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1
Samaranayake, Lakshman, and Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin. "COVID-19 Vaccines and Dentistry." Dental Update 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.1.76.
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Transplant pioneer, Peter Medawar, once said that a virus is ‘simply a piece of bad news wrapped in protein’. One could opine then, that the new COVID-19 vaccines are ‘Bits of corona viral proteins in gift wrapping.’ For, most of the COVID-19 vaccines are based on the principle that pre-exposure of the vaccinee's host immune system to the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the first part of the viral anatomy that touches the vulnerable host cells, will elicit an effective antibody response to curb potential future infections. COVID-19 vaccines come in many sizes and shapes, and clearly, a return to normal, post-COVID dental practice entails protecting all members of the dental team with an appropriate vaccine, as and when available. We provide a thumbnail sketch of the COVID-19 vaccines currently in the offing, which we hope will be helpful for decision-making for choice of vaccine. The commentary ends with a discussion of the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on dentistry, in general.
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Park, Jang Hyun, and Heung Kyu Lee. "Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050524.
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The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune responses that block the spread of pathogens. However, a lack of understanding of mucosal immunity combined with the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in only intramuscular vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the history of vaccines, current progress in COVID-19 vaccine technology, and the status of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines. Future research should determine the most effective route for vaccine delivery based on the platform and determine the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of different delivery routes.
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Heena Bholaram Choudhary, Indra Hemaram Sirvi, Yash Rajendra Bamb, Priyanka Rajendra Bamb, and Rohan RajkumarPatekar. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Systematic review." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0118.
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World facing pandemic challenges of SARS-Co-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2). Tyrrell and Bynoe identified first strain of human corona virus in 1965. Infection was originated from Wuhan city of China on November 2019. Virus officially named as COVID-19 which causes respiratory tract infections in humans. Preliminary symptoms like chest pain with difficulty in breathing, reduced in systemic oxygen level, cough and fever. At present, the majority of the pharmaceutical companies were in race to developing antiviral drug and vaccines against COVID-19. Industries conducting the experiment and clinical trial of various vaccines to ensure effectiveness and safety on human. Several of them were documentation for patent, authorization of clinical trial and marketing. We provide an overview of Covid-19 history, types of vaccine and mechanism of actions, current future therapeutic drugs and patents. Relative with the mechanism of actions such as inactivated vaccine, vector vaccines, DNA and RNA based vaccine and antiviral drugs already entered in (Phase II and III) clinical trials. The systemic study specified brief summary of various vaccines. Current status of clinical trial, safety and effectiveness according to ICH guidelines. A major adverse interaction with their toxicity study. The information of approved which give opportunity for upcoming scientist to improve the quality, and minimize the adverse effects. Scientist may face challenges during the post marketing clinical trial. This pandemic has provided various scopes for researchers to develop vaccine and antiviral drugs.
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Islam, Shafiqul. "Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccine." Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 40, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v40i2.61799.
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With the onset of the novel coronavirus, scientists and medical professionals worked tirelessly to develop an effective clinically approved vaccine for the same. Initially what seemed impossible is now a reality and not only have experts manufactured COVID vaccines in such a short span of time, but they have also developed different types and versions of it too. Equitable access to safe and effective vaccines is critical to ending the COVID- 19 pandemic, so it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving and going into development. WHO is working tirelessly with partners to develop, manufacture and deploy safe and effective vaccines. Safe and effective vaccines are a game-changing tool. Being vaccinated does not mean that we can throw caution to the wind and put ourselves and others at risk, particularly because research is still ongoing into how much vaccines protect not only against disease but also against infection and transmission. But it’s not vaccines that will stop the pandemic, rather it’s vaccination with proper efficacy. Out of more than 100 research articles on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 41 articles were included in the present study. As of 1 May 2021, there have been 152 661 445 Covid-19 cases with 3 202 256 deaths globally. This pandemic led to the race to discover a safe and effective vaccine to achieve herd immunity and curtail the damaging effects of Covid-19. This study aims to discuss the most recent WHO-approved Covid-19 vaccine subtypes, their trials, doses and efficacy. As of 16 May 2021, the number of countries that have approved the use of the following vaccines is Pfizer in 85, Moderna in 46, Oxford/AstraZeneca in 101, and Janssen in 41. JOPSOM 2021; 40(2):65-72
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Loo, Ke-Yan, Vengadesh Letchumanan, Hooi-Leng Ser, Siew Li Teoh, Jodi Woan-Fei Law, Loh Teng-Hern Tan, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, Kok-Gan Chan, and Learn-Han Lee. "COVID-19: Insights into Potential Vaccines." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030605.
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People around the world ushered in the new year 2021 with a fear of COVID-19, as family members have lost their loved ones to the disease. Millions of people have been infected, and the livelihood of many has been jeopardized due to the pandemic. Pharmaceutical companies are racing against time to develop an effective vaccine to protect against COVID-19. Researchers have developed various types of candidate vaccines with the release of the genetic sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in January. These include inactivated viral vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and recombinant viral vector vaccines. To date, several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use and they have been administered in countries across the globe. Meanwhile, there are also vaccine candidates in Phase III clinical trials awaiting results and approval from authorities. These candidates have shown positive results in the previous stages of the trials, whereby they could induce an immune response with minimal side effects in the participants. This review aims to discuss the different vaccine platforms and the clinical trials of the candidate vaccines.
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Jacob-Dolan, Catherine, and Dan H. Barouch. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Adenoviral Vectors." Annual Review of Medicine 73, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-012621-102252.
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The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the unprecedented pace of development of multiple vaccines. This review evaluates how adenovirus (Ad) vector platforms have been leveraged in response to this pandemic. Ad vectors have been used in the past for vaccines against other viruses, most notably HIV and Ebola, but they never have been produced, distributed, or administered to humans at such a large scale. Several different serotypes of Ads encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike have been tested and found to be efficacious against COVID-19. As vaccine rollouts continue and the number of people receiving these vaccines increases, we will continue to learn about this vaccine platform for COVID-19 prevention and control.
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Jacob-Dolan, Catherine, and Dan H. Barouch. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Adenoviral Vectors." Annual Review of Medicine 73, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-012621-102252.
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The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the unprecedented pace of development of multiple vaccines. This review evaluates how adenovirus (Ad) vector platforms have been leveraged in response to this pandemic. Ad vectors have been used in the past for vaccines against other viruses, most notably HIV and Ebola, but they never have been produced, distributed, or administered to humans at such a large scale. Several different serotypes of Ads encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike have been tested and found to be efficacious against COVID-19. As vaccine rollouts continue and the number of people receiving these vaccines increases, we will continue to learn about this vaccine platform for COVID-19 prevention and control.
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Bahouq, Hanane, Madiha Bahouq, Abdelmajid Soulaymani, and Rachida Soulaymani-Bencheikh. "Pharmacovigilance in Covid-19 vaccines." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901012.
