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1

Justo, Odette, Alaise Pacaldo, Jane Laurice Garcillan, and Rina Theresa Soliven. "To accept or reject? Undergraduate physical therapy students’ attitudes and factors toward COVID-19 vaccine." Philippine Journal of Physical Therapy 2, no. 1 (2023): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46409/002.gmfz7410.

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Introduction: The transition from online to face-to-face classes in the Philippines necessitated vaccination against COVID-19 for the students to prevent its transmission. The country has yet to benefit from herd immunity given the Filipinos’ hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccine (CoVax). The objective of the study is to describe the attitude of the undergraduate physical therapy students toward CoVax and determine the correlation between attitude toward CoVax and vaccine hesitancy factors. Methods: A descriptive-correlational research design was used. A convenience sample of 1st year college freshmen (n = 13) was used in the study. A 5-point Likert scale was used to measure attitude toward CoVax and vaccine hesitancy factors. Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between attitude toward CoVax and vaccine hesitancy factors and paired t test to compare change in attitude toward CoVax before and after getting vaccinated. Results: Majority (62%) of the students expressed a neutral attitude toward CoVax before getting vaccinated. Among all factors, the students rated their confidence (4.31) with CoVax as high but were less confident (3.92) and complacent (3.31) about the vaccine. A negative attitude toward COVAX before vaccination showed a statistically significant relationship with CoVax confidence (r = -.565; n = 13; p = .004). There was a change in the attitude toward CoVax from neutral before vaccination toward acceptance after getting vaccinated; however, the change, .31, 95% CI [-.72-1.33], was not statistically significant t (12) = .652, p = 0.527. Discussion: Reducing complacency toward and improving confidence in CoVax must be done to improve the attitude of the students toward acceptance of the CoVax.
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Herrera, Leana Rich M. "Immuno informatics Approach in Designing a Novel Vaccine Using Epitopes from All the Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 13, no. 4 (2020): 1845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2060.

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The rapid transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted to the death of hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. With the devastating effects on the economy and healthcare system of many countries, it is crucial to acceleratevaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, thisworkutilizedimmunoinformaticsto efficiently design a novel multi-epitope vaccine that can potentially induce immune response through the immunogenic, and abundantly expressed structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2. Epitopes were screened and evaluated using various immunoinformatics tools and databases. Antigenicity, allergenicity, and population coverage were assessed. Epitopes were adjoined to form a single vaccine construct (Covax),linked with 50S ribosomal protein as an adjuvant. Physicochemical properties, cross-reactivity, antigenicity,andallergenicityof Covax were evaluated. The tertiary structure of Covax was modeled, refined and validated for docking with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Binding affinity of Covax-TLR4 was estimated and compared with TLR4-adjuvant as control. Lastly,the immune response with Covax was simulated and compared withadjuvant alone. Total of 33 epitopes from S (21), E (3), M (5),and N (4)proteins were merged in Covax. These include epitopes on thereceptor-binding motif (RBM) of S protein known to beessential in the viral attachment. In silico evaluations classified Covax as stable, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Epitopes were estimated to have large worldwide population coverage, especially in areas with high infection rates, indicating broad potential efficacy of Covax as a vaccine for the most affected populations.Results in this work showed that Covax can bind to TLR4 whichindicates potential immunogenicity and superior properties necessary for a successful vaccine. Overall, this work efficiently minimized time, effort and cost in designing a candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. In vitro and in vivo studies on Covax are anticipated.
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3

Herrera, Leana Rich M. "Immuno informatics Approach in Designing a Novel Vaccine Using Epitopes from All the Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 13, no. 4 (2020): 1845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2060.

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The rapid transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted to the death of hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. With the devastating effects on the economy and healthcare system of many countries, it is crucial to acceleratevaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, thisworkutilizedimmunoinformaticsto efficiently design a novel multi-epitope vaccine that can potentially induce immune response through the immunogenic, and abundantly expressed structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2. Epitopes were screened and evaluated using various immunoinformatics tools and databases. Antigenicity, allergenicity, and population coverage were assessed. Epitopes were adjoined to form a single vaccine construct (Covax),linked with 50S ribosomal protein as an adjuvant. Physicochemical properties, cross-reactivity, antigenicity,andallergenicityof Covax were evaluated. The tertiary structure of Covax was modeled, refined and validated for docking with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Binding affinity of Covax-TLR4 was estimated and compared with TLR4-adjuvant as control. Lastly,the immune response with Covax was simulated and compared withadjuvant alone. Total of 33 epitopes from S (21), E (3), M (5),and N (4)proteins were merged in Covax. These include epitopes on thereceptor-binding motif (RBM) of S protein known to beessential in the viral attachment. In silico evaluations classified Covax as stable, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Epitopes were estimated to have large worldwide population coverage, especially in areas with high infection rates, indicating broad potential efficacy of Covax as a vaccine for the most affected populations.Results in this work showed that Covax can bind to TLR4 whichindicates potential immunogenicity and superior properties necessary for a successful vaccine. Overall, this work efficiently minimized time, effort and cost in designing a candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. In vitro and in vivo studies on Covax are anticipated.
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4

Usher, Ann Danaiya. "COVAX: the unspent billions." Lancet 402, no. 10408 (2023): 1119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02184-0.

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5

Chinaguh, Emmanuel, Kehinde Adeosun, and Hannah Adejumobi. "A DISCOURSE APPRAISAL OF CONSPIRACY PERCEPTIONS ABOUT COVID-19 AND ITS VACCINE IN NIGERIA’S SOCIAL MEDIA SPACE." Health & New Media Research 6, no. 2 (2022): 270–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22720/hnmr.2022.6.2.270.

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As COVID-19 ravaged the world, its management was undercut by conspiracy perceptions that construct different versions of reality about the pandemic. This has hugely attracted scholarly attention in several fields but discourse analysis. This study was thus motivated to investigate the discursive constructions of conspiracies, the interpretive repertoires, expressed feelings, and enacted social actions. Data were sourced from posts and comments on Coronavirus and the vaccines on Twitter, Facebook, and Nairaland social media platforms, and subjected to discourse analysis. Three conspiracy perceptions were identified: COVID-19 as fraud, COVID-19 vaccine (COVAX) as a depopulation plan, and COVAX as associated with the 5G network. These were constructed in COVAX conspiracy discourse through these interpretive repertoires: reference, evaluative devices, time clauses, and intensifiers under lexicogrammar; and inclusive/exclusive distinctions, argumentation, historical allusion, rhetorical question, and narratorial trope under rhetorical strategies. These enacted the social actions of disputing, alleging, justifying, denouncing, and prognosticating, which worked up the negative emotions of dissatisfaction, apprehension, anger, insecurity, and disinclination expressed in terse textual voices that suppress the official COVAX narrative and endorse the alternative views.
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Pushkaran, Anjali, Vijay Kumar Chattu, and Prakash Narayanan. "A critical analysis of COVAX alliance and corresponding global health governance and policy issues: a scoping review." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 10 (2023): e012168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012168.

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IntroductionThe COVAX alliance is a novel approach to international partnership in global health intended to achieve the worthy goal of ‘COVID-19 vaccine equity’. This study aimed to identify the implementation challenges and framework gaps of COVAX and to explore the interconnected global health policy and governance gaps in ensuring equity, accessibility and affordability of vaccines.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to identify the implementation challenges and framework gaps of COVAX and related global health policy and governance gaps. A search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Springer Link and Embase databases. Manually searched the grey literature, such as official reports and articles. EndNote V.20 was used to manage the evidence screening, and data extraction was carried out in Microsoft Excel.ResultsSearches of four electronic databases and official UN, GAVI and WHO websites identified 4686 pieces of evidence. The 937 duplicates were removed, and the remaining 3749 articles were screened for the title and abstract. Most articles were eliminated as they do not address global COVAX or COVID-19 vaccine equity. The remaining 53 pieces of evidence were reviewed for full text, and ultimately 40 articles found eligible were included in the scoping review.ConclusionsThe implementation challenges of COVAX were attributed mainly to the phenomenon of vaccine nationalism by rich countries. The future global health policy and governance structure must be re-examined to address the inadequacies of such novel super public-and-private partnership models.
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Candra, Ilham Agustian, and Shafiya Nurkhalisa. "Before and After COVID-19 Outbreak: Indonesia as a Successful Story of WHO Global Health Diplomacy." IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (2024): 30. https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v7i1.99836.

