Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coût génétique'
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Martinez, Gonzales Odilon. "Simulation du coût/efficacité du génotypage du facteur Rhésus foetal." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30116/30116.pdf.
Full textLa alloimmunisacion maternal es la respuesta inmunológica del organismo a la presencia de un alloantigeno en la sangre materna durante la gestación de una mujer RhD negativa. Existen diferentes opciones de despistaje, pero las evaluaciones de costo/eficacia no han sido realizadas. Este es un estudio de simulación de reportes de costo/eficacia de opciones de despistaje del factor Rhesus fetal durante la gestación de mujeres RhD negativas de Quebec. El modelo a considerado cuatro opciones: 1) la profilaxis sistemática, 2) el génotypage fetal, 3) el despistaje inmunológico RhD del papá et 4) el despistaje mixta. Durante el primer embarazo, la profilaxis sistemática y el despistaje inmunológico RhD del padre son las más costo/eficaces. Durante el segundo embarazo la opción despistaje inmunológica del padre es la opción más costo/eficaz. En las circunstancias actuales, la opción de génotypage fetal no es costo/eficaz, pero este lo sería si el test de génotypage costara menos de 140 $ CA.
Maternal alloimmunisation against Rhesus D antigen is an immunologic response to the presence of RhD antigen in the fetus of pregnant RhD negative women. Various screening options exist but the evaluation of their cost/effectiveness has never been done. This research is a simulation study that addresses the cost/effectiveness of fetal Rh screening options. The model considered four options: 1) the systematic use of anti-D immunoglobulin, 2) fetal RhD genotyping, 3) immunological determination of the father Rh factor and 4) mixed screening. During the first pregnancy, the two most cost/effective options were the systematic prophylaxis and immunological Rh typing options. Immunological typing was the most cost/effective option for the second pregnancy. Fetal genotyping is not a cost-effective option unless the cost of the test drops below 140 $CA.
Bahri, Bochra Amina. "Adaptation et structuration spatiale des populations méditerranéennes de rouille jaune du blé (Puccinia striiformis f. Sp. Tritici)." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112085.
Full textThe wheat yellow rust is structured in two sub-populations in France : a North population responsible for recurrent epidemics (every 3-4 years) due to pathotypes with complex virulence patterns, and a South population, sporadic and dominated by one simple pathotype (6E16-Av9). Despite the high susceptibility of southern France cultivars to the Northern pathotypes and the presence of spore exchanges between the two areas, this spatial structure is steady over time. In order to explain this structure, we tested if (i) the Northern pathotypes present a fitness penalty due to the unnecessary virulence genes carried; (ii) the southern population has a fitness advantage under Mediterranean conditions. In addition we studied the genetic relationship of the South France PST population with populations from the Mediterranean area. Competition tests between pathotypes differing by one virulence revealed a higher fitness of avirulent isolates. However, for three pairs over eight, an higher aggressiveness was observed for virulent isolates, limiting the impact of the virulence cost in the observed PST structure. Field competitions confirmed the best fitness of 6E16-Av9 pathotype at high temperatures (Mboup PHD, 2008). The genetic study of PST in Mediterranean area (AFLP and SSR) confirmed the belonging of South isolates to a Mediterranean population and highlined the importance of spore migration from North Africa to southern Europe. The identification of the resistance gene Yr8 in the prevalent wheat cultivars in North Africa explains the high frequency of the corresponding virulence v8 in the Mediterranean area, as well as the incapacity of northern pathotypes (Av9) to develop in that area. A complementary sampling revealed the genetic proximity of Mediterranean population with Middle East population, from which it probably originated. An even greatest genetic diversity is depicted, in Pakistan, where probably biotic and abiotic environmental diversities contribute to the existence and the differentiation of contrasted populations. Phylogenetic relations between the populations studied bring some indications on the origin and diversification of PST in the Eurasian continent
Boëte, Christophe. "Ecologie évolutive de la réponse de mélanisation chez le moustique Aedes aegypti et utilisation des moustiques génétiquement modifiés pour le contrôle du paludisme." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066028.