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The ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), originated from Wuhan, China, has caused universal challenging and threatening with considerable health impact and economic losses. Therefore, vaccination, as preventive and protective medical countermeasure, remains an excellent issue for reducing morbidity and mortality of this emerging infectious disease. As of April 2021 and by Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) process, 16 vaccines were authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use: two Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) vaccines (Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna), seven conventional inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV manufactured by Siinopharm, CoronaVac, Covaxin, WIBP-CorV, CoviVac, Minhai-Kangtai and QazVac), five viral vector vaccines (Sputnik Light, Sputnik V, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Convidecia, and Johnson & Johnson) and two protein subunit vaccines (EpiVacCorona and RBD-Dimer). As other countries, Morocco has established an anti-COVID-19 vaccine strategy in order to effectively contribute to the monitoring of vaccine safety supported by the national platform health vigilance and regulated by the National Anti-Poison and Pharmacovigilance Center (CAPM). In this review, we recorded the main current developed COVID-19 vaccines and discussed pharmacovigilance strategies and tools related safety and tolerability of those therapies. In parallel, a review of the Moroccan experience in this field is also conducted.
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De Moraes Silva, Melissa Andreia, Mateus Alves Borges Cristino, and Ricardo Jayme Procópio. "Thrombosis and COVID-19 vaccines." REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE 11, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21876/rcshci.v11i2.1165.
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Vaccines against COVID-19 from Moderna Biotech Spain, SL (COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna – mRNA technology), AstraZeneca (Oxford/Astrazeneca Vaccine - ChAdOx1 - adenovirus vector technology) and Janssen-Cilag International NV (COVID-19 Vaccine) Janssen - Ad.26.COV2.S - adenovirus vector technology) used in Europe, the United States and Brazil has presented severe thrombotic adverse reactions. The recorded thrombosis occurred in unusual sites, such as the sagittal venous sinus.
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Andrade, Sérgio Araújo, Patrícia Alves da Costa Andrade, Daniel Vaz Andrade, Regina Consolação dos Santos, Fernando de Pilla Varotti, and Bashir Abdulgader Lwaleed. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Bioethical Consideration." Persona y Bioética 25, no. 2 (March 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2021.25.2.7.
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The COVID-19 pandemic produced immeasurable impacts on the economy, education, and socialization, besides the loss of millions of lives. Thus, there has been an accelerated development of an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates to control the pandemic. The World Health Organization’s emergency use authorization of COVID-19 vaccines still in clinical trial allowed immunizing the population. This paper presents a perspective of the bioethical precepts of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of surveillance at all stages of vaccine development to detect adverse effects and ensure compliance with bioethical precepts.
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Wang, Jiahao, Rize Jing, Xiaozhen Lai, Haijun Zhang, Yun Lyu, Maria Deloria Knoll, and Hai Fang. "Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030482.
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Background: Faced with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the development of COVID-19 vaccines has been progressing at an unprecedented rate. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in China and give suggestions for vaccination strategies and immunization programs accordingly. Methods: In March 2020, an anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted online among Chinese adults. The questionnaire collected socio-demographic characteristics, risk perception, the impact of COVID-19, attitudes, acceptance and attribute preferences of vaccines against COVID-19 during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the influencing factors of vaccination acceptance. Results: Of the 2058 participants surveyed, 1879 (91.3%) stated that they would accept COVID-19 vaccination after the vaccine becomes available, among whom 980 (52.2%) wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible, while others (47.8%) would delay the vaccination until the vaccine’s safety was confirmed. Participants preferred a routine immunization schedule (49.4%) to emergency vaccination (9.0%) or either of them (41.6%). Logistic regression showed that being male, being married, perceiving a high risk of infection, being vaccinated against influenza in the past season, believing in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination or valuing doctor’s recommendations could increase the probability of accepting COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible, while having confirmed or suspected cases in local areas, valuing vaccination convenience or vaccine price in decision-making could hinder participants from immediate vaccination. Conclusion: During the pandemic period, a strong demand for and high acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination has been shown among the Chinese population, while concerns about vaccine safety may hinder the promotion of vaccine uptake. To expand vaccination coverage, immunization programs should be designed to remove barriers in terms of vaccine price and vaccination convenience, and health education and communication from authoritative sources are important ways to alleviate public concerns about vaccine safety.
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Fleming, Thomas R., Martha Nason, Philip R. Krause, Ira M. Longini, and Ana-Maria Henao-Restrepo. "COVID-19 vaccine trials: The potential for “hybrid” analyses." Clinical Trials 18, no. 4 (May 27, 2021): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17407745211018613.
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Background: Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been found to be effective in rigorous evaluation and have emerging availability in parts of the world, their supply will be inadequate to meet international needs for a considerable period of time. There also will be continued interest in vaccines that are more effective or have improved scalability to facilitate mass vaccination campaigns. Ongoing clinical testing of new vaccines also will be needed as variant strains continue to emerge that may elude some aspects of immunity induced by current vaccines. Randomized clinical trials meaningfully enhance the efficiency and reliability of such clinical testing. In clinical settings with limited or no access to known effective vaccines, placebo-controlled randomized trials of new vaccines remain a preferred approach to maximize the reliability, efficiency and interpretability of results. When emerging availability of licensed vaccines makes it no longer possible to use a placebo control, randomized active comparator non-inferiority trials may enable reliable insights. Methods: In this article, “hybrid” methods are proposed to address settings where, during the conduct of a placebo-controlled trial, a judgment is made to replace the placebo arm by a licensed COVID-19 vaccine due to emerging availability of effective vaccines in regions participating in that trial. These hybrid methods are based on proposed statistics that aggregate evidence to formally test as well as to estimate the efficacy of the experimental vaccine, by combining placebo-controlled data during the first period of trial conduct with active-controlled data during the second period. Results: Application of the proposed methods is illustrated in two important scenarios where the active control vaccine would become available in regions engaging in the experimental vaccine’s placebo-controlled trial: in the first, the active comparator’s vaccine efficacy would have been established to be 50%–70% for the 4- to 6-month duration of follow-up of its placebo-controlled trial; in the second, the active comparator’s vaccine efficacy would have been established to be 90%–95% during that duration. These two scenarios approximate what has been seen with adenovirus vaccines or mRNA vaccines, respectively, assuming the early estimates of vaccine efficacy for those vaccines would hold over longer-term follow-up. Conclusion: The proposed hybrid methods could readily play an important role in the near future in the design, conduct and analysis of randomized clinical trials performed to address the need for multiple additional vaccines reliably established to be safe and have worthwhile efficacy in reducing the risk of symptomatic disease from SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Gordon, Charlotte, Debbie Porteous, and John Unsworth. "COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine administration." British Journal of Nursing 30, no. 6 (March 25, 2021): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.6.344.
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This article provides an overview of current COVID-19 vaccines available within the UK, including their mode of action, storage and handling. It outlines the recommendations on priority groups for vaccination and provides insight into the training recommendations for vaccinators.
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Samaranayake, Lakshman, Jeffrey Wen Wei Chang, and Chamila Panduwawala. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Vagaries and Vacillations." Dental Update 48, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.4.323.