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After the Spanish flu pandemic in 1920s, the world experienced another one named the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. It has significantly impacted human life in various aspects. In response to this, not only countries but all actors in international relations take part including the World Health Organization (WHO). One of its moves was the formation of the ACT-Accelerator, which includes four pillars of COVID-19 management namely diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccines, and the health systems and response connector. In this case, WHO formed a multilateral cooperation called COVID-19 Global Access (COVAX). This collaboration incorporates several international organizations and agencies; namely, GAVI, CEPI, and UNICEF. COVAX aims to provide equal access for countries that need vaccines, especially developing countries. This study examines the global health diplomacy strategy carried out by the World Health Organization in procuring world vaccines through the COVAX program in Indonesia. The authors used a descriptive qualitative method with secondary sources to analyze the phenomenon in this study. Based on the conceptual framework, namely international organizations and global health diplomacy, the authors analyze the strategies pursued by WHO in realizing global health in Indonesia. This study found that the efforts of WHO global health diplomacy through the COVAX program to Indonesia include conducting vaccine research and development and raising funds and negotiating vaccine purchases. This study finally argues that the COVAX program serves as a concrete example of how WHO’s global health diplomacy strategies are implemented, offering a detailed case study of international cooperation in vaccine distribution.
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8

von Achenbach, Jelena. "Die globale Verteilung von COVID-19-Impfstoffen durch die Public Private Partnership COVAX in öffentlich-rechtlicher Perspektive." Archiv des Völkerrechts 60, no. 1 (2022): 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1628/avr-2022-0003.

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In 2020, COVAX, a Swiss-based public private partnership acting in private law forms, was established to enable equal access to COVID-19 vaccination worldwide. Given the extremely unequal allocation of vaccine doses resulting from the stark economic disparities between the nations, COVAX is intended as an instrument of international solidarity and redistribution, financed mainly by public development aid voluntarily contributed by the industrialized countries. The article examines COVAX from a public law perspective, asking whether it is an appropriate instrument of the international community to pursue the goal of distributing COVID-19 vaccines in a globally equitable manner. Thus, the article critically distances itself from the outset from considering the use of private actors and forms of action in public functions (»privatization«) essentially as a release of market economy rationality, which enables efficiency and effectiveness gains and relieves the public sector. The article unfolds a human rights perspective as well as administrative law insights on privatization, and further develops and applies the notion of International Public Authority. It argues, based on these complementary, multi-faceted critical references, that by resorting to COVAX as an instrument, the international community does not do justice to its legal duty to assist the developing nations and to timely facilitate equitable access to vaccines in the pandemic.
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Rahmawan, Muhamad Fikri, and Deasy Silvya Sari. "DIPLOMASI INDONESIA TERHADAP COVAX FACILITY MENGENAI KETERSEDIAAN VAKSIN COVID-19 DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Soshum Insentif 5, no. 2 (2022): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36787/jsi.v5i2.865.

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Diplomasi sebagai salah satu instrumen penting dalam kajian hubungan internasional yang digunakan untuk mempromosikan, menyebarkan pengaruh, dan meningkatkan eksisitensi ke negara lain dimana hal tersebut dilakukan demi kepentingan nasional masing-masing negara. Selain itu, diplomasi juga dapat menjadi sebuah alat yang efektif untuk menyelamatkan negara dari konflik yang datang dari negara lain, diplomasi dapat dikatakan berhasil jika konflik berhasil diselesaikan tanpa adanya peperangan, kekerasan, dan berbagai pengorbanan yang mengakibatkan tergangunya kepentingan nasional dari suatu negara. Tujuan penelitian bertujuan mengeksplorasi diplomasi (kesehatan) Pemerintah Indonesia melalui COVAX Facility terhadap ketersediaan vaksin Covid-19 di Indonesia. Pendekatan Peneltian menggnukan Studi Kepustakaan (Library Research) adalah serangkaian kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan metode pengumpulan data pustaka, membaca dan mencatat serta mengolah bahan penelitian. Data sekunder berupa dokumen resmi, laporan atau dokumen lainnya yang terkait dengan penelitian diambil dari situs resmi Kementerian Indonesia, Kementerian Kesehatan, World Health Organization (WHO), dan program COVAX Facility. Hasil penelitian antara lain: Pertama, menyediakan vaksin dan mengirimkan pesan bahwa vaksin dapat diterima oleh setiap negara. Kedua, memfasilitasi penelitian dan pengembangan vaksin sebagai alasan utama untuk membangun dunia yang lebih baik. Ketiga,menyediakan bantuan dalam hal koneksi dalam membantu menguatkan sistem pelayanan kesehatan dan masyarakat dunia sebagai langkah dalam membangun dunia yang lebih baik. Kesimpulannya adalahIndonesia dalam peranannya dalam COVAX Facility sudajh mampu menjawab kepentingannya sendiri dengan menerima dosis vaksin yanf mencukup bagi masyarakatnya. Indonesia mampu melakukan diplomasi kesehatan dalam dalam muatan lokal maupun global yang dibuktikan dengan keanggotaan Indonesia sebagai salah satu co-chairman untuk COVAX AMC Nation.
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Heuberger, Lina Corinna, Sophia Forster, and Andreas Frewer. "‘Prioritized Distribution of Equal Shares’—An Ethical and Practicable Allocation Framework for COVID-19 Vaccines." Philosophies 8, no. 2 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8020024.

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In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the fast and equitable distribution of effective vaccines worldwide is one of the challenges faced by international institutions in charge, as global equity in vaccine supply has not yet been achieved. Our paper explains the current state of ethical research on equity in global COVID-19 vaccine allocation, focusing on the COVAX Facility established by the WHO, acting as the global vaccine distributor. The article presents a detailed analysis of the first year of COVAX allocation in 2021 identifying problematic aspects of its allocation framework regarding the implementation of COVAX’s fundamental allocation principles. We argue that the COVAX Facility has developed a proper concept to deal with global vaccine allocation—but to address uncovered defaults, we introduce the ‘Prioritized Distribution of Equal Shares’ model—a both ethical and practically feasible alternative allocation framework to protect the value of human lives in both high- and low-income countries through fair and fast global vaccine distribution in health emergencies. Nonetheless, we argue that the COVAX Facility remains the main organization to provide equitable access to vaccines. Yet, the global community has to consider further aspects such as patent protection, vaccine production and the lack of power of global structures to address the inequities that have arisen. Since new wars and further crises have arisen, a shift in public global attention endangers the processing of COVID-19-related issues. That is why now more than ever extensive efforts to achieve vaccine equity are needed.
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Berkley, Seth. "COVAX: more than a beautiful idea." Lancet 398, no. 10298 (2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01544-0.

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12

von Bogdandy, Armin, and Pedro A. Villarreal. "The Role of International Law in Vaccinating Against COVID-19: Appraising the COVAX Initiative." Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht / Heidelberg Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (2021): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2021-1-89.

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Finally, there are approved vaccines against COVID-19, but they will be certainly scarce at first. As a result, vaccine nationalism is rampant. However, for considerations of self-interest, solidarity as well as of international law, national governments should also cater for the health of other countries’ populations. This article presents the main legal instruments of vaccine nationalism as well as the COVAX Initiative as an instrument for a fairer global distribution of the life-saving medicine. An analysis of the international right to health shows the normative underpinnings of COVAX and the promise it holds for sustainable solidarity.
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Vogel, Gretchen. "Pandemic vaccine equity plan may soon start winding down." Science 378, no. 6625 (2022): 1158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg2857.

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BARNES, David, and Octavian MOLDOVAN. "COVID-19 MANDATORY VACCINATION OF SPECIAL STATUS PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES. AN ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS FOR EXEMPTION IN THE US AIR FORCE." Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law 31 (2024): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2024-31-5.

