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SILVA, LANESSA VIEIRA DA, SILVIA BRAZ RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA, LEONARDO ARAÚJO DE AZEVEDO, ARTENISA CERQUEIRA RODRIGUES, and AURENIVIA BONIFACIO. "COINOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND Trichoderma ALLEVIATES THE EFFECTS OF SALT STRESS IN COWPEA." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 2 (2019): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n206rc.
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ABSTRACT The deleterious effects of salt stress can be mitigated by the use of beneficial microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether coinoculation with Bradyrhizobium and Trichoderma asperelloides alleviates salt stress in cowpea. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using pots filled with sterile soil. Seeds were sown and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium or coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides. At 15 days after sowing (DAS), the nitrogen-free nutritive solution was supplemented with 50 or 100 mmol L-1 sodium chloride (NaCl) to induce salinity. Uninoculated plants and irrigated with solution without NaCl were used as absolute control. At 35 DAS, plants were collected, and nodules were excised for use in the determinations. The absolute controls did not show root nodules. Salt stress decreased plant biomass and growth, especially in cowpea inoculated with Bradyrhizobium. The stem diameter increased in cowpea coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides, mainly in plants subjected to salt stress at 100 mmol L-1 NaCl. Cowpea coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides maintained a higher content of free ammonia and organic compounds in its nodules even under salt stress. We concluded that the coinoculation of cowpea with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides induces an increase in the concentration of organic solutes in the root nodules, especially when cowpeas are cultivated under salinity. Therefore, the use of coinoculation with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides alleviates the negative effects of salt stress in cowpea.
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Barbosa, Inácio J., Henderson C. Sousa, Fernanda Schneider, Geocleber G. de Sousa, Carla I. N. Lessa, and Lamine Sanó. "Mulch with sugarcane bagasse and bamboo straw attenuates salt stress in cowpea cultivation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 7 (2021): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n7p485-491.
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HIGHLIGHTS Saline stress did not affect the initial growth of the cowpea crop. The use of mulch provides better morphological results in the cowpea crop. Vegetal mulches as soil protection (sugarcane bagasse and bamboo straw) attenuated effect of salts on gas exchange of cowpea.
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Gnankambary, Karidiatou, Nerbéwendé Sawadogo, Zakaria Diéni, et al. "Assessment of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Mutant Lines for Drought Tolerance." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (October 10, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8823498.
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Cowpea provides the cheapest source of protein with an average range of protein content of 23–30%. However, cowpea growth, development, and yield are greatly affected by drought during flowering and pod filling in the sub-Sahelian areas. The best way to cope with this situation is to develop drought-tolerant cowpea varieties. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate cowpea lines developed through mutagenesis using gamma radiation to assess their reaction under optimal and water-stressed conditions. The response of ten mutants-irradiated Moussa local was then evaluated in pots arranged in a split plot design in a screen house. Two conditions were applied with optimum and water-stressed conditions. The stress was applied for two weeks at flowering. Two cowpea varieties Gorom local (drought-tolerant) and Moussa local (susceptible) nonirradiated were used as checks. Thereafter, field trials under two different sowing dates were conducted to identify the best tolerant mutant line(s) using agromorphological and tolerance indicators. The results indicated that mutant lines (MoussaM51-4P10 and MoussaM43-20P14) exhibited better stress tolerance and produced higher yield under water stress conditions. Stress Tolerance Index (STI) was better to select cowpea mutant tolerant with higher yielding under moderate stress (SI = 35%). The study confirmed that water stress has a negative effect on cowpea seeds production and on leaf chlorophyll content. The high temperature during experiment increased water stress effect mainly on non-irradiated checks (Gorom local and Moussa local).
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Magalhães, Pedro Rodrigues, Francisco Bruno da Silva Café, Francisco Jorge Carlos de Souza Junior, Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita, and Carmem Dolores Gonzaga Santos. "Effect of salt stress on the parasitism of Meloidogyne enterolobii in cowpea." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (2021): e358101018967. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18967.
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Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, is a very important Fabaceae in the diet of families in the northeast region of Brazil. This plant species is among the different cultures affected by the root-knot nematode. In this region, in addition to phytonematodes, another condition that affects cowpea productivity is salinity, one of the main abiotic limiting factors. The cultivar Pitiúba, however, has good adaptability to salt stress conditions. However, information on the behavior of root-knot nematodes in an environment with high levels of salinity for this crop is still scarce. Based on the above, the objective of this work was: 1) to evaluate the hatchability of J2 of Meloidogyne enterolobii in 100mM NaCl solution; 2) evaluate the motility and infectivity of J2 of M. enterolobii in saline solution at the levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, and 400mM; 3) to investigate the impairment of the development of M. enterolobii in cowpea Pitiúba under irrigation with NaCl solution at 100mM. It was found that J2 hatching, motility, and infectivity of juveniles of M. enterolobii were not affected by the levels of salinity tested in vitro. In Pitiúba, irrigation with 100 mM saline solution considerably affected the development of juveniles of the pathogen in the roots.
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Setyarini, Arika Indah, Wayan Arsana Wiyasa, Retty Ratnawati, and Wayan Agung Indrawan. "Phytoestrogen in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) (Fabaceae) extract reduces vaginal oxidative stress and increases proliferation of fibroblast in ovariectomized rats." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 10 (2021): 2101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i10.15.
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Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a phytoestrogen extract of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, as well as proliferation of fibroblasts in ovariectomized rat vagina. This is with a view to identify the optimal dose of a phytoestrogen supplement for use during the menopausal period of women.
 Methods: Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five groups: negative control, ovariectomy, and ovariectomy groups treated with 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg of cowpea extract, respectively. The three doses were used to identify the optimal dose required to reduce vaginal oxidative stress and increase fibroblast proliferation in ovariectomized rats. After treatment, the ovariectomized rat vagina was assessed for SOD and MDA levels, MAPK activity, and fibroblast proliferation.
 Results: Cowpea extract at a dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg caused significant reduction in SOD levels in the vaginal tissue of rats compared with control (p < 0.05). In contrast, cowpea extract at 1.25 mg/kg resulted in MDA levels similar to that of control rats (p < 0.05). Cowpea extract treatment had positive effects on SOD and MDA levels and on fibroblast proliferation. Increase in SOD levels in rat vagina was induced by increased MDA levels, which is characteristic of oxidative stress, while ovariectomy resulted in decreased MAPK activity.
 Conclusion: Overall, the cowpea extract has no significant effect on MAPK activity or fibroblast proliferation. However, it has a significant effect on SOD and MDA levels and on fibroblast proliferation at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.
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Halilou, Oumarou, Falalou Hamidou, Boulama Katzelma Taya, Saadou Mahamane, and Vincent Vadez. "Water use, transpiration efficiency and yield in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) across water regimes." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 7 (2015): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14182.
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Genotypic variation in crop response to drought depends on agronomic, environmental and genetic factors, and only limited work has compared responses of crop species to water limitation. Twenty genotypes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) were tested in lysimeters under well-watered (WW) and water-stress (WS) conditions during two seasons, a post-rainy season with high evapotranspiration and a rainy season with low evapotranspiration (ET), in order to assess: (i) variability in the agronomic response to stress within and between species across the seasons; (ii) the water requirement of the two crops in each season; and (iii) the stress effect on harvest index (HI), transpiration efficiency (TE), pod yield and haulm yield. Cowpea required less water than peanut during the two seasons, and water use in cowpea varied less across seasons than in peanut. Peanut yield was more sensitive to water stress than cowpea yield, although its water use under WS was higher than in cowpea. Also, under WS conditions, TE, HI and pod yield were more stable across season in cowpea than in peanut. In the post-rainy season, the decrease in pod yield and HI under WS was higher in peanut (95% and 80%, respectively) than in cowpea (70% and 35%). In addition, TE was less affected by WS in cowpea (5%) than in peanut (24%). HI explained a large part of yield variation in both crops, especially under WS. Under WW, water use explained a large portion of the residual yield variations unexplained by HI, although TE also explained a substantial part of the variation in cowpea. Under WS, the main determinant of residual yield variations in both crops was TE. Generally, genetic variation for water use, TE and HI was found in both species across water regimes and seasons. A notable exception was the absence of variation in peanut water use and TE in the rainy season. Our results showed that cowpea, with lower water requirement and efficient water use under a high-ET season, was more resilient to water-limited and high-ET conditions than peanut.