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All healthcare workers, including dental professionals are foot soldiers in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, in the USA, dental practitioners and dental students are now recruited to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to the general population to expedite vaccine uptake, and rapidly suppress the pandemic. There are many unknowns in the evolving COVID-19 vaccine story, although we now see the true situation in a better light, with the rapid emergence of data from numerous countries, including UK, where the vaccine has currently been administered to millions. The situation is further compounded by the reported vagaries of the increasing number of brand-name vaccines, manufactured on both the new and old vaccine platforms, the purported or real, vaccine adverse effects, the emergence of possible vaccine-resistant viral variants, and the resultant low vaccine uptake due to vacillating public opinion. In this COVID-19 Commentary, we provide an update on the efficacy of the vaccines and the prevalence of adverse effects, as well as a summary of useful information for dental care workers on vaccine protocols appertaining to special situations, as promulgated both by the UK Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, and the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
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Samaranayake, Lakshman ., Jeffrey Wen Wei Chang, and Chamila Panduwawala. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Vagaries and Vacillations." JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY DENTAL RESEARCH 8, no. 1 (July 8, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.38138/jmdr/v8i1.22.ia.
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All healthcare workers, including dental professionals are foot soldiers in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, in the USA, dental practitioners and dental students are now recruited to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to the general population to expedite vaccine uptake, and rapidly suppress the pandemic. There are many unknowns in the evolving COVID-19 vaccine story, although we now see the true situation in a better light, with the rapid emergence of data from numerous countries, including UK, where the vaccine has currently been administered to millions. The situation is further compounded by the reported vagaries of the increasing number of brand-name vaccines, manufactured on both the new and old vaccine platforms, the purported or real, vaccine adverse effects, the emergence of possible vaccine-resistant viral variants, and the resultant low vaccine uptake due to vacillating public opinion. In this COVID-19 Commentary, we provide an update on the efficacy of the vaccines and the prevalence of adverse effects, as well as a summary of useful information for dental care workers on vaccine protocols appertaining to special situations, as promulgated both by the UK Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, and the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
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Turbhekar, Karan, and Aditya Srivastava. "Covid-19 Vaccination in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41350.
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Abstract: Since 16 January 2021, India has administered more than 1.24 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines. As of 30 November 2021, India has administered more than 1.3 billion doses overall, including the first and second doses of currentlyapproved vaccines. Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (manufactured under license by Serum Institute of India under the trade name Covishield) and Covaxin (developed locally by Bharat Biotech) were initially approved by India. Keywords: Covid-19 Vaccine, Covishield, Covaxin
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Mielniczek, Katarzyna. "Safety and Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.039.
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Introduction: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The types of COVID-19 vaccines have been distinguished, ie vector viral vaccines, mRNA, subunit vaccines. These include traditional approaches - inactivated, live-attenuated and protein / adjuvant-based, as well as novel, as yet unlicensed - viral vectors and nucleic acids. There are scientific publications showing the safety and possible side effects of vaccines from various companies.
Purpose of the work : Analysis of the safety of COVID-19 vaccines on the basis of scientific publications published on the PubMed scientific platform. Publications have been published in the last 12 months. The safety and adverse effects of vaccines were assessed in the course of clinical trials.
Results: Among the main side effects so far were mild / moderate pain at the injection site, redness, hives and rash. Allergic reactions to vaccines are - apart from pronounced local reactions (> 10 cm) at the injection site - very rare and are usually caused by the vaccine's allergy to the components of the vaccine. In addition, there may be swelling or tenderness of the lymph nodes in the armpit, headache, pain in the muscles and joints, nausea and vomiting.
Conclusions: Regardless of the concern, these vaccines are characterized by similar mild, systemic side effects, which indicates the similarity in the safety of these vaccines. Severe adverse reactions occur in extreme cases. More patients only experienced side effects after the second dose.
Keywords: vaccines; coronavirus; COVID-19; safety of COVID-19 vaccines; side effects
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Jalal Al-Mosawi, Aamir. "Covid-19 vaccines: An educational, CME review." Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences 1, no. 1 (August 5, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2833-0951/002.
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Before Covid-19 global pandemic, vaccines were developed within few years, and there have been no vaccine available for preventing corona virus infections in humans. Research aiming at developing vaccines against Coronaviridae viruses family that infect humans and cause disease including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were conducted only in non-human animals. Therefore, there have been no approved vaccines against these earlier severe corona human infections. However, during, February 2021, eleven vaccines have been approved by at least one national regulatory authority for public use. The aim of this book is to provide an updated overview of covid-19 vaccines research.
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De Michele, Manuela, Joshua Kahan, Irene Berto, Oscar G. Schiavo, Marta Iacobucci, Danilo Toni, and Alexander E. Merkler. "Cerebrovascular Complications of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccination." Circulation Research 130, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.122.319954.
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The risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease complicating infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively reported since the onset of the pandemic. The striking efforts of many scientists in cooperation with regulators and governments worldwide have rapidly brought the development of a large landscape of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The novel DNA and mRNA vaccines have offered great flexibility in terms of antigen production and led to an unprecedented rapidity in effective and safe vaccine production. However, as mass vaccination has progressed, rare but catastrophic cases of thrombosis have occurred in association with thrombocytopenia and antibodies against PF4 (platelet factor 4). This catastrophic syndrome has been named vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Rarely, ischemic stroke can be the symptom onset of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia or can complicate the course of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of stroke and cerebrovascular disease as a complication of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and outline the main clinical and radiological characteristics of cerebrovascular complications of vaccinations, with a focus on vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Based on the available data from the literature and from our experience, we propose a therapeutic protocol to manage this challenging condition. Finally, we highlight the overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination leading to thrombosis.
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Chua, Tzy Harn, and Angela Takano. "Pathological Findings in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Lymphadenopathy: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 6290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216290.
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COVID-19 vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy (C19-VAL) is increasingly encountered with the widespread use of the vaccine in controlling the outbreak. We aim to characterize the pathological findings of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy (NC19-VAL). A search for studies that reported pathological findings in vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy on PubMed and Google Scholar was performed on December 11, 2021. C19-VAL studies were pooled for analysis. These studies were split into clinical lymphadenopathy (CL) and subclinical lymphadenopathy detected on imaging (SLDI) for subgroup analysis. A total of 25 studies were related to COVID-19 vaccines, and 21 studies were included in the pooled analysis. The pooled analysis included 37 patients with a mean age of 47.8 ± 19.1 years old, and 62.2% were females. The mean duration from last vaccination to development of CL/SLDI was 14.5 ± 11.0 days. Most were diagnosed as reactive or negative for malignancy (28/37, 75.5%), followed by Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease (KFD) (3/37, 8.1%), florid lymphoid hyperplasia (2/37, 5.4%), and granulomatous inflammation (2/37, 5.4%). Metastases were reported in two patients with a history of malignancy (2/37, 5.4%). Cases with florid lymphoid hyperplasia and KFD were younger than those with reactive changes. A total of 14 studies were related to non-COVID-19 vaccines. Caseating granulomatous inflammation was reported in BCG vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy, while other vaccines were associated with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, florid post-vaccinal reactions, and KFD. Although most C19-VAL cases were reported as reactive or negative for malignancy, other diagnoses included florid lymphoid hyperplasia, KFD, and granulomatous inflammation. Metastases were reported in lymphadenopathy of patients with a history of malignancy, who had been incidentally vaccinated. In conclusion, C19-VAL can yield different histopathological diagnoses when sampled, most of which require clinical and radiological correlation for optimal patient management.
