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Journal articles on the topic "Cover meter"
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Ompi, Billy N., Unstain N. W. J. Rembet, and Ari B. Rondonuwu. "Coral Reef Conditions of Hogow and Dakokayu Islands Southeast Minahasa Regency." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.7.1.2019.22743.
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This research objective was to determine the condition of Coral Reef ecosystems in Dakokayu and Hogow Islands, Southeast Minahasa Regency. The method that has been used in this studies that is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) by diving activities at 5 meter and 10 meters depth with 50 meters transect length. Each biota passed by the line transect recorded according based on shape of growth.Coral Reefs conditon in Hogow Island in 5 meters and 10 meters depth were categorized as a “Good” where the percentage of live coral cover in 5 meters depth is 70.12% and in 10 meters depth is 55.78%. The condition of Coral Reefs on Dokokayu Island at a depth of 5 meters is categorized “Good” with the percentage of live coral cover is 56.32% while in the 10 meters depth it is categorized as “Medium” with the percentage of live coral cover is 48.10%. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, brightness, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) are within the range of tolerance for Coral Reefs to survive.Keywords: Condition, Coral Reef, Hogow, DokokayuABSTRAKTujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang di Pulau Dakokayu dan Pulau Hogow, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Metode yang telah digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Line Intercept Transek (LIT) dengan melakukan penyelaman pada kedalaman 5 dan 10 meter dengan panjang transek 50 meter. Setiap biota yang dilewati transek akan dicatat menurut bentuk pertumbuhannya. Secara umum, kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Hogow pada kedalaman 5 meter dan 10 meter, dikategorikan Baik dimana persentasi tutupan karang hidup pada kedalaman 5 meter sebesar 70,12% dan pada kedalaman 10 meter sebesar 55,78%. Kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Dokokayu pada kedalaman 5 meter dikategorikan Baik dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup 56,32% sedangkan di kedalaman 10 meter dikategorikan Sedang dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup 48,10 %. Parameter kualitas perairan seperti suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, pH, dan oksigen terlarut (DO) berada dalam kisaran toleransi bagi terumbu karang untuk dapat bertahan hidup.Kata Kunci : Kondisi, Terumbu Karang, Hogow, Dokokayu
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Fahmi, Fahmi, Supriharyono Supriharyono, and Abdul Ghofar. "HUBUNGAN PERSENTASE TUTUPAN KARANG DENGAN KELIMPAHAN IKAN KARANG DI PULAU MENJANGAN KECIL, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA, KABUPATEN JEPARA,JAWA TENGAH (Relationship of Coral Cover Percentage with Reef Fishes Abundance in Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa Island, Jepara)." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 6, no. 4 (July 25, 2018): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v6i4.21321.
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Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan kekayaan sumberdaya laut yang memiliki peranan penting dalam mendukung kehidupan berbagai organisme perairan. Salah satu organisme yang memiliki ketergantungan hidup pada terumbu karang adalah ikan karang. Hal ini dikarenakan ikan karang melalui fase hidup sebagian atau seluruhnya di terumbu karang, sehingga terumbu karang menjadi tempat tinggal, tempat mencari makan, tempat berlindung dan tempat berkembang biak. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2017, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui persentase tutupan karang hidup dan kelimpahan ikan. Serta hubungan persentase tutupan karang dengan kelimpahan ikan karang pada sisi Barat dan Timur Pulau Menjangan Kecil kedalaman 1 dan 3 meter. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi lapangan, dengan metode sampling menggunakan transek garis (line transect) pada data karang dan visual census untuk data ikan sepanjang 25m. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Persentase rata-rata tutupan karang yang diperoleh pada kedalaman 1 meter sisi Barat adalah 73,39%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 85,97%. Persentase tutupan karang pada kedalaman 1 meter sisi Timur adalah 63,73%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 77,61%. Secara keseluruhan kondisi terumbu karang masih tergolong baik. Kelimpahan rata-rata ikan pada sisi Barat kedalaman 1 meter adalah 70 individu/125 m2, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 232 individu/125 m2. Kelimpahan ikan sisi Timur kedalaman 1 dan 3 meter masing-masing adalah 49 dan 138 individu/125 m2. Hasil perhitungan indeks korelasi secara keseluruhan menghasilkan nilai 0,8415 dengan koefesien determinasi sebesar 0,7081. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pola hubungan persentase tutupan karang dengan kelimpahan ikan karang kuat (signifikan) dan positif (searah). Coral reef ecosystem is a wealth of marine resources that have an important role in supporting the life of various aquatic organisms. One of the organisms that has a living dependence on coral reefs is reef fish. This is because coral fish through a partial or complete life phase on the coral reef, so that coral reefs become a place to live, a place to find food, shelter and breeding ground. The study was conducted in May 2017, with the objective of knowing the percentage of live coral cover and fish abundance. And the correlation of percentage of coral cover with abundance of reef fish on West and East side of Menjangan Kecil Island depth of 1 and 3 meters. The method used is field observation method, with sampling method using line transect on coral data and visual census for fish data along 25m. The results of this study indicate that the average percentage of coral cover obtained at a depth of 1 meter west side is 73.39%, while at a depth of 3 meters is 85.97%. The percentage of coral cover at depth of 1 meter East side is 63,73%, while at depth 3 meter is 77,61%. Overall the condition of coral reefs is still quite good. The average abundance of fish on the west side of 1 meter depth is 70 individuals / 125 m2, while at 3 meters depth is 232 individuals / 125 m2. The abundance of fish on Eastern side, depth of 1 and 3 meters respectively were 49 and 138 individu / 125 m2. Result of calculation of correlation index as a whole yield value 0,8415 with coefficient of determination equal to 0,7081. This shows that the pattern of correlation of percentage of coral cover with abundance of reef fish is strong (significant) and positive (unidirectional).
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Deeks, Roger L. "Meter-Box-Cover Lifter Has Storage Compartment." Opflow 14, no. 10 (October 1988): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1988.tb00495.x.
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Arregui, F. J., J. Soriano, E. Cabrera, and R. Cobacho. "Nine steps towards a better water meter management." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.009.
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The paper provides a comprehensive perspective of the critical aspects to be taken into account when planning the long-term management of water meters in a utility. In order to facilitate their quick understanding and practical implementation, they have been structured into nine steps. Ranging from an initial audit up to the final periodic meter replacement planning, these steps cover three aspects of the problem – field work, laboratory work and management tasks; and each one is developed in detail paying attention to the particular data needed and noting the practical outcome it will yield.
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Pilant, Andrew, Keith Endres, Daniel Rosenbaum, and Gillian Gundersen. "US EPA EnviroAtlas Meter-Scale Urban Land Cover (MULC): 1-m Pixel Land Cover Class Definitions and Guidance." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12121909.
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This article defines the land cover classes used in Meter-Scale Urban Land Cover (MULC), a unique, high resolution (one meter2 per pixel) land cover dataset developed for 30 US communities for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) EnviroAtlas. MULC data categorize the landscape into these land cover classes: impervious surface, tree, grass-herbaceous, shrub, soil-barren, water, wetland and agriculture. MULC data are used to calculate approximately 100 EnviroAtlas metrics that serve as indicators of nature’s benefits (ecosystem goods and services). MULC, a dataset for which development is ongoing, is produced by multiple classification methods using aerial photo and LiDAR datasets. The mean overall fuzzy accuracy across the EnviroAtlas communities is 88% and mean Kappa coefficient is 0.84. MULC is available in EnviroAtlas via web browser, web map service (WMS) in the user’s geographic information system (GIS), and as downloadable data at EPA Environmental Data Gateway. Fact sheets and metadata for each MULC community are available through EnviroAtlas. Some MULC applications include mapping green and grey infrastructure, connecting land cover with socioeconomic/demographic variables, street tree planting, urban heat island analysis, mosquito habitat risk mapping and bikeway planning. This article provides practical guidance for using MULC effectively and developing similar high resolution (HR) land cover data.
