENIA V. CHERNYSHENKO. "Legal regulation and organization of the activities of parental committees in the FPS of Russia educational colonies." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 230, no. 7 (2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-230-7-32-42.
Full textAbstract:
The article shows the importance of parental committees in educational work with juveniles sentenced to imprisonment, examines the current problems of legal regulation of the activities of parental committees in educational colonies of the Federal Penitentiary Service and suggests ways to solve them. The article is devoted to statistical data, domestic penal legislation, scientific literature on the topic of the article, the experience of educational colonies in organizing parental committees. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the high importance of the parental committees’ activities in the work with convicted juveniles, to highlight some of the gaps currently existing in the penal legislation that reduce the effectiveness of parental committees in educational work with convicted juveniles, to formulate specific amendments to the current regulatory legal acts. The methodological basis of the research was the statistical method, analysis, synthesis, induction, system-structural, formallogical methods, and the questionnaire method. As a result of the work carried out, the role of parental committees in educational work with juveniles sentenced to imprisonment is shown; the domestic penal legislation is analyzed from the perspective of organizing the activities of parental committees in educational colonies; a survey among the employees of 18 educational colonies is conducted; proposals improving the legislation on the organization of the parental committees’ activities in educational colonies are formulated. It has been established that a more precise definition of the legal status of parental committees will contribute to defining the rights and obligations of members of parental committees, which will have a positive effect on the effectiveness of their work in providing educational impact on juvenile convicts and assisting the administration in organizing the educational work. These decisions will have a positive effect on the organization of the process of reforming juvenile convicts in educational colonies of the FPS of Russia. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of defining the legal status of parental committees in educational colonies, the procedure for their formation, terms of functioning, the rights and obligations of members of parental committees, normative consolidation of requirements for their composition.of criminal and penal law, to the practical activities of courts, as well as institutions and bodies that execute criminal sentences. Keywords: educational work with convicts, parental committee, educational colonies of the FPS of Russia, juveniles sentenced to imprisonment, forms of educational work.
9
Anwar, Syaiful, and Mardella Galih. "Juvenile, Prisons, and Justice: How Do Correctional Agencies Provide Legal Assistance for Children in Conflict with The Law?" Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i2.46171.
Full textAbstract:
The Juvenile Justice System in Indonesia has a special feature where a child facing the law in criminal justice must receive special protection by law enforcers. One of them is the Correctional Center which has an important role in providing input from the police, prosecutors and courts as a form of realization of the protection of children's rights. Children who are included in the group whose rules are in the national and international human rights instruments must receive special protection by providing legal assistance and the state must be responsible for the fulfillment of these special rights. The issues raised in this paper are: What is meant by children dealing with the law and what is the form of legal assistance by correctional institutions (BAPAS) for children dealing with the law. The method used in writing this paper is descriptive qualitative analysis using primary legal material data, secondary legal materials, and other literature study materials.
10
Olga Sitarz and Dominika Bek. "Mediation with the Participation of a Minor: Victimological Issues." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXVI (January 1, 2014): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2014m.
Full textAbstract:
A child can participate in mediation in criminal cases where he/she is a party to the proceedings and in juvenile cases. This occurs in the basic situations where he/she is either the perpetrator or the victim of a criminal act. These are obviously very different roles. A child is involved in proceedings for different purposes when he/she has been wronged than when he/she is the wrongdoer. In either case, however, the child requires special protection and treatment on account of his/her physical, psychological, emotional and intellectual immaturity. The Polish legislature recognises this and has introduced special provisions for children, i.e. juvenile and youth offenders and minor victims. Mediation with juveniles has acquired its own regulations. It might not be overly popular, but it is relatively well formulated. There are no such special provisions, however, for minor victims of criminal acts. Nor has this issue been given much consideration in the literature. As if that were not worrying enough, the key statement of the courts (Supreme Court Decision I KZP 9/12 of 20 June 2012) gives additional cause for concern as it shows that the objectives and principles of mediation are not sufficiently understood by the Supreme Court. Determining whether mediation can be conducted with a child who has been wronged by a crime committed by one of his/her parents is the primary goal the authors have set themselves. This does not so much concern the normative layer – where the law does not impose any limitations – as the ability of the child to take part in a mediation meeting and the possibility of assuring him/her adequate protection. These considerations raise several detailed issues whose specifications require a “child”, a “victim” and a “wronged party”. The nature of reconciliation and forgiveness, as distinctive features of mediation agreements, have to be analysed. Whether certain types of criminal cases (and not just those involving children) are suitable for mediation proceedings is another question that has to be answered). Children are often victims of violent crimes. These types of cases are highly contentious in the context of mediation, even when the victims are adults. This issue is evaluated against the main principles of mediation, viz. that it be voluntary and that the two sides be evenly matched. Accepting the admissibility of children participating in mediation raises the following questions as to how this admissibility is to be qualified: the minimum age of the child; representation of the child by a parent, guardian or probation officer; and special mediator training. The problems identified in the study acquire a particularly drastic dimension when the perpetrators of crimes against children happen to be the children’s own parents. Mediation between a child-victim and a perpetrator-parent is so fraught with danger as to make it inadmissible in such cases. The authors’ reservations concerning mediation with minor victims do not
Books on the topic "Courts, juvenile literature"
1
Krygier, Leora. Juvenile court: A guide for young adults and their parents. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2009.