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FERREIRA, AUREANE CRISTINA TEIXEIRA, RICARDO ADRIANO FELITO, ADRIANO MALTEZO DA ROCHA, MARCO ANTONIO CAMILLO DE CARVALHO, and OSCAR MITSUO YAMASHITA. "WATER AND SALT STRESSES ON GERMINATION OF COWPEA ( Vigna unguiculata cv. BRS Tumucumaque) SEEDS." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 4 (2017): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n422rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate seeds of cowpea, cultivar BRS Tumucumaque, subjected to different water stresses induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and mannitol and different salt stresses induced by NaCl and CaCl2 solutions. The water and salt stresses was evaluated in laboratory using completely randomized experimental designs in 2x6 factorial arrangements, with six osmotic potentials (0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 and -1.0 MPa) and two stress inducers for each experiment, with four replications of 50 seeds. The percentage of germination, germination speed index, root and shoot lengths and seedling fresh weight were evaluated at the tenth day (end of the evaluation period). The simulated water stress showed effects on the cowpea seed germination and seedling initial growth by decreasing the rates of the variables evaluated, which had greater effect in treatments with PEG-6000. The salt stress induced by NaCl showed greater effect on the variables evaluated than that induced by CaCl2, due to the sodium toxicity in the salt chemical composition.
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Sousa, Leonardo Vieira de, Rayanne Maria Paula Ribeiro, Manoel Galdino dos Santos, et al. "Physiological Responses of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Under Irrigation With Saline Water and Biostimulant Treatment." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p24.
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the world&rsquo;s main crops, and it is a fundamental source of protein for semiarid regions population. In these regions, the use of high salts concentration water in irrigation systems is one of the major factors that contributes to reduced cowpea yield. One way to alleviate the negative effects of salinity is through the biostimulants application, which is a product that has beneficial substances to the plants metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biostimulant in cowpea cultivars under irrigation with saline water. The study was carried out in the Agrarian Sciences Center, of the Department of Agronomic and Forest Sciences of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, in the city of Mossor&oacute;, RN. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in 5 &times; 2 &times; 2 factorial scheme, with five doses of biostimulant (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mL L-1), two electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.5 and 5.0 dS m-1), and two cowpea cultivars (IPA-206 and BRS Guariba). The evaluated characteristics were: chlorophyll content index, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, shoot height, stem diameter and shoot dry mass. The biostimulant application was not efficient in attenuating the salinity stress effect on the development of cowpea cultivars. The higher biostimulant concentrations along with the use of saline water increased the negative effects of salinity on the cowpea plants physiology. There was no difference between the cultivars regarding the tolerance to saline stress and the application of biostimulant.
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Ohashi, Rafael Sales, Glauco Andre dos Santos Nogueira, Kerolém Prícila Sousa Cardoso, et al. "Effect of brassinoesteroid hormone on oxidants activity of two contrasting cowpea cultivars subjected to saline stress." SEPTEMBER 2020, no. 14(9):2020 (September 20, 2020): 1479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2603.
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The aims of this study were to study the biochemical metabolism alterations generated by saline stress in two cowpea cultivars: BRS Guariba (moderately tolerant) and BR3 Tracuateua (sensitive), and to investigate the action of brassinosteroid in attenuation of oxidative stress. The results for water content and damage index in cell membranes were similar. Plants with 24-Epibrassinolide hormone maintained their water content satisfactory and without any membrane extravasation, whereas, for plants with salinity these variables decreased considerably. The results showed that salinity increased sodium (Na+) contents and reduced potassium (K+) content, which caused water increases allowing a higher dilution of sodium ions (Na+), avoiding cellular toxicity. The antioxidant defense system of these plants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase) were activated mainly in characterization of salt stress, increasing their concentrations trying to avoid toxicity. The association of brassine and salinity caused reduction of lipid peroxidation characterized by malondialdehyde variable. These results corroborated the efficacy of the brassine hormone in cowpea plants under saline stress, characterizing as a plant plasticity.
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Zeid, Ibrahim, Safia Ghazi, Nermin El Semary, and Amira Abd El-Sattar. "COUNTERACTING INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SALINITY STRESS ON COWPEA GERMINATION USING CYANOBACTERIAL EXTRACTS." Egyptian Journal of Phycology 15, no. 1 (2014): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/egyjs.2014.115236.
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CRAUFURD, P. Q., M. BOJANG, T. R. WHEELER, and R. J. SUMMERFIELD. "Heat tolerance in cowpea: effect of timing and duration of heat stress." Annals of Applied Biology 133, no. 2 (1998): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1998.tb05826.x.
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Likoswe, A. A., and R. J. Lawn. "Response to terminal water deficit stress of cowpea, pigeonpea, and soybean in pure stand and in competition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07155.
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The response to terminal water deficit stress of three grain legumes, soybean, cowpea and pigeonpea, was evaluated in plants grown in large tubes, in competition with either the same species or one of the other two species. The aim was to explore how species differences in drought response affected water use, growth and survival of plants in pure stand and in competition. Two plants, comprising the test species and its competitor, were grown in each tube. Water was withheld 26 days after sowing by which time each plant had at least three fully expanded trifoliolate leaves. Leaf water status and plant growth were measured through destructive samples when 80% and 90% of the estimated plant available water (PAW) was depleted and at plant death, while PAW depletion, node growth and leaf survival were monitored at 2–3 day intervals until the last plants died (61 days after water was withheld). In pure stand, the rate of PAW depletion was initially slowest in cowpea despite its much larger leaf area, and fastest in soybean. Node growth was most sensitive in cowpea, ceasing at 65% PAW depletion compared with 85% PAW depletion in pigeonpea and soybean, so that the latter two species produced relatively more nodes after water was withheld. However, senescence of the lower leaves was most rapid in soybean and slowest in cowpea. Cowpea and pigeonpea extracted almost all PAW and died an average 18 days and 14 days, respectively, after maximum PAW depletion. In contrast, soybean died before 90% of PAW was depleted and so in pure stand used less water. There were otherwise only minor differences between the species combinations in the timing and maximum level of PAW depletion. The ability of cowpea and pigeonpea to maintain leaf water status above lethal levels for longer was achieved through different means. Cowpea relied primarily on dehydration avoidance and maintained tissue water status higher for longer, whereas pigeonpea demonstrated greater dehydration tolerance. While significant levels of osmotic adjustment (OA) were identified in soybean and pigeonpea, OA appeared to be of limited benefit to leaf survival in soybean. Pigeonpea invested significantly more total dry matter (TDM) in roots than either cowpea or soybean. Cowpea survived longest in pure stand whereas pigeonpea and soybean survived shortest in pure stand, suggesting that the dehydration avoidance response of cowpea was more effective in competition with like plants whereas the dehydration tolerance strategies of pigeonpea and soybean were least effective when competing against like plants. On average, TDM per plant ranked in the order cowpea > soybean > pigeonpea, largely reflecting initial differences in plant size when water was withheld. However, there was an inverse relation between TDM of a species and that of its competitor, so that in effect, water not used by a given plant to produce TDM was used by its competitor and there were no differences in TDM production per tube.
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Silva Sá, Francisco Vanies da, Miguel Ferreira Neto, Yuri Bezerra De Lima, Emanoela Pereira De Paiva, Hans Raj Gheyi, and Nildo Da Silva Dias. "Initial development of cowpea plants under salt stress and phosphate fertilization." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 3 (2017): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2070.