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Adhiatma, Fachri Nugraha, Doan Perdana, Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, and Risqi Herlambang Raharjo. "IEEE 802.11ah Network Planning for IoT Smart Meter Application: Case Study in Bandung Area." Journal Pekommas 5, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30818/jpkm.2020.2050102.
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The growth of Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) technology is so rapid and popular. The technology most widely used for WiFi services is the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. To support the Internet of Things (IoT) era, 802.11ah standard technology has developed, and the standard is intended to provide a low-cost mode of operation, with a wider coverage area, and can support thousands of devices per cell. This paper discusses IEEE 802.11ah Standard Network Planning for the Internet of Things Application (Case Study: Smart Meter Using WiFi.id Network in Bandung), to improve network quality in terms of coverage and capacity to improve the efficiency of the WiFi network and so that it can supports the Internet of Things (IoT) service. Network planning using 802.11ah for the internet of things application with a smart meter case study using the WiFi.id network has been successfully carried out. To cover the entire area of Bandung, 23 sites are required. In the capacity, the Tx slots needed to cover possible smart meters for each site are only 9 tx slots out of a total of 100 tx slots.
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Suryono, Suryono, Edi Wibowo, Raden Ario, Nur Taufiq SPJ, and Ria Azizah. "Kondisi Terumbu Karang Di Pantai Empu Rancak Kabupaten Jepara." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 21, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v21i1.2301.
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Abstract Coral Reef Condition In Coastal Waters of Empu Rancak, Mlonggo, Regency of Jepara Empu Rancak coastal waters in Karanggondang village, Mlonggo District is one of the coral reef ecosystem location in coastal area of Jepara Regency. Following the growth of culinary and Marine tourism bring the need for monitoring the condition of coral reefs so that such activity does not provide ecological impacts against the condition of coral reefs. The method used to assess the condition of coral reefs is Line Intercept Transect which done by percentage calculation of living coral coverage. The research results shows that the condition of the coral reefs in a depth of 3 metres found coral cover percentage of 4.5%, while at a depth of 6 meters found coral cover percentage of 9.7%. From this result indicates the coral reefs in critical condition，however the high biodiversity and dominance index value is presumed that these coral reefs was in good condition. It`s showed by the high percentage of coral die either at a depth of 3 metres (95.54%) or at a depth of 6 meters(90.30%). The diversity of species of coral were found at a depth of 3 meters consist of 6 genus, they are: Goniastrea sp., Favia sp., Galaxea sp., Porites, Acropora sp. and Montipora sp., whereas at a depth of 6 meters were found more species of coral diversity for at least 11 genus, they are: Acropora sp., Favites sp., Echinopora sp., Goniastrea sp. Symphyllia agaricia sp, Favia sp., Goniopora sp., Porites sp., Montipora sp., Platygyra sp., and Montastrea sp. The condition of coral reefs cover which relatively critical are caused by decreasing the quality of waters ecology that caused by sedimentation rate and runoff processes of land activity, high waves in northwest monsoon and the growth of culinary tourism as well as marine tourism in Empu Rancak coastal waters gradually worsen the condition of coral reefs. Keywords : Coral reef, tourism, Line Intercept Transect, AbstrakPerairan pantai Empu Rancak desa Karanggondang, Kecamatan Mlonggo merupakan salah satu lokasi ekosistem terumbu karang yang berada pesisir di kabupaten Jepara. Dengan berkembangnya aktivitas wisata kuliner serta wisata bahari, maka perlu dilakukan pemantauan kondisi terumbu karang agar kegiatan tersebut tidak tidak memberikan dampak ekologi terhadap kondisi terumbu karang. Metode yang dipergunakan untuk menilai kondisi terumbu karang adalah dengan metode perhitungan persentase penutupan karang hidup menggunakan Line Intercept Transect. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Kondisi terumbu karang di kedalaman 3 meter ditemukan prosentasi tutupan karang sebesar 4,5 %, sedangkan pada kedalaman 6 meter ditemukan prosentase tutupan karang sebesar 9,7 %, maka kondisi terumbu karang di perairan pantai empu rancak Mlonggo, dalam kondisi buruk sekali, namun tingginya keanekaragaman dan nilai indeks dominasi, maka diduga bahwa terumbu karang dilokasi penelitian pernah dalam kondisi baik sebelumnya. Hal ini ditunjukan dengan tingginya prosentase karang mati baik pada kedalaman 3 meter (95,54 %) maupun pada kedalaman 6 meter (90,30 %). Keanekaragaman jenis karang yang ditemukan pada kedalaman 3 meter terdiri atas 6 genus yaitu : GoniastreaSp., Favia Sp., Galaxea Sp., Porites Sp., Acropora Sp.,dan Montipora Sp.,sedangkan pada kedalaman 6 meter ditemukan keanekaraamanan jenis karang yang lebih banyak (11 genus), yaitu : Acropora sp., Favites sp., Echinopora sp., Goniastrea sp., Symphyllia agaricia, Favia sp., Goniopora sp., Porites sp., Montipora sp., Platygyra sp. ,dan Montastrea sp. Kondisi tutupan terumbu karang yang relatif buruk sekali diduga diakibatkan oleh menurunnya kualitas ekologi perairan yang diakibatkan oleh oleh tekanan laju sedimentasi serta proses run off dari aktivitas didaratan, tingginya paparan gelombang pada saat musim barat serta berkembangnya wisata kuliner serta wisata bahari di perairan Pantai Empu rancak yang memperburuk kondisi terumbu karang. Kata Kunci : Terumbu Karang, pariwisata, Line Intercept Transect
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Lakastri, Lavia, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo, and Max Rudolf Muskananfola. "PENGARUH KEDALAMAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS PRIMER DAN DENSITAS ZOOXANTHELLAE PADA KARANG DOMINAN DI PULAU CEMARA KECIL, KARIMUNJAWA." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 7, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v7i4.22667.
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Pulau Cemara Kecil merupakan salah satu pulau yang dijadikan tujuan wisata di Kepulauan Karimunjawa. Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki produktivitas tinggi. Nitrat merupakan nutrien sebagai salah satu faktor penentu terpeliharanya produktivitas perairan. Penelitian ini mempelajari perbedaan jumlah sel zooxanthellae yang berpengaruh terhadap nilai produktivitas primernya dan kandungan nitrat yang diserap terhadap perbedaan kedalaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan produktivitas primer bersih (NPP) ekosistem terumbu karang, kandungan nitrat dan densitas zooxanthellae pada kedalaman 1 meter dan 5 meter. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Cemara Kecil pada bulan Maret 2018 dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh jenis karang yang dominan adalah Acropora sp. (26,58%) dan Porites sp (40,38%) dengan tutupan karang hidup pada kedalaman 1 meter (70,5%) kategori baik, kedalaman 5 meter (76,83%) kategori sangat baik. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (sig.) pada densitas zooxanthellae (sig = 0,02) dan NPP (sig = 0,01) di kedalaman 1 meter dan 5 meter pada kedua jenis karang. Perbedaan yang kurang signifikan pada konsentrasi nitrat (sig = 0,395) pada kedua kedalaman. Nilai densitas Zooxanthellae dan NPP lebih tinggi pada kedalaman 1 meter dibandingkan kedalaman 5 meter. Kedalaman mempengaruhi jumlah sel zooxanthellae pada karang sehingga akan berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas primer yang dihasilkan. Penyerapan kandungan nitrat oleh zooxanthellae berbeda dipengaruhi oleh faktor fisika kimia lingkungan. Pulau Cemara Kecil is one of the island used as a tourist destination in Karimunjawa. Coral reef are coastal ecosystems that have high productivity. Nitrate is a nutrient as a determining factor for the preservation of marine productivity, nutrients becomes an important factor. This research will study the differences in zooxanthellae cells that effected on their primary productivity value and nitrate absorbed by the depth difference. The purpose of this research is to know the differences of coral reef Net Primary Productivity (NPP), nitrate concentration and density of zooxanthellae at depth of 1 meter and 5 meter. This study was conducted in Cemara Kecil Island on March 2018, with descriptive method. The research results obtained are the dominant species of coral Acropora sp. (26,58%) and Porites sp. (40,38%) with living coral cover at a depth of 1 meter (70,5%) categories are good, the depth of 5 meter (76,83%) categories are very good. There is a significant difference (sig) on the density of zooxanthellae (sig = 0,03) and NPP (sig = 0,01) at a depth of 1 meter and 5 meters on both types of coral. Less significant differences in the concentration of nitrates (sig = 0,395) on both the depth. Zooxanthellae densities values higher than NPP at a depth of 1 meter compared to a depth of 5 meters. Depth affect the density of zooxanthellae on corals so influential is also against the resulting primary productivity. Absorption of different content of nitrate by zooxanthellae are influenced b factors of chemical – physics environment.