Full textBalbi, Manon. "Validation de la fonctionnalité des continuités écologiques en milieu urbain : approches plurispécifiques et multi-sites." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B034/document.
Full textMaintaining connectivity across urban landscape, intrinsically fragmented, is a major issue of urban biodiversity conservation. Connectivity is increasingly taken into account by policy and stakeholders, especially through the establishment of the blue-green infrastructure. Multiple mapping tools allow to detect ecological networks (highly connected areas), however their functionnal validation is often lacking. The objective of this study is to validate least cost path analysis predictions in several cities with different biological models. Studied species vary in terms of dispersal means and capacities (flight, walk, crawling) and habitat requirement (e.g. herbaceous or forested habitats). Several protocols based on movement ecology and landscape genetic are applied, focusing on replication (within and among cities) and control of inter-individual variability. Our results indicate that movement is increased in predicted ecological networks when compared with areas predicted as poorly connected: the translocated hedgehogs travelled longer distances, several passerine responded to song playback over longer distances, and moths showed increased recapture rates. Indirect analysis on the garden snail showed a weak relation between population genetic differentiation and connectivity models. This work provides scientific support for the establishment of ecological networks in urban landscapes
Mouloua, Zerouk. "Ordonnancements coopératifs pour les chaînes logistiques." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00606329.
Full textIhsen, Saad. "Conception d'un système d'aide à l'ordonnancement tenantcompte des impératifs économiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162379.
Full textBerkoune, Djamel. "Optimisation de l'ordonnancement prenant en compte les tâches prévisionnelles." Valenciennes, 2005. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/447b7d18-7b4f-4074-8bd4-e36c1429ef39.
Full textIn this work, we consider the flexible job-shop scheduling problem with uncertain demands and we develop a new cooperative methodology to solve it. It is organized in two main parts. The first one consists in finding a scheduling for the firm demands. The second one consists in developing methods allowing of insertion the predicted demands in the solutions found initially with insertion methods (static method and dynamic method) while optimizing the considered criteria. To test the effectiveness of these solutions, we determine an approach based on the calculation of the lower bounds for the criteria, which calculation on the firm demands and on the estimated ones. A method of resolution for multicriterion problems is proposed to help the decision maker when it cannot give a particular preference to the criteria. Moreover, we validate these methods on a series of example. Finaly, we conclude this memory by listing some advantages of our methods
Basma, Hussein. "Energy management strategies for battery electric bus fleet." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://thesesprivees.mines-paristech.fr/2020/2020UPSLM036_archivage.pdf.
Full textInitiatives to decrease emissions from the transport sector are increasing worldwide by seeking alternative technologies to replace oil-based mobility. Battery Electric Buses (BEB) present a promising solution thanks to their high energy efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions and the absence of local pollutant emissions. However, this technology still faces many challenges, especially its high total cost of ownership (TCO) and other operational factors such as the limited bus driving range, the high energy refueling time, and the required charging technologies and strategies. In this context, this thesis presents a systematic methodology that aims at developing solutions to help overcoming these challenges by providing optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB. First, a comprehensive multi-physical bus energy model is developed to evaluate its energy needs considering all the energy systems encountered within. The energy consumption of the bus is then evaluated at a variety of operating conditions. Then, a techno-economic model of an entire bus line is developed in order to assess the impact of different battery sizing and charging strategies on the costs and operation of BEB. A TCO model is introduced considering the BEB unit costs, battery purchase and replacement costs, energy and power costs, infrastructure, and maintenance costs. A case study in Paris city is presented and the analysis reveals the resulting tradeoff between the TCO and BEB schedule disruptions and delays as function of different battery sizes and charging strategies. A methodology to minimize the TCO of BEB deployment is presented providing the optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB, while respecting the BEB operation constraints. The methodology is a 2-step optimization algorithm that utilizes both Dynamic programming and Genetic Algorithm optimization routines. The results show that the proposed methodology could reduce the BEB TCO between 15-25% compared to the currently adopted approaches to deploy BEB
Djogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Full textVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
Danloup, Nicolas. "Les problèmes de collectes et livraisons avec collaboration et transbordements : modélisations et méthodes approchées." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0203/document.
