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Journal articles on the topic 'Cowpea – Nutrition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Chatterjee, C., P. Sinha, and S. C. Agarwala. "Boron nutrition of cowpea." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 100, no. 5 (October 1990): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053454.

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2

Hussain, M. A., I. O. Akinyele, and A. Omololu. "Maternal Perceptions of Gastro-Intestinal Problems in the Feeding of Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata) to Young Children in Rural Ibadan, Nigeria." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659201400103.

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A total of 880 questionnaires were completed and analysed to ascertain the perception of mothers as to the problems encountered by children consuming cowpeas. Over 90% of all mothers surveyed reported no problems attributable to the feeding of cowpeas. However, 9.9% (87) of the mothers reported that their children had problems after the consumption of cowpea foods. Of all the mothers, 101 introduced cowpea foods for the first time at an age below six months, 470 between six and twelve months, 278 between one and two years, and 31 above two years. Of the 87 mothers reporting discomfort in their children, about 74.7 % (65) mentioned diarrhoea, 3.4% vomiting, 5.7% offensive stool, 1.2% abdominal pain, 6.9% bad breath, abdominal distension, and gas, and 1.2% both vomiting and diarrhoea. Only 18.4% of mothers of the affected children indicated that one or more of their children had stopped eating cowpeas. Problems with the consumption of cowpeas were reported to disappear later in life
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3

Gomes, Ana Maria Figueira, David Draper, Nascimento Nhantumbo, Rafael Massinga, José C. Ramalho, Isabel Marques, and Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros. "Diversity of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] Landraces in Mozambique: New Opportunities for Crop Improvement and Future Breeding Programs." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050991.

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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a neglected crop native to Africa, with an outstanding potential to contribute to the major challenges in food and nutrition security, as well as in agricultural sustainability. Two major issues regarding cowpea research have been highlighted in recent years—the establishment of core collections and the characterization of landraces—as crucial to the implementation of environmentally resilient and nutrition-sensitive production systems. In this work, we have collected, mapped, and characterized the morphological attributes of 61 cowpea genotypes, from 10 landraces spanning across six agro-ecological zones and three provinces in Mozambique. Our results reveal that local landraces retain a high level of morphological diversity without a specific geographical pattern, suggesting the existence of gene flow. Nevertheless, accessions from one landrace, i.e., Maringué, seem to be the most promising in terms of yield and nutrition-related parameters, and could therefore be integrated into the ongoing conservation and breeding efforts in the region towards the production of elite varieties of cowpea.
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Muranaka, Satoru, Mariko Shono, Takao Myoda, Junko Takeuchi, Jorge Franco, Yozo Nakazawa, Ousmane Boukar, and Hiroko Takagi. "Genetic diversity of physical, nutritional and functional properties of cowpea grain and relationships among the traits." Plant Genetic Resources 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147926211500009x.

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Cowpea is traditionally important as an affordable source of protein and minerals and of cash income in sub-Saharan Africa, especially for small-scale farmers who have limited options for food and cash crops. The development and deployment of cowpea varieties with improved nutrition and quality that meet the needs of farmers and consumers should enhance cowpea consumption and production in the region. We have identified genetic diversity in various grain quality-related traits of cowpea and relationships among the traits. Wide genetic variation and strong correlations among crude protein, Fe and Zn contents suggest the possibility of improving the concentrations of these nutritional factors simultaneously. Low associations among physical and nutritional properties of grain indicate the possibility of introgressing favorable traits utilizing identified genetic resources. However, narrow variation in amino acid (AA) composition suggests a lesser possibility of improving the contents of specific AAs in cowpea, but it gave a reliable nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5.45 for the estimation of crude protein content. Several improved breeding lines were identified with low concentrations of flatulence-causing oligosaccharides and various favorable agronomic traits and nutrient contents. TVu-12802 had the highest contents of crude protein and high contents of micronutrients, with a low ratio of phytic acid to Fe and Zn contents.
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Kriesemer, Simone Kathrin, Gudrun Barbara Keding, Admassu Tesso Huluka, and Jochen Dürr. "Leafy Vegetables under Shade? Performance, Consumer Acceptance, and Nutritional Contribution of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Leaves in the Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve in Southwest Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042218.