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The objective of this work was to study the effects of irrigation with saline water associated with phosphate fertilization on the emergence and early growth of cowpea plants. The assay was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA) in Mossoró-RN, during October and November of 2015. The study adopted a randomized block with treatments arranged in a 5 x 3 grid, corresponding to five levels of water salinity (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1) and three doses of superphosphate, based upon the soil analysis (60%, 100% and 140% of the recommended dose for the crop 60 kg P2O5 ha-1), with five repetitions. The cowpea plants, cv. Paulistinha, were grown in lysimeters with capacity of 8 dm3. During the first 15 days of the initial stage of development the plants were evaluated for emergence, growth and biomass accumulation. The increase in water salinity above 1.5 dSm-1 reduced the emergence, growth and dry matter accumulation of cowpea plants. The increase of 40% in the recommendation of phosphorus fertilization of cowpea increased the growth and biomass accumulation of shoot plants, regardless of salinity.
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ARAÚJO, EDILENE DANIEL DE, ALBERTO SOARES DE MELO, MARIA DO SOCORRO ROCHA, REBECA FERREIRA CARNEIRO, and MAURISRAEL DE MOURA ROCHA. "GERMINATION AND INITIAL GROWTH OF COWPEA CULTIVARS UNDER OSMOTIC STRESS AND SALICYLIC ACID." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 1 (2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n110rc.
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ABSTRACT Cowpea is one of the major food crops in Northeast Brazil, where it is commonly cultivated in the semi-arid regions with limited water availability. It is important to study the elicitors associated with cowpea to mitigate any deleterious effects of abiotic stress on the initial establishment of this crop. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological changes in cowpea cultivars under osmotic stress with seeds soaked in salicylic acid. The germination test was conducted in B.O.D germination chambers. The seeds of three cowpea cultivars: BRS Tumucumaque, BRS Aracê, and BRS Guariba, were germinated at five osmotic potentials (0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6, and -0.8 MPa) after three pre-treatments: pre-soaking in deionized water, pre-soaking in salicylic acid, and without pre-soaking. The following parameters were evaluated: germination, germination speed index, seedling height, total phytomass, contents of chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’, carotenoid content, electrolyte leakage, water content, and proline content. Our results indicate that salicylic acid promotes reduction in the harmful effects of abiotic stress, which is reflected in the increase in germination percentage, seedling height, and chlorophyll and carotenoid content as well as in the adjustment of electrolyte leakage and increase in proline content under induced water stress conditions. The cultivar BRS Guariba proved to be more tolerant to water deficit during germination and initial growth stages, when the seeds were treated with salicylic acid (1 mM).
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Nunes, Luma Rayane de Lima, Paloma Rayane Pinheiro, Felipe Augusto Sombra Cabral, João Batista da Silva, and Alek Sandro Dutra. "Ascorbic acid of cowpea seeds under saline stress." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 4 (2019): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4222276.
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Abstract: Salinity adversely affects plant growth and metabolism by triggering increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ascorbic acid (AsA) is known to protect organelles and cells against ROS by preventing accumulation. The objective of this study was to study the effects of AsA on cowpea beans under saline stress. Cowpea seeds of the cultivars (BRS Marataoã and Setentão) were conditioned at concentrations of 0.0 (control); 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00 mM AsA and seeded on paper towels, moistened at saline levels of 0.0 (control); 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 7.5 dS.m-1, packed in a bench germinator at 25 °C. The statistical design adopted was a completely randomized 2 × 5 × 6 factorial design (cultivar x ascorbic acid x saline levels) with four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. The analyzed variables were percentage of germination, first germination count, germination speed index, shoot and root length, total seedling dry weight, and leaf and root electrolyte leakage. Ascorbic acid at concentrations of 0.50 mM for BRS Marataoã and 0.75 mM for the Setentão, enabled the development of more vigorous seedlings and the reduction of membrane damage caused by oxidative stress both in the absence of salt and at the saline levels tested, including the highest one.
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Lacerda, Claudivan F., José O. Assis Júnior, Luiz C. A. Lemos Filho, et al. "Morpho-physiological responses of cowpea leaves to salt stress." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, no. 4 (2006): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202006000400003.
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The effect of salt stress of known intensity and duration on morpho-physiological changes in leaves of different ages from cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plants was studied, aiming for a better understanding of the acclimation process of the whole-plant. Seeds were sown in vermiculite and seedlings were transferred to plastic trays containing aerated nutrient solution, and kept in a greenhouse. When the first trifoliate leaf emerged the seedlings were transplanted into 3 L plastic pots containing aerated nutrient solution. Salt additions started 5 d later, and the salt-treated plants received 25 mmol L-1 per day until reaching a final concentration of 75 mmol L-1. During the experimental period primary leaves and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trifoliate leaves were used for measurements of net photosynthesis, leaf area, leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, ions and chlorophyll concentrations. Growth analysis of the whole-plant was performed at the end of the experimental period. Salinity did not affect net photosynthesis, but reduced dry mass production and the number of lateral branches. Leaf concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+ and P increased in salt-stressed plants, but these responses were dependent upon stress duration and leaf age. The higher concentration of potentially toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) in older leaves could contribute to the reduced ion accumulation in growing tissues, but the tendency of K and P accumulation in leaves appeared to be the result of reduced re-translocation, i.e., not related to plant acclimation. Salinity also increased the source/sink ratio, leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, and chlorophyll accumulation per unit of leaf area, suggesting that the observed changes could be part of an integrated mechanism of whole-plant acclimation to salt stress.
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Veras, Mario Leno Martins, José Sebastião de Melo Filho, Lunara De Sousa Alves, Leandra De Melo Cavalcante Souza, and Thiago Jardelino Dias. "Morphophysiological responses of cowpea to irrigation with saline water and application of bovine biofertilizer." Comunicata Scientiae 9, no. 3 (2018): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v9i3.2087.
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Cowpea crop has great economic importance, mainly in the Northeast, where it is a food source for several families. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of levels of electrical conductivity on irrigation water as a function of the application of biofertilizer in the growth and production of cowpea. The experimental design was completely randomized, presenting a factorial scheme of 4 x 2, corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw), 1; 2; 3 and 4 dS m-1 and the presence and absence of bovine biofertilizer application in four replicates. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of lateral branches, main branch length, root dry weight, shoot and total number, pod number per plant, mass dry weight of the pod, the length and mean diameter of the pod, the number of grains per plant, the number of grains per pod, the mass of grains and the mass of 100 grains. The increase of ECw inhibits vegetative and productive growth of cowpea and the use of enriched bovine biofertilizer attenuates the effects of saline stress on cowpea, favoring its development.
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Pejic, Borivoj, Ksenija Mackic, Dragisa Milosev, et al. "Response of cowpea genotypes to water stress in temperate climatic conditions." Genetika 48, no. 2 (2016): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1602463p.
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Mitigation of global climate change impact on the agricultural production is the major priorities in future research. Cowpea as a drought tolerant plant is interesting for growing in semi-arid climate of the Vojvodina region. The effect of water stress on yield of cultivated plants can be obtained by calculating the yield response factor (Ky) which represents the ratio between the relative evapotranspiration deficit (1-ETa/ETm) and the relative decline in yield (1-Ya/Ym). The values of Ky ranged from 0.91 to 1.17 for genotype G1 and G2 respectively. Genotype G1, with a value lower than 1 of Ky, shows a good tolerance to water deficit, on the contrary, genotype G2, with a greater Ky than 1, expresses some sensitivity to water stress. Obtained results will be used in breeding programs to develop cowpea cultivars tolerant to stressful conditions, primarily to water stress, as well as more productive in water use.
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OLOGUNDUDU, Akinbode Foluso, and Adekunle ADELUSI. "Effect of Nitrogen Nutritional Stress on Some Growth Parameters of Zea mays L. and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 1 (2013): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb518362.