Full textCollaborative logistics have become recently an important element for many companies to improve their supply chains efficiency. In this thesis, we study pickup and delivery problems to improve supply chains efficiency thanks to collaborative transportation. The thesis was part of the European project SCALE (Step Change in Agri-food Logistics Ecosystem). Firstly, two metaheuristics are proposed and studied to solve the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Transshipments. These metaheuristics are compared with literature works and the results of several instances are improved. Secondly, a mathematical model for a pickup and delivery problem (PDVRP) is proposed. This model is used to study the benefits of collaboration on transportation. It is applied on random data and on a case study from SCALE with real data. Finally, a model for a particular PDVRP is presented. In this model, the shipments have to cross exactly two transshipments nodes between their pickup and delivery points. This problem is inspired by a second case study made during the project SCALE. This allows to highlight the importance of collaboration and transshipment in the field of goods transportations
Rochus, Christina. "Diversité génétique du mouton domestique : exemple de populations suédoises et françaises." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0008.
Full textDomestic sheep are raised for meat, milk and fibre production and are found all around the world in many types of environments. Sheep have been shown to be genetically diverse but this genetic diversity has not been fully described: there are still many sheep populations which have not yet been studied. The purpose of this thesis was to study genetic diversity in Swedish and French sheep breeds using high density marker arrays. Additional methods, including genotyping of microsatellite markers, and endogenous retroviruses and pedigree information were used to study Swedish sheep populations. Inbreeding and heterozygosity estimated in Gute sheep using the pedigree of the entire registered Swedish population and additionally microsatellite genotypes and pedigree from a sample of the population (N=94) indicated a breeding program with the purpose of reducing inbreeding. Studying genetic relationships among breeds by genotyping endogenous retroviruses indicated Klövsjö, Värmland, Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had characteristics of primitive breeds (absence of retroviruses or presence of the specific retrovirus event enJSRV-7) although Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had moderate frequencies of enJSRV-18 which is indicative of more modern sheep breeds. Studying variants in two coat colour genes, ASIP and MC1R, and their association with black coat colour revealed different selection histories in five Swedish sheep breeds studied. Studying the population structure of Dalapäls, Fjällnäs, Gotland, Gute and Klövsjö sheep, using high density SNP genotyping revealed that these breeds are genetically distinct breeds. When comparing with other European breeds and south west Asian breeds, they grouped with other north European short-tailed sheep breeds and they had generally accumulated more drift than breeds from other geographical areas. Studying 27 French breeds with high density genotypes revealed that French sheep populations harbour much of European sheep diversity in a small geographic area. Selective sweeps identified: selection hotspots, selection targets in many species; introgression of an adaptive allele; and allelic heterogeneity, which was confirmed with targeted resequencing of a coat colour gene, MC1R, in breeds under selection
Goossens, Benoît. "Système de reproduction et variabilité génétique intra- et interpopulationnelle chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L. , Sciuridé)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10034.
Full textEl, Asli Neila. "Approche hybride basée sur les machines à vecteurs de support et les algorithmes génétiques pour l'estimation des coûts de fabrication." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2008. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/119/1/EL_ASLI_Neila.pdf.
Full textBerticat, Claire. "Le coût adaptatif, composantes et importance dans la dynamique des adaptations : le cas de la résistance aux insecticides chez le moustique Culex Pipiens." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20147.
Full textHarbaoui, dridi Imen. "Optimisation heuristique pour la résolution du m-PDPTW statique et dynamique." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECLI0031/document.