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One of the largest public sector operations in the world is within the United States of America military, with over 2 million service members and approximately 1.4 million full-time equivalent civilian workers, with bases and operations in at least 80 different nations. The US military made COVID-19 vaccinations (COVAX) mandatory among all members but allows for requests to accommodate refusals for reasons of personal beliefs. These can be beliefs of conscience, personal morality or religious expression, whether from organized or individual tenets. Multiple articles have been produced during the COVID-19 pandemic identifying willingness to receive COVAX or reasons for COVAX reluctance and refusal, but almost all data has been obtained from short-response surveys. Taking a departure from that, this study reviews the qualitative data from over 100 extensive interviews conducted with individual military members (from the US Air Force) who requested COVAX exemption. Their reasons given to refuse vaccination are also provided in a letter written by the member, regardless of rank, directly to the general at the top of their particular command. Examination of the reasons given provides unique insights into the thought processes of requestors. Regardless of the request’s outcome, this data demonstrates the administrative and policy importance placed by the US military on at least considering personal beliefs, even in a pandemic, and protecting individual freedoms, even of military members with curtailed rights. By far, disproportionate requests came from lower ranks with some mid-level leadership making formal requests to refuse the COVAX. In this sample, no top leadership requested exemptions. The analysis finds evidence for pressure exerted on members to not submit an exemption request. For those who did, the 111 requests were not a static or set doctrinal view. Arising from at least 29 distinct religious traditions, all requests showed signs of an emerging or developing sense of belief praxis in the face of new situations. Other dominant patterns also emerged. The study found critical objections to the use of fetal stem lines in developing available vaccines and concerns about potential vaccine side effects to the requestor’s body. Trust in the process and a sense of autonomy in participation also were found to be critically import to most requests.
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Razali, Nurul Aimi, Muhammad Helmy Sabtu, Khairul Azman Mohamad Suhaimy, Peng Kee Chang, and Khairol Anuar Kamri. "Impak Pandemik Covid-19 Terhadap Kepimpinan Malaysia di Peringkat Serantau." International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies 4, no. 6 (2023): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2023.68.

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Kajian ini menyelidik bagaimana pandemik COVID-19 memberi kesan kepada reputasi dan kepimpinan Malaysia di peringkat serantau melalui kajian terhadap beberapa aspek meliputi (i) model pengurusan pandemik, (ii) bantuan kemanusiaan, (iii) hubungan bilateral dengan negara-negara lain serta (iv) penglibatan Malaysia dalam COVAX Alliance. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa model pengurusan pandemik Malaysia boleh menjadi rujukan bagi negara-negara serantau dan kepimpinan Malaysia dalam bantuan kemanusiaan semasa pandemik berada pada tahap yang baik. Bagaimanapun, hubungan bilateral Malaysia dengan negara-negara kuasa besar dunia sepanjang pandemik COVID-19 meningkatkan risiko kebergantungan atau keterikatan Malaysia terhadap kuasa luar. Selain itu, penglibatan Malaysia dalam COVAX Alliance didapati tidak meningkatkan pengaruh kepimpinan Malaysia di peringkat serantau. Kajian ini menyumbang dalam pembangunan reputasi dan kepimpinan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara yang kuat, maju dan berdaulat serta bertanggungjawab terhadap komuniti antarabangsa.
 This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Malaysia’s reputation and leadership at the regional level by revieweing several aspects including (1) the pandemic management model, (ii) humanitarian aids, (iii) bilateral relations with other countries and (iv) Malaysia’s involvement in the COVAX Alliance. The findings of this study show that Malaysia’s pandemic management model can be a reference for regional countries and Malaysia’s leadership in humanitarian aids during the pandemic was at a good level. However, Malaysia’s bilateral relations with the world superpowers throughout the pandemic increases the risk of Malaysia’s binding dependence on foreign powers. In addition, Malaysia’s involvement in the COVAX Alliance was found not to increase the influence of Malaysian leadership at the regional level. This study contributes to the development of Malaysia’s reputation and leadership as a strong, developed and sovereign country who is responsible towards the international community.
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Muhaimin, Ramdhan, Rizal A. Hidayat, and Eldha Mulyani. "Diplomasi Vaksin Covid-19 dan Budaya Anarki dalam Sistem Internasional [Covid-19 Vaccine Diplomacy and Cultures of Anarchy in The International System]." Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional 12, no. 2 (2021): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jp.v12i2.2345.

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To fight the Covid-19 pandemic, several countries, through their pharmaceutical companies, conduct research and production of vaccines. Efforts to invent a vaccine are racing with the rapid mutation of Covid-19. The World Health Organization with GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) and CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) initiated a collaborative forum called Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX). The goal there is justice and equity in the distribution of vaccines throughout the world. Although strategic efforts to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic are carried out multilaterally through COVAX, many countries have also taken bilateral steps to get their vaccine needs. On the other hand, the Covid-19 vaccine diplomacy that took place in an anarchic international system showed three different cultural patterns, namely Hobbesian (conflictual), Lockean (competitive), and Kantian (cooperative). By using a qualitative approach, this study analyzes three cultural patterns of anarchy in vaccine diplomacy. Data collection techniques in this research are based on library research. The theory used in this research is diplomacy and cultures of Anarchy in Constructivism approach. From this research, it was found that the COVAX is a representation of the cooperative pattern carried out by countries in overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic. But apart from that, there is also Hobbesian or conflictual diplomacy between the United States and China. Meanwhile, competitive diplomacy can be seen in the competition among vaccine-producing countries.AbstrakUntuk mengatasi pandemi Covid-19, sejumlah negara melalui perusahaan farmasinya melakukan penelitian dan produksi vaksin. Upaya pencarian vaksin berlomba dengan mutasi Covid-19 yang cepat. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization) bersama GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) dan CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) menginisiasi wadah kolaboratif bernama Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX). Tujuannya, agar terjadi keadilan dan pemerataan dalam distribusi vaksin ke seluruh dunia. Meski upaya strategis menghadapi pandemik Covid-19 dilakukan secara multilateral melalui COVAX, tapi langkah-langkah bilateral juga banyak dilakukan negaranegara dalam memenuhi kebutuhan vaksinnya. Pada sisi lain, diplomasi vaksin Covid-19 yang terjadi dalam sistem internasional yang anarki menunjukkan tiga pola budaya yang berbeda, yaitu Hobbesian (konfliktual), Lockian (kompetitif), dan Kantian (kooperatif). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini menganalisis tiga pola budaya anarki dalam diplomasi vaksin yang terjadi saat ini. Tekni pengumpulan data pada penelitian berdasarkan riset kepustakaan (library research). Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Diplomasi dan Budaya Anarki dalam Konstruktivisme yang dikembangkan Alexander Wendt. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan wadah COVAX merupakan representasi pola kooperatif yang dilakukan negara-negara dalam mengatasi pandemik Covid-19. Namun selain itu, terjadi juga diplomasi ala Hobbesian atau konfliktual seperti yang terjadi antara Amerika Serikat dan China. Sedangkan diplomasi yang bersifat kompetitif terlihat pada persaingan di antara negara-negara produsen vaksin.
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Das, Jai K., Hsien Yao Chee, Sohail Lakhani, et al. "COVID-19 Vaccines: How Efficient and Equitable Was the Initial Vaccination Process?" Vaccines 11, no. 1 (2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010011.