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This study investigated the responses of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) seedlings growth parameters to nitrogen nutritional stress. This was with a view to determining whether nitrogen nutritional stress would retard or enhance maize and cowpea growth, partly, wholly or not at all through its effect on biomass accumulation and some morphological parameters. Germination of seeds was done using treated sand in sixty plastic pots. A group of the seedlings was nutrient stressed by administering 200 ml of complete nutrient solution minus nitrogen (-N) while the other groups were fed with five times (X5N) and ten times (X10N) the optimal concentration of nitrogen and the last regime was fed with full nutrient solution (FN). The effects of optimal concentration and nitrogen stress on the growth rates (as measured by their fresh and dry weight) were studied. The result of the growth analysis showed that there was increase in shoot height with supraoptimal concentrations of nitrogen treatments (X10N and X5N) while there was a decrease in shoot height with minus nitrogen (-N) regimes. The observed higher biomass (dry matter yield) under the FN regimes in both Zea mays and Vigna unguiculata were attributed to optimal nutrient assimilation rate.
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Figueiredo, M. V. B., H. A. Burity, and F. P. de França. "Water deficit stress effects on N2 fixation in cowpea inoculated with different Bradyrhizobium strains." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 4 (1998): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-116.
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The objectives of this experiment were to select strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. resistant to water stress, envisaging an increase in N2 fixation in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), and to verify the plant's adaptive physiological responses to water stress. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions using random complete blocks subdivided into plots adjusted to soil water potential levels of −6.0, −75.0, and −85.0 kPa, and subplots containing strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. (SEMIA 6145, 6086, 6002 and NFB 700), with four blocks. The soil was a Yellow Latosol with pH 6.3. The crop used was cowpea cv. IPA 204. Stress was applied continuously beginning 15 d after planting, by the control of water potential through a porous cup. Various parameters were evaluated every 7 days, until final harvest at 45 d. There was significant interaction between Bradyrhizobium strains and water stress. At the more negative ψm, plants inoculated with the SEMIA 6145 had higher LHb concentration, ureide-N, ψw and root dry matter, forming associations of greater symbiotic efficiency, while plants inoculated with SEMIA 6086 were not resistant to stress. LHb concentration apparently was not inhibited at ψw −1.0 MPa in cowpea. The Bradyrhizobium strains may have affected the metabolism of N assimilation and/or transport. Key words: Bradyrhizobium, N2 fixation, porous cup, Vigna unguiculata, water stress, Yellow Latosol
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RODRIGUES, ERINA VITÓRIO, KAESEL JACKSON DAMASCENO-SILVA, MAURISRAEL DE MOURA ROCHA, EDSON ALVES BASTOS, and ADRIANO DOS SANTOS. "TOLERANCE OF F 2 POPULATIONS OF COWPEA TO WATER DEFICIT." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 1 (2018): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n106rc.
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ABSTRACT Water deficit affects plant development and the overcoming of its effects depends on the genotype, duration of stress, severity of damage and development stage of the plant at water stress. Cowpea is considered tolerant to water deficit, however, studies have shown that its yield can be reduced under this condition. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of water deficit on F2 populations of cowpea and select tolerant genotypes. Thirty F2 populations of cowpea and their parents (BRS-Paraguaçu, Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2, BRS-Xiquexique, CNCx-698-128G, Santo-Inácio and MNC99-510F-16-1) were evaluated in two experiments, one under induced water deficit and other under full irrigation, in the experimental field of the Embrapa Mid-North, in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. A triple lattice incomplete block experiment design was used, with three replications. The experimental plots consisted of six 2-m rows, with spacing of 1.0 m between rows and 0.50 m between plants. The grain production was evaluated and its decrease related to the relative production and tolerance to stress was calculated. The grain production of the genotypes had an average decrease of 29.83% under water deficit. The genotypes from the crosses BRS-Paraguaçu x CNCx-698-128G, BRS-Xiquexique x Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2, CNCx-698-128G x BRS-Xiquexique, CNCx-698-128G x MNC99-510F-16-1, Santo-Inácio x BRS-Xiquexique and MNC99-510F-16-1 x BRS-Paraguaçu had high production and high tolerance to water deficit.
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Ndiso, J., G. Chemining’wa, F. Olubayo, and H. Saha. "Effect of Drought Stress on Canopy Temperature, Growth and Yield Performance of Cowpea Varieties." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 9, no. 3 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2016/21844.
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Ravelombola, Waltram, Ainong Shi, Jun Qin, et al. "Investigation on Various Aboveground Traits to Identify Drought Tolerance in Cowpea Seedlings." HortScience 53, no. 12 (2018): 1757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13278-18.
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Impacts of drought stress on crop production can significantly impair farmer’s revenue, hence adversely impacting the gross national product growth. For cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], which is a legume of economic importance, effects of drought at early vegetative growth could lead to substantial yield losses. However, little has been done with respect to breeding for cowpea cultivars withstanding drought at early vegetative growth. In addition, previous investigations have focused on how plant morphology and root architecture can confer drought tolerance in cowpea, which is not sufficient in efforts to unravel unknown drought tolerance–related genetic mechanisms, potentially of great importance in breeding, and not pertaining to either plant morphology or root architecture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate aboveground drought-related traits of cowpea genotypes at seedling stage. A total of 30 cowpea genotypes were greenhouse grown within boxes and the experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates. Drought stress was imposed for 28 days. Data on a total of 17 aboveground-related traits were collected. Results showed the following: 1) a large variation in these traits was found among the genotypes; 2) more trifoliate wilt/chlorosis tolerance but more unifoliate wilt/chlorosis susceptible were observed; 3) delayed senescence was related to the ability of maintaining a balanced chlorophyll content in both unifoliate and trifoliate leaves; and 4) the genotypes PI293469, PI349674, and PI293568 were found to be slow wilting and drought tolerant. These results could contribute to advancing breeding programs for drought tolerance in cowpea.
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Mousavi, Seyed Afshin, AliReza Shokuhfar, Shahram Lak, Mani Mojaddam, and Mojtaba Alavifazel. "Integrated application of biochar and bio-fertilizer improves yield and yield components of Cowpea under water-deficient stress." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 2 (2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1581.
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A low amount of organic matter and insufficient irrigation are two main challenges facing successful crop production in arid and semiarid regions. Application of biochar as an organic amendment to soil not only can help increase organic matter in soil, but also may alleviate adverse effects of water deficit on plant growth and yield production. To test this hypothesis, a two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of sugarcane biochar on yield and yield components of cowpea in water-deficient soil. Treatments consisted of two levels of seed treatment with nitroxin, three levels of biochar application (0, 4, and 8 ton/ha), and a threelevel irrigation regime (60, 90, and 120 mm from evaporation pan class A), laid out in a split-factorial design. Results showed that the seed number per plant was significantly higher in cowpea when grown with biochar, possibly due to the relief of water-deficient stress and higher phosphorus and potassium content. Biomass production of cowpea declined under a severe waterdeficit condition (ir3) compared to normal irrigation (ir1) in 2018 and 2019, decreasing by 39% and 42%, respectively. The maximum biomass obtained from application of 8 ton/ha biochar reached 617.43 and 664.92 g/m2 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Seeds treated with nitroxin exhibited 10% and 8% greater biomass production in 2018 and 2019 as compared with control treatments. Seed yield increased with the addition of biochar to soil under all irrigation regimes; however, the maximum seed yield of 266.46 and 275.36 g/m2 was observed when there was no water-deficient stress condition and application of 8 ton/ha biochar in 2018 and 2019, respectively.
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Le, Ly Thi Thanh, Lukasz Kotula, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Timothy D. Colmer. "Na+ and/or Cl− Toxicities Determine Salt Sensitivity in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041909.