Full textNowadays, the transport goods problem occupies an important place in the economic life of modern societies. The PDPTW (Pickup and delivery problem with Time Windows) is one which a large part of researchers was interested. This is an optimization vehicles routing problem which must meet requests for transport between suppliers and customers satisfying precedence and capacity.Researchers developed in this thesis concerns the resolution of the PDPTW with multiple vehicles (m-PDPTW). The latter was treated in two cases: static and dynamic.We have proposed some approaches to solving the m- PDPTW, based on genetic algorithms, multicriteria optimization and the lower bounds, and this to minimize a number of criteria such as: the vehicles number, the total travel cost, and the total tardiness time.Computational results indicate that the proposed approach gives good results with a total tardiness equal to zero with a tolerable cost
Ochoa, Robles Jesus. "Multi-objective optimization strategies for design and deployment of hydrogen supply chains." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0062/document.
Full textHydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers in the quest for a more sustainable energy mix. Several studies and roadmaps have been carried out about the potential of a « hydrogen » economy and have identified that even if many of the required technologies are already available today, the deployment of hydrogen infrastructures constitutes the most challenging task for its development, so as to achieve competitive costs and mass market acceptance. The design of a hydrogen supply chain (HSC), in particular for mobility purpose, involves a series of important decisions at different levels, i.e. energy sources, production, transportation and storage and can be viewed as a multi-echelon, multi-objective and multi-period problem with multiple stakeholders. The objective of this work is to propose a methodological framework to tackle the HSC design problem in a complementary manner to the work proposed in the PhD work of (Sofia de Leon Almaraz, 2014) in which a multi-objective formulation was implemented via the -constraint method to generate the Pareto front, optimising three objectives at the same time, total daily cost, global warming potential and a safety risk index. A sensitivity analysis based on a design of experiments through the Factorial Design and Response Surface methods was carried to identify the major parameters (factors) and their interaction affecting the economic criterion, i.e., the total daily cost (TDC) (response), encompassing capital and operational expenditures. This sensitivity analysis highlights that the demand is by far the most significant parameter that strongly conditions the TDC criterion so that more effort is needed to model demand uncertainty consistently in HSC design, especially since a long horizon time is considered for hydrogen deployment. Besides, in the initial formulation of HSC design, the size of the problem related to the number of binary variables often leads to difficulties for problem solution. In this work, the potential of genetic algorithms (GA) via a variant of NSGA-II is explored to cope with the multi-objective formulation, in order to automatically produce the Pareto front. The model formulation has then been extended to take into account demand uncertainty, giving more robustness to the proposed approach. Two case studies support the analysis: first at regional level, the results of a HSC design for the former Midi-Pyrénées region obtained with both models are compared. The solutions obtained by GA exhibit the same order of magnitude as those obtained with MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) in the mono-criterion problem, but better compromise solutions are produced in the multi-objective formulation and more flexible ones are obtained with demand uncertainty modelling. Then an airport ecosystem, i.e. Tarbes-Lourdes has been studied: the airport infrastructure is an interesting case study, since an airport is a source of emissions that affect climate, including the emissions generated from activities occurring inside and outside the airport perimeter fence associated with the operation and use of an airport. Finally, a post-optimal analysis on a compromise solution of HSC configuration is carried out based via two cost-benefit analyses (CBA) from a social (SCBA) and governmental perspective (subsidies and taxes). The SCBA approach for hydrogen deployment integrates societal benefits for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, noise air pollution abatement and social costs for the increase in platinum consumption in the manufacture of fuel cells. By including external costs, economic benefits of the replacement of ICEV (internal combustion engine) by FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicles) were highlighted as well as the generation of positive social net present values
Dutilleul, Morgan. "Réponses microévolutives et coûts adaptatifs de populations de Caenorhabditis elegans exposées à des stress environnementaux." Thèse, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5860/1/D2565.pdf.
Full textCoste, Christophe. "The costs of reproduction in evolutionary demography : an application of Multitrait Population Projection Matrix models." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC259/document.