Find full text
4
Lambeth, Dan. What happens in a law court: How the courts work. London: Watts, 2003.
Find full text
6
Linda, Riekes, Malcolm Dolores B, Wolff Michael A. 1945-, and Riekes Linda, eds. Conflict, courts, and trials. 3rd ed. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1991.
Find full text
7
United States. Office of Justice Programs. Office for Victims of Crime, ed. Learning all about court with "B.J."!: An activity book for children going to federal or tribal court. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 1996.
Find full text
9
Madani, Hamed. The judicial branch: Interpreting America's laws. Berkeley Heights, NJ: MyReportLinks.com Books, 2007.
Find full text
10
Clarke, Stevens H. Perspectives on juvenile status offenders in North Carolina: Report on a study of North Carolina district courts and a review of national literature. [Chapel Hill]: Institute of Government, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Courts, juvenile literature"
1
Fine, Adam D., Kayleigh A. Stanek, and Andrea N. Montes. "Schools and Juvenile Justice." In The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law, 363–84. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549513.013.18.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract School environments prioritize not just academic achievement but also youth development and socialization. However, the school environment can serve as a catalyst for involving youth in the juvenile justice system. In contemporary schools, students often have contact with legal actors, such as school resource officers or probation officers. Many schools also invest in policies and programs that involve bringing court actors into the school environment to respond to student misbehavior or to be a part of efforts to improve school safety. This chapter discusses the current state of the literature on how schools and the legal system interact, and their combined impact on students’ well-being. Scholars have found that embedding legal actors within schools can disproportionately affect minority students and create a school-to-prison pipeline. Simultaneously, there is little evidence that these initiatives have improved school safety. It concludes with recommendations for advancing research, policy, and practice.
2
"Images of Gangs in the Media and Research Literature." In Literacy and Advocacy in Adolescent Family, Gang, School, and Juvenile Court Communities, 155–72. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410617439-13.
Full text
3
"Misidentifying Transfer." In Realizing the Purpose and Benefits of Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court, 123–228. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7923-7.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 begins to undo the damage done by the numerous ways in which transfer has been misidentified and mishandled; offense exclusion (OE) is the type of transfer that is most often and extensively mischaracterized. The literature guilty of spreading this disinformation is massive, which the Tables included in this Chapter reveal. The most prevalent misidentification is probably the most understandable, namely, that transfer means juveniles are being tried as adults. The first mission of the Chapter is to lay this notion to rest. Juveniles are not chronically transformed due to being transferred to criminal court (CC). There are actual transformations that do occur, and they are explained fully. The second and more sustained objective is to remedy the many misidentifications of OE; there are at least nine of these. This Chapter also details the two types of mandatory exclusion (ME) and distinguishes them from transfer, which often doesn't happen in both research and literature.
4
"Current Dimensions of the Criminal Prosecution of Juvenile Offenders." In Realizing the Purpose and Benefits of Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court, 40–50. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7923-7.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 3 accomplishes a critical exercise for this book and the field of transfer to criminal court (CC). That exercise entails specifying what transfer is and what it is not, as well as how it works and how it doesn't work. Although this should be a relative no-brainer, this task has been complicated by misleading statutory wording, and by misrepresentations of the phenomenon in the literature. Before attacking or defending transfer to CC, it is essential that everyone be on the same page. It is (or should be) impossible to research and analyze transfer when there is serious variation in how it is defined. This chapter carefully details the two (and not three or more) types of transfer that exist, and the difference between transfer (or discretionary exclusion) from mandatory exclusion. The latter is often misunderstood and falsely portrayed as an example of transfer. It isn't, as this chapter explains.
5
"Developing Transfer Policy and Integrating JCs and CCs." In Realizing the Purpose and Benefits of Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court, 480–510. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7923-7.ch016.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 16 begins by very briefly revisiting the misinformation that dominates the transfer literature (see Chapters 6-11), and by briefly reaffirming the dimensions of transfer identified in Chapter 3. The Chapter then explains the three tasks associated with developing transfer policy: 1) choosing an option, such as no transfer, no transfer, but serious modifications to JC, selective transfer, or total transfer (abolition of JC); 2) selecting a transfer method, such prosecutorial transfer (PT) and/or judicial transfer (JT) (assuming transfer is the option chosen); and, 3) discussing implications associated with the available policies. The Chapter concludes by attempting to accomplish reconciliations in three contexts: whether there is a lack of fit between transfer and CC/CJ System outcomes; whether transfer should be backwards-looking (based on current offense and/or delinquent/treatment record) or forward-looking (based on future behavior forecasts, such as future dangerousness or desistance from crime); and, whether reverse transfer from CC should be available.