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In rural Ethiopia, people consume mainly cereals and pulses. Integrating vegetables into the multi-storey cropping system of the Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve could improve nutritional health while reducing pressure on natural habitats in the biodiversity hotspot. The aim of the study was to assess the performance of cowpea under shade and its consumer acceptance as leafy vegetables. Trials compared continuous harvesting with uprooting, and food preference was tested. A baseline survey was conducted in four villages and revealed that cropping of vegetables in coffee plantations would be adoptable by 17% of farmers. The cumulatively harvested mean leaf yield (18.15 t ha−1) was significantly higher than the leaf yield of the uprooted cowpea (6.56 t ha−1). As many as 41% (52%) of participants liked cowpea dishes (very much). Based on the trial yields and the RDA, a 25 m2 cowpea plot could produce sufficient vitamin A for 2.1–4.6 adults, iron for 0.8–1.7, and vitamin C for 1.3–2.9 adults during six months. Cowpea was successfully cultivated below coffee, yielded most when repeatedly harvested and showed a high acceptance among consumers. The consumption of cowpea leaves from coffee forests could contribute to a balanced diet and improved nutrition.
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6

Akinyele, I. O., and A. Akinlosotu. "Contribution of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in a mixed diet to the nutrient intake of rural children in Ibadan." British Journal of Nutrition 58, no. 1 (July 1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870066.

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1. Sixty-four subjects from the rural areas of Ibadan participated in a study to determine the contribution of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) foods to the total intake of nutrients in a mixed diet. The subjects were randomly selected from those who, according to their mothers, reacted to cowpea foods (reactors) and those who did not (non-reactors).2. The results showed that for all subjects, protein, energy and riboflavin needs were not met from the total diet consumed. However, the requirements for vitamin A, thiamin and iron were met.3. Between 30 months and 3 years of age, cowpeas contributed 36.2 and 30.3 % of protein intake for nonreactors and reactors respectively. Corresponding values for energy intake were 17.3 and 17.2 % respectively. Lower percentages were contributed by the diets of 4- to 6-year-olds.4. Irrespective of the classification system used, some of the subjects were found to be suffering from mild to moderate malnutrition, with a few severe cases.
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Silva, Sylvia Letícia Oliveira, Renato de Mello Prado, Gilmara Pereira da Silva, Gabriel Barbosa da Silva Júnior, Monica Lanzoni Rossi, and Leónides Castellanos González. "Effects of Boron Omission and Foliar Fertilization on Nutrition Efficiency and Production of Cowpea." HortScience 53, no. 11 (November 2018): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13154-18.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of boron (B) omission on cowpea nutrition and to compare the impact of foliar B fertilization with and without sorbitol on cowpea growth, nutritional status, and B uptake. Two trials using a completely randomized experimental design were conducted. During the first experiment, nutrient solution was provided without B (−B) and with B (+B) in 10 replicates. During the second experiment, a 5 × 2 factorial treatment scheme was used. Five B concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 g·L−1) were administered foliarly in the form of boric acid with or without sorbitol (500 mmol·L−1) in four replicates. B omission symptoms, root growth, plant organ dry mass and B content, and grain yield were evaluated. B omission induced greater losses in reproductive organ and root growth than in leaf and stem production. It also caused deformation of the middle lamella and accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts. Foliar applications of 2.6 to 2.9 g·L−1 B improved cowpea production. The addition of sorbitol did not enhance plant growth. However, it increased B absorption in the vegetative parts of the plant but did not enhance seed production.
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8

Moloto, Mapula R., Anh Dao T. Phan, Jerry L. Shai, Yasmina Sultanbawa, and Dharini Sivakumar. "Comparison of Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids, Amino Acid Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activities in the Leaves of Seven Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Cultivars." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091285.