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Samaranayake, Lakshman. "Current COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology and dentistry." Dental Update 48, no. 10 (November 2, 2021): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.10.881.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine story is continuously unfolding. Since our previous COVID-19 commentaries, much new information has transpired on the subject, and here we revisit this topic, which has practical implications for all stakeholders in dentistry, as well as the public. This article, on current vaccine epidemiology, provides an account of why vaccines fail in general, and the particular concerns in relation to the new Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and related ‘variants of concern’. Issues related to vaccine failure are fundamentally dichotomous in nature, appertaining either to the vaccine strain (type) per se, and/or the numerous endogenous factors of the vaccine recipient/vaccinee. Societal factors such as vaccine hesitancy and its impact on herd immunity appear to overarch the long-term goal of total or partial global suppression of SARS-CoV-2, and its eventual endemicity. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To describe the reasons for the failure of currently administered COVID-19 vaccines, particularly in relation to the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 ‘variants of concern’, and discuss implications for clinical dental practice.
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Aydemir, Serkan, Hatice Rumeysa Selvi, Muhammet Rıdvan Dumlu, Seçil Arıca, and Funda Şimşek. "COVID-19 Vaccines." European Archives of Medical Research 37, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/eamr.galenos.2021.93695.
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Ndwandwe, Duduzile, and Charles S. Wiysonge. "COVID-19 vaccines." Current Opinion in Immunology 71 (August 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.003.
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Marineci, Cristina Daniela, Andrei Văleanu, Simona Negreş, and Cornel Chiriţă. "COVID-19 vaccines." Farmacist.ro 1, no. 198 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/farm.198.1.2021.4353.
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Young, Megan, Harry Crook, Janet Scott, and Paul Edison. "Covid-19: virology, variants, and vaccines." BMJ Medicine 1, no. 1 (March 2022): e000040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000040.
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As of 25 January 2022, over 349 million individuals have received a confirmed diagnosis of covid-19, with over 5.59 million confirmed deaths associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The covid-19 pandemic has prompted an extensive global effort to study the molecular evolution of the virus and develop vaccines to prevent its spread. Although rigorous determination of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains elusive, owing to the continuous evolution of the virus, steps have been made to understand its genome, structure, and emerging genetic mutations. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is composed of several open reading frames and structural proteins, including the spike protein, which is essential for entry into host cells. As of 25 January 2022, the World Health Organization has reported five variants of concern, two variants of interest, and three variants under monitoring. Additional sublineages have since been identified, and are being monitored. The mutations harboured in these variants confer an increased transmissibility, severity of disease, and escape from neutralising antibodies compared with the primary strain. The current vaccine strategy, including booster doses, provides protection from severe disease. As of 24 January 2022, 33 vaccines have been approved for use in 197 countries. In this review, we discuss the genetics, structure, and transmission methods of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, highlighting how mutations provide enhanced abilities to spread and inflict disease. This review also outlines the vaccines currently in use around the world, providing evidence for every vaccine's immunogenicity and effectiveness.
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Brazete, C., A. Aguiar, I. Furtado, and R. Duarte. "Thrombotic events and COVID-19 vaccines." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 25, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.21.0298.
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COVID-19 vaccines are considered promising agents in the control of the pandemic. Although their safety was assessed in randomised clinical trials, severe adverse events (AEs) have been reported after large-scale administration. This study aims to evaluate thromboembolic AEs reported after vaccination in a real-world context and how they led to the interruption of vaccination campaigns. We also review the benefits and risks of the vaccines approved in the European Union and provide recommendations. A review of the literature was performed using Medline/PubMed electronic database as well as institutional and pharmacovigilance official reports. Our findings show that vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia has been suggested as a very rare AE associated with viral vector vaccines. Unusual thrombotic events combined with moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia were reported mainly in women under 60 years of age. As safety signals emerged, Vaxzevria and Janssen´s COVID-19 vaccine campaigns have been paused while investigations proceed. On the other hand, the number of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism reports have not increased. Post-marketing surveillance indicated that mRNA vaccines are safe and should continue to be used. The thrombotic events report rate is not increased in people over 60 years. As they are at greater risk for COVID-19 complications and death, no vaccine restrictions are recommended in this group. Risk factors for vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia should be established so that evidence-based decisions can be made. Systematic monitoring of COVID-19 vaccine safety is essential to ensure that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks.
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Singh, Bijay. "Biomimetic nanovaccines for COVID-19." Applied Science and Technology Annals 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/asta.v1i1.30303.
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The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to global public health, calling for the development of safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics against infection of its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, there is no approved vaccines or medications exist to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2. In this emergency, more than 100 vaccines formulated using conventional approaches are being explored against SARS-CoV-2 across the world. The vaccines formulated using nanotechnology are also on the race of clinical trials. The aim of this article is to provide an insight into the ways of vaccine production by conventional and nanotechnology platforms and expand the understanding on the possibilities and limitations of these approaches for vaccine developments.
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Raczkiewicz, Przemysław, Bartłomiej Zaremba, Natalia Śmiech, Katarzyna Nowakowska, Martyna Lewkowicz, and Marcin Trojnar. "COVID 19 and vaccine safety." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/35062.
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Introduction. COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been recognised as pandemic by WHO since March 11, 2020. It has been estimated that the disease is responsible for the death of 3.11 million people worldwide. Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, vaccines are considered to be the safest form of protecting patients against COVID-19. The safety of each vaccine is vital to control the pandemic. Due to the fact that vaccines have been launched quite recently and their production technologies are different, the safety of each preparation should be looked into separately. Nucleic acids do not trigger such a strong immune response on their own as viral vectors and that is why mRNA vaccines seem to be the safest types of vaccines. In December 2020, after a year since detecting the first case of by SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, the first anti-COVID-19 vaccine became available.Objective. The purpose of this review was to present the literature data and the latest recommendations on risks related with COVID-19 vaccines.Method. The latest literature was reviewed based on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: COVID-19; vaccines; safetyConclusions. Anti-COVID-19 vaccines seem not to cause many adverse events and side effects such as fever, chills, muscle pain, headache and fatigue. These are not serious and subside after taking over-the-counter pain relievers. Currently, there are no information on safety and efficacy of vaccines in pregnant and breast-feeding women, international expert recommendations leave the decision about vaccination with a woman, who should previously consult the benefits and risks involved with her doctor.