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Grain legumes are important crops, but they are salt sensitive. This research dissected the responses of four (sub)tropical grain legumes to ionic components (Na+ and/or Cl−) of salt stress. Soybean, mungbean, cowpea, and common bean were subjected to NaCl, Na+ salts (without Cl−), Cl− salts (without Na+), and a “high cation” negative control for 57 days. Growth, leaf gas exchange, and tissue ion concentrations were assessed at different growing stages. For soybean, NaCl and Na+ salts impaired seed dry mass (30% of control), more so than Cl− salts (60% of control). All treatments impaired mungbean growth, with NaCl and Cl− salt treatments affecting seed dry mass the most (2% of control). For cowpea, NaCl had the greatest adverse impact on seed dry mass (20% of control), while Na+ salts and Cl− salts had similar intermediate effects (~45% of control). For common bean, NaCl had the greatest adverse effect on seed dry mass (4% of control), while Na+ salts and Cl− salts impaired seed dry mass to a lesser extent (~45% of control). NaCl and Na+ salts (without Cl−) affected the photosynthesis (Pn) of soybean more than Cl− salts (without Na+) (50% of control), while the reverse was true for mungbean. Na+ salts (without Cl−), Cl− salts (without Na+), and NaCl had similar adverse effects on Pn of cowpea and common bean (~70% of control). In conclusion, salt sensitivity is predominantly determined by Na+ toxicity in soybean, Cl− toxicity in mungbean, and both Na+ and Cl− toxicity in cowpea and common bean.
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Wilson, Clyde, Xuan Liu, Scott M. Lesch, and Donald L. Suarez. "Growth Response of Major U.S. Cowpea Cultivars. I. Biomass Accumulation and Salt Tolerance." HortScience 41, no. 1 (2006): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.1.225.
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Over the last several years, there has been increasing interest in amending the soil using cover crops, especially in desert agriculture. One cover crop of interest in the desert Coachella Valley of California is cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Cowpea is particularly useful in that as an excellent cover crop, fixing abundant amounts of nitrogen which can reduce fertilizer costs. However, soil salinity problems are of increasing concern in the Coachella Valley of California where the Colorado River water is a major source of irrigation water. Unfortunately, little information is available on the response of cowpea growth to salt stress. Thus, we investigated the growth response of 12 major cowpea cultivars (`CB5', `CB27', `CB46', `IT89KD-288', `IT93K-503-1', `Iron Clay', `Speckled Purple Hall', `UCR 134', `UCR 671', `UCR 730', `8517', and `7964') to increasing salinity levels. The experiment was set up as a standard Split Plot design. Seven salinity levels ranging from 2.6 to 20.1 dS·m–1 were constructed, based on Colorado River water salt composition, to have NaCl, CaCl2 and MgSO4 as the salinization salts. The osmotic potential ranged from –0.075 to –0.82 MPa. Salt stress began 7 days after planting by adding the salts into irrigating nutrient solution and ended after 5 consecutive days. The plants were harvested during flowering period for biomass measurement (53 days after planting). Data analysis using SAS analysis of variance indicated that the salinity in the range between 2.6 and 20.1 dS·m–1 significantly reduced leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and root dry weight (P ≤ 0.05). We applied the data to a salt-tolerance model, log(Y) = a1 + a2X + a3X2, where Y represents biomass, a1, a2 and a3 are empirical constants, and X represents salinity, and found that the model accounted for 99%, 97%, 96%, 99%, and 96% of salt effect for cowpea shoot, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and root dry weight, respectively. We also found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of each biomass parameter among the 12 cultivars and obtained different sets of the empirical constants to quantitatively describe the response of each biomass parameter to salinity for individual cowpea cultivars. Since a significant salt × cultivar interaction effect (P ≤ 0.05) was found on leaf area and leaf dry weight, we concluded that salt tolerance differences exist among the tested cultivars.
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Melo, Alberto Soares de, Allisson Rafael Ferreira da Silva, Alexson Filgueiras Dutra, Wellison Filgueiras Dutra, Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito, and Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá. "Photosynthetic efficiency and production of cowpea cultivars under deficit irrigation." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 5 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2133.
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Cowpea is a crop with great economic, social and food importance in semi-arid regions, but its production is drastically reduced by the water deficit in these regions, requiring better management strategies that allow the crop’s production. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the photosynthetic efficiency and production of cowpea cultivars under deficit irrigation replacement levels. The experiment tested three cowpea genotypes (G1 = ‘BRS Aracé’, G2 = ‘BR 17 Gurguéia’ and G3 = ‘BRS Marataoã’) and four irrigation depths (40, 60, 80 and 100% of ETc), resulting in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, arranged in randomized complete blocks design with four replicates. During the experiment, the gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence and production of the cowpea genotypes under deficit irrigation were evaluated. Carbon fixation in the photosynthetic metabolism of cowpea plants was reduced by accentuated water deficit, regardless of the genotype. The low stress severity was indicated by the lack of effects on chlorophyll fluorescence, indicating that the reduction in the rate of carbon assimilation was due to the stomatal effects. The irrigation with 80% of ETc can be used in the cultivation of the respective cultivars, but with small losses in the production. Among the genotypes, ‘BRS Marataoã’ stands out with respect to yield, with higher values for weight of pods and green beans.
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Ayele, HM. "Evaluation of the effect of maize-legume intercropping on soil moisture improvement in arid area of Bena-Tsemay district, South omo zone, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 10, no. 1 (2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v10i1.48097.
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Usually crop failure due to moisture shortage in soils is very much common due to high evaporation. Sometimes famers try to combat this problem by using mulches of crop residues in the study area. However, this is also highly challenged shortage because the crop residues used as feed for animals. Therefore, using the advantage and opportunity of cover legumes as an intercrop is the solution of the problems simultaneously in addition to their contribution improving soil nutrient balance and other many fold benefits. Therefore, this study aimed for evaluating the effect of maize-legume covers intercropping on soil moisture improvement and crop yield in moisture stress areas of the study area. The entire grain yield of maize and legumes, as well as soil moisture data were collected. The result on soil moisture revealed that intercropping of maize with cowpea had better soil moisture contents during active crop development (15.98%) and after harvest (16.70%) in average as compared to the others. The current finding also showed that adopting intercropping of maize with cowpea-boosted yield by 5256.24 kg ha-1 maize and 977.45 kg ha-1 cowpea in average with higher moisture improvement as compare to the other treatments. Therefore, intercropping of maize with cowpea is important to farmers since it would provide additional crop yield with the same piece of land. However, to get considerable changes on soil and water balances, other soil physic-chemical properties and crop yields, conducting similar studies in more than two years period at permanent field plots is paramount in the future.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 80-86, June 2020
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Alekhya, Gunturi, and V. Jayakrishnakumar. "Effect of crop geometry and in situ soil moisture conservation practices on yield attributes and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, no. 1 (2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.1.5.
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Rice is the most widely grown crop in India. With the decreasing availability of water for irrigation, farmers are now switching towards water efficient production systems such as upland rice. Moisture stress at critical stages is one of the major reasons for low productivity of upland rice. So, the present study was conducted at college of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India. The experiment was conducted in RBD with nine treatments including two crop geometries viz., normal planting (20 cm x 10 cm) and paired row planting (10 cm x 10 cm) with 40 cm between paired rows, three rows of cowpea are grown in between two paired rows and in situ soil moisture conservation practices viz., live mulching of cowpea, hydrogel application and coirpith compost application were compared and analysed statistically on yield parameters and yield. Results revealed that, the treatment T9 (Paired row planting with live mulching of cowpea, hydrogel and coir pith compost application) favorably influenced the yield characters and yield of upland rice through proper conservation of moisture and improved availability of nutrients. The treatment T9 recorded the highest grain and straw yields of 3825 and 7700 kg ha-1 respectively with a harvest index (0.48) and was significantly superior to other treatments. It also recorded the highest moisture content in the soil as well as the maximum uptake and availability of nutrients.
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Amos, Onasanya, T. Obafemi, A. Ojo, et al. "Genetic Analysis of Effect of Heat Stress on Genomic DNA from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.)." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 4, no. 4 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2015/19575.