Full textCosts of reproduction are pervasive in life history theory. Through this constraint, the reproductive effort of an organism at a given time negatively affects its later survival and fertility. For life historians, they correspond mostly to a physiological trade-off that stems from an allocative process, occurring at each time-step, at the level of the individual. For evolutionary demographers, they are essentially about genetic trade-offs, arising from a genetic variance in a pleiotropic gene acting antagonistically on early-age and late-age fitness components. The study, from an evolutionary demographic standpoint, of these mechanisms and of the relative, cross and joint effects of physiological and genetic costs, is the aim of this thesis. The close examination of Williams (1966)’s original definition of the physiological costs of reproduction led us to produce a theoretical design of their apparatus that accounts for both their mechanistic and evolutionary mechanisms. This design allowed us to make predictions with regards to the strength of costs of reproduction for various positions of organisms on three life-history spectra: slow-fast, income-capital breeders and quality-quantity. From Stearns (1989b)’s tryptic architecture of life history trade-offs –that divides their structure into the genotypic level, the intermediate structure and the phenotypic level – we devised a general framework, which models the possible cohabitation of both physiological and genetic costs. From this, we inferred differing detectability patterns of both types of costs according to the environmental conditions, their variance and individual stochasticity. We could also establish that both costs buffer environmental variations, but with varying time windows of effect. Their dissimilarity emerges also from the differences between mathematical projection models specific to each cost. A new family of evolutionary models is therefore required to implement both physiological and genetic trade-offs. We then describe the vector-based construction method for such a model which we call Multitrait Population Projection Matrix (MPPM) and which allows incorporating both types of costs by embedding them as traits into the matrix. We extend the classical sensitivity analysis techniques of evolutionary demography to MPPMs. Most importantly, we present a new analysis tool for both life history and evolutionary demography: the Trait Level Analysis. It consists in comparing pairs of models that share the same asymptotic properties. Such ergodic equivalent matrices are produced by folding, an operation that consists in reducing the number of traits of a multi-trait model, by averaging transitions for the traits folded upon, whilst still preserving the asymptotic flows. The Trait Level Analysis therefore allows, for example, to measure the evolutionary importance of costs of reproduction by comparing models incorporating them with folded versions of these models from which the costs are absent. Using classical and new methods to compute fitness moments – selection gradient, variance in reproductive success, environmental variance - in models with and without the costs, we can show their effects on various demographic and evolutionary measures. We reveal, in this way, the combined effects of genetic and physiological costs on the vital rates of an age-structured population. We also demonstrate how physiological costs affect both components of effective selection, as they flatten the slope of selection gradients and increase the effective size of a population. Finally, we show how their buffering of environmental and demographic variance confer greater resilience to populations experiencing physiological costs of reproduction
Allen, Benoît. "Optimisation d'échangeurs de chaleur : condenseur à calandre, réseau d'échangeurs de chaleur et production d'eau froide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27364/27364.pdf.
Full textXu, Yanni. "Optimization of the cutting-related processes for consumer-centered garment manufacturing." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I015.
Full textThe work aims to make optimizations of garment production and resolve the dilemma between personalization and cost in the context of mass customization. Firstly, practical mass customization methods regarding cutting-related processes (including sizing) are proposed adapted from the industrial practice of traditional mass production. Due to the good performances of personalization and cost, additional sizes are adopted in the further optimizations of specific cutting-related processes, i.e., sizing, cutting order planning, and marker making with exact methods and artificial intelligence techniques. A genetic algorithm is used for the best set of additional sizes, an integer programming is employed for the best cutting order plan (i.e., the lay planning with the corresponding markers), a multi-linear regression, and a neural network are applied to estimating marker lengths. The proposed mass customization methods are proved to be efficient. The underneath indirect relationship between personalization and cost is established. With the help of the optimized cutting-related processes, the balance of personalization and cost is demonstrated. The estimation of marker length reduces the marker making workload and provides marker lengths for cutting cost estimation with a high efficiency and an acceptable accuracy. All the above enable the garment production to shift from mass production to mass customization
Nassif, Abdou. "Développement d'un outil d'étude et de simulation de l'organisation et de la production sur les chantiers de bâtiment." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS036.