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Octafia, Lula Asri. "Vaksin Covid-19: Perdebatan, Persepsi dan Pilihan." Emik 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46918/emik.v4i2.1134.
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The current Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security aspects as well as the welfare of the Indonesian people. Therefore, effective fast steps are needed to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19. One way to prevent transmission of this virus is through vaccination efforts. While the existing literature focuses more on State policies, public responses related to the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, as well as hoax news related to vaccines, the related literature on vaccines and the choice of vaccine if any is still very limited, this article fills that gap.
This qualitative research was carried out in Makassar, considering that Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities and many of its people has been vaccinated through Covid-19 vaccination programs. Data was collected using in-depth interview. Informants who participated in this study were people who had and had not carried out the Covid-19 vaccination. With a total of twenty-five people, they vary on the basis of age (between 18 and 29 years), sex (18 women and 7 men), and employment status (ten of them are students, employees, online shop owners, editors, musicians, painters, work odd jobs, and labor).
The results show that the emergence of the Covid-19 vaccine has become the subject of public debate, many agreed and not a few refused to be vaccinated. This debate is due to differences in perceptions regarding the definition of the Covid-19 vaccine and the benefits of the vaccine itself. In terms of what type of vacciness they are used, there are three types of vaccines that are popularly used by our participants in this study, namely Sinovac, Astra Zeneca, and Moderna. Apart from the debate about the level of efficacy of each vaccine, the choice of vaccine is related to the level of efficacy, side effects and availability of the vaccine itself. It is argued in this article that whatever the effect of a particular vaccine, as long as the side effect is balanced by its efficacy, then the effect is not an issue.
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Hajjo, Rima, Dima A. Sabbah, Sanaa K. Bardaweel, and Alexander Tropsha. "Shedding the Light on Post-Vaccine Myocarditis and Pericarditis in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101186.
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Myocarditis and pericarditis have been linked recently to COVID-19 vaccines without exploring the underlying mechanisms, or compared to cardiac adverse events post-non-COVID-19 vaccines. We introduce an informatics approach to study post-vaccine adverse events on the systems biology level to aid the prioritization of effective preventive measures and mechanism-based pharmacotherapy by integrating the analysis of adverse event reports from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) with systems biology methods. Our results indicated that post-vaccine myocarditis and pericarditis were associated most frequently with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines followed by live or live-attenuated non-COVID-19 vaccines such as smallpox and anthrax vaccines. The frequencies of cardiac adverse events were affected by vaccine, vaccine type, vaccine dose, sex, and age of the vaccinated individuals. Systems biology results suggested a central role of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) in the biological processes leading to cardiac adverse events, by impacting MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. We suggest that increasing the time interval between vaccine doses minimizes the risks of developing inflammatory adverse reactions. We also propose glucocorticoids as preferred treatments based on system biology evidence. Our informatics workflow provides an invaluable tool to study post-vaccine adverse events on the systems biology level to suggest effective mechanism-based pharmacotherapy and/or suitable preventive measures.
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Pascolo, Steve. "Vaccines against COVID-19: Priority to mRNA-Based Formulations." Cells 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102716.
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As of September 2021, twenty-one anti-COVID-19 vaccines have been approved in the world. Their utilization will expedite an end to the current pandemic. Besides the usual vaccine formats that include inactivated viruses (eight approved vaccines) and protein-based vaccines (four approved vaccines), three new formats have been validated: recombinant adenovirus (six approved vaccines), DNA (one approved vaccine), and messenger RNA (mRNA, two approved vaccines). The latter was the fastest (authorized in 2020 in the EU, the USA, and Switzerland). Most Western countries have reserved or use the protein vaccines, the adenovirus vaccines, and mRNA vaccines. I describe here the different vaccine formats in the context of COVID-19, detail the three formats that are chiefly reserved or used in Europe, Canada, and the USA, and discuss why the mRNA vaccines appear to be the superior format.
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Kang, Jiayi, Shiyuan Peng, Wenxiao Zhang, and Yue Zuo. "An overview of COVID-19 vaccine candidates." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203060.
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For the past two years, people worldwide were experiencing one of the most massive pandemics, the COVID-19. It is caused by a virus that is called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which mainly attacks the respiratory system. Since there is no previous experience treating the disease, the drug development process is extremely difficult. People in dire need of vaccines were urgently needed to restore their lives to normal. As time went by, medical staff and experts spent numerous amounts of time and effort studying this virus. Nowadays, as the vaccine technology of various countries was very mature, vaccines with various technological paths have entered the experimental stage one after another. Eventually, effective vaccines are finally ready for wild inoculation for everyone by collaborating with all medical researchers. Currently, there are four kinds of COVID-19 vaccines available in different countries. They are inactivated vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and recombinant vaccines. Most of these COVID-19 vaccines are in Phase 3 and provided in different countries. Those vaccines were manufactured in different countries, and their general production and technical characteristics will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The main purpose is trying to provide some fundamental and comprehensive background knowledge about currently available COVID-19 vaccines. It could be a reference list for those audiences who have not decided to take which vaccine.
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Tang, Jinyi, Cong Zeng, Thomas M. Cox, Chaofan Li, Young Min Son, In Su Cheon, Supriya Behl, et al. "Respiratory humoral and cellular immune responses following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 65.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.65.22.
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Abstract Vaccination is the key for controlling COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce robust and persistent humoral and cellular immunity in the circulation, but the vaccine-induced immune responses in the respiratory tract remain largely elusive. Here, we examined SARS-CoV-2 S-specific antibody, B and T cell immune responses in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood from unvaccinated, COVID-19 vaccinees or COVID-19 convalescents that recovered from prior moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that mRNA vaccination induced significant SARS-CoV-2 S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the blood but not in the BAL. Similarly, mRNA vaccination failed to provoke detectable SARS-CoV-2 S RBD-specific B cell responses in the BAL despite marked RBD-specific B cells were observed in the blood of COVID-19 vaccinees. In contrast, robust SARS-CoV-2 S-specific B and T cell responses were present in the BAL of COVID-19 convalescents. Furthermore, significant neutralizing antibody responses were only observed in the BAL from convalescents but not vaccinees, while both COVID-19 vaccinee and convalescent groups mounted marked neutralizing antibody responses in the blood. Thus, despite their induction of robust circulating humoral and cellular immunity, the current COVID-19 vaccines provoke relatively weak cellular and neutralizing antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract. Our results indicate that a mucosal booster vaccine may be needed to establish robust immunity in the respiratory mucosa, which could provide a strong first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 re-infection.
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Boretti, Alberto. "Quercetin Supplementation and COVID-19." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 9 (September 2021): 1934578X2110427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211042763.