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Mastaller, Miran, and Philipp Klingel. "Application of a water balance adapted to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering in Tiruvannamalai, India." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 19, 2017): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.121.
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Abstract Establishing the water balance developed by the International Water Association (IWA) is a worldwide applied approach to determine and analyse water losses in water distribution systems (WDS). The water balance covers those parts of a WDS within the responsibility of the water utility. Water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expense of the utility, while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and apply flat-rate tariffs. In intermittent supplies, a considerable amount of water is lost or wasted within the private properties. The flat-rate tariff might not cover this amount or part of the amount. Thus, actual consumption and wastage should be separately quantified with respect to the utility's water reduction measures. Accepting the described conditions, the authors have developed an adaption of the IWA water balance and the methods to establish the balance. In this paper the application of the developed approach in an initially unmetered WDS with intermittent water supply in the city of Tiruvannamalai, India, is presented.
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Pohan, Ahmad Fauzi, and Rusnoviandi Rusnoviandi. "STUDI PENYELIDIKAN AIR TANAH DI KOTA TERPADU MANDIRI, PESISIR SELATAN DENGAN METODE GEOLISTRIK." Jurnal Ipteks Terapan 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jit.2018.v12i2.2588.
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<p><em>Water is a needed for human life, especially in Kota Terpadu Mandiri, Pesisir Selatan. This study aims to determine the type, arrangement of layers of subsurface rocks and their thickness and determine the type of water carrier layer (aquifer) and determine the exact location of drilling water depth in accordance with the hydrological conditions. By conducting an investigation at five measurement points using the Schlumberger geolistrik method with a stretch of 200 m. From the interpretation of the data obtained there are 4 layers of soil in the area of investigation,: the first layer is a layer of cover soil that thickness of 0.60-1.90 meters, the second layer is a layer of sand clay which 4.5-45.00 meters thick, the third layer is a layer of clay that thick 11.80-40.80 meters, and the fourth layer is a layer of sandstone cliffs of 3.00 meters thick to infinity. Based on the estimation of geoelectric data analysis which has the potential to drill groundwater at K-1 point with depth of 130 meters.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Air merupakan kebutuahan yang sangat mendasar bagi kehidupan manusia, khususnya di Kota Terpadu Mandiri, Pesisir Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Mengetahui jenis, susunan lapisan batuan bawah permukaan dan ketebalannya serta menentukan jenis lapisan batuan pembawa air (akuifer) dan menentukan lokasi kedalaman pemboran air yang tepat sesuai dengan kondisi hidrologinya. Dengan melakukan penyelidikan di 5 titik pengukuran dengan menggunakan metode geolistrik konfigurasi Schlumberger dengan bentangan 200 m. Dari interpretasi data yang diperoleh</em><em><em> terdapat 4 lapisan tanah di daerah penyelidikan yaitu : lapisan pertama merupakan lapisan tanah penutup yang tebalnya 0,60-1,90 meter, lapisan kedua merupakan lapisan lempung pasiran yang tebalnya 4,5-45,00 meter, lapisan ketiga merupakan lapisan lempung yang tebalnya 11,80-40,80 meter, dan lapisan keempat merupakan lapisan batupasir lempungan yang tebalnya 3,00 meter sampai tak terhingga. Berdasarkan pendugaan analisis data geolistrik yang berpotensi untuk dilakukan pengeboran air tanah di titik K-1 dengan kedalaman 130 meter.</em></em><br /><em></em></p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cover meter"
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Hoki, Jeffrey Ryan. "Analysis of Selected Factors Affecting Concrete Cover Measurements on Bridge Decks." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2617.
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The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of selected parameters on the accuracy of concrete cover measurements on bridge decks. This research involved three full-factorial laboratory experiments each designed to investigate one of three primary variables. These primary variables included distance to a parallel adjacent bar, distance to a reinforcement intersection, and incorrect bar size input for the cover meter. Each experiment also involved four secondary variables known to affect cover readings. These secondary variables included actual cover depth, meter brand, antenna type, and bar size. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the significance of each factor. A margin of error of 0.125 in., corresponding to the increase in diameter between successive U.S. standard rebar sizes, was established as the threshold for practical importance in the data analysis. Three primary findings resulted from the three experiments performed in this research. For the meters and antennas tested, the results of the field-of-view experiment indicated that, if the spacing is greater than approximately 4.0 in., the returned readings are within the threshold for practical importance established for this research. The results of the proximity-to-an-intersection experiment indicated that, regardless of where the measurement is taking place in relation to an intersection, the operator can be confident that the errors will be less than 0.125 in. as long as the bar in question is above the intersecting bar. The results of the wrong-bar-size experiment indicated that, if the operator of the cover meter does not know the actual rebar size in question, the measured cover will be within 0.125 in. of the actual cover depth as long as the meter input is within one bar size of the correct value. Obtaining accurate cover measurements on bridge decks is important for quality assurance, service life prediction, and rehabilitation programming.
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Rotz, Jonathan Daniel. "Comparison of techniques for estimating pasture herbage mass and productive ground cover for Lakota prairie grass, Kentucky 31 endophyte free tall fescue, Kentucky 31 endophyte infected tall fescue and Quantum 542 tall fescue grazed by stocker steers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42188.
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In terms of acreage, forage is the number one crop in Virginia. The backbone of these forages has long been tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire). Knowledge of the plant species that make up a pasture and the relative amounts of each species present is important for interpreting potential animal performance. It is also important to know the relative amounts and types of weeds present and to monitor for the presence of poisonous plants or noxious weeds. An experiment was conducted in 2003 through 2005 to investigate botanical composition and yield of â Lakotaâ prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl.), â Kentucky 31â endophyte-infected (KY31 E+), endophyte-free (KY31 E-), and â Quantumâ tall fescue (non toxic endophyte infected) under grazing by stocker steers. Forage botanical composition and yield were determined by clipping three 0.25-m2 areas per treatment replicate. Prior to harvesting, the canopy height within each quadrate was measured with a disc meter. In 2005, productive ground cover was assessed using visual evaluation techniques, point quadrat method, and digital imagery quantified with terrestrial remote sensing. Forages were established September 2002 and grazing was initiated in July of 2003. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Averaged over the three years the yield of KY31E+ was higher (p<0.05) than all other treatments. Lakota prairie grass had lower (p<0.05) yields than both KY31 E+ and Quantum tall fescue, however no yields did not differ between Lakota prairie grass and KY31 E-. Our results showed a typical forage distribution curve for all the treatments. Early spring, summer, and fall productivity of Lakota prairie grass was less than all the fescues, thus did not extend the grazing season. Forage persistence was greatest for KY31 E+ and Quantum and lowest for Lakota when averaged over all years. Among sampling methods for ground cover, terrestrial remote sensing was the most accurate, compared with visual evaluation and point quadrat methods. For estimates of all yield indirect methods of assessment had high errors; however the plate meter calibrated by sward density seemed the least variable of the methods tested.Master of Science
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Novák, Michael. "Monitorování sněhové pokrývky metodou EIS pro možnost stanovení vodní hodnoty sněhu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226877.