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Cowpea is a well-known nutrition rich African leafy vegetable that has potential to sustain food and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. Consumption of cowpea legumes is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the (i) variation in phenolic metabolites in seven cowpea cultivars (VOP1, VOP2, VOP3, VOP4, VOP5, VOP7, and VOP8 using UHPLC coupled with high resolution Q-TOF-MS technique, (ii) in vitro antioxidant activity using ferric reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay (iii) in vitro anti-diabetic effects and (iv) composition of carotenoids and amino acids of theses cowpea cultivars. The results of this study demonstrated that gentisic acid 5-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside) and Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1->2)-galactoside were highest in VOP1 VOP4 and VOP5, respectively. High inhibition (>50%) of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities was shown by the leaf extracts (50 and 25 mg/mL) of VOP1 and VOP4. Cowpea cultivars VOP1 and VOP4 demonstrated the highest gene expression levels of regulation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, similar to insulin. A positive correlation exited between the phenolic components and the inhibitory effect of antidiabetic enzymes and FRAP activity. Cytotoxic effect was not detected in vitro in any cowpea cultivar. Lutein (124.6 mg/100 g) and all-trans-beta-carotene (92.6 mg/100 g) levels were highest in VOP2 and VOP1, respectively. Cowpea cultivars VOP3 and VOP4 showed potential to fulfil the daily requirements of essential amino acids. Thus, based on this information, cowpea (leaves) genotypes/cultivars can be selected and propagated for the further development of supplementary foods or functional food ingredients.
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Fadairo, Anjolaoluwa Oreoluwa, Lukman Abiodun Oyebode, and Adeniyi Amusat. "Access to nutrition information: a key to improving nutrition status among under-five children in farming households of Oyo State, Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2020-0004.

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AbstractAttaining adequate child nutrition requires prompt access to relevant nutrition information. Present information reveals that the nutrition status of children younger than five years is threatened. In this study we sought to assess under-five nutritional status among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to sample a total of 146 mothers as respondents. Data were collected using interview schedule and were analysed using percentage, mean, Chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Most respondents were married (89.9%), currently working (93.2%) and had an average age, household size and monthly income of x¯ = 34.61, x¯ = 6 and ₦11,530, respectively. The respondents were mostly aware that cowpea is a major source of protein (x¯ = 0.99) and appropriate immunization of children is essential in aiding nutrition (x¯ = 0.99). They mostly sourced information on child nutrition from radio (x¯ = 0.87) and family and friends (x¯ = 0.87). Child nutritional status was high (59.6%). A significant relationship exists between educational attainment (χ2 = 10.781, P = 0.029), occupational status of the respondents (χ2 = 8.553, P = 0.014), awareness of adequate nutrition (r = 0.166, P = 0.044), source of information (r = 0.137, P = 0.010) and the child nutrition status. Improvements in nutrition campaign using available medical outlets and radio are advocated.
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10

Devi, Suman. "Nutritional Properties and Utilization of Cowpea Seeds, Leaves and Their Health Benefits." Journal of Advanced Research in Food Science and Nutrition 03, no. 02 (December 23, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2582.3892.202008.

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In India, 69% death of below the age of 5 years children is caused by malnutrition. This age group of children same effect every second child through the malnutrition according to UNICEF, 2019. Malnutrition is a condition where the body is deprived of minimum daily nourishment. India is ranked second in having malnourished children. Cookies are one of the most popular snacks and most popular worldwide. It can be fortified with various nutrients. Grain legumes play an important role in human nutrition; these can be used as a very easy vehicle for providing the proteins needed by the population. Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea) is an important protein source, which can be cooked plain, mixed with other foods or processed into different formulated recipes. Cookies can be easily fortified with protein-rich flours to provide convenience food to supplement protein in the diet. Cowpea cookies are beneficial to health and combat the malnutrition. In the present study, protein-rich cookies from cowpea have been developed. Legume is a very good source of proteins, fibre and minerals such as calcium and iron. This study can help industries to develop functional foods and gluten-free food products, which will help researchers to further, explore the possibilities of the development of functional foods utilizing low-cost legumes.
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11

Ibrahim, P., A. Gana, and L. Busari. "Assessment of the contribution of legumes to the nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2000): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.1.11.

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Field trials were conducted to assess the contribution of legumes to the nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane at the up-land sugarcane experimental field of the National Cereals Research Institute Farm, Badeggi (9°45'N, 06°07'E) in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria in the 1997 and 1998 wet seasons. The four treatments tested consisted of sole-planted chewing cane, and chewing cane intercropped with soybean (TGM 579), Sesbania rostrata and cowpea (Ife brown). The treatments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The legumes were ploughed into the soil at 12 weeks after sowing (WAS). At 2 months after sowing, cane intercropped with cowpea generally recorded lower values for cane height, tiller number and crop vigour, while the sole-planted cane crop gave the highest values for each of these parameters in both years. However, at 4 and 10 months after planting and at harvest (1, 6 and 9 months after the legume incorporation) sole-planted cane recorded significantly lower cane height, single stalk weight and crop vigour in 1997 and 1998. Among the intercropping treatments, cowpea and sesbania had almost similar effects on the cane in terms of crop vigour, cane height, single stalk weight and cane yield (t/ha), being better than the sole-planted cane and intercropping with soybean.
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12

Stathers, Tanya E., Sarah E. J. Arnold, Corinne J. Rumney, and Clare Hopson. "Measuring the nutritional cost of insect infestation of stored maize and cowpea." Food Security 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00997-w.