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Quercetin is an antioxidant, detox, and anti-inflammatory agent, which may help lower inflammation as well as reduce toxic effects. It has been argued that vaccines have potential risks of local and systemic inflammatory responses and toxic effects of synthetic nucleosides and components for vaccine delivery. Administration of substances such as Quercetin may then mitigate these effects. It has similarly been argued that substances such as Quercetin may reduce the efficacy of vaccines, which works in building an immune response to produce antibodies. Under this other perspective, the assumption of Quercetin should be avoided when receiving vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information available to understand if Quercetin may mitigate the damage from novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, or also reduce their efficacy.
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Maor, Yasmin, and Shaked Caspi. "Attitudes towards influenza, and COVID-19 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic among a representative sample of the Jewish Israeli population." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0255495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255495.
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Background Vaccine hesitancy is increasing. We assessed attitudes toward influenza and COVID-19 vaccines and the relation between hesitancy to influenza vaccine and hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines. Methods A structured questionnaire administered during September 2020 to a representative sample of the Jewish Israeli population assessed attitudes and acceptance of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. Factors for vaccine hesitancy were determined using logistic regression. Questionnaires were administered prior to the release of clinical data regarding efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines and prior to vaccine rollout. Results We approached 10,625 people, of these 2,080 responded (19%), and 2,024 completed the questionnaire (97.3%), 64.9% aged 15–64 years and 35.1% aged ≥65 years. 37% had co-morbidities. 43.5% experienced financial deterioration due to the pandemic. 65.9% received influenza vaccine ≥1 time in the past. Influenza vaccination rates were higher in the elderly (81.8%). Reasons for influenza vaccine hesitancy were opinions that the vaccine is ineffective (27.1%), and fear of side effects (29.3%). 8.2% of people aged 16–64 and 13.8% of people aged≥65 refused to be vaccinated at least once over the course of one’s lifetime. Percent of responders willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine were higher than percent of responders willing to receive the influenza vaccine both in people aged 16–64 years (942 (72.3%) vs. 38.4%, respectively) and in people 65 years and older (84.0% vs. 76.8%, respectively). Hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccine was associated with hesitancy towards other vaccines. Only 26.8% would participate in a COVID-19 vaccine trial. Conclusions Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine was higher than willingness to receive influenza vaccine. The results point to areas of fear from influenza vaccines side effects and lack of knowledge regarding influenza vaccines effectiveness that can be addressed to increase acceptance. Hesitancy towards other vaccines was associated with hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination.
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Choi, Wongyeong, and Eunha Shim. "Vaccine Effects on Susceptibility and Symptomatology Can Change the Optimal Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccines: South Korea as an Example." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132813.
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The approved coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines reduce the risk of disease by 70–95%; however, their efficacy in preventing COVID-19 is unclear. Moreover, the limited vaccine supply raises questions on how they can be used effectively. To examine the optimal allocation of COVID-19 vaccines in South Korea, we constructed an age-structured mathematical model, calibrated using country-specific demographic and epidemiological data. The optimal control problem was formulated with the aim of finding time-dependent age-specific optimal vaccination strategies to minimize costs related to COVID-19 infections and vaccination, considering a limited vaccine supply and various vaccine effects on susceptibility and symptomatology. Our results suggest that “susceptibility-reducing” vaccines should be relatively evenly distributed among all age groups, resulting in more than 40% of eligible age groups being vaccinated. In contrast, “symptom-reducing” vaccines should be administered mainly to individuals aged 20–29 and ≥60 years. Thus, our study suggests that the vaccine profile should determine the optimal vaccination strategy. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding vaccine’s effects on susceptibility and symptomatology for effective public health interventions.
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Galanis, Petros, Irene Vraka, Aglaia Katsiroumpa, Olga Siskou, Olympia Konstantakopoulou, Eleftheria Zogaki, and Daphne Kaitelidou. "Psychosocial Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020269.
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An understanding of the factors associated with the COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnant women is paramount to persuade women to get vaccinated against COVID-19. We estimated the vaccination rate of pregnant women against COVID-19 and evaluated psychosocial factors associated with vaccine uptake among them. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. In particular, we investigated socio-demographic data of pregnant women (e.g., age, marital status, and educational level), COVID-19 related variables (e.g., previous COVID-19 diagnosis and worry about the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines), and stress due to COVID-19 (e.g., danger and contamination fears, fears about economic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19) as possible predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Among pregnant women, 58.6% had received a COVID-19 vaccine. The most important reasons that pregnant women were not vaccinated were doubts about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines (31.4%), fear that COVID-19 vaccines could be harmful to the fetus (29.4%), and fear of adverse side effects of COVID-19 vaccines (29.4%). Increased danger and contamination fears, increased fears about economic consequences, and higher levels of trust in COVID-19 vaccines were related with vaccine uptake. On the other hand, increased compulsive checking and reassurance seeking and increased worry about the adverse side effects of COVID-19 vaccines reduced the likelihood of pregnant women being vaccinated. An understanding of the psychosocial factors associated with increased COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnant women could be helpful for policy makers and healthcare professionals in their efforts to persuade women to get vaccinated against COVID-19. There is a need for targeted educational campaigns to increase knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines and reduce vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy.
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Abbas, Syed Waqar, Syeda Fatimah Zareen, Shazia Nisar, Aliya Farooq, Abdul Rasheed, and Muhammad Umer Saleem. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Community Myths Vs Facts." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 72, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72i2.6970.
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Objective: To determine the reasons for hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Feb to Jun 2021.
Methodology: After Ethical Committee approval, 100 respondents were recruited, regardless of vaccination status, and requested to respond to 27 different myths and queries circulating about COVID-19 vaccines.
Results: Mean age of participants was 36.25 ± 5.77 years, ranging from 15-80 years. Fifty-three were males and 47 females. 41% of subjects trusted the Sino-pharm vaccine, and 25% preferred Pfizer Bio N Tech, while 34% could not answer due to the lack of knowledge. 55% subjects showed concern about catching the infection from Vaccination. 54% considered vaccines unsafe for pregnant and breastfeeding women. 29% believed it unsafe for the elderly and those with comorbidities. 14% believed it could cause autism in children and infertility in adults. 62% individuals acknowledged that vaccines have no nano chips to track patients. 46% opined that vaccines were rushed through trials and had doubtful efficacy. 11% individuals thought vaccines could alter DNA, while most were aware of this false concept. 28% considered that vaccines were needless because recovery from COVID-19 was excellent, while 63% emphasised the need for Vaccination. 23% deemed the side effects of vaccines more dangerous than the disease itself. 85% individuals favoured use of mask and social distancing after getting the vaccine.
Conclusion: Strong efforts are needed to support the COVID-19 vaccine and to eliminate negative propaganda on media outlets.
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Mudenda, Steward. "COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and Hesitancy in Africa: Implications for Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 10 (October 2021): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1342.