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The master´s thesis deals with snow cover monitoring especially in area Orlické mountains. For identification changes, which are related to variable loads on snow cover of temperature, humidity and gravity, has been selected indirect electrical method of measuring electrical impedance spectrometry. This method is described in the work and the results of monitoring are published in graphical form and are commented.
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Hardman, Kristi Dawn. "Hearing meter from different angles : interactive vocal meter and hypermeter in selected songs and their covers." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57460.
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A vocal melody is a setting of poetry to musical rhythms and pitches. The poetry and the musical melody have distinct accentuation patterns, yet as musicians we too often only analyse the musical events of a vocal melody in order to determine its rhythmic structure and meter, while ignoring the meter of the poetic text. This thesis examines how the meter of the poetic text interacts with the meter of the musical melody to inform our overall perception of the vocal melody’s meter. Through comparison of popular songs with cover versions that adopt a different meter, it investigates how the same poetic meter interacts with different musical meters, and studies the resulting effects on vocal meter and hypermeter. The methodology can be applied to a wide range of popular music genres, so each chapter examines an original song and cover versions representing different genres.
The first chapter establishes the new methodology developed in this thesis. The concepts of poetic meter, melodic meter, and the resulting “interactive vocal meter” are introduced and applied in the analysis of three versions of Hank Williams’s “I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry.” This chapter also explores some novel ways in which we can interpret syncopations and hypermeter. Interactive vocal meter is further explored in chapter 2 through the analysis of two versions of the Beatles’ “I’ll Be Back.” The change in meter, from the 6/8 of the demo to the 4/4 of the single, offers a fascinating opportunity to study the rhetorical and musical impact of subtle changes in accentuation. The complex phrase structure of “I’ll Be Back” also introduces interesting issues and questions regarding our perception of hypermeter.
The third chapter focuses on Billie Holiday’s “Strange Fruit.” Holiday’s transformations of the poem’s unusual metric contours provide a vivid demonstration of her uniquely eloquent idiom. The vocal metric interpretation of “Strange Fruit” challenges the view that beats 1 and 3 are always strongly accentuated beats in 4/4 measures. This chapter also explores issues of rhythmic and metric transcription in connection with Lori Burn’s recent study of Tori Amos’s cover of the song.Arts, Faculty of
Music, School of
Graduate
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Arabidze, Giorgi [Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Meyer, Ralf [Gutachter] Meyer, and Chenchang [Gutachter] Zhu. "Groupoids in categories with partial covers / Giorgi Arabidze ; Gutachter: Ralf Meyer, Chenchang Zhu ; Betreuer: Ralf Meyer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177361906/34.
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Hardjakusumah, Harry H. "An evaluation of 20 meter multispectral SPOT data merged with 10 meter panchromatic SPOT data for land cover and land use classification." 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19074476.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1988.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-116).
Books on the topic "Cover meter"
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Untersuchungen zu den Elfenbeinarbeiten der Älteren Metzer Gruppe. Witterschlick [Germany]: M. Wehle, 1992.
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Peacock, Janet L., and Sally M. Kerry. Survival analysis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198599661.003.0011.
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Peacock, Janet L., Sally M. Kerry, and Raymond R. Balise. Survival analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779100.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 covers survival analysis, and includes Kaplan–Meier estimates, and the logrank test. Cox regression is used to do multifactorial analyses with results reported as adjusted hazard ratios. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
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Brock, Paul D., and Jack W. Hasenpusch. Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097087.
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Australia has a rich diversity of phasmids – otherwise known as stick and leaf insects. Most of them are endemic, few have been studied and new species continue to be found. Stick insects are, by far, Australia’s longest insects – some of them reach up to 300 mm in body length, or more than half a metre if you include their outstretched legs. Many stick insects are very colourful, and some have quite elaborate, defensive behaviour. Increasingly they are being kept as pets.
This is the first book on Australian phasmids for nearly 200 years and covers all known stick and leaf insects. It includes photographs of all species, notes on their ecology and biology as well as identification keys suitable for novices or professionals.
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Bainczyk, Magdalena, and Agnieszka Kubiak-Cyrul, eds. State's Responsibility for International Crimes. Reflections upon the Rosenburg Exhibition. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/9783515129848.
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Although more than 75 years have elapsed since the end of the Second World War, the magnitude of crimes and their long-term effects, caused also by lawyers e.g. in German special courts, make the subject of liability of the state in the context of the Second World War ever topical and valid. Historia magistra vitae est, and the process of learning from history should in this case cover not only the years 1933–1945, but also the entire post-war period. Justice was neither restored nor meted out. One of the reasons for the lack of administration of justice was West Germany's conscious policy of personal continuity after the Second World War. The latter was the topic of the Rosenburg Exhibition – the Federal Ministry of Justice of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Shadow of National Socialist Past. The texts grew out of the context of the exhibition and show the far-reaching consequences of War and Nazi crimes in international relations of a legal nature.
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Alexander, Peter D. G., and Malachy O. Columb. Presentation and handling of data, descriptive and inferential statistics. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0028.
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The need for any doctor to comprehend, assimilate, analyse, and form an opinion on data cannot be overestimated. This chapter examines the presentation and handling of such data and its subsequent statistical analysis. It covers the organization and description of data, measures of central tendency such as mean, median, and mode, measures of dispersion (standard deviation), and the problems of missing data. Theoretical distributions, such as the Gaussian distribution, are examined and the possibility of data transformation discussed. Inferential statistics are used as a means of comparing groups, and the rationale and use of parametric and non-parametric tests and confidence intervals is outlined. The analysis of categorical variables using the chi-squared test and assessing the value of diagnostic tests using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and a likelihood ratio are discussed. Measures of association are covered, namely linear regression, as is time-to-event analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method. Finally, the chapter discusses the statistical analysis used when comparing clinical measurements—the Bland and Altman method. Illustrative examples, relevant to the practice of anaesthesia, are used throughout and it is hoped that this will provide the reader with an outline of the methodologies employed and encourage further reading where necessary.
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Cheney, Phil, and Andrew Sullivan. Grassfires. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643096493.
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Grassfires: Fuel, Weather and Fire Behaviour presents information from CSIRO on the behaviour and spread of fires in grasslands. This second edition follows over 10 years of research aimed at improving the understanding of the fundamental processes involved in the behaviour of grassfires.
The book covers all aspects of fire behaviour and spread in the major types of grasses in Australia. It examines the factors that affect fire behaviour in continuous grassy fuels; fire in spinifex fuels; the effect of weather and topography on fire spread; wildfire suppression strategies; and how to reconstruct grassfire spread after the fact. The three meters designed by CSIRO for the prediction of fire danger and rate of spread of grassfires are explained and their use and limitations discussed.
This new edition expands the discussion of historical fires including Aboriginal burning practices, the chemistry of combustion, and the structure of turbulent diffusion flames. It also examines fire safety, including the difficulty of predicting wind strength and direction and the impact of threshold wind speed on safe fire suppression. Myths and fallacies about fire behaviour are explained in relation to their impact on personal safety and survival.