Full textOptimization and organization of production resources on bulding sites go through the different phases of the life cycle of a construction project. The application of optimization methods on a construction site is a complex problem. This complexity is due to different factors that control the production site and to a great number of partners involved during the construction operation, while their divergent interests. Our present work focuses on the description of production operations on bulding sites and the management of associated information. It aims to develop and implement a prototype for the organization and efficency of operations on building sites. This prototype allows the description of preparation and organization of construction works, and of site equipments and production teams. Different treatments are performed to verify the feasibility, in comparison with structural and implementation constraints. The database managed by the prototype is used to leverage all information from projects in a general base that maybe used for any bulding project. The user in this way has a comparative basis of time and cost required for the dlfferent kinds of construction works, a definition of the installation site, a daily frameworks programming, and a module for determining logistics and construction activites in order to provide an optimal schedule using a technique based on genetic algorithms
Boukef, Hela. "Sur l’ordonnancement d’ateliers job-shop flexibles et flow-shop en industries pharmaceutiques : optimisation par algorithmes génétiques et essaims particulaires." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0007/document.
Full textFor flexible job-shop and pharmaceutical flow-shop scheduling problems resolution, two optimization methods are considered: a genetic algorithm one using a new proposed coding and a particle swarm optimization one modified in order to be used in discrete cases.The criteria retained for the considered packaging lines in pharmaceutical industries multi-objective problems are production cost minimization and total stopping cost minimization. For the flexible job-shop scheduling problems treated, the criterion taken into account is Makespan minimization.These two methods have been applied to various work-shops with distinct complexities to show their efficiency.After comparison of these methods, the obtained results allowed us to notice the efficiency of the based particle swarm optimization method in terms of convergence and reaching optimal solution
Favier, Aurélie. "Décompositions fonctionnelles et structurelles dans les modèles graphiques probabilistes appliquées à la reconstruction d'haplotypes." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1527/.
Full textThis thesis is based on two topics : the decomposition in graphical models which are, among others, Bayesian networks and cost function networks (WCSP) and the haplotype reconstruction in pedigrees. We apply techniques of WCSP to treat Bayesian network. We exploit stuctural and fonctional properties, in an exact and approached methods. Particulary, we define a decomposition of function which produces functions with a smaller variable number. An application example in optimization is the haplotype reconstruction. It is essential for a best prediction of seriousness of disease or to understand particular physical characters. Haplotype reconstruction is represented with a Bayesian network. The functionnal decomposition allows to reduce this Bayesian network in an optimization problem WCSP (Max-2SAT)
Merzouk, Salah Eddine. "Problème de dimensionnement de lots et de livraisons : application au cas de la chaîne logistique." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2036.
Full textToday, the requirements of customers in terms of costs and delays are in constant increase. The simultaneous optimization of the production, transport and holding activities become thus a key factor in the success of a company in a particular way, and of the whole supply chain in a general way. Indeed, the world competition led the majority of the industrial companies to recognize the need for taking into account all the activities of the supply chain in order to reduce their costs and to increase their reactivity vis-a-vis the perpetual trends in the market. In this context, we have considered, in a first time, the optimization of the physical flows along the supply chain in a mono-product context. Each two successive sites are connected by one transporter which has to deliver the products from the supplier to the client. The transporter is characterized by a loading capacity and several time parameters for the loading / unloading /transport of the products. The objective was to find the optimal sequence of the delivery lots sizes throughout the supply chain which allows, on the one hand to satisfy all system constraints including the final customer due dates, and on the other hand, to minimize the total cost induced by the various operations of production, storage and transportation. The first studied system was an elementary supply chain, called « supplylink », composed of one supplier, one customer and one transporter. The optimisation model proposed for the supply link has showed very interesting mathematical properties that have been used to develop an efficient branch and bound based algorithm that is very fast to find the optimal solution. These results have been used consequently to help solving the optimisation problem for a complete supply chain with several branch and bound based algorithms using different lower bounds for the partial solutions. However the proposed algorithms are relatively slow for middle to large size problems, and we proposed therefore a genetic algorithm that proved to be very efficient in terms of speed and quality of the obtained solution even for large size problems
Yagoubi, Mouadh. "Optimisation évolutionnaire multi-objectif parallèle : application à la combustion Diesel." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734108.