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Arnaout, Safaa, Nadia Kamel, H. El-Mosallamy, and M. Boghdady. "EFFECT OF UNIHUMIC AND AMINOMORE ON COWPEA PLANTS (Vigna unguiculata L.) GROWN UNDER DROUGHT STRESS CONDITIONS." Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 4 (2019): 999–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zjar.2019.47053.
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Abdel-Galil, F. A., M. A. M. Amro, and A. S. H. Abdel-Moniem. "Effect of drought stress on the incidence of certain arthropod pests and predators inhabiting cowpea plantations." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 40, no. 3 (2007): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400500424570.
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Al-Shammari, Maher Zaki Faisal, and Wael Shakir Hameed Al-Jboory. "Effect of amino acid proline on some growth characteristics of cowpea which exposed to drought stress." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1879, no. 2 (2021): 022024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022024.
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OLOGUNDUDU, Akinbode Foluso, and Adelusi Ajayi ADELUSI. "Effect of Nitrogen Nutritional Stress on some Mineral Nutrients and Photosynthetic Apparatus of Zea mays L. and Vigna unguiculata L." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 3 (2013): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb539015.
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The study investigated the responses of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) seedlings metabolic activities and photosynthetic apparatus to nitrogen nutritional stress. Germination of seeds was done using treated sand in sixty plastic pots and the seedlings were divided into four nutrient regimes. A group of the seedlings was nutrient stressed by administering 200 ml of complete nutrient solution minus nitrogen (-N) while the other groups were fed with five times (X5N) and ten times (X10N) the optimal concentration of nitrogen and the last regime was fed with full nutrient solution (FN). The photosynthetic parameters studied included chlorophylls ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively; carotenes and xanthophyll while the mineral elements investigated include potassium, calcium and magnesium. The result of the growth analysis showed that nitrogen deficiency promotes an increase in the content of abscisic acid (ABA), causing stomatal closure and a reduction in photosynthesis. This explains the higher rate of leaf abscission in -N plants. A comparison of calcium ion and magnesium ion concentrations in both optimal and stressed conditions reveals that the two ions show antagonism in uptake. There is a correlation between nitrogen and magnesium accumulation as magnesium ion plays a vital role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, protein synthesis and photosynthesis. The pattern of accumulation of photosynthetic apparatus in both maize and cowpea follow a similar pattern. Chlorophyll a dictated the growth pattern of other photosynthetic apparatus in both Zea mays and Vigna unguiculata.
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Abdel-Fattah, Gamal M., G. Hassan Rabie, D. Shaaban Lamis, and A. Metwally Rabab. "The Impact of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Physiological Parameters of Cowpea Plants Grown under Salt Stress Conditions." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (2016): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i3.15775.
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A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nutrition and some physiological aspects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) plants grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mM NaCl). Under saline condition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculation significantly increased growth responses, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient contents, proline and total soluble protein of cowpea plants compared to non-AM ones. Those stimulations were related to the levels of mycorrhizal colonization in the associated plants. Interestingly, high proline, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes in AM plants could be important for salt alleviation in plants growing in saline soils.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 372-379
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Sarkar, Tandra, Atheni Konar, Nirmal Chandra Sukul, and Nirmal Chandra Sukul. "Cantharis 200c counters heat stress in germinating seeds of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 3-4 (2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i3-4.909.
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Background
 Thermal stress during early imbibitional phase of germination causes disruption of redox-homeostasis by increasing accumulation of ROS Reactive Oxygen species (assessed in terms of hydrogen peroxide) and significant reduction of antioxidative defense (assessed in terms of catalase and peroxidase) in germinating tissues of cowpea (Vigna ungiculata). It also induces oxidative damage to newly assembled membrane system by aggravating membrane lipid peroxidation [measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)]. Cantharis is a homeopathic remedy used for treating burn injuries in humans. The objective is to see whether potentized Cantharis could ameliorate heat stress in germinating seeds of cowpea.
 
 Methodology
 Seeds, imbibed in water overnight, were divided into four groups (n=50/group): Control I (Water 200c), Control II (Ethanol 200c), treated with Cantharis 200c and untreated and unstressed. Water soaked seeds were dipped in control/drug solution for 5 min and then washed. Control II and Cantharis 200c were diluted with water 1:1000 to minimize the ethanol effect. Except the fourth group, all other groups were subjected to heat stress (450C for 8 hours). All the groups were allowed to germinate for 5 days in germination chamber at 25 ± 20C. Groups 1 and 2 (Control I and II) served as systematic negative controls throughout the experiment. Ten independent replications were performed for each group in parallel. All experiments were randomized and blinded. 
 
 
 Results
 The systematic negative controls (I, II) did not produce any significant effect. The results in terms of germination, growth, soluble sugar, protein, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and loss of membrane permeability clearly exhibit that Cantharis 200c could mitigate heat stress significantly (p
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Praxedes, Sidney C., Fábio M. Damatta, Claudivan F. De Lacerda, José T. Prisco, and Enéas Gomes-Filho. "Salt stress tolerance in cowpea is poorly related to the ability to cope with oxidative stress." Acta Botanica Croatica 73, no. 1 (2014): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2013-0010.
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Abstract We have previously demonstrated that salt tolerance in cowpea could be associated with lesser impairments of the photosynthetic capacity. Taking into account that photosynthesis is the main sink for reducing power consumption, our central working hypothesis is that a salt-sensitive cultivar is more prone to suffer from oxidative stress. We analyzed the long-term effects of salt stress on oxidative damage and protection against reactive oxygen species in both leaves and roots of a salt-tolerant (Pitiúba) and a salt-sensitive (TVu) cowpea cultivar. Two salt treatments (0 and 75 mM NaCl) were applied to 10-day-old plants grown in nutrient solution for 24 days. Significant salt-induced oxidative damage as demonstrated via increases in malondialdehyde concentration were noted, particularly in leaves at the end of the experiment, although such damage was found earlier in Pitiúba. In salt-stressed plants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased only in Pitiúba at 24 days from the start of salt additions (DSSA). In Pitiúba, catalase (CAT) was not significantly affected by the treatments, whereas in TVu its activity was dramatically lower in salt-stressed plants at 10DSSAonwards. In general salt stress led to significant increases, much more pronounced in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), at the end of the experiment in both cultivars. In roots, salt-induced increases in enzyme activities were particularly noted at 24 DSSA, as found for SOD and APX in Pitiúba, CAT in TVu and GR and GPX in both cultivars. Therefore, in contrast to our expectations, the present results argue, to a great extent, against a functional link between salt stress tolerance and the expression of the antioxidant system. We also demonstrated that leaves and roots should be evaluated for a full assessment of whole plant acclimation to salt stress.
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MATSUI, T., and B. B. SINGH. "ROOT CHARACTERISTICS IN COWPEA RELATED TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE AT THE SEEDLING STAGE." Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 1 (2003): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001108.
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) has relatively higher drought tolerance than other legume crops. It is widely grown in semi-arid regions, particularly in West Africa. One objective of the present study was to determine the effects of soil moisture stress on the length, dry matter and distribution of the roots of two cowpea varieties with different drought tolerances. Another objective was to evaluate the pin-board root-box as a method for identifying the role of root characteristics in drought tolerance. Two cowpea varieties, IT96D-604 (drought tolerant) and TVu7778 (drought susceptible), were used in this study. There were three watering treatments, T1 (well-watered), T2 (mild water stress) and T3 (severe water stress). Between varieties, there were no significant differences in shoot and root characteristics except for leaf area in T1. Under T2, the shoot:root ratio (S:R ratio) of IT96D-604 was significantly decreased compared with that under T1 as a result of the increase in root dry matter and decrease in leaf area without significant differences in total dry matter. In addition, the root dry matter per leaf area, which indicates the capacity to absorb water, of IT96D-604 was significantly higher than that of TVu7778. Under T3, the total dry matter of TVu7778 was about one third of those of the other treatments for the same variety, whereas that of IT96D-604 was more than half. Regarding root distribution, the centres of root dry matter and root length density of both varieties moved downwards significantly under water-stress conditions compared with those of the well-watered condition. This tendency was more pronounced in IT96D-604 than in TVu7778. Drought tolerance in IT96D-604 was associated with the increase in root dry matter per leaf area under mild water-stress conditions, and downward movement of roots (increasing access and use of soil moisture in deep soil layers) under mild and severe water stress conditions. In addition, the root-box method was versatile and can be used for studying root responses to edaphic factors relevant to root growth.