Grassfires will be a valuable reference for rural fire brigade members, landholders, fire authorities, researchers and those studying landscape and ecological processes.
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Jones, Howard, and Martin H. Jones. The Oxford Guide to Middle High German. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199654611.001.0001.
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The Oxford Guide to Middle High German is the most comprehensive self-contained treatment of Middle High German available in English. It covers the language, literature, history, and culture of German in the period 1050–1350 and is designed for entry-level readers, advanced study, teaching, and reference. The book includes a large sample of texts, not only from Classical works such as Erec, the Nibelungenlied, Parzival, and Tristan, but also from mystical writing, chronicles, and legal documents; the selection represents all major dialects and the full time span of the period. Chapter 1 (‘Introduction’) defines Middle High German linguistically, geographically, and chronologically. In Chapter 2 (‘Grammar and Lexis’) each section begins with a summary of the main points; together, these form a stand-alone introductory grammar, and they are followed by detailed paragraphs for in-depth study and reference. Chapter 3 (‘Versification’) deals with metre, rhyme, lines of verse in context, and verse forms, and includes practical tips for scansion. Chapter 4 (‘Historical, Cultural, and Literary Background’) offers an account of the political and social structures of medieval Germany and a survey of the principal types of texts that originated in the period. Chapter 5 (‘Selection of Annotated Texts’) comprises over forty texts, each placed in context and provided with explanatory footnotes; the first two texts, to be taken together with the introductory grammar, are aimed at newcomers. A glossary provides full coverage of the vocabulary appearing in the texts and throughout the book.
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Kottmann, Nora, and Cornelia Reiher, eds. Studying Japan. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845292878.
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Studying Japan is the first comprehensive guide on qualitative methods, research designs and fieldwork in social science research on Japan. More than 70 Japan scholars from around the world provide an easy-to-read overview on qualitative methods used in research on Japan’s society, politics, culture and history. The book covers the entire research process from the outset to the completion of a thesis, a paper, or a book. The authors provide basic introductions to individual methods, discuss their experiences when applying these methods and highlight current trends in research on Japan. The book serves as a foundation for a course on qualitative research methods and is, but can also be used as a reference for all researchers in Japanese Studies, the Social Sciences and Area Studies. It is an essential reading for students and researchers with an interest in Japan! With contributions by: Chapter: Celeste L. Arrington, David Chiavacci, Andreas Eder-Ramsauer, James Farrer, Roger Goodman, Carola Hommerich, Nora Kottmann, Gracia Liu-Farrer, Levi McLaughlin, Chris McMorran, Caitlin Meagher, Kaori Okano, Theresia B. Peucker, Cornelia Reiher, Katja Schmidtpott, Christian Tagsold, Katrin Ullmann, Gabriele Vogt, Cosima Wagner, Akiko Yoshida and Urs Matthias Zachmann. Essays: Shinichi Aizawa, Noor Albazerbashi, Daniel P. Aldrich, Allison Alexy, Verena Blechinger-Talcott, Christoph Brumann, Genaro Castro-Vázquez, David Chiavacci, Jamie Coates, Emma E. Cook, Laura Dales, James Farrer, Flavia Fulco, Isaac Gagné, Nana Okura Gagné, Sonja Ganseforth, Sheldon Garon, Julia Gerster, Christopher Gerteis, Markus Heckel, Steffen Heinrich, Joy Hendry, Swee-Lin Ho, Barbara Holthus, Katharina Hülsmann, Jun Imai, Hanno Jentzsch, Aya H. Kimura, Emi Kinoshita, Susanne Klien, Gracia Liu-Farrer, Patricia L. Maclachlan, Wolfram Manzenreiter, Kenneth M. McElwain, Lynne Y. Nakano, Scott North, Robin O’Day, Robert J. Pekkanen, Saadia M. Pekkanen, Isabelle Prochaska-Meyer, Nancy Rosenberger, Richard J. Samuels, Annette Schad-Seifert, Katja Schmidtpott, Tino Schölz, Kai Schulze, Kay Shimizu, Karen Shire, David H. Slater, Celia Spoden, Brigitte Steger, Nicolas Sternsdorff-Cisterna, Christian Tagsold, Akiko Takeyama, Daisuke Watanabe, Daniel White, Anna Wiemann and Tomiko Yamaguchi. Foreword: Ilse Lenz and Franz Waldenberger.
Book chapters on the topic "Cover meter"
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Andruschenko, V. A., A. A. Bondarenko, V. N. Nikitenko, and V. V. Meleshko. "Mechanical Characteristics Determination of Materials and Covers by Means of Micro- and Nano- Stm-Hardness Meter With Semi-Conductor Diamond Pyramids." In Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 617–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_306.
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Kovachy, Tim, Alex Sugarbaker, Remy Notermans, Peter Asenbaum, Chris Overstreet, Jason M. Hogan, and Mark A. Kasevich. "Macroscopic scale atom interferometers: introduction, techniques, and applications." In Current Trends in Atomic Physics, 221–91. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837190.003.0006.
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This chapter introduces the fundamental principles and some of the applications of light-pulse atom interferometry. It includes tutorials on various atom optics techniques and on interferometer phase shift calculations. Recent advances in large momentum transfer atom optics and in the generation and manipulation of ultra-low-velocity-spread atom clouds have enabled atom interferometers that cover macroscopic scales in space (tens of centimeters) and in time (multiple seconds), dramatically improving interferometer sensitivity in a wide range of applications. This chapter reviews these advances and recent experiments performed with macroscopic scale atom interferometers in the 10-meter-tall atomic fountain at Stanford.
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Crist, Stephen A. "Time and Brubeck Time." In Dave Brubeck's Time Out, 1–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190217716.003.0001.
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This chapter sketches some of the most important factors that led to the formation of the Dave Brubeck Quartet and its rise to fame in the 1950s. Brubeck’s interest in polyrhythms is traced back to his formative years in the 1930s and 1940s, including his work with two predecessors of the Quartet, the Dave Brubeck Octet and the Dave Brubeck Trio. After its formation in 1951, the Dave Brubeck Quartet achieved popular acclaim and signed a multiyear contract with Columbia Records in 1954. Shortly thereafter, Brubeck appeared on the cover of Time magazine. Around the same time, he recorded his first studio album for Columbia, Brubeck Time, whose title was purely a promotional tactic. The experimental meter signatures of Time Out were still five years in the future.
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Nepstad, Daniel, and Paulo R. S. Moutinho. "The Recovery of Biomass, Nutrient Stocks, and Deep-Soil Functions in Secondary Forests." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0012.
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Secondary forests cover approximately one third of the 0.5 million km2 of the Brazilian Amazon that have been cleared for agriculture (Houghton et al. 2000, Fearnside and Guimarães 1996). These forests counteract many of the deleterious impacts of forest conversion to agriculture and cattle pasture. They absorb carbon from the atmosphere, they reestablish hydrological functions performed by mature forests, and they reduce the flammability of agricultural landscapes. Secondary forests transfer nutrients from the soil to living biomass, thereby reducing the potential losses of nutrients from the land through leaching and erosion. They also allow the expansion of native plant and animal populations from mature forest remnants back into agricultural landscapes. The study of forest recovery has focused on aboveground processes, primarily biomass accumulation. The few studies that have examined the recovery of belowground functions in Amazon secondary forests have been restricted to the upper meter or less of soil (e.g. Buschbacher et al. 1988). A review of our knowledge of secondary forest recovery is needed that incorporates accumulating evidence that approximately half of the region’s forests rely upon root systems extending to depths of several meters to maintain evapotranspiration during prolonged seasonal drought (Nepstad et al. 1994, Jipp et al. 1998, Nepstad et al. 1999a, Hodnett et al. 1997; see also Richter and Markewitz 1995). This discovery demands a conceptual shift in our approach to forest recovery on abandoned land. Are secondary forests capable of regrowing deep root systems, thereby recovering hydrologic functions and fire resistance of the mature forest? At what rate does this recovery take place? How does this ability to tap a large soil volume change our thinking about the role that nutrient shortages play in restricting secondary forest recovery? In this chapter, we begin to address these questions with the goal of furthering a mechanistic understanding of forest recovery on abandoned Amazonian lands. Our analysis focuses on three measures of secondary forest development: biomass accumulation, nutrient accumulation, and hydrological recovery. We choose biomass accumulation, because it is the best integrative measure of secondary forest development, it is the basis for estimates of carbon sequestration by secondary forests, and it is the most frequently measured secondary forest parameter.