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Background: Increased acceptance and uptake of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is very essential in containing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy is a threat to public health containment of infectious diseases. Aim: The main aim of this study was to review published articles regarding COVID-19 vaccine acceptability and hesitancy across all populations in Africa. Materials and methods: This was a narrative review. A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE using the keywords vaccine acceptability, vaccine hesitancy, COVID-19 vaccine, COVID-19 pandemic, H1N1 vaccine, swine flu, swine flu vaccine, Africa, and the Boolean word AND. The cited literature was published between March 2001 and June 2021. Results: The few studies were done in Africa so far are among healthcare workers and medical students. Acceptance of vaccination against COVID-19 in Africa ranged from 15.4% to 55.9%. This shows increased hesitancy to receive the COVID-19 vaccines in African countries. Many people were concerned about the potential adverse effects and ineffectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccines has contributed to the hesitancy reported from different studies. Moreover, sociodemographic characteristics were also predictors of the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusion: Low acceptability rates reported in Africa indicates increased hesitancy to vaccination against COVID-19. The low acceptance of vaccines in Africa can hinder the required 60-70% vaccinations to achieve herd immunity. Therefore, there is a need to develop strategies that will address hesitancy against the COVID-19 vaccines across countries and populations in Africa and the entire globe.
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Naji, Hassan. "Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccines." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.642.
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SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the recent outbreak of COVID-19. This outbreak has resulted in many infected individuals worldwide. The unavailability of a specific antiviral treatment caused many individuals to lose their lives due to COVID-19. The rising number of deaths and rapidly spreading infection demand the development of an effective vaccine against the virus. Many researchers and companies across the globe have started attempts to create effective vaccine that can provide quick and long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2. These vaccines employ different forms of constituents that ultimately stimulate the immune response to produce neutralizing antibodies in an individual. Among these vaccines are AZD1222, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273.
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Khattak, Saadullah, Muhammad Idrees, Hafiza Iqra Iqbal, Maqbool Khan, Nasir Assad, Muhammad Naeem Khan, Muhammad Tufail Yousaf, et al. "Assessment of Attitudes and Intentions towards COVID-19 Vaccines and Associated Factors among General Populations of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101583.
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Objective: The goal of public health in combatting COVID-19 is to increase herd immunity. However, vaccine reluctance makes attaining herd immunity a worldwide challenge. This investigation aimed to identify negative and positive attitudes and intentions about COVID-19 vaccinations. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted once free COVID-19 vaccines became available in Pakistan in 2021. 4392 Pakistanis aged 18 and older were surveyed from seven administrative units between 1 July and 30 August 2021. Online structured questionnaires were utilized to collect data using a simple sampling procedure. The questionnaires were divided into three major sections: sociodemographic, health factors, and attitudes toward COVID-19. Results: The survey link was shared with approximately 4500 participants. 97.6%(4392) completed the survey once begun. Frequency, percentage and Chi-square tests were used to analyze statistical data. Most of the participants in the research were men (2703 (61.54%)), 3277 (74.61%) were aged 18–29 years, and 1824 (41.53%) were residents of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. (18.69%) Respondents expressed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, whereas 36.66% of participants liked getting the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines and (35.84%) of participants preferred the Pfizer vaccine. A significant number of participants (38.05%) were concerned about the vaccine’s unexpected side effects Thus, it is essential to realize that many participants were concerned about the vaccine’s unexpected side effects. Conclusions: The overall high level of concern about the unforeseen side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as widespread vaccine hesitancy among Pakistani populations and its predictors, should be taken into account if public health intervention campaigns in Pakistan are changing negative attitudes and improving compliance with regard to COVID-19 vaccines.
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Rafaniello, Concetta, Mario Gaio, Alessia Zinzi, Maria Giuseppa Sullo, Valerio Liguori, Marialuisa Ferraro, Fiorella Petronzelli, et al. "Disentangling a Thorny Issue: Myocarditis and Pericarditis Post COVID-19 and Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050525.
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Considering the clinical significance for myocarditis and pericarditis after immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, the present pharmacovigilance study aimed to describe these events reported with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS). From 1990 to July 2021, the mRNA vaccines were the most common suspected vaccines related to suspected cases of myocarditis and/or pericarditis (myocarditis: N = 1,165; 64.0%; pericarditis: N = 743; 55.1%), followed by smallpox vaccines (myocarditis: N = 222; 12.2%; pericarditis: N = 200; 14.8%). We assessed all suspected cases through the case definition and classification of the Brighton Collaboration Group, and only definitive, probable, and possible cases were included in the analysis. Our findings suggested that myocarditis and pericarditis mostly involve young male, especially after the second dose with a brief time to onset. Nevertheless, this risk is lower (0.38/100,000 vaccinated people; 95% CI 0.36–0.40) than the risk of developing myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection (1000–4000 per 100,000 people) and the risk of developing “common” viral myocarditis (1–10 per 100,000 people/year). Comparing with the smallpox vaccine, for which is already well known the association with myocarditis and pericarditis, our analysis showed a lower probability of reporting myocarditis (ROR 0.12, 95% CI 0.10–0.14) and pericarditis (ROR 0.06, 95% CI 0.05–0.08) following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
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Rafaniello, Concetta, Mario Gaio, Alessia Zinzi, Maria Giuseppa Sullo, Valerio Liguori, Marialuisa Ferraro, Fiorella Petronzelli, et al. "Disentangling a Thorny Issue: Myocarditis and Pericarditis Post COVID-19 and Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050525.
Full textAbstract:
Considering the clinical significance for myocarditis and pericarditis after immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, the present pharmacovigilance study aimed to describe these events reported with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS). From 1990 to July 2021, the mRNA vaccines were the most common suspected vaccines related to suspected cases of myocarditis and/or pericarditis (myocarditis: N = 1,165; 64.0%; pericarditis: N = 743; 55.1%), followed by smallpox vaccines (myocarditis: N = 222; 12.2%; pericarditis: N = 200; 14.8%). We assessed all suspected cases through the case definition and classification of the Brighton Collaboration Group, and only definitive, probable, and possible cases were included in the analysis. Our findings suggested that myocarditis and pericarditis mostly involve young male, especially after the second dose with a brief time to onset. Nevertheless, this risk is lower (0.38/100,000 vaccinated people; 95% CI 0.36–0.40) than the risk of developing myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection (1000–4000 per 100,000 people) and the risk of developing “common” viral myocarditis (1–10 per 100,000 people/year). Comparing with the smallpox vaccine, for which is already well known the association with myocarditis and pericarditis, our analysis showed a lower probability of reporting myocarditis (ROR 0.12, 95% CI 0.10–0.14) and pericarditis (ROR 0.06, 95% CI 0.05–0.08) following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
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Junaidi, Katerine, Dewi Wahyu Fitrina, Fenty Anggrainy, and Deddy Herman. "Overview of COVID-19 Vaccine Development Strategy." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i3.473.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 20019 (COVID19) pandemic which first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Currently, a vaccine is urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccine candidates are under development and some are in the final stage of clinical trials. The COVID-19 vaccination aims to reduce morbidity and mortality rates, achieve herd immunity to prevent and protect the society, strengthen the health system, maintain productivity and minimize social and economic impacts. Before approval, vaccines have to undergo several clinical trials to ensure its safety profile, efficacy, duration of immune system resistance, and adverse effect. Various strategies have been used in the development of vaccines including viral vector vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, subunit protein¸and virus-like particle vaccine. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages.