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Farias, Gabriel Castro, Kenya Gonçalves Nunes, Marcos Antônio Soares, et al. "Dark septate endophytic fungi mitigate the effects of salt stress on cowpea plants." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 1 (2019): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00173-4.
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Vieira, Frederico C. B., Zhenli L. He, Patrick C. Wilson, Cimélio Bayer, Peter J. Stoffella, and Virupax C. Baligar. "Response of representative cover crops to aluminum toxicity, phosphorus deprivation, and organic amendment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07120.
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This study aimed to: (1) determine the effect of P depletion and presence of Al on root and shoot growth of representative cover crops, and on their nutrient uptake; (2) characterise the composition of root exudation under P and Al stress in nutrient solution; (3) evaluate the ability of aqueous extracts of composts in reducing Al phytotoxicity. Plants of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata), black oat (Avena strigosa), and lablab (Lablab purpureous) were cultivated in different nutrient solution compositions and concentrations for 3 weeks. It was found that Al at concentration of 20 and 200 µmol/L increased citrate exudation at least 8 and 24 times, respectively, for cowpea and 18 and 36 times, respectively, for lablab, as compared with the blank. However, no release of organic acids occurred due to P deprivation, suggesting that citrate exudation was a specific response to excess Al. No response in organic acid release was observed for black oat under the stress of P deficiency or Al toxicity. Although the presence of Al in solution did not significantly affect chlorophyll content in leaves, it decreased root and shoot weight, as well as root length, surface area, volume, and number of tips. Organic extracts alleviated aluminum toxicity, improving plant growth and ameliorating plant nutrition status. Yard waste extract was more effective in enhancing plant growth than GreenEdge extract in plants under Al stress.
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Draghici, Reta, Iulian Draghici, Aurelia Diaconu, et al. "Utilization of the thermohydric stress in the psamosols area in Southern Oltenia through the cowpea culture." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911203013.
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The area of psamosols in southern Oltenia is characterized by thermohydraulic stress, accentuated by the thermal resources recorded and by the poor hydrophysical properties of the soil. Higher capitalization of these lands has been an important concern both in the world and in our country, and the choice of plant species with increased drought resistance and low water consumption is a measure to counteract the negative effects of the drought. The humidity analysis of a psamosol, on the 0-125 cm profile, indicates a momentary supply of reduced water and a water deficit compared to the field capacity of -34.4 ... -65.5 m3 / ha. In order to obtain economic results on these soils, it is necessary to cultivate low-water plants, such as a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) that consumes about 4160 m3 / ha, compared to soybeans that have almost double consumption. The results obtained in 4 genotypes of cowpea highlight the daily average values of the plant's foliar sweating, in the blooming phase, ranging between 4.05 -5.23 mmol H2O / m2 / s, which correlated negatively with the level of grain production.
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Cardoso, Kerolém Prícila Sousa, Susana Silva Conceição, Ana Ecídia de Araújo Brito, et al. "Biochemical metabolism of two cultivars of cowpea treated with 24-Epibrassinolide and subjected to saline stress." 2019 13, (03) 2019 (2019): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p1390.
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We aimed to evaluate the changes in biochemical metabolism generated by salt stress and to investigate the effect of brassinosteroids in mitigating of this stress on two cultivars of Vigna unguiculata L. We used a completely randomized experimental design in a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial scheme, using two cultivars of cowpea (BRS Guariba and BR3 Tracuateua - moderately tolerant and sensitive to salinity, respectively), three concentrations of brassinosteroids (0, 0.2 and 0.4 μM Br) and three concentrations of NaCl (0 , 50 and 100 mM NaCl), with four replicates. The following evaluations were carried out: relative water content, electrolyte leakage, nitrate levels, nitrate reductase activity, free ammonium, total soluble amino acids, soluble proteins, glycine betaine and proline. The results showed that salinity at 100 mM affected the nitrate reductase enzyme activity, the relative water content, total soluble amino acids and soluble proteins for cultivars BR3 Tracuateua, and BRS Guariba, but the 24-epibrassinolid attenuated the effects of salinity for these variables. The concentration of 0.2 μM of Br increased 55% and 20% in proline and glycine betaine contents, respectively, in both of cultivars. The plants under stress saline and 0.2 mM of 24-epibrassinolid, presented 42% and 58% reductions in electrolyte leakage of BR3 Tracuateua and BRS Guariba cultivars, respectively. The concentrations of ammonium were slightly varied. Therefore, the application of 0.2 μM of 24-epibrassinolid caused a greater acclimatization of the cultivars, being the BR3 Tracuateua (sensitive to salt) cultivar more expressive in most treatments.
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EL-BELTAGI, Hossam S., Heba I. MOHAMED, Abdel Haleem M. A. MOHAMMED, Laila M. ZAKI, and Asmaa M. MOGAZY. "Physiological and Biochemical Effects of γ-Irradiation on Cowpea Plants (Vigna sinensis) under Salt Stress." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 1 (2013): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118927.
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Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in cowpea plants. In this study, the possible role of γ-irradiation in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil (25, 50, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, total carbohydrate content and mineral uptake compared to control, while increased total phenol content, proline, total free amino acids and lipid peroxidation. Seed irradiation with gamma rays significantly increased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrate, total phenol, proline, total free amino acids and the contents of N, P, K +, Ca+2 and Mg+2 compared to non irradiated ones under salinity. On the other hand, irradiation with gamma rays decreased lipid peroxidation, Na+ and Cl- contents which may contribute in part to activate processes involved in the alleviation of the harmful effect of salt at all concentrations used (25, 50 and 100 mM) except at the high concentration (200 mM). Electrophoretic studies of α-esterase, β-esterase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase isozymes showed wide variations in their intensities among all treatments.
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BARROS JUNIOR, Udson de Oliveira, Maria Antonia Machado BARBOSA, Michael Douglas Roque LIMA, Gélia Dinah Monteiro VIANA, and Allan Klynger da Silva LOBATO. "Short-Time of Rehydration is not Effective to Re-Establish Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Gas Exchange in Two Cowpea Cultivars Submitted to Water Deficit." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 1 (2017): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110569.
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Low water supply frequently interferes on chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange. This study aimed to answer if a short-time of rehydration is efficient to re-establish chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in cowpea plants. The experiment used four treatments (sensitive / water deficit, sensitive / control, tolerant / water deficit and tolerant / control). The sensitive and tolerant cultivars after water restriction had significant changes in gas exchange. On the third day, the stress caused lower for PN and gs in sensitive cultivar of 67% and 45%, respectively. After rehydration these parameters were not recovered significantly to two cultivars. In relation to chlorophyll fluorescence, water stress caused significant changes in all parameters evaluated of cultivars, being observed effects more intense on sensitive cultivar in the parameters Fv/Fm (38%) and Fo (69%). Rehydration did not promote recovery of the values of Fv/Fm and Fo to sensitive cultivar. Therefore, our study revealed that a short-time of rehydration is not effective to re-establish chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in cowpea plants submitted to water deficit.
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KAREEM, I., and A. I. MUSA. "SALINITY STRESS TOLERANCE OF THREE COWPEA CULTIVARS IN A SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF NIGERIA." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 52, no. 3 (2019): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2019-0027.