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With nearly 11 billion doses of the COVID-19 vaccine being administered, stark differences in the vaccination rates persist. Vaccine distribution initiatives such as COVAX and African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) were formed to ensure equitable vaccine delivery. This review evaluates the initial COVID-19 vaccination efforts and the impact of different vaccine distribution initiatives on equitable vaccination coverage in the early phase. We conducted a descriptive and trend analysis with sub-groups by various context parameters of data on COVID-19 vaccination from December 2020 till February 2022, from four public databases including UNICEF, WHO, COVID-19 Task Force and Our World in Data to examine COVID-19 vaccine distribution progress and the contributions of vaccine procurement initiatives. We found that High Income Countries (HICs) had much higher vaccination rate (78.4%) than Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) (55.5%) and Low-Income Countries (LICs) (10.9%). Large differentials (>80% to <10%) in the vaccination rates of eligible population of adults in LMICs and LICs existed. Differentials in the total vaccine doses delivered to each country ranged from 355.6% to 4.8% of the total population. In LICs, 53.3% of the total doses were obtained via COVAX, 30.9% by bilateral/multilateral agreements, 6.5% by donations and 3.8% by AVAT. In LMICs, 56.4% of total vaccines procured were via bilateral/multilateral agreements, 21.4% by COVAX, 4.2% by donations and 0.5% by AVAT. COVAX delivered 1 billion doses by January 2022 which constituted 53.2% and 21.4% of procured doses in LICs and LMICs. In LICs and LMICs, 6.5% and 4.2% of total doses were acquired through donations while 30.9% and 56.4% of doses were purchased. Despite global efforts, significant disparities were present in COVID-19 vaccination efforts amongst countries of different income groups. Future efforts should focus on addressing vaccine inequities explicitly and in improving global vaccine distribution.
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Fang, Yian, Tianyue Ma, Ming Wu, and Sian Hsiang-Te Tsuei. "Mitigating donor interests in the case of COVID-19 vaccine: the implication of COVAX and DAC membership." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 1 (2023): e010188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010188.

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IntroductionThe COVID-19 vaccine donation process allegedly prioritised national interests over humanitarian needs. We thus examined how donors allocated vaccines by recipient country needs versus donor national interests and how such decisions varied across donation channels (bilateral vs COVAX with country earmarking) or exposure to foreign aid norms (membership status in the Development Assistance Committee—DAC).MethodsWe used the two-part regression model to examine how the probability of becoming a recipient country and the volume of vaccines received were associated with recipient countries’ needs (disease burden and GDP per capita), donor countries’ interests (bilateral trade volume and voting distance in the United Nations General Assembly) and recipient countries’ population size. The analysis further interacted the determinants with channel and DAC status.ResultsDonors preferentially selected countries with higher disease burden, lower GDP per capita, closer trade relations, more different voting preferences, and smaller populations. Compared with bilateral arrangements, COVAX encouraged more needs-based considerations (lower GDP per capita), less interest-based calculus (more distant economic relations and voting preferences) and larger population size. Compared with the DAC counterparts, the non-DAC donors focused more on politically and economically aligned countries but also on less economically developed countries. As for the volume of vaccines donated, countries received more vaccines if they had tighter trade relations with donors, more different voting patterns than donors, and larger populations. COVAX was associated with raising the volumes of vaccines to politically distant countries, and non-DAC donors donated more to countries with stronger trade relations and political alignment.ConclusionDonors consider both recipient needs and national interests when allocating COVID-19 vaccines. COVAX and DAC partially mitigated donors’ focus on domestic interests. Future global health aid can similarly draw on multilateral and normative arrangements.
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ElOakley, ReidaMenshawe, and Haider El Saeh. "Libya, COVID-19, health diplomacy, and COVAX." Libyan International Medical University Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/liuj.liuj_55_21.

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Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi, Felix Stein, and Antoine de Bengy Puyvallée. "COVAX and the many meanings of sharing." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 11 (2021): e007763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007763.

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Usher, Ann Danaiya. "Vaccine shortages prompt changes to COVAX strategy." Lancet 398, no. 10310 (2021): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02309-6.

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Luna, Florencia, and Felicitas Holzer. "International cooperation in a non-ideal world: the example of COVAX." Cadernos Ibero-Americanos de Direito Sanitário 10, no. 3 (2021): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17566/ciads.v10i3.789.

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The world witnessed one of the fasted responses in history to a new disease in terms of drug and vaccine development. However, despite the fact that safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 were developed at a remarkable pace, international cooperation seems to have failed regarding the global equitable allocation of vaccines. This article explores challenges to international cooperation in global health and specifically to the fair allocation of vaccines at a global scale. We will present major obstacles to cooperative efforts and an interesting answer such as the COVAX facility, a cooperative redistribution scheme that has recently been launched by WHO, CEPI and Gavi. Considering COVAX a laudable and necessary first step to improve international cooperation in health, we nevertheless argue that the facility needs to identify key areas of potential improvement.
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Li, Ge. "Establishing an Equitable Global Access to COVID-19 Vaccines." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 1 (November 28, 2022): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v1i.3012.

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As the world gradually recovers to normalcy from the huge impact brought by the most severe pandemic outbreak in the recent century, a vast number of societal problems have been revealed and aggravated in the past two years, including the economic crisis, global unemployment, intensified discrimination, and exacerbated social inequality. Among many of the issues mentioned, the unequal distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines, caused by multiple factors such as the gap between countries’ research and development ability, limited production capacity, etc., could be considered the priority that needs to be solved under the current situations to prevent the further possible damage caused by the epidemic. Though the World Health Organization (WHO), along with several other large international agencies, has proposed COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) to promote the equitable allocation of vaccines, there are still some potential issues that need to be further discussed. Therefore, this paper, theoretically, analyzes the problems and their potential causes in the current vaccine allocation scheme, and attempts to find an optimal method of distributing vaccines on the basis of existing COVAX, as well as improving governmental policies, and enhancing global cooperation. To this end, we specifically propose three points: 1) Improve the executive force based on the COVAX plan. 2) Implement the demand-driving allocation scheme. 3) Countries should enhance inter-governmental communication and cooperation to make vaccines more accessible, achieving the goal of herd immunity.
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R, Fatima, Bilolikar AK, Reddy SG, and Banerjee J. "An integrative review on development of COVID vaccine." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 8, S1 (2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2020/8s1-15.

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The world is in dire need of safe, effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine strategies. Since its emergence in November 2019, it has spread to 188 countries and 25 territories around the globe, despite elaborate efforts by World Health Organization (WHO) and governments to contain the infection, primarily owing to the highly infectious nature of this virus. Present article reviews various aspects in process of vaccine designing, vaccine platforms and current efforts and progress of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. The founding of the COVID-19 vaccines global access (COVAX) facility by Gavi, the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations (CEPI) and the WHO is an attempt to garner resources and unite higher- and lower-income countries for the coordinated, rapid, transparent and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. Keywords: vaccine strategies; COVAX; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2
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Mohamadhossen, Aziza, and Giulia Parola. "FLAWS OF GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE COVID-19 VACCINE DISTRIBUTION." Revista Culturas Jurídicas 9, no. 23 (2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/rcj.v9i23.54728.

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Global cooperation during times of crisis is necessary to procure effective responses and to uphold the universal human right to health. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted weaknesses within global health governance, particularly relating to the COVAX program and vaccine distributions. This paper sets out to describe and critically analyze the flaws within these frameworks. A narrative literature review was conducted to gather a widespread of information about weaknesses of the COVAX program. Additionally, the contrasting realities within Brazil and Canada were described to illustrate the differences between the two nations. The primary themes extracted from literature included a shift to multilateralism, nationalism, and protectionism. Furthermore, fragmentation within international institutional frameworks and their power distribution created grey-areas and impeded effective responses. This paper suggests measures to reinforce the authority of global health governance, including revisiting response policies, incentivizing global cooperation, and encouraging nations to recommit to global cooperation.
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Serrurier, Enguerrand. "Le Mécanisme COVAX : une tentative d’intégration de principes éthiques dans l’ordre juridique international." Revue confluence N° 1, no. 1 (2022): 59–89. https://doi.org/10.3917/confl.001.0059.