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Shacham, Maayan, Lee Greenblatt-Kimron, Yaira Hamama-Raz, Leslie R. Martin, Oren Peleg, Menachem Ben-Ezra, and Eitan Mijiritsky. "Increased COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy and Health Awareness amid COVID-19 Vaccinations Programs in Israel." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073804.
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In January 2021, Israel started vaccinating healthcare workers (HCWs) and individuals older than 65 years with COVID-19 vaccines. Scientific literature points to vaccine hesitancy as being a major health concern. During time of pandemics, increased consciousness of health behaviors may be encountered. The current study aimed to assess attitudes to general vaccines and to COVID-19 vaccines in particular among adult (>18) Israeli general public, and among Israeli dentists and dental hygienists. Cross-sectional surveys were filled out by a total of 501 participants (361 Israeli adults >18 years, 73 dental hygienists, and 67 dentists). Along with basic demographics, participants responded to the Hebrew VAX, COVID-VAX and HCS scales. Group comparisons were analyzed using t tests and ANOVAs with Scheffe’s test used for post hoc comparisons. Dental hygienists demonstrated significantly higher anti-vaccinations approaches than both dentists (p < 0.01) and the general public (p < 0.05). In all groups, attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccines were more negative compared to attitudes towards general vaccines, with hygienists demonstrating significant negative attitudes compared to dentists (p < 0.05). The general public (p = 0.56) and hygienists demonstrated increased health awareness compared to dentists (p < 0.05). As health awareness has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic primary strategies to combat vaccine hesitancy should be implemented in the general public, and in particular, an dental teams.
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Gyeltshen, Dawa, Tashi Dema, Attaullah Ahmadi, and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno. "Bhutan’s COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts and the Evolution of COVID-19 Cases in the Aftermath." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 34, no. 1 (October 21, 2021): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10105395211052178.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is continuing to ravage countries across the world. It has displaced families and impacted economies around the world. Our fight against the pandemic is never ending, but COVID-19 vaccines offer unique promises and opportunities to win this war. As more and more vaccines are approved for use, many countries including Bhutan have started vaccinating their population against the SARS-CoV2 disease. Bhutan has fully vaccinated 61.5% of its people and 11.2% partially including children aged between 12 and 17 years. The country used many strategies to increase vaccine accessibility and availability such as government’s exhaustive efforts to secure enough vaccine doses, careful preparations, use of international partners, and integration of its tradition and culture for wider vaccine acceptance. The protection from vaccines coupled with other public health measures has helped keep the number of COVID-19 cases to a manageable number without straining its health system too much. The success story is a “beacon of hope for the region” as the world looks to rebuild itself from this long exhausting fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Haynes, Barton F., Lawrence Corey, Prabhavathi Fernandes, Peter B. Gilbert, Peter J. Hotez, Srinivas Rao, Michael R. Santos, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Michael Watson, and Ann Arvin. "Prospects for a safe COVID-19 vaccine." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 568 (October 19, 2020): eabe0948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abe0948.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid development of an efficacious vaccine against the viral pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is essential, but rigorous studies are required to determine the safety of candidate vaccines. Here, on behalf of the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) Working Group, we evaluate research on the potential risk of immune enhancement of disease by vaccines and viral infections, including coronavirus infections, together with emerging data about COVID-19 disease. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease has been rarely encountered with existing vaccines or viral infections. Although animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection may elucidate mechanisms of immune protection, we need observations of enhanced disease in people receiving candidate COVID-19 vaccines to understand the risk of immune enhancement of disease. Neither principles of immunity nor preclinical studies provide a basis for prioritizing among the COVID-19 vaccine candidates with respect to safety at this time. Rigorous clinical trial design and postlicensure surveillance should provide a reliable strategy to identify adverse events, including the potential for enhanced severity of COVID-19 disease, after vaccination.
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Wong, Li-Ping, Hai-Yen Lee, Haridah Alias, and Sazaly AbuBakar. "Malaysian Parents’ Willingness to Vaccinate Their Children against COVID-19 Infection and Their Perception of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111790.
Full textAbstract:
Little was known about Malaysian parental attitudes, beliefs, and intentions surrounding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines for children when the National COVID-19 Immunization Program for Children (PICKids) was launched in February 2021. A cross-sectional online survey-based study was carried out from 15 March 2022 to 23 July 2022 on Malaysian parents/guardians of children between ages 5 and below 12 years old. A total of 15.7% reported being extremely willing, and 38.9% were somewhat willing to vaccinate children with a COVID-19 vaccine. Perceived low susceptibility to COVID-19 infection showed the greatest significant impact on vaccine acceptance (OR 35.46, 95% CI 15.26–82.40). Parents with a lower level of concern have a higher willingness for vaccination (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.90–1.75). Of the parents that knew of the mRNA vaccine, 46.6% reported that they prefer their children to be vaccinated with conventional vaccines over mRNA vaccines. Poor knowledge about mRNA vaccines, lack of confidence in the mRNA technology, fear of unknown side effects, and perception that the mRNA vaccines contain microchips were significantly associated with a higher level of concern about their children receiving an mRNA vaccine. Public education campaigns to promote COVID-19 vaccination for children warrant addressing the concerns and knowledge deficits among vaccine-hesitant parents.
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Mudenda, Steward. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Zambia: A Qualitative Study among Pharmacy Students at the University of Zambia." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 11, no. 11 (December 30, 2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i11.003.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were introduced to contain the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, there have been challenges regarding the acceptance and uptake of these vaccines in Zambia. The study aimed to explore the factors that contribute to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pharmacy students in Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that employed qualitative methods using a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted among 20 undergraduate pharmacy students schooling at the University of Zambia. The interviews were recorded in a semi-structured questionnaire and responses were analysed using Colaizzi's seven-step analysis method. The analysis was based on factors that influence COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and the student's thoughts about the vaccines. The responses were divided into five themes: fear of potential adverse effects, the ineffectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, fear of being used as experiments, preventive measures better than COVID-19 vaccines and the need for better education on the benefits and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines. Results: The findings indicate increased hesitancy against COVID-19 vaccines among pharmacy students in Zambia. Most participants were hesitant to receive the vaccine due to fear of experiencing adverse effects. Besides, there was also a concern about vaccine effectiveness in protecting individuals against COVID-19. Further, the students felt that the COVID-19 vaccines did not pass through all the necessary stages of vaccine development due to the short period they were introduced. Furthermore, the participants had fear of being used in experiments such as clinical trials. The students felt that adhering to the recommended COVID-19 prevention measures was better than being vaccinated. Conclusion: The hesitance against COVID-19 vaccines among pharmacy students was a result of many factors. The concern regarding potential adverse effects and effectiveness of ...
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Huamán-Saavedra, Juan Jorge. "Vaccines against COVID-19." Revista Médica de Trujillo 15, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2020.v15i04.01.
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