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AbstractOur understanding and prevention of postharvest losses are critical if we are to feed a growing global population. Insect infestation-related losses of stored commodities are typically considered only in terms of quantitative, physical weight loss. Insect infestation affects the nutritional value and some nutritional components are impacted more severely than others. We infested maize and cowpea grain with commonly occurring stored product insect pests, and mapped infestation levels against nutritional composition over a 4-to-6 month storage period to analyse how insect infestation relates to different macro- and micro-nutrient contents. Insect infestation decreased the carbohydrate content of the stored grains, causing a relative increase in the proportion of protein and fibre in the remaining grain, and moisture content also increased. Sitophilus zeamais preferentially fed in the floury endosperm of maize, resulting in more carbohydrate loss relative to protein loss. Conversely, Prostephanus truncatus consumed the germ and endosperm, disproportionately reducing the fat, protein, iron and zinc grain contents. Nutrients are distributed more homogenously within cowpea than in maize grains, but Callosobruchus maculatus infestation increased the relative protein, fat, iron and zinc to carbohydrate ratios. This indicates how the nutrient content of insect-infested stored grain depends upon the grain type, the infesting insect, and the infestation level. Insect infestation therefore has consequences for human nutrition beyond those of grain weight loss. Using data collected on the changing nutritional composition of grain over time, with and without insect infestation, we modelled the associations between infestation and nutritional quality to predict estimated nutritional losses that could be associated with consumption of insect-infested stored maize and cowpea.
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Supu, Asniar Hardianti, Lydia Fanny, and Retno Sri Lestari. "Acceptance and Nutrient Macro Snack Bar Purple Yam and Cowpea." Media Gizi Pangan 25, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32382/mgp.v25i2.387.

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Nutritional problems in Indonesia are still a serious health problem, especially over nutrition and diabetes mellitus. One effort that can be done in the management of diabetes mellitus is to regulate the diet or diet properly which aims to prevent blood sugar from rising dramatically. This can be done by consuming foods that are low in the glycemic index by utilizing purple yam into flour in the form of a snack bar. Cowpea has a high protein and contains amino acids that are important to the body by considering the nutritional value, benefits and acceptability. This study aims to determine the acceptability and analysis of the macro nutrient content of purple yam snack bars (Dioscorea alata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The research design was pre-experimental with the design of one shot group design. Acceptance was assessed based on a hedonic test of 30 panelists. The results of the best acceptability were analyzed for protein nutritional value using the micro kjedahl method, soxhlet method fat analysis, and carbohydrate analysis of the luff schroll method. Then presented in the form of tables and narratives. The results showed that the highest acceptability of panelists against snack bars was formula 1 with 80% purple yam flour addition and 20% cowpea. Based on the highest color aspect is formula 4, the aroma and texture aspects of formula 1 and the flavor aspect of formula 3. The nutritional content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates are 2.008 grams, 4.916 grams and 9.71 grams respectively. It is recommended to test crispness and shelf life. It is better to test snack bars for people with diabetes mellitus to see whether there is an increase in blood sugar.
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Zhouya, Bai, Huang Xiaojun, Meng Jinxia, Kan Lijiao, and Nie Shaoping. "Survey of Chinese Cowpea Cultivars for Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 17, no. 4 (July 8, 2018): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:337-348.

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Distribution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities was surveyed in 24 varieties of Chinese cowpea from 4 provinces. Identity of phytochemicals were determined by UPLC-ESIQTOF-MS/MS and quantified by HPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. Seven phenolic acids, 16 flavonoids and 9 other compounds were identified and several of these were quantified. Quercetin-3-glucoside and kaempferol-glucoside were the major phenolic compounds. In addition, our study indicated that OJYDH cultivar from Jiangxi province had the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and stronger antioxidant activities than other cowpea cultivars. This study made a comprehensive investigation on antioxidants from cowpea and provided the useful data to support its function.
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Dakora, Felix D., and Aziwe Nelwamondo. "Silicon nutrition promotes root growth and tissue mechanical strength insymbiotic cowpea." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 9 (2003): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp02161.