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Maheswari M. and Gunasekharan S. "Smart Grid." In Cases on Green Energy and Sustainable Development, 324–49. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8559-6.ch012.
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The electric grid that has the tendency to communicate two-way and can sense various parameters in the transmission line is termed as smart grid. This chapter deals about the overview of smart grid evolution, characteristics, and operation. There are various benefits in smart grid like improvement in efficiency, adaptive, self-healing, and optimized than conventional grid. The smart grid composition is complex and defined based on standards adaption, technical components perspective, technical perspective, and conceptual reference model perspective. In the architecture of smart grid, the role of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) plays a vital role to sense, measure, record, and communicate the data from load centre to data centre. AMI consists of smart meter, communication network, data reception, and management system. This chapter also covers the IEEE and IEC standards defined for smart grid operation. It also envisages the barriers in the implementation of smart grids.
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Rashid, Mamoon, Ishrat Nazeer, Sachin Kumar Gupta, and Zeba Khanam. "Internet of Things." In Advances in Library and Information Science, 87–104. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4742-7.ch005.
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The internet of things (IoT) is a computing paradigm that has changed our daily livelihood and functioning. IoT focuses on the interconnection of all the sensor-based devices like smart meters, coffee machines, cell phones, etc., enabling these devices to exchange data with each other during human interactions. With easy connectivity among humans and devices, speed of data generation is getting multi-fold, increasing exponentially in volume, and is getting more complex in nature. In this chapter, the authors will outline the architecture of IoT for handling various issues and challenges in real-world problems and will cover various areas where usage of IoT is done in real applications. The authors believe that this chapter will act as a guide for researchers in IoT to create a technical revolution for future generations.
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Hasan, Mohammad, Rashid Saeed, and Aisha A. Hassan. "Femtocell Network Synchronization." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 180–98. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0092-8.ch010.
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Presently, femtocell technology is emerging for cellular wireless networks, which have rapidly engrossed the cellular industry. The main advantage of femtocell to the mobile operators is a reduction of cost and an improvement of the signal quality in indoor coverage, which is also considered a possible path to the Fixed–Mobile Convergence (FMC) goal. Femtocell extends network coverage and delivers high-quality mobile services inside residential and business buildings through broadband networks (i.e. ADSL). Femtocell Access Points (FAP) or Home Base Stations (HBS) are intended to serve small number of users (i.e. 4 users) and cover about 30-square meters, similar to existing WiFi access points. However, femtocell introduces new challenges to the telecom industries in terms of handoff between femto and microcells, interference management, localization, and synchronization. Among all of these challenges, synchronization is considered as the cornerstone for the femtocells to function properly. The problematic issue in femtocell synchronization is that all the data and control traffic travels through an IP broadband network. The IP broadband network is usually owned and managed by a third party and not by the mobile operator which can complicate the synchronization. Unsynchronized FAPs may cause harmful interference and wrong handover dictions. In this chapter, the authors investigate and overview the current femtocell synchronization techniques and make comparisons between them. Possible improvements and recommendations for each method have been identified. Future research areas and open issues are also discussed.
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Veech, Joseph A. "Types of Data and the General Framework of Analysis." In Habitat Ecology and Analysis, 83–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829287.003.0005.
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For most habitat analyses, researchers typically collect and examine environmental data from the landscape scale (a few square kilometers to hundreds of square kilometers) all the way down to the scale of a microhabitat (tens of square meters). At the larger spatial extents, the data may be GIS-based such as spatially referenced land cover data. At smaller spatial scales, the data may be collected (variables measured) in the field at the study sites. Data for a habitat analysis are often based on randomly located and spatially delineated sampling or survey plots. The environmental data compose a set of a few to tens of predictor variables that are used in statistical tests for a relationship with the response variable that is typically species presence–absence, abundance (counts of individuals), or activity level. Depending on the spatial scale of analysis, predictor variables could represent different environmental variables such as vegetation structure, soil properties, and other characteristics of the substrate. Climate and weather variables are environmental, but they are not considered to be characteristics of the habitat. The formal habitat analysis consists of testing for a statistical relationship between the response variable and one or more environmental predictor variables so as to identify those variables that truly are habitat characteristics. A study of the habitat of the brown-throated sloth in Costa Rica is used to further explain the type of data used in characterizing the habitat of a species.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Effective Water Use—Irrigation." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0010.
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Soils that are suitable for irrigation are deep soils that are permeable and have a high available water-holding capacity (usually containing much organic matter). Limitations for irrigation include presence of restrictive layers (pans), erodible soils, sloping land, susceptibility to stream overflow, salinity or alkalinity, stoniness, and hazard of soil blowing. The amount of plant-available water in a soil depends on rooting depth and soil texture. Coarse textured sands hold much less available water than finer textured clayey soils. Available water increases as the texture becomes finer up to a silt loam. Any soil texture finer than that results in no additional increase in available water. In shallow soils, the rooting depth is limited by the soil depth. In deep soils, root depth is determined by the kind of plants present: . . . Trees and large shrubs 48 inches depth Medium shrubs and vines 40 inches depth Small shrubs and ground cover 24 inches depth . . . A number of techniques can be used to determine when water should be applied to soil in which plants are growing. These techniques include observing the plants, especially for wilting; feeling the soil; using tensiometers or electrical resistance meters installed in the soil; and measuring temperatures of plant leaves. Wilting—When plants begin to lose water they droop and wilting results. If plants remain in this condition very long, they soon die. It is better to water plants before they become wilted. Any plant that is wilted will require some time to reestablish its water equilibrium, thereby slowing the growth of that plant. The amount of moisture in a soil can be roughly estimated by the “feel method”. The degree of moisture can be determined by rolling or squeezing the soil into a ball. The soil moisture condition can be divided into six categories from dry to very wet: . . . a. If a ball will not form → soil is too dry for plants. b. If the ball formed will not crumble when rubbed → soil is too wet for plants. . . .
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Ion, Sue. "Nuclear fission." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0008.
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This chapter will cover the nuclear fission option as a future energy supply, and will essentially address the question: can nuclear fission plug the gap until the potential of nuclear fusion is actually realized? (The potential for fusion is considered in detail chapter 7.) To put this question into context, let us first look at some of the key issues associated with nuclear fission, which currently supplies around one fifth of the UK’s electricity. Most large scale power stations produce electricity by generating steam, which is used to power a turbine. In a nuclear power station, the principle is the same, but instead of burning coal, oil, or gas to turn water into steam, the heat energy comes from a nuclear reactor. A reactor contains nuclear fuel, which remains in place for several months at a time, but over that time it generates a huge amount of energy. The fuel is usually made of uranium, often in the form of small pellets of uranium dioxide, a ceramic, stacked inside hollow metal tubes or fuel rods, which can be anything from a metre to four metres in length, depending on the reactor design. Each rod is about the diameter of a pencil, and the rods are assembled into carefully designed bundles, which in turn are fixed in place securely within the reactor. There are two isotopes (or different types) of uranium, and only one of these is a material which is ‘fissionable’—that is to say, if an atom of this uranium isotope is hit by a neutron, then it can split into two smaller atoms, giving off energy in the process and also emitting more neutrons. This, and other pathways, are illustrated in Fig. 6.1 (Source: CEA). Controlling the reaction, so that the energy from the fission of uranium atoms is given out slowly over a period of years, requires two aspects of the process to be carefully balanced. 1. First, there must be enough fissile atoms in the fuel so that—on average— each fission leads to exactly one other. Any fewer, and the reaction will die away.