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Élaboré en urgence pour répondre de façon équitable et multilatérale à la pandémie du SARS-Cov-2, le Mécanisme COVAX est l’une des branches de l’initiative internationale lancée par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (l’« Accélérateur ACT »), dédiée à la recherche, l’achat et la répartition mondiale des vaccins. Ce mécanisme est désormais opérationnel. L’objectif de couvrir les besoins en vaccination de 20 % de la population fragile des pays les plus vulnérables face à la COVID-19 (soit 1,3 milliard de personnes) est certes ambitieux ; trente-huit millions de vaccins ont été à ce jour distribués dans cent pays grâce à lui. Il est donc proposé d’en faire une analyse juridique, car le Mécanisme COVAX exprime en effet nombre de problèmes de la solidarité contemporaine (fondés sur l’éthique et les partenariats volontaires) tout en faisant progresser une conception transversale et unifiée de la vulnérabilité au niveau mondial. Discipline : droit international
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The Lancet. "Access to COVID-19 vaccines: looking beyond COVAX." Lancet 397, no. 10278 (2021): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00617-6.

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Yoo, Katelyn, Akriti Mehta, Joshua Mak, David Bishai, Collins Chansa, and Bryan Patenaude. "COVAX and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 100, no. 05 (2022): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.21.287516.

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Usher, Ann Danaiya. "A beautiful idea: how COVAX has fallen short." Lancet 397, no. 10292 (2021): 2322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01367-2.

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Gupta, Anuradha. "COVAX can still end COVID-19 vaccine apartheid." Nature Human Behaviour 6, no. 2 (2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01308-8.

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Sklair, Jessica, and Paul Gilbert. "Giving as “De-Risking”: Philanthropy, Impact Investment and the Pandemic Response." Public Anthropologist 4, no. 1 (2022): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891715-bja10033.

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Abstract This article examines the role played by philanthrocapitalist foundations in impact investing for international development, focusing on the covid-19 Vaccines Global Access Initiative (covax) as a response to the current pandemic. Philanthrocapitalists and development institutions are increasingly turning to “blended finance” and “social bonds” to address the gaps in funding required to meet global development agendas, particularly in the arena of global health. These impact investing mechanisms deploy public or philanthropic money to leverage for-profit investment in development, by “de-risking” (providing guarantees for) interventions that might otherwise put private capital at risk. Via covax, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has platformed a pandemic response centred on this approach, resisting alternative responses – such as the proposal for a temporary waiver to pharmaceutical patent rights – that seek to challenge the prevailing trade architecture. The global policy response to covid-19 thus accelerates the “financialization” of development and cements the role of philanthropy in “de-risking” for-profit impact investment.
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Pratama, Aditya. "Global Health Governance: The Case of the Biopolitics of Covid-19 Vaccine Nationalism." Global South Review 4, no. 2 (2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.81049.

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In April 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), GAVI, and the Vaccine Alliances officially launched COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) as a policy to facilitate equal access to COVID-19 vaccines for low-to-middle-income countries. The initiative has 184 member countries and supplies vaccines to 140 countries. By August 2021, COVAX will have provided 200 million vaccine doses instead of the 600 million doses initially proposed. The shortfall of vaccine doses through the mechanism of COVAX is not only because of production shortage but also partly due to vaccine nationalism by more high-income countries (HIC), where they secure vaccine stocks for their population. Such a phenomenon has made the Global South countries vulnerable as they have no facilities for vaccine production except India. Vaccine nationalism can be better seen from two spheres, biopolitics, and geopolitics. Previous researches on geopolitics and infectious disease are still rare. Thus, this research hopes to fill this gap. The two terms imply that vaccine nationalism involves the creation of borders and separating things and people. In other words, a particular spatial dynamic of exclusion divides the world, as manifested by an inadequate distribution of the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines between the North and the South. This research intends to analyze vaccine nationalism that causes the discrepancy in vaccine distribution between the North and the South countries from the theoretical perspectives of biopolitics and geopolitics. This research employs a case study of vaccine nationalism from 2020 to 2021. It is argued that vaccine nationalism is further divided between the North and South and the division between homeland security and world security.
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Horng, Der-Chin. "The EU’s Vaccine Diplomacy in the WHO." European Foreign Affairs Review 29, Issue 1 (2024): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2024003.

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COVID-19 has posed a serious challenge for the European Union (EU) since 2020. The EU has adopted vaccine diplomacy, among other measures, to tackle this global pandemic. The EU also applied the Advance Purchase Agreements (APA) and export control for the COVID-19 vaccine in 2021, and did not fully support a waiver for vaccine and medicine Intellectual Property (IP) in the 2022 WTO negotiation. This paper focuses primarily on the following core issues and questions: What is the concept of vaccine diplomacy? What are the theories, policy decisions, jurisprudence and practices of the EU’s vaccine diplomacy? What is the strategy of the EU for cooperating with the WHO and the Access to Covid-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator (COVAX)?What is the significance, and implications of EU vaccine diplomacy? The EU firmly supports WHO multilateralism and the COVAX framework for vaccine distribution and health cooperation. The EU also actively participates in WHO negotiations for a new health treaty, to respond effectively to future pandemics. This paper also suggests some ways to resolve the problem about how the EU can become a contracting party to the new WHO health treaty. Despite the fact that some policies such as the APA, vaccine export control and IP waiver were criticized by some other countries, the EU’s vaccine diplomacy in the WHO is largely a great success. The EU vaccine diplomacy is expected to increase the EU’s soft power and normative influence in the WHO, and contribute greatly to the health of European citizens, other human beings and a new emerging international health order. APA, COVAX, COVID-19, export control, EU, International Pandemic Treaty, vaccine diplomacy, WHO, WTO waiver
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Brand, Alexander, and Hannah Sofie Schöninger. "Impfdiplomatie als Ausdruck globaler Solidarität? Internationale Kooperation in der Pandemiebekämpfung zwischen Egoismus und Gerechtigkeit." PERIPHERIE – Politik • Ökonomie • Kultur 41, no. 3-2021 (2022): 405–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v41i4.03.

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Der Begriff „Impfdiplomatie“ erfreut sich seit Beginn der Corona-Krise und den einsetzenden Maßnahmen zu ihrer Eindämmung neuer Beliebtheit. Politik, Medien und Wissenschaft richten ihre Aufmerksamkeit dabei auf Aktivitäten von Staaten (u.a. China, Russland, Indien und die USA) und Staatenbünden wie der EU, die auf die Beschaffung und Verteilung von Impfpräparaten an bedürftige Länder sowie das Ausrollen von Impfkampagnen dort gerichtet sind. Ebenso fallen darunter diplomatische Initiativen, die auf die Schaffung globaler Verteilungsmechanismen zur Bekämpfung der Corona-Pandemie gerichtet sind, vor allem COVAX. Unser Artikel diskutiert, welchen Beitrag diese Anstrengungen mit Blick auf ein Mehr an Impfgerechtigkeit potenziell besitzen und bis dato entfaltet haben. Eine solcherart an Bedürfniskriterien orientierte Verteilung könnte dabei auch als solidarisch charakterisiert werden. Basierend auf einer Analyse von Motivlagen und daraus bisher resultierenden Wirkungen von Impfdiplomatie kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass geopolitische, Image- und wirtschaftliche Interessen einem Mehr an Impfgerechtigkeit im Wege stehen. Grassierender Impfnationalismus sowie die hinter den Erwartungen zurückbleibende COVAX-Initiative lassen auch für die nähere Zukunft befürchten, dass globale Ungleichheiten durch Impfdiplomatie eher noch verstärkt denn eingeebnet werden.
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Hernández, Francisca, Carlos Wert, Ignacio Recio, et al. "Xml for libraries, archives, and museums: The project covax." Applied Artificial Intelligence 17, no. 8-9 (2003): 797–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713827250.

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Hasan, Q., E. Elfakki, K. Fahmy, et al. "Inequities in the deployment of COVID-19 vaccine in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2020–2021." BMJ Global Health 7, Suppl 4 (2022): e008139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008139.