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Application of metasilicic acid (0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.20, 0.40 or 0.80 g L–1) to hydroponically-grown, Bradyrhizobium-infected cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plants showed an increased assimilation of silicon into roots and shoots, which triggered a significant (P<0.05) promotion of root growth, but not shoot growth. Root : shoot ratio therefore, increased markedly (P<0.05) with higher metasilicate application. Mechanical strength of stems and peduncles also increased significantly (P<0.05) with silicon nutrition compared with control plants receiving no metasilicate. But the mechanical strength of roots was not affected. Radioimmunoassay of lateral roots, free of nodules, from plants fed metasilicate revealed markedly (P<0.05) increased concentrations of endogenous ABA, a hormonal signal that stimulates root growth. In contrast, a decreasing concentration of the cytokinin zeatin ribose was obtained with increasing metasilicate supply. These data show that silicon nutrition in symbiotic cowpea promotes an increase in mechanical strength of stems, which bear the entire weight of shoots, and peduncles, which, in turn, support weighty reproductive structures including developing pods and seeds. The increased concentration of ABA in roots as a result of improved silicon nutrition suggests that this element might be an elicitor of ABA biosynthesis and / or its accumulation, which then affected lateral root growth in this study.
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Amonsou, Eric Oscar, Esther Sakyi-Dawson, Firibu Kwesi Saalia, and Paul Houssou. "Kpejigaou: An Indigenous, High-Protein, Low-Fat, Cowpea-Based Griddled Food Proposed for Coastal West Africa." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, no. 4 (December 2008): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900409.

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Background Griddled cowpea paste foods have high nutritional potential because they are low in fat but high in protein. A good understanding of process and product characteristics of kpejigaou is necessary to improve its quality and enhance acceptability. Objective To describe the product, evaluate critical variables in traditional processing, and determine consumer quality criteria and preferences for kpejigaou. Methods A survey of kpejigaou processing was carried out among processors and regular consumers of kpejigaou. Results Kpejigaou is flat and circular in shape, with uniform thickness and porous structure. The production process of kpejigaou was found to be simple and rapid, but the quality of the finished product varied among processors and among batches. Critical processing variables affecting quality were dehulling of the cowpeas, type of griddling equipment, and griddling temperature. Texture (sponginess) is the most important quality index that determines the preference and acceptability of kpejigaou by consumers. Conclusions Traditionally processed kpejigaou does not meet current standards for high-quality foods. This study provides the basis for efforts to standardize the kpejigaou process to ensure consistent product quality and enhance the acceptability of kpejigaou among consumers. Kpejigaou has a potential for success if marketed as a low-fat, nutritious fast food.
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Gatsios, Ntatsi, Celi, Said-Pullicino, Tampakaki, Giannakou, and Savvas. "Nitrogen Nutrition Optimization in Organic Greenhouse Tomato Through the Use of Legume Plants as Green Manure or Intercrops." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110766.

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In the present study, in addition to farmyard manure (FYM), cowpea was applied as green manure and faba bean as an intercrop in an organic greenhouse tomato crop, aiming to increase the levels of soil N. Three experiments (E1, E2, E3) were carried out, in which legumes were either noninoculated or inoculated with rhizobia alone or together with plant growth, promoting rhizobacteria. Inoculation of legumes with rhizobia considerably increased N2 fixation in E1 but had no impact on N2 fixation in E2 and E3. In E1, the application of cowpea decreased yield because it imposed a stronger nematode infection as the cowpea plants acted as a good host for Meloidogyne. However, in E2 and E3 the nematode infection was successfully controlled and the legumes significantly increased the tomato yield when inoculated in E2, irrespective of legume inoculation in E3. The total N concentration in the tomato plant tissues was significantly increased by legume application in E2 and E3, but not in E1. These results show that legumes applied as green manure can successfully complement N supply via FYM in organic greenhouse tomato, while legume inoculation with rhizobia can increase the amounts of nitrogen provided to the crop via green manure.
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Mndzebele, Buhlebelive, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Melake Fessehazion, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Stephen Amoo, Christian du Plooy, Sonja Venter, and Albert Modi. "Effects of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercropping and Fertiliser Application on Soil Phosphatase Activities, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Crop Growth Response." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010079.