Conference papers on the topic "Cover meter"
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Landmann, Tobias, C. Herty, S. Dech, M. Schmidt, Stefan Dech, M. Schmidt, and Paul Vlek. "Land cover change analysis within the GLOWA Volta basin in West Africa using 30-meter Landsat data snapshots." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4424058.
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Machwitz, Miriam, Tobias Landmann, Christopher Conrad, Anna Cord, and Stefan Dech. "Land Cover Analysis on Sub-Continental Scale: FAO LCCS Standard with 250 Meter MODIS Satellite Observations in West Africa." In IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4780024.
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Adam, Steve, and Mike Farrell. "High Resolution Satellite Imagery: From Spies to Pipeline Management." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-152.
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In the past, high resolution satellite imagery was the domain of national security organizations. However, this has recently changed with the launch of Space Imaging’s IKONOS satellite. Launched on September 24, 1999 it is the world’s first commercial high resolution satellite, collecting data at 1-meter black/white and 4-meter multi-spectral. 2000 has the scheduled launch of at least two more commercial high resolution satellites. If these satellites are successfully launched, a buyer will be able to acquire imagery every day of the year (barring cloud cover). As an added convenience, an image user no longer has to buy a massive swath of imagery. For example, IKONOS scenes as narrow as 5km (3 miles) can be purchased. This development has opened the door for corridor applications and has been thoroughly and successfully implemented by TransCanada Pipelines in mapping over 1500km of their mainline.
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STOW, DOUGLAS, DONGMEI CHEN, and LLOYD COULTER. "DETECTION OF PIXEL-LEVEL LAND-COVER CHANGES WITH MULTI-TEMPORAL IMAGERY: THEORY AND EXAMPLES WITH IMAGERY OF 1 METER AND 1 KILOMETER SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS." In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Multitemp 2001. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777249_0004.
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Corcoran, Joe, and Steve D’Ercole. "A New Development in Continuous Torque Monitoring Couplings." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/ptg-14455.
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Abstract The use of continuous torque monitoring couplings is quickly becoming an integral part of many predictive maintenance programs in the petrochemical and process industries. More and more operating facilities are using instrumented torque-measuring couplings in order to know how their critical equipment is performing so that the intervals between scheduled shutdowns can be chosen appropriately. This paper will cover a brief history of torquemeters; ie., the basic measuring types which are 1) strain gage types and 2) torsional deflection types. Discussed will be the theories of operation on how they work. Also discussed will be the advances and limitation of these types. Included will be the accuracies that can be obtained by each one and the features and limitation of each. In addition, covered will be a new advance in the mechanical torsional deflection, or phase shift type, which improves the overall design so that mass elastic properties of the coupling with the torque meter are more compatible with high speed turbomachinery.
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Waldhelm, Chris, and Jim Bertsch. "Certification of Gas Turbine Propulsion Units for High Speed Light Craft." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-354.
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The drive to produce lighter, faster vessels has been increasing the market interest in marine gas turbine propulsion systems. Classification Rules for propulsion systems in vessels require certification. Classification Rules cover many aspects of design philosophies. For new, high speed and light craft designs, gas turbine power is being optimized to economically blend higher vessel speeds, lower operating costs, and improved payloads. As part of this process, a concurrent design effort involving class societies is highly recommended to speed certification and increase the project’s experience pool. Classification Societies, as independent third parties, issue standards (rules) for safe design, construction, and operation of ships. Certification is used to document compliance with the standards or rules. The certification process is usually based on design reviews and witnessing of manufacturing and testing. Recently, a project at Solar Turbines Incorporated required a pair of 5 MW marine gas turbines propulsion units to be certified by Det Norske Veritas Classification AS. The gas turbines drive waterjets for a 45 meter, 332 passenger, 47 knot vessel designed and manufactured by FBM Marine Limited in the United Kingdom.
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Peeples, Johnston W. "Capacity Control in Refrigerated Systems." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35070.
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Powerful refrigeration methods are being deployed to cool electronic devices in test and in end-use application. Cooling capacity control is required to prevent over- or under-cooling. Various levels of control precision are also required. Test applications demand precise temperature control while many end-use applications will accommodate a less sophisticated approach. Important determinants of the method employed to control refrigeration capacity include target operating temperature, absolute and dynamic power dissipation of the device being cooled, control precision required, refrigeration system design and construction, as well as application-related details of the electronics assembly. A variety of capacity control methods are needed to cover the breadth of electronics cooling applications. Control free, or open loop systems meet the needs of some applications. Other systems employ thermal expansion (TX) and hot-gas by-pass valves to provide controlled cooling of very high power electronics cooling vapor compression systems. Modulation of condenser efficiency by varying fan speed provides a very simple but limited range of temperature control. A broad range of precise temperature control requires a combination of approaches to precisely meter refrigerant flow to the cold plate and, if needed, to apply parasitic heat. This paper overviews various vapor compression refrigeration control architectures as they apply to electronics cooling. Comparative cost and performance data are presented.
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Tatum, Paul, James Linford, Jeremy Grabowsky, Lonzell McKenzie, Paul Con Cline, and William Craft. "Multidisciplinary Topics in Senior Capstone Design Courses: Radio Astronomy." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13358.
Full textAbstract:
The exciting contributions to science and education made by radio astronomy over the last three decades would not have been possible without the development of radio telescopes of increasing sensitivity and power. The Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) is located near Brevard, North Carolina. It was built in 1962 and was a facility for tracking the spacecraft of the NASA Mercury and Gemini missions. In the late 1970's it was used by the National Security Agency for monitoring Soviet satellite activity and was decommissioned in 1992. It was later purchased by PARI and is now used for astronomical education and research as a not for profit organization. During the spring of 2005, Mr. Don Cline, President of PARI and William Craft, began discussing ways in which engineering students could both learn about radio astronomy and contribute to the development to the educational and research programs at PARI. Since North Carolina Agricultural and Technical (A&T) State University is one of the closest engineering colleges, they concluded that student design projects that focused on the enhancement of radio astronomy equipment would both help PARI and provide a challenging capstone design experience to engineering students. The A&T capstone program covers two semesters and six semester credits, and among an initial listing of potential design experiences, we selected four that would enhance the operation of the two 26-meter PARI radio-telescopes. These two twenty-six meter radio-telescopes are known as 26E (East) and 26W (West). Both radio telescopes have roughly the same size and construction. The photo schematic (Figure 1) is representative of each. Note the major (lower) axis is 13 meters from the ground, and the minor (upper) axis is 20 meters from the ground. Both are at right angles to each other and parallel to the ground plane when the dish is in the upright position. The top of the instrument cage is 37 meters high.
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van Gelder, Pieter H. A. J. M., Wilfred F. Molenaar, Mikhail V. Bolgov, and G. F. Krasnozhon. "Analysis of Icing Event Occurrences in the Northern Caspian Sea Based on Meteorological Satellite Data." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51560.
Full textAbstract:
This is a short descriptive paper. It is meant to familiarize the reader with some of the ice environment in the Caspian Sea and it presents data not fully used in western countries. The paper describes results of ice studies of the Northern part of the Caspian Sea based on the processing of space survey data. It is shown that medium-scale space surveys may be used to study icing events, but also river networks, and irrigated and unirrigated lands of the Northern Caspian Sea region. These studies are necessary for the optimal design of flood defences, offshore platforms and for other engineering purposes. Data from Meteor satellites is used to study the ice regime. The advantages of using meteo-satellite data to study the dynamics of ice cover and to identify various types of ice, are shown in comparison with aerial surveys.