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The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is characterised by a large range in routine immunisation coverage. We reviewed progress in access, deployment efforts, and use of COVID-19 vaccines in the EMR to identify bottlenecks and propose recommendations. We compiled and analysed data reported to WHO regarding the number of vaccines provided emergency use authorisation (EUA) in each country, the number of vaccine doses allocated and delivered by COVAX, the number of vaccine doses received bilaterally, the date of initiation of vaccination, vaccine usage rate and overall vaccination coverage. In June–July and October–November 2021, we conducted two rounds of a regional survey to assess vaccine acceptance and calculated the weighted proportion of individuals who would get vaccinated once a vaccine is available and recommended. We stratified the analysis according to four groups based on their participation status in COVAX, from the highest to lowest income, that is, (1) fully self-financing high-income countries (group 1), (2) fully self-financing upper middle-income countries (group 2), (3) Advance Market Commitment (AMC) countries not eligible to receive Gavi support (group 3) and (4) AMC countries eligible for Gavi support (group 4). As of 31 December 2021, the median number of vaccines provided with EUA was 6 for group 1, 11 for group 2, 8 for group 3 and 9 for group 4. On the same date, COVAX had delivered 179 793 310 doses to EMR countries. Vaccination started on 10 December 2020 in group 1, on 13 December 2020 in group 2, on 30 December 2020 in group 3 and on 20 January 2021 in group 4. The regional acceptance survey (first round) pointed to higher vaccine acceptance in group 1 (96%), than in others, including group 2 (73.9%), group 3 (78.8%) and group 4 (79.3%), with identical patterns in the second round (98%, 78%, 84% and 76%), respectively. Usage of vaccine allocated by COVAX to participating countries was 89% in group 1, 75% in group 2, 78% in group 3 and 42% in group 4. The full dose and partial dose coverage decreased with the income groups of countries, from 70% and 6% in group 1, to 43% and 8% in group 2, to 33% and 11% in group 3, and 20% and 8% in group 4. All 22 EMR countries introduced COVID-19 vaccines by 21 April 2021, but with major inequities in coverage. Additional efforts are needed to address the determinants of unequal vaccine coverage at all stages of the result chain to improve vaccine equity.
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Vacchi, C., S. Testoni, M. Visentini, et al. "POS1214 COVID-19 VACCINATION RATE AND SAFETY PROFILE IN PATIENTS AFFECTED BY MIXED CRYOGLOBULINEMIC VASCULITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (2022): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1426.

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BackgroundMixed cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (MCV) is an immune-complex-mediated systemic vasculitis characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations mainly involving skin, kidney and peripheral nervous system.Despite reassuring safety data from EULAR Coronavirus Vaccine (COVAX) physician-reported registry, a significant proportion of patients with autoimmune diseases reported unwillingness to get vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preliminary results of the COVAD study, due to concerns about the lack of long-term safety data, and fear of associated side effects and disease flare.ObjectivesAims of this multicentre Italian study were to investigate the prevalence of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Italian population of MCV patients, to explore the reason for the missed vaccination, and to investigate short and long-term side effects of the vaccine, including vasculitis flare.MethodsAll MCV patients referring to 12 Italian centres were investigated about vaccination and possible both short- (within 48 hours) and long-term (within 30 days) adverse events (AE), classified according to FDA Toxicity Grading Scale for preventive vaccine clinical trials, and possible disease flares. Patients with MCV related to lymphoproliferative disorders or connective tissue diseases were excluded from the study.The baseline variables were expressed as percentages or mean±standard deviation. The differences between continuous variables were analysed using the Mann–Whitney nonparametric test. The chi-squared test, or Fischer’s exact when appropriate, were used for categorical variables (absolute numbers and percentages) regarding baseline characteristics.ResultsA total of 416 patients, 69.2% females and 30.8% males, with a mean age of 70.4±11.7 years, were included in the study.Only 7.7% of patients were not vaccinated, mainly for fear of adverse events (50%) or for medical decision (18.8%). Corminaty was the vaccine most frequently used (80.5%). Interestingly, 6 patients (1.44%) were with a heterologous vaccination (usually AstraZeneca-Corminaty).Considering ongoing treatment, not vaccinated subjects were more frequently treated with chronic glucocorticoid therapy and/or Rituximab (p=0.049 and p=0.043 respectively).AE were recorded in 31.7% of cases, mainly mild and self-limiting (grade 1). More severe adverse events, such as flare of vasculitis, were observed in 5.3% of cases.AE were not associated with the kind of vaccine used and with the clinical manifestations of vasculitis. Patients with active MCV showed a lower frequency of short-term (within 48 hours) adverse events, but patients affected by peripheral neuropathies or skin vasculitis frequently showed a flare of their symptoms, recorded in 40% and 25% of cases, respectively. Finally, patients under glucocorticoid treatment were more prone to develop a vasculitis flare within a month after vaccination.ConclusionVaccination in MCV patients has been performed in a high percentage of patients showing a good safety. Other than patients’ fear, treatments with rituximab and glucocorticoids are the main reasons for delaying vaccination, and it should be considered by the physician before starting therapy. Vasculitis flares were observed in about 5% of cases, in line with that observed in other autoimmune diseases. Specific attention should be reserved to people with purpura or peripheral neuropathy, for the increased risk of exacerbation of their symptoms.References[1]Visentini M et al Flares of mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 2021[2]Machado PM et al Safety of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: results from the EULAR Coronavirus Vaccine COVAX physician-reported registry 2021[3]Sen P et al COVAD Study Group. COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune disease COVAD survey protocol 2022[4]Scarpato S et al Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemia GISC. Provisional recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis 2021Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Sung, Meekang, Yangmu Huang, Yuqi Duan, Fangjing Liu, Yinzi Jin, and Zhijie Zheng. "Pharmaceutical Industry’s Engagement in the Global Equitable Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccines: Corporate Social Responsibility of EUL Vaccine Developers." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (2021): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101183.

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(1) Objectives: Inequality in the global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines has brought about great challenges in terms of resolving the pandemic. Although vaccine manufacturers are undoubtedly some of the most influential players, studies on their role in global vaccine distribution have been scarce. This study examined whether the pharmaceutical industry is acting according to the principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) during the pandemic. (2) Methods: Three categories were used to analyze the CSR of vaccine developers. The first was research and development: effectiveness, funding, and profits were measured. The second was transparency and accountability: the transparency of clinical trials and vaccine contracts was analyzed. The final was vaccine delivery: the status of the provision of vaccines to COVAX and lower-income countries, intellectual property management, manufacturing agreements, and equitable pricing were measured. (3) Results: Vaccine developers have acquired large profits. The vaccine delivery category faces the most challenges. Participation of pharmaceutical companies through COVAX was significantly low, and most vaccine supply agreements were secretive, bilateral deals. It was not clear if companies were maintaining equitable pricing. The evaluation indicated that the companies’ CSR practices have differed during the pandemic. (4) Conclusions: Our study contributes to the methodology of assessing the CSR of vaccine developers. This would help understand the current COVID-19 vaccine distribution inequality and propose that pharmaceutical companies re-examine their roles and social responsibilities.
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Rada González, Gina Paola, and Pedro Manuel Funez García. "El mecanismo COVAX y su eficacia como medida de emergencia sanitaria." Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo 9, no. 1 (2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/23825014.5883.

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El COVID-19 ha marcado, sin duda, no solo la historia en temas de salud pública, sino que también ha sido raíz de un sinnúmero de consecuencias en distintos escenarios que se han visto transformados, sobre todo a causa de las medidas implementadas para contrarrestar el virus que tuvo su origen a finales del 2019 en China y que posteriormente se expandió a todos los rincones del planeta. La emergencia sanitaria puso en jaque a los gobiernos, y a pesar de los esfuerzos por mantener el control, la supervisión de los contagios y las muertes de la población, era menester pensar en un biológico que lograra disminuir los contagios y, por consiguiente, los decesos en el mundo. El rol de las vacunas ha sido de gran importancia, su fabricación y distribución a nivel mundial ha sido la solución eficaz en aras de poder seguir sosteniendo la economía, los mercados y por supuesto, el multilateralismo. En consecuencia, los gobiernos y algunos organismos multilaterales, a partir de una iniciativa colectiva, deciden poner en marcha un mecanismo que pudiera garantizar la cobertura, equidad y derecho a la inoculación en el mundo, pero sobre todo a países de renta media y baja. Este plan llamado COVAX pretende financiar la investigación, fabricación y distribución de los inmunológicos garantizando proteger la vida y la economía mundial. Palabras clave: Economía; Acceso; Política pública; acuerdo; política internacional..
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Chavda, Vivek P., Lalitkumar K. Vora, and Disha R. Vihol. "COVAX-19Ⓡ Vaccine: Completely blocks virus transmission to non-immune individuals." Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology 1, no. 1 (2021): 100004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2021.100004.