Full textSaez, Aguayo Susana. "Caractérisation d'une accession d'Arabidopsis affectée dans la libération du mucilage." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0089.
Full textUpon imbibition, the myxospermous seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, form a mucilage from hydrated polysaccharides released from the epidermal cells of the seed coat. These polysaccharides are produced and accumulated during seed development in a differentiation process that has been described in detail (Western et al. 2006). A screen of Arabidopsis accessions identified Djarly as a natural mucilage mutant affected in mucilage release on imbibition. The locus defective in Djarly was identified by map-based cloning as encoding a pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI6). Theseproteinaceous inhibitors negatively control the activity of pectin methylesterases (PME), enzymes that demethylesterify HG, through the formation of a PME-PMEI complex (Di Matteo et al., 2005; Hothorn et al, 2004). Genetic, cytological and biochemical studies demonstrated that PMEI6 regulates methylesterification of homogalacturonans present in mucilage and the outer cell wall of seed coat epidermal cells. Delayed seed mucilage release in pmei6 mutants results, therefore, from the reduced level of homogalacturonan methylesterification. Expression of PMEI6 required the transcription regulators GLABRA2 and MUM1. PME activity in seed coat epidermal cells is also modulated by the subtilisin serine protease AtSBT1.7, and the additive phenotype of pmei6 atsbt1.7 mutants indicates that PMEI6 regulates different PMEs. Djarly is one of twenty accessions where seeds float due to modifications of mucilage properties. At least ten independent mutations are responsible for the mucilage modifications in these accessions, affecting at least 4 different loci. This study has led us to propose that these mucilage modifications are local adaptations that allow longdistance seed disperal on water
Benoist, Romain. "Bases comportementales, physiologiques et génétiques du succès reproducteur d'un hyménoptère parasitoïde The Cotesia sesamiae story: insight into host-range evolution in a Hymenoptera parasitoid and implication for its use in biological control programs Low-cost automatic temperature monitoring system with alerts for laboratory rearing units." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS584.pdf.
Full textStudying the ability of insect parasitoids to reproduce in novel hosts is important to understand adaptive mechanisms at play when they are used for biological control. Cotesia typhae is an African parasitoid specialized on the Lepidoptera Sesamia nonagrioides and it is a potential biological control agent against this maize pest. C. typhae belongs to a group of species harboring a symbiotic virus which is injected in the host during oviposition and which contributes to the parasitoid virulence. I have found out that two strains of C. typhae differed in their offspring number and in their virulence against a French population of S. nonagrioides, which represents a new host. A QTL analysis (Quantitative Trait Loci) has been done to identify genes involved in these variations. We have built a genetic map of C. typhae, identified four QTL and listed candidate genes. To explain the difference of virulence and offspring number, numbers of eggs and viral particles injected during successive ovipositions have been estimated. These experiments have shown that 1/ the two strains have different patterns of egg allocation among the successive hosts parasitized, 2/ the quantity of injected viral particles is not correlated to virulence. To understand to evolutionary origin of the virulence variation, this trait has been estimated for the natural host populations. The results suggest that local adaptation could explain the better pre-adaptation of one C. typhae strain to the French host population. This work also allowed an in-depth characterization of the parasitoid reproductive success, essential for its use in biological control
Villard, Cloé. "How to produce your furanocoumarins : the hidden pathway ~ From the characterisation of new P450s to the evolution of the furanocoumarin pathway and the development of tools allowing the study of furanocoumarins’ metabolic cost." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0201.