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Tart, Rupert G., and John M. O. Hughes. "In-Situ Evaluation of Pipeline Bedding and Padding Spring Constants." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2088.
Full textAbstract:
Structural response analyses of pipelines using computer models, such as AutoPIPE, incorporate soil “springs” to model the restraint provided by pipeline bedding and padding. These “springs” are referred to as spring constants and are most frequently determined from a limited number of sources in the literature. In some cases representative soil properties are used with theoretical and empirical formulae such as those presented by Nyman (1984). This technique which is referred to herein as the ASCE technique has been used by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (Alyeska) engineers in their calculations of structural response of the buried pipeline along the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) (Hart et al, 1998). This paper describes a field study at a pipeline inspection dig in which spring constants were determined directly from a series of field tests to develop a better understanding of the pipeline restraint the bedding and padding is providing for the pipe. Four other papers which cover other aspects of the work performed at this site are also a part of this conference (Hart et al, 1998, Norton et al, 1998, Stevick et al, 1998, Tonkins et al, 1998). The field work included the drilling of multiple boreholes in which drive samples were taken at about 1 to 2 meter (3 to 5 foot) intervals. In each borehole, pressuremeter tests were also conducted at the same intervals as the drive samples. At two levels in the open pipe trench plate, load tests were conducted. Both nuclear and sand cone density tests were made at several levels in the pipe trench. Results of these tests were correlated to each other. Stress strain relationships were developed from the pressuremeter test and plate load test data which were used independently to develop spring constants. Spring constants were found to vary with the strain level in the soils and were correlated to the drive sample blow count data. Recommended methods for estimating spring constants are presented.
Reports on the topic "Cover meter"
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Ruiz, Pablo, Craig Perry, Alejando Garcia, Magali Guichardot, Michael Foguer, Joseph Ingram, Michelle Prats, Carlos Pulido, Robert Shamblin, and Kevin Whelan. The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project: Interim report—Northwest Coastal Everglades (Region 4), Everglades National Park (revised with costs). National Park Service, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279586.
Full textAbstract:
The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project is part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). It is a cooperative effort between the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the National Park Service’s (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program (VMI). The goal of this project is to produce a spatially and thematically accurate vegetation map of Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve prior to the completion of restoration efforts associated with CERP. This spatial product will serve as a record of baseline vegetation conditions for the purpose of: (1) documenting changes to the spatial extent, pattern, and proportion of plant communities within these two federally-managed units as they respond to hydrologic modifications resulting from the implementation of the CERP; and (2) providing vegetation and land-cover information to NPS park managers and scientists for use in park management, resource management, research, and monitoring. This mapping project covers an area of approximately 7,400 square kilometers (1.84 million acres [ac]) and consists of seven mapping regions: four regions in Everglades National Park, Regions 1–4, and three in Big Cypress National Preserve, Regions 5–7. The report focuses on the mapping effort associated with the Northwest Coastal Everglades (NWCE), Region 4 , in Everglades National Park. The NWCE encompasses a total area of 1,278 square kilometers (493.7 square miles [sq mi], or 315,955 ac) and is geographically located to the south of Big Cypress National Preserve, west of Shark River Slough (Region 1), and north of the Southwest Coastal Everglades (Region 3). Photo-interpretation was performed by superimposing a 50 × 50-meter (164 × 164-feet [ft] or 0.25 hectare [0.61 ac]) grid cell vector matrix over stereoscopic, 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) spatial resolution, color-infrared aerial imagery on a digital photogrammetric workstation. Photo-interpreters identified the dominant community in each cell by applying majority-rule algorithms, recognizing community-specific spectral signatures, and referencing an extensive ground-truth database. The dominant vegetation community within each grid cell was classified using a hierarchical classification system developed specifically for this project. Additionally, photo-interpreters categorized the absolute cover of cattail (Typha sp.) and any invasive species detected as either: Sparse (10–49%), Dominant (50–89%), or Monotypic (90–100%). A total of 178 thematic classes were used to map the NWCE. The most common vegetation classes are Mixed Mangrove Forest-Mixed and Transitional Bayhead Shrubland. These two communities accounted for about 10%, each, of the mapping area. Other notable classes include Short Sawgrass Marsh-Dense (8.1% of the map area), Mixed Graminoid Freshwater Marsh (4.7% of the map area), and Black Mangrove Forest (4.5% of the map area). The NWCE vegetation map has a thematic class accuracy of 88.4% with a lower 90th Percentile Confidence Interval of 84.5%.
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Orr, Kyla, Ali McKnight, Kathryn Logan, and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 7 final report engagement with inshore fisheries to promote and inform. Edited by Mark James. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23453.
Full textAbstract:
[Extract from Executive Summary] This report documents Work Package 7 of the Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data Systems (SIFIDS) Project, which was designed to facilitate engagement with the key stakeholders including; inshore fishers, their representative bodies, Regional Inshore Fisheries Groups, Marine Scotland including Policy, Compliance and Science. The SIFIDS Project focused on 12 metre and under inshore fisheries vessels, of which around 1,500 are registered in Scotland including those that work part-time or seasonally. The facilitation team was set various targets for engagement based on the requirements of other work packages. The success of the overall project was dependent to a significant extent on securing voluntary engagement and input from working fishers. Previous experience has shown that having a dedicated project facilitation team is an extremely effective model for establishing the necessary trust to encourage industry-participation in projects such as this. The WP7 facilitation team comprised three individuals who have significant marine and fisheries related experience and wide-ranging skills in communications and stakeholder engagement. They worked together flexibly on a part-time basis, ensuring staffing cover over extended hours where required to match fishers’ availability and geographical coverage over Scotland.
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Colorado National Monument: 2019 field season. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286650.
Full textAbstract:
Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The North-ern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed at Colorado National Monument during 2019. During monitoring conducted June 12–19, a total of 20 IEP species were detected on monitoring routes and transects. Of these, 12 were priority species that accounted for 791 separate IEP patches. IEPs were most prevalent along riparian areas. Yellow sweetclover (Melilotis officinale) and yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius) were the most commonly detected priority IEPs along monitoring routes, representing 73% of all priority patches. Patches of less than 40 m2 were typical of nearly all priority IEP species except yellow sweetclover. A patch management index (PMI) was created by combining patch size class and percent cover for each patch. In 2019, a large majority of priority IEP patches were assigned a PMI score of low (46%) or very low (50%), indicating small and/or sparse patches where control is generally still feasible. This is similar to the numbers for 2017, when 99% of patches scored low or very low in PMI. Seventy-eight percent of tree patches were classified as seedlings or saplings, which require less effort to control than mature trees. Cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum) was the most common IEP recorded in transects, found in 30–77% of transects across the different routes. It was the only species found in transects on all monitoring routes. When treated and untreated extra areas near the West Entrance were compared, the treated area had comparable or higher lev-els of IEPs than the untreated area. When segments of monitoring routes conducted between 2003 and 2019 were compared, results were mixed, due to the different species monitored in different time periods. But in general, the number of IEPs per 100 meters is increasing or remaining constant over time. There were notable increases in IEP patches per 100 meters on several routes in 2019: field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) along East Glade Park Road; Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) in Red Canyon; yellow salsify along East Glade Park Road, No Thoroughfare Canyon, No Thoroughfare Trail, and Red Canyon; and yellow sweetclover in No Thoroughfare Canyon and Red Canyon. Network staff will return to re-sample monitoring routes in 2021.