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Gokalp Yılmaz, Gaye. "ANALYSIS OF VACCINE BATTLE, INEQUALITIES AND COVAX PROGRAMME WITH DEPENDENCY THEORY." New Era Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Studies 6, no. 10 (2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51296/newera.117.

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RANGEL-ALDAO, Rafael. "Información académica y pandemia." Espacios 42, no. 24 (2021): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a21v42n24p03.

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La pandemia transformó la industria editorial y la cooperación científica que produjo en meses, vacunas seguras y eficaces contra la COVID-19. ¿Para qué sirvió todo esto? La medición de la audiencia reveló una cobertura mundial; y Venezuela accedió a ciertas vacunas COVAX, pero no hay un plan nacional de vacunación; y el subregistro de datos sigue vigente. A escala global se lograron vacunas y antivirales, y estaremos mejor aún con una mayor cooperación que reduzca la desigualdad social del mundo.
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Araújo Neto, Sebastião Elviro de, Suzana Rodrigues de Souza, Cristina Szilagyi Saldanha, et al. "Produtividade e vigor do maracujazeiro-amarelo plantado em covas e plantio direto sob manejo orgânico." Ciência Rural 39, no. 3 (2008): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008005000106.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o vigor e a produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo plantado em diferentes tamanhos de cova e plantio direto sob manejo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido de 2005 a 2007, no Setor de Agricultura Ecológica da Universidade Federal do Acre, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, constituídos de cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados cinco tipos de preparo do solo: T1 cova do tamanho do torrão (0,19 x 0,063m) com adubação em cobertura; T2 cova de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30m com adubação de plantio na cova; T3 cova de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30m com adubação de plantio em cobertura; T4 cova de 0,50 x 0,50 x 0,50m com adubação de plantio na cova; e T5 cova de 0,50 x 0,50 x 0,50m com adubação de plantio em cobertura. O tamanho da cova e o plantio direto não influenciaram o vigor da planta e a biomassa de raízes. O número de frutos por planta e a produtividade, na segunda e na somatória das duas safras, foram maiores com plantio direto e com covas cúbicas de 0,30m. Após dois anos de cultivo, a densidade do solo foi maior na camada de 0-5cm de profundidade num raio de 20cm da planta para o plantio em covas de 0,50m com adubação na cova e menor para o plantio direto, não havendo diferença entre os demais tratamentos. O plantio direto ou o plantio em covas pequenas com dimensões de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30m proporcionou maior produtividade de maracujá que o plantio em covas maiores, mesmo não influenciando o vigor das plantas e a massa seca de raízes.
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Araújo Neto, Sebastião Elviro de, Regina Lúcia Félix Ferreira, Frederico Silva Thé Pontes, and Jacson Rondnelli da Silva Negreiros. "Rentabilidade econômica do maracujazeiro-amarelo plantado em covas e em plantions direto sob manejo orgânico." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 30, no. 4 (2008): 940–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452008000400017.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rentabilidade econômica do maracujazeiro-amarelo plantado em covas e em plantio direto sob manejo orgânico no Acre. Avaliaram-se cinco tipos de preparo do solo: T1 plantio direto com cova do tamanho do torrão (0,19 m x 0,063 m), com adubação em cobertura; T2 - cova de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30 m, com adubação de plantio na cova; T3 - Idem T2, com adubação em cobertura; T4 - cova de 0,50 x 0,50 x 0,50 m, com adubação de plantio na cova, e T5 - Idem T4, com adubação em cobertura. Os custos econômicos e operacionais médios foram maiores para os sistemas com plantio em covas de 0,50 m, por apresentarem elevado custo total de produção e menor produtividade. A receita líquida foi maior nos sistemas de preparo com covas de 0,30 m, com adubação na cova (R$10.234,19/ha) e em cobertura (R$11.501,44/ha) e no plantio direto (R$8.925,08/ha). Em todos os tratamentos, a situação econômica foi de lucro supernormal, assim a tendência é de mais agricultores entrarem na atividade.
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Lawson-Tovey, S., A. Strangfeld, E. Mateus, et al. "POS1212 SARS-CoV-2 VACCINE SAFETY IN ADOLESCENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES AND ADULTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (2022): 934.2–935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1325.

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BackgroundThere is a lack of data on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination safety in children and young people (CYP) with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). Current vaccination guidance is based on data from adults with RMDs or CYP without RMDs.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics and outcomes of adolescents with inflammatory RMDs and adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2.MethodsWe described patient characteristics, flares, and adverse events in adolescent cases under 18 with inflammatory RMDs and adult cases aged 18 or above with JIA submitted to the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) COVAX registry.ResultsThirty-six adolescent cases were reported from 4 countries, the most frequent diagnosis was JIA (42%). Over half (56%) reported early reactogenic-like adverse events (AEs) experienced within 7 days of vaccination. One mild polyarthralgia flare and one serious AE (malaise) were reported. No CYP reported SARS-CoV-2 infection post-vaccination.In addition to the adolescent cases, eleven countries reported 74 adult JIA cases. Among these, 62% reported early reactogenic-like AEs and two flares were reported (mild polyarthralgia and moderate uveitis). No serious AEs of special interest were reported among adults with JIA. Three 20-30 year old females were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 post-vaccination; all fully recovered.ConclusionIn this observational registry dataset, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines appeared safe in adolescents with RMDs and adults with JIA, with a low frequency of disease flares, serious AEs, and SARS-CoV-2 re-infection seen in both populations.Table 1.Characteristics of adolescents with RMDs and adults with JIA reported to the EULAR COVAX registryAdolescents with RMDs (N=36)Adults with JIA (N=74)SexFemale21 (58)54 (73)Male15 (42)20 (27)Age (median [IQR])15 [14.5, 17]26 [23, 31]Primary RMD diagnosisNon-systemic JIA10 (28)63 (85)Systemic JIA5 (14)11 (15)Systemic lupus erythematosus5 (14)Spondyloarthritis/psoriatic arthritis5 (14)Vasculitis/other RMD #11 (30)RMD disease activityRemission23 (64)33 (45)Minimal8 (22)21 (28)Moderate2 (6)12 (16)Severe1 (3)1 (1)Not applicable/missing2 (6)7 (10)RMD medicationNone9 (25)3 (4)b-DMARD9 (25)50 (68)cs-DMARD21 (58)25 (34)ts-DMARD5 (14)2 (3)Systemic glucocorticoids5 (14)1 (1)Colchicine7 (10)Other immunosuppressant *COVAX typePfizer/BioNTech33 (92)50 (68)Moderna2 (6)10 (14)AstraZeneca/Oxford1 (3)10 (14)Janssen1 (1)CoronaVac2 (3)UNK1 (1)COVAX doses111 (31)8 (11)22 (24)61 (82)31 (3)5 (7)RMD flareYes1 (3)2 (3)AEYes20 (56)46 (62)Early AEInjection site pain8 (22)16 (22)Redness6 (17)2 (3)Muscle pain1 (3)9 (12)Joint pain4 (11)3 (4)Headache9 (25)10 (14)Fever1 (3)26 (35)Chills2 (6)5 (7)Fatigue1 (3)13 (18)VomitingAE of special interestNon-serious1 (3)1 (1)Serious – important medical event1 (3)All data are N(%) of the column unless stated otherwise.# Other RMD includes Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, non-monogenic auto-inflammatory syndrome, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, and other inflammatory arthritis* Other immunosuppressant includes ciclosporin, mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid.RMD, rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease; JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis; EULAR, European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology; ANCA-associated vasculitis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis; cs-, conventional synthetic; b-, biological; ts-, targeted synthetic; DMARD, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; COVAX, Coronavirus vaccine; AE, adverse event.AcknowledgementsWe wish to thank all healthcare providers who entered data into the registry.Disclosure of InterestsSaskia Lawson-Tovey: None declared, Anja Strangfeld Speakers bureau: AbbVie, MSD, Roche, BMS, Pfizer, Elsa Mateus: None declared, Laure Gossec Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Grant/research support from: Amgen, Galapagos, Lilly, Pfizer, Sandoz, Loreto Carmona: None declared, Pedro Machado Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Orphazyme, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Orphazyme, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, BERND RAFFEINER: None declared, Inita Bulina Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Pfizer, Janssen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daniel Clemente Speakers bureau: Novartis, GSK, Julija Zepa Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Novartis, Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, Ana Maria Rodrigues Speakers bureau: Amgen, AbbVie, Grant/research support from: Amgen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Xavier Mariette Consultant of: BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Grant/research support from: Ose, Kimme Hyrich Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, BMS, UCB
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Md Khairi, Lukman Nul Hakim, Mathumalar Loganathan Fahrni, and Antonio Ivan Lazzarino. "The Race for Global Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (2022): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081306.