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To combat the problem of food scarcity and insecurity in areas affected by salinity, crop varieties that are tolerant to the stressful conditions should be selected and used. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate and know the effects of salinity stress on growth and yield of three cowpea cultivars to select the best salinity tolerant cultivar for optimum yield production. To achieve this, three separate experiments were concurrently carried out using ITIOK-298-15, IFE BROWN and SAMPEA 11 cowpea cultivars in the glass house of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The salinity levels tested in each of the cultivars were 0mM (the control), 50mM, 100mM and 200mM sodium chloride (NaCl). The imposition of salinity stress was for a period of two weeks at maturity because this stage is the most sensitive stage for any crop grown under any environmental stress. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Data collection was centred on root length, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, dry mass, final yield, chlorophyll content of leaves, crude protein and crude fat contents. From this work, it was found that 200mM NaCl decreased the final yield by 51% in ITIOK-298-15, 73% in IFE BROWN and 100% in SAMPEA-11 compared to the control. Furthermore, 100mM NaCl reduced crude protein contents of the leaves by 6% in ITIOK-298-15, 10% in IFE BROWN and 17% in SAMPEA-11 compared to the control. From the above results, it was found that ITIOK-298-15 was the most tolerant cultivar while SAMPEA-11 was the most susceptible cultivar to salinity stress. It is, therefore, recommended (subject to further confirmation) that ITIOK-298-15 cultivar, which is the most promising cultivar of the three cultivars experimented, be used in cowpea production in saline environments of the Southern Guinea savannah ecological areas of Nigeria.
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Nunes, Luma Rayane de Lima, Paloma Rayane Pinheiro, Charles Lobo Pinheiro, Kelly Andressa Peres Lima, and Alek Sandro Dutra. "GERMINATION AND VIGOUR IN SEEDS OF THE COWPEA IN RESPONSE TO SALT AND HEAT STRESS." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 1 (2019): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n115rc.
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ABSTRACT Salinity is prejudicial to plant development, causing different types of damage to species, or even between genotypes of the same species, with the effects being aggravated when combined with other types of stress, such as heat stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to salt stress at different temperatures. Seeds of the Pujante, Epace 10 and Marataoã genotypes were placed on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with different salt concentrations of 0.0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, and placed in a germination chamber (BOD) at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 3 × 4 × 5 scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications per treatment. The variables under analysis were germination percentage, first germination count, shoot and root length, and total seedling dry weight. At temperatures of 30 and 35°C, increases in the salt concentration were more damaging to germination in the Epace 10 and Pujante genotypes, while for the Marataoã genotype, damage occurred at the temperature of 20°C. At 25°C, germination and vigour in the genotypes were higher, with the Pujante genotype proving to be more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Epace 10 and Marataoã were more tolerant to high temperatures. Germination in the cowpea genotypes was more sensitive to salt stress when subjected to heat stress caused by the low temperature of 20°C or high temperature of 35°C.
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Sadeghipour, Omid. "Pretreatment with nitric oxide reduces lead toxicity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] walp.)." Archives of Biological Sciences 68, no. 1 (2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150325139s.
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Lead (Pb) is one of the most important toxic heavy metals that reduce plant growth and development. Therefore, finding compounds that can alleviate the toxic effects of Pb is necessary. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays important roles in different physiological processes in plants, such as the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of exogenously applied NO on Pb stress tolerance in cowpea. Seeds were soaked at various concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; NO donor) (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) for 20 h, and then sown in pots containing 0 or 200 mg kg-1 Pb (NO3)2. The obtained results showed that Pb stress significantly reduced the chlorophyll value, relative water content (RWC) and net photosynthetic rate, but increased lipid peroxidation, proline content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. Nonetheless, different levels of NO significantly lowered Pb toxicity by further increasing SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities as well as proline accumulation. NO pretreatment also raised the chlorophyll value, RWC and net photosynthetic rate but reduced lipid peroxidation. Both NO levels (0.5 and 1 mM) were effective in Pb stress tolerance; however, 0.5 mM was more effective. These results indicate that NO pretreatment plays an important role in protecting cowpea plants against Pb toxicity by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and proline accumulation.
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Silva, José Vieira, Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda, Paulo Henrique Alves da Costa, Joaquim Enéas Filho, Enéas Gomes Filho, and José Tarquínio Prisco. "Physiological responses of NaCl stressed cowpea plants grown in nutrient solution supplemented with CaCl2." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 15, no. 2 (2003): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202003000200005.
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Pitiuba cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) plants were grown in nutrient solution and kept in a greenhouse up to pre-flowering stage. They were subjected to four different treatments: nutrient solution; nutrient solution containing 75 mmol.L-1 NaCl; nutrient solution containing 75 mmol.L-1 NaCl and 5 mmol.L-1 CaCl2; and nutrient solution containing 75 mmol.L-1 NaCl and 10 mmol.L-1 CaCl2. Salt stress strongly inhibited plant growth, caused a disturbance in plant-water balance, and increased the total content of inorganic solutes in the different plant parts, due mainly to accumulation of Na+ and Cl-. It also increased leaf and root soluble carbohydrates, reduced soluble amino nitrogen both in root tips and in the youngest trifoliate leaves, and reduced proline levels in root tips. Although the addition of CaCl2 to the root environment of salt stressed plants caused a reduction in Na+ content, specially in roots, it did not ameliorate the salt stress effects on plant-water relations and growth. Therefore, the results obtained do not support the hypothesis that supplemental calcium would ameliorate the inhibitory effects of NaCl-stress.
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Kouam, Eric Bertrand, Toscani Ngompe-Deffo, Honoré Beyegue-Djonko, et al. "Genotypic evaluation of cowpea germplasm for salinity tolerance at germination and during seedling growth." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, no. 1 (2021): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0008.
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Abstract Soil salinity represents a major constraint limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid countries. The effect of salinity induced by sodium chloride (NaCl) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) was investigated on four germination traits and thirteen seedling growth characteristics in twenty cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes (ET11, KEB-CP004, KEB-CP006, KEB-CP009, KEB-CP 010, KEB-CP020, KEB-CP033, KEB-CP038, KEB-CP039, KEB-CP045, KEB-CP051, KEB-CP054, KEB-CP057, KEB-CP060, KEB-CP067, KEB-CP068, KEB-CP118, MTA22, NO74 and NO1036). The germination tests were carried out on Petri dishes in the laboratory while seedling growth experiments continued in plastic pots in the greenhouse, both setting up using a randomised complete block design with three replications. Genotypic responses were significant for all germination traits (p < 0.001). Germination percentage, germination rate index, and coefficient of velocity of germination were all decreased by salt stress. However, the mean germination time increased with increasing saline conditions. Significant differences were found between genotypes for most growth attributes. Growth rate (centimeter increased in height per week) decreased significantly with increasing salinity, starting at 100 mM NaCl (24.20% reduction, 2.66 cm / week) with maximum reduction (38.58%) corresponding to 2.16 cm/week observed at 200 mM NaCl, compared to control (3.51 cm/week growth rate). Also, significant decline in shoot weights, number of functional leaves and dry matter production were observed under salinity. Salinity also reduced water content in shoot and root and did not affect root weights. Under salinity, significant correlations were found between all germination variables (p < 0.001). Growth rate was significantly associated with ten out of the twelve other seedling growth traits. Also, the dry matter production under salinity was significantly associated with all other seedling growth characteristics with the exception of root water content. Given the effect of salt stress, cowpea genotypes, namely NO1036, KEB-CP004, KEB-CP038 and KEB-CP051, were the most tolerant while KEB-CP068 and ET11 were the most sensitive ones. The results confirm substantial genetic variation in salt stress tolerance among the studied genotypes. The most tolerant genotypes should be further explored in genetic improvement programs and should be promoted for culture in regions affected by salinity.
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Ibrahim, M., and M. El-Kassas. "Effect of Water Stress and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on Growth and Seed Yield of Cowpea Under El-Arish Condition." Journal of Plant Production 7, no. 5 (2016): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2016.45393.
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