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Low available soil phosphorus (P) is associated with its immobility, which renders it unavailable for plant uptake. In addition, farmers normally apply inorganic fertilisers to legumes to activate soil-bound phosphorus using root exudates. Sufficient soil mineral nutrition is key to sustainable crop production, and hence food and nutritional security. The aim of this study was to quantify the acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as an indicator of P supply and availability under varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilization and different cropping systems. An intercropping (cowpea and amaranth) and fertiliser (control, 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended NPK levels) field trial was laid out in a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. There was higher acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of cowpea and amaranth grown as sole crops compared to those from intercropping. The cowpea and amaranth plants grown without fertiliser or 25% NPK had the highest rhizospheric phosphatase activity, while 100% NPK application exhibited the least. The markedly higher phosphatase activity from the low fertiliser application treatments indicates the possible stimulation of microbial activity to supplement P demands for the crops. The study revealed that the application of lower rates inorganic fertilisers in a legume intercrop stimulates the activity of the phosphatase enzymes, which can subsequently liberate soil-bound phosphorus. Plant tissue phosphorus concentration of cowpea and amaranth plants increased proportionately to the increase in fertiliser application up to 50% of the recommended NPK level. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was greater than 1, indicating that it is more beneficial to intercrop cowpea and amaranth as opposed to growing them as sole crops. Overall, the application of NPK fertilizer to amounts of up to 50%, based on the results of this study, appear to be better than 100% in terms of biomass accumulation and phosphate activity.
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Makoi, Joachim H. J. R., Samson B. M. Chimphango, and Felix D. Dakora. "Elevated levels of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in roots and rhizosphere of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes grown in mixed culture and at different densities with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 4 (2010): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09212.

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The aim of this study was to assess P acquisition efficiency in 5 cowpea genotypes in mixed culture and at different plant densities using assays of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and measurement of P in organs. Five cowpea genotypes (2 improved cvv. ITH98-46 and TVu1509, and 3 farmer-selected varieties, namely Bensogla, Sanzie, and Omondaw) were grown in the field at 2 planting densities (83 333 and 166 666 plants/ha) under monoculture and mixed culture with sorghum during 2005 and 2006. Fresh plant roots and rhizosphere soils were collected during the 2 years of experimentation, and assayed for acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. P concentrations in root tissue and rhizosphere soil were also determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The data for 2005 and 2006 were similar, and therefore pooled for statistical analysis. Our results showed that raising cowpea density from 83 333 to 166 666 plants/ha significantly increased both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere, just as mixed culture (or intercropping) also increased the acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in cowpea rhizosphere soil. High plant density and mixed culture (or intercropping) also raised the acid phosphatase activity in fresh roots of cowpea plants. The increased enzyme activity in roots and rhizosphere soil resulted in significantly improved P nutrition in cowpea, greater plant growth, and higher grain yield in the farmer-selected varieties, especially cv. Sanzie. This suggests that field-grown legumes can be screened for high P acquisition efficiency by assaying for acid and alkaline phosphatase activities.
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Abdel-Fattah, Gamal M., G. Hassan Rabie, D. Shaaban Lamis, and A. Metwally Rabab. "The Impact of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Physiological Parameters of Cowpea Plants Grown under Salt Stress Conditions." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i3.15775.

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A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nutrition and some physiological aspects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) plants grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mM NaCl). Under saline condition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculation significantly increased growth responses, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient contents, proline and total soluble protein of cowpea plants compared to non-AM ones. Those stimulations were related to the levels of mycorrhizal colonization in the associated plants. Interestingly, high proline, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes in AM plants could be important for salt alleviation in plants growing in saline soils.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 372-379
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21

Pusztal, A., G. Grant, D. J. Brown, J. C. Stewart, S. Bardocz, S. W. B. Ewen, A. M. R. Gatehouse, and V. Hilder. "Nutritional evaluation of the trypsin (EC3.4.21.4) inhibitor from cowpea (Vigna unguiculataWalp.)." British Journal of Nutrition 68, no. 3 (November 1992): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920133.