Full textTo cope with pests and pathogens, plants have evolved many defence mechanisms such as the production of various specialised metabolites. For instance, some species including the fig tree (Ficus carica) produce toxic molecules called furanocoumarins. As the use of pesticides is being restricted, these age-old adaptations represent an interesting source of inspiration to find crop protection alternatives. Therefore, improving our understanding of plant defences becomes essential to rethink our crop management strategies. The first objective of this project was to pursue the molecular elucidation of the furanocoumarin biosynthesis pathway and to gain evolutionary insights through the characterisation of new genes in F. carica. The second objective was to assess the metabolic cost of furanocoumarin production by inserting the associated pathway in the genome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a plant that does not naturally produce these molecules. To identify new genes involved in the furanocoumarin biosynthesis, we combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches: we identified candidate genes in a F. carica differential RNAseq database, cloned their coding sequences, heterologously expressed them, and performed enzymatic assays. This led us to identify three enzymes with original activities. Among these, CYP76F112 plays a key role in the furanocoumarin biosynthesis by converting demethylsuberosin into marmesin with a very high affinity. A phylogenetic gene-family analysis strongly suggests that CYP76F112 evolved recently in a restricted taxon of the Moraceae family, through an expansion of the CYP76Fs. Modelling and site-directed mutagenesis experiments permitted to highlight four amino acids that impact CYP76F112 specificity and affinity. Moreover, the recent evolution of these amino acids has most certainly been critical for the emergence of the marmesin synthase activity. Therefore, CYP76F112 significantly improves our understanding of furanocoumarin production in higher plants, since its recent evolution supports the hypothesis that furanocoumarins have appeared by convergent evolution in distant plant families. In addition, as CYP76F112 completes the set of four enzymes that allow the conversion of coumaric acid (a common molecule) into psoralen (a toxic furanocoumarin), it opens new horizons for the use of furanocoumarins in the study of plant defence. For instance, by generating psoralen-producing tomatoes, it is now possible to evaluate the metabolic costs and defensive profits linked to psoralen production, which might lead us to better understand the trade-offs between growth and defence. Consequently, we used a multi-gene cloning technology called GoldenBraid to construct a plasmid harbouring the four genes of the psoralen biosynthesis pathway. Using transgenesis methods along with in vitro culture, we used this plasmid to initiate plant transformation, in order to generate psoralen-producing tomatoes. These transformations were not conclusive, but our study constitutes a pioneer work that will be continued. In particular, it allowed to the identification of some weaknesses in the initial strategy and the establishment of recommendations that will be essential to overcome these limits
Piton, Nicolas. "Optimisation de la prise en charge diagnostique, pronostique et théranostique des carcinomes broncho-pulmonaires humains : des techniques d’imagerie in vivo à la biologie moléculaire. Ligation -dependent RT-PCR : a new specific and low-cost technique to detect ALK, ROS and RET rearrangements in lung adenocarcinoma A new assay for detection of theranostic gene translocations and MET exon 14 skipping in thoracic oncology. One-year perspective routine LD-RT-PCR in 413 newly diagnosed lung tumors STK11 mutations are associated with lower PDL1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma BRAF V600E mutation is not always present as expected ! A case report of lung and thyroid carcinomas A novel method for in vivo imaging of solitary lung nodules using navigational bronchoscopy and confocal laser microendoscopy." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR119.
Full textLung cancer is a serious and frequent condition for which the management strategies have been dramatically modified in recent years, from a diagnostic, prognostic and “theranostic” perspective, most notably with the introduction of “targeted therapies”. The latter have demonstrated dramatic improvement in both quality of life and survival rates of eligible patients, yet consequently highlight new complications in diagnosis, treatment options or technical considerations which can be attributed to the growing number of molecular alterations to be detected from limited tissue samples frequently encountered in thoracic oncology. This work combines 5 different research papers from 2 different angles: prognostic and “theranostic” molecular markers of lung cancer, as well as in vivo diagnostic procedures of lung cancer. The first angle encompasses 4 articles. The first two evaluate a new molecular technique, LD-RT-PCR, to detect gene translocation in lung cancer. The third article explores the association between STK11 mutations in lung cancer and the expression of PDL1. Finally, the fourth article is a case report illustrating the importance of a morphological approach to lung cancer. The second angle compares in vivo imaging techniques by endoscopy using confocal laser microendoscopy alongside a conventional microscopic approach
Ochoa, robles Jesus. "Stratégies d'optimisation multi-objectif pour la conception et le déploiement de chaînes logistiques hydrogène." Thesis, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24112/1/ochoa_jesus.pdf.
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