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COVID-19 vaccines are possibly the most effective medical countermeasures to mitigate and ultimately bring to a halt the COVID-19 pandemic. As we transition to endemicity, inequitable access to vaccines, and particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), still poses risks of unprecedented disruptions and the emergence of viral mutations, which potentially lead to notorious vaccine-resistant variants. The missteps learned from the previous responses to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza outbreaks founded the hypothetical plan to ensure that vaccine accessibility to LMICs is not impeded. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccines’ social promise was to lessen the underlying racial, ethnic, and geographic inequities that COVID-19 has both made apparent and intensified. Vaccine nationalism was evident throughout the COVID-19 crisis. Many high-income countries directly negotiated large advance orders for the vaccines, leaving resource-limited countries scrambling for access. This occurred despite international initiatives to structure the development and equitable distribution of vaccines, channeled through a vaccine pillar: COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX). The serious supply shortages and national procurement methods of some countries that bypassed the vaccine pillar hindered the optimal function of COVAX in delivering timely and adequate doses to participating countries. COVAX strategized its approach by promoting fundraising, coordinating vaccine donations from countries with surplus doses, expediting reviews of vaccine candidates, and facilitating the expansion of the manufacturing capacity. While increasing capacity for production, technology transfer led to lesser siloes, enhanced manufacturing standardization, and less secrecy over production data. Ultracold storage requirements for leading vaccines were a considerable hurdle to the global immunization efforts, and particularly in LMICs with limited equipment and resources to support sophisticated cold-chain systems. Manufacturers strived to ease cold-chain restrictions on the basis of stability data submitted to national regulatory bodies. The development of single-dose vaccines offered promising solutions to simplify the administrative and logistic complexities that existed within the COVID-19 vaccination programs. As such, the requirements for both ultracold storage conditions were eased, and concerns over booster doses were addressed. To expand coverage, the dosing intervals of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines were extended according to data from Phase III clinical trials on effectiveness. In addition, with the recent outbreak of monkeypox, the lessons from past experiences of curbing infectious diseases, including COVID-19, must be learned and acted upon. The review summarizes the global efforts with respect to vaccine development, production, allocation, and deployment to achieve equitable access.
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Silva, Victor Carvalho Pessoa de Barros e. "A batalha pela vacina: a corrida pela imunização num cenário de escassez e o papel do consórcio Covax Facility." Revista Digital de Direito Administrativo 9, no. 1 (2022): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2319-0558.v9i1p108-133.

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O presente texto tem como finalidade realizar um estudo analítico relacionado às ações governamentais na prestação da saúde pública, em específico, na vacinação contra o Covid-19. A partir de reflexões teóricas, o artigo visa examinar o papel do Estado ante a distribuição de vacinas, tendo como objetivo perpassar por uma análise da escassez. Além disso, o trabalho se propõe a apresentar medidas concretas que fortalecem a cidadania e a sustentabilidade social, como o consórcio Covax Facility e a suspensão dos direitos de propriedade intelectual das vacinas.
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CA, Vargas Machado. "Political Power and Neocolonialism of Vaccines: The Exercise of the Word and the Human Act." Philosophy International Journal 5, no. 4 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/phij-16000279.

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This paper analyzes the situation generated by the unequal distribution of vaccines that -at the international level- has occurred in the framework of the epidemic generated by COVID-19. For this, the concepts of «act» and «word» derived from the theoretical-political theses of Hannah Arendt (1993) are used, with which it was sought to evidence the situation of neocolonialism of vaccines derived from this situation, from the philosophical deconstruction to raise the urgent consequence of neocolonialism in health, which allowed us to infer how Human Rights are not the central axis of the national and state discourses or praxis of the government systems of countries with more stable and stronger economies, since the decisions and behaviors reflect the interests of the main actors of the National States that have economic support for the large-scale purchase of vaccines against COVID-19. Which in turn are the protagonists of a sociopolitical phenomenon that can be categorized as global health neocolonialism, which is presented as a phenomenon of neocolonialism that began with the confidentiality agreements signed between the States of the countries and the pharmaceutical corporations, inside or outside COVAX in the year 2020. Concluding that the massive purchase of vaccines was subject to an exclusivity character to acquire the batches, where some factors of discrimination or non-inclusion are revealed, affirming that COVAX did not comply with the purpose for what was initially created.
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O’Hara, George L., Sam Halabi, and Olohikhuae Egbokhare. "Equitable Vaccine Access in Light of COVID-19 Vaccine Procurement Strategies in Africa." COVID 4, no. 2 (2024): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/covid4020019.

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(1) Background: This study addresses two weaknesses in current international efforts to prevent and prepare for the next pandemic: the lack of robust evidence supporting global policy measures and the corresponding extent to which those measures advance equity. (2) Methods: Using UNICEF’s publicly available but underused COVID-19 Market Dashboard database, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of vaccine deliveries as of mid-2022 and vaccine procurement strategies used by African low- and lower middle-income countries (LMICs) over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. (3) Results: Pooled procurement of the kind typified by COVAX (a clearinghouse for high-income-country contributions of vaccines and financing toward the end of equitable LMIC procurement) crowded out alternative strategies that must be supported in future: regional procurement, donation, and bilateral procurement (binding agreement between two parties: one seller (i.e., a national government or a vaccine manufacturer) and one recipient (i.e., national government)), which showed a significant relationship with technology transfer and advancing local production capacity. (4) Conclusions: Expanding the scope of vaccine procurement alternatives to COVAX such as regional pooled procurement and bilateral procurement can stratify risk of supply agreements not materializing in actual supply. Sharing the technology necessary to produce vaccines with LMICs can mitigate obstacles to bilateral procurement. A pooled purchase alliance to procure vaccine doses on behalf of participating countries within a given region can benefit LMICs by accounting for infrastructure limitations that these countries share. Finally, donations bolster global redistributed supply essential to LMICs.
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Suherman, Rahmiyani Auditia, and Muh Asy'ari. "Kerja Sama Multilateral G20 dalam Mendukung Pemulihan Negara-Negara terhadap Pandemi COVID-19." JILS (Journal of International and Local Studies) 7, no. 1 (2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56326/jils.v7i1.2587.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kerjasama multilateral G20 dalam mendukung pemulihan negara-negara rentan akibat pandemi Covid-19. Upaya G20 ini ditujukan pada aspek respon kesehatan dan pemulihan ekonomi yang didasarkan pada komitmen Rencana Aksi G20. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep multilateralisme melalui indikator ketidakterpisahan (indivisibility) dan manfaat yang setara (diffuse reciprocity) untuk menjabarkan implementasi komitmen G20. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama multilateral G20 dalam mendukung pemulihan di negara-negara rentan belum dilaksanakan secara optimal pada komitmen ACT-A dan COVAX serta DSSI. Meskipun, komitmen Pandemic Fund masih diharapkan dapat mencapai tujuan.
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