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The effect of feeding rats purified cowpea (Vigna unguiculataWalp.) trypsin (EC3.4.21.4) inhibitor in a semi-synthetic high-quality diet based on lactalbumin (10 g inhibitor/kg) for 10 d was a moderate reduction in the weight gain of rats in comparison with controls, despite an identical food intake in the two groups. The reduction in the growth rate was about 20% on a live weight basis. However, the corresponding value calculated from the weight of dry carcasses was less, only about 7%, probably because the water content of the body of the two groups of rats was different. Although most of the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) was rapidly broken down in the digestive tract, its inclusion in the diet led to a slight, though significant, increase in the nitrogen content of faeces but not of urine. Accordingly, the net protein utilization of rats fed on inhibitor-containing diets was also slightly depressed while their energy expenditure was elevated. In agreement with results obtained for the protease inhibitors of soya bean, the slight anti-nutritional effects of CpTI were probably due mainly to the stimulation of the growth and metabolism of the pancreas. Thus, the nutritional penalty for increased insect-resistance after the transfer of the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene into food plants is slight in the short-term.
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Krishnaprabu, S. "Growth and Yield of Cowpea as Influenced by Foliar Nutrition and Phosphobacteria." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7156.

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Mali, Manju, and N. C. Aery. "Effect of Silicon on Growth, Biochemical Constituents, and Mineral Nutrition of Cowpea." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 40, no. 7-8 (April 2009): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620902753590.

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24

Peoples, Mark B., Craig A. Atkins, John S. Pate, and David R. Murray. "Nitrogen Nutrition and Metabolic Interconversions of Nitrogenous Solutes in Developing Cowpea Fruits." Plant Physiology 77, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.77.2.382.

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Kayode, G. O. "Sulfur nutrition of cowpea in the rainforest and savannah regions of nigeria." Fertilizer Research 23, no. 1 (April 1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02656126.

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Grant, Grorge, Patrica M. Dorward, Wendy C. Buchan, Julia C. Armour, and Arpad Pusztai. "Consumption of diets containing raw soya beans (Glycine max), kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) or lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius) by rats for up to 700 days: effect on body composition and organ weights." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 1 (January 1995): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950005.

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Feeding trials have been done with rats to assess the effects of long-term (700 d) consumption of diets based on raw cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata; moderate Bowman–Birk inhibitor content, low lectin content), lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius; low lectin and protease inhibitor content) or soya beans (Glycine max; high Kunitz inhibitor content, moderate Bowman–Birk inhibitor content, moderate lectin content) or diets containing low levels of raw kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; high lectin content, low Bowman–Birk inhibitor content) on body weight and composition and organ weights. All the legume-based diets reduced feed conversion efficiency and growth rates during the initial 250 d. However, after 250 d the weight gains by rats given legume-based diets were similar to those of controls given the same daily feed intake. Long-term consumption of diets containing low levels of kidney bean significantly altered body composition of rats. The levels of lipid in the body were significantly reduced. As a result, carcasses of these rats contained a higher proportion of muscle/protein than did controls. Small-intestine relative weight was increased by short- and long-term consumption of the kidney-bean-based diet. However, the increase in relative pancreatic weight observed at 30d did not persist long term. None of the other legume-based diets caused any significant changes in body composition. However, long-term exposure to a soya-bean- or cowpea-based diet induced an extensive increase in the relative and absolute weights of the pancreas and caused an increase in the incidence of macroscopic pancreatic nodules and possibly pancreatic neoplasia. Long-term consumption of the cowpea-, kidney-bean-, lupin-seed- or soya-bean-based diets by rats resulted in a significant increase in the relative weight of the caecum and colon.
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Gbedevi, Kodjo M., Ousmane Boukar, Haruki Ishikawa, Ayodeji Abe, Patrick O. Ongom, Nnanna Unachukwu, Ismail Rabbi, and Christian Fatokun. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Germplasm Collected from Togo Based on DArT Markers." Genes 12, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091451.

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Crop genetic diversity is a sine qua non for continuous progress in the development of improved varieties, hence the need for germplasm collection, conservation and characterization. Over the years, cowpea has contributed immensely to the nutrition and economic life of the people in Togo. However, the bulk of varieties grown by farmers are landraces due to the absence of any serious genetic improvement activity on cowpea in the country. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 255 cowpea accessions collected from five administrative regions and the agricultural research institute of Togo were assessed using 4600 informative diversity array technology (DArT) markers. Among the regions, the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.19 to 0.27 with a mean value of 0.25. The expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.22 to 0.34 with a mean value of 0.31, while the observed heterozygosity (Ho) varied from 0.03 to 0.07 with an average of 0.05. The average inbreeding coefficient (FIS) varied from 0.78 to 0.89 with a mean value of 0.83, suggesting that most of the accessions are inbred. Cluster analysis and population structure identified four groups with each comprising accessions from the six different sources. Weak to moderate differentiation was observed among the populations with a genetic differentiation index varying from 0.014 to 0.117. Variation was highest (78%) among accessions within populations and lowest between populations (7%). These results revealed a moderate level of diversity among the Togo cowpea germplasm. The findings of this study constitute a foundation for genetic improvement of cowpea in Togo.
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Tagliaferre, Cristiano, Diogo U. G. Guimarães, Lorena J. Gonçalves, Carlos H. F. Amorim, Willian V. Campos, and Felizardo A. Rocha. "Absorption of nutrients by cowpea irrigated with saline water under different leaching fractions." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 12 (December 2016): 1067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n12p1067-1071.