6
"Mischaracterizing the Nature and Effect of Transfer." In Realizing the Purpose and Benefits of Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court, 229–84. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7923-7.ch007.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 7 continues unraveling the confusion in the transfer literature. This anti-transfer crowd (ATC) misinformation deals with misrepresenting the effect of transfer, exaggerating its reach, and distorting its operation. Chapter 7 shows prosecutors' transfer powers are never unreviewable beyond the charging itself; excessiveness on the prosecutor's part is subject to nullification by a judge and/or jury at trial. The Chapter explains how, contrary to ATC assertions, transfer is not sentencing; it is charging. Similarly, granting prosecutors transfer authority is not a violation of the separation of powers; actually, granting judges this authority arguably is. Although prosecutorial transfer (PT) certainly means the offenders' best interests are not paramount, that does not mean they are irrelevant. Even still, PT is not a rejection of JC, nor does it contribute to the criminalization of JC. Finally, Chapter 7 explains why transfer is neither inextricably tied to a crime rate nor acts primarily like a safety valve.
7
Goodman, Gail S., LaTonya S. Harris, Deborah Goldfarb, and Yan Wang. "Children, Race, and Psychology." In The Legacy of Racism for Children, 227–44. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This book, The Legacy of Racism for Children, focuses on an extremely important but understudied topic in the psychological literature: the legacy of racial discrimination for children of color. The authors develop this theme by introducing many related and timely issues, such as sex trafficking, physical punishment, child maltreatment, education, transracial adoption, juvenile court, criminal court, and immigration. Here, we consider each chapter in the book and summarize its main points, discuss future directions, and provide some relevant research findings. Our chapter highlights the importance of the home and the education system as contexts for intervention. This chapter concludes with a poignant example to discuss the assumption of free will as applied to adolescents or adults who have experienced racial discrimination and other traumas in childhood.
8
Hall, Ann. "Surgical interventions." In Arthritis in Children and Adolescents, 403–13. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192632920.003.0034.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this chapter is to discuss the role of surgical procedures in the management of JIA. Surgery has an established place in the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) although this role is diminishing because of improved medical management. However, a proportion of children will require surgery during the course of their illness. In one centre [1] 10% of all patients with JIA had at least one surgical procedure; 50% of these patients had Rheumatoid Factor positive Polyarthritis. First reports of surgery for JIA began to appear in the literature in the 1960s.
9
Matthews, John. "The Governing Classes: (I) Symmachus and the Senatorial Class." In Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court: A.D. 364-425, 1–31. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198144991.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract To one visitor to Rome in the 380s, a gentleman officer and historian from Syrian Antioch, the tastes and behaviour of its upper-class residents presented a memorably unfavourable impression. In a pair of vivid satirical portraits, inserted as digressions into his history, Ammianus Marcellinus depicted the senators as totally unworthy of their traditions and social eminence as, sunk in leisure and frivolity, they devoted themselves to the pursuit of trivial, degrading enthusiasms. They stuffed themselves with food, played dice, patronized charioteers and chorus-girls (it was perhaps with an acutely personal sense of grievance that Ammianus mentioned one occasion when, food supplies being short, foreign visitors to Rome were told to leave the city, while three thousand dancing-girls, with their attendants and trainers, were allowed to stay). Despising literary culture, senators kept their libraries ‘locked up like tombs’, giving their attention instead to water-organs, harps as big as carriages, and the pipes, stages, and all the ponderous apparatus needed to accompany the posturings of dramatic actors. In their profound leisure, states Ammianus, confessing his bafflement, some nobles exerted themselves to read no more exacting literature than the satires of Juvenal and the light biographies of Marius Maximus.
10
Miller, Laurie C. "Behavioral And Mental Disorders." In The Handbook Of International Adoption medicine, 369–81. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195176810.003.0030.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In 1960, child psychiatrist Marshall D. Schechter reported a hundredfold increase of adopted patients in his practice compared with what would be expected in the general population. This claim (based on a small group of children seen by one psychiatrist), though reportedly based on a misinterpretation of the published adoption literature,2 received widespread publicity, reinforcing the notion that adoptees frequently have mental and psychiatric disturbances. Adoptees are overrepresented among mental health care recipients: about 8%–10% of children receiving in-patient or out-patient psychiatric services are adopted (range 2.4%–25%). However, the reasons for this are complex. Adoptive families may be more likely to seek help for problems because of their relative maturity, socioeconomic status, and familiarity with social service availability. Indeed, adoptees are underrepresented in juvenile court populations, possibly because adoptive parents seek psychiatric care if their child demonstrates delinquent or undesirable behaviors. Similarly, adoptees may be underrepresented among adult mental health populations,7 perhaps because psychological issues are addressed during the teenage years.