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ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the main environmental problems that negatively affect plant growth and metabolism, besides being one of the factors responsible for the decrease in the yield of crops, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil salinity on the mineral nutrition of irrigated cowpea. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, one irrigated with freshwater (control) and six irrigated with saline water with different leaching fractions (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40%) of the applied irrigation depth, with three replicates. The irrigation with saline water treatments did not affect significantly the contents of macronutrients and Na in the cowpea leaves, while the opposite behavior occurred with the micronutrients.
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Cavalcante, Rodrigo Barbosa Monteiro, Marcelo Antônio Morgano, Kaesel Jackson Damasceno e. Silva, Maurisrael de Moura Rocha, Marcos Antônio da Mota Araújo, and Regilda Saraiva dos Reis Moreira-Araújo. "Cheese bread enriched with biofortified cowpea flour." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 1 (February 2016): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542016000100009.

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ABSTRACT The development and enrichment of food are of great importance not only for the industry but also to improve the population's nutrition, where you can create new products or optimize existing ones. The consumption of fortified products in the diet is an option for the control of deficiency diseases. This study aimed to develop enriched cheese bread with whole biofortified cowpea flour and evaluate their acceptance and chemical composition. Two formulations, F1 and F2, were prepared containing 5.6 and 8% of cowpea flour as a substitute for starch, respectively. To check acceptance, three sensory tests were used (Hedonic Scale, Purchase Intent, and Paired Comparison), F1 being sensory viable according to assessors, being chemically analyzed. Minerals were determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source. The moisture was determined by drying at 105 °C, ash by calcination in muffle at 550 °C, proteins by the macro-Kjeldahl method, and lipids by hot extraction in a Soxhlet extractor. Carbohydrates were obtained by difference and the calories were calculated. The addition of cowpea increased the amounts of copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, as well as protein and carbohydrate values. On the other hand, there was a reduction of the moisture concerning lipids and the total caloric value compared to the standard formulation. It was concluded , therefore, that the cowpea, a regional raw material in market expansion is presented as an option for the enrichment of baked foods that do not contain gluten, such as cheese bread.
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REIS, ANDRE FROES DE BORJA, RODRIGO ESTEVAM MUNHOZ DE ALMEIDA, ALOÍSIO FREITAS CHAGAS JÚNIOR, and ADRIANO STEPHAN NASCENTE. "EFFECT OF COVER CROPS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES, PLANT NUTRITION, AND IRRIGATED TROPICAL RICE YIELD." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 4 (December 2017): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n403rc.

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ABSTRACT In flood plains, cover crops are able to alter soil properties and significantly affect rice nutrition and yield. The aims of this study were to determine soil properties, plant nutrition, and yield of tropical rice cultivated on flood plains after cover crop cultivation with conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage system (NTS) at low and high nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split-split-plot scheme with four replications. In the main plots were cover crops [sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea and C. spectabilis), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)] and a fallow field. In the subplots were the tillage systems (CT or NTS). The nitrogen fertilization levels in the sub-subplots were (10 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg N ha-1). All cover crops except Japanese radish significantly increased mineral soil nitrogen and nitrate concentrations. Sunhemp, velvet bean, and cowpea significantly increased soil ammonium content. The NTS provides higher mineral nitrogen and ammonium content than that by CT. Overall, cover crops provided higher levels of nutrients to rice plants in NTS than in CT. Cover crops provide greater yield than fallow treatments. Rice yield was higher in NTS than in CT, and greater at a higher rather than lower nitrogen fertilization level.
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Boby, V. U., A. N. Balakrishna, and D. J. Bagyaraj. "Interaction between Glomus mosseae and soil yeasts on growth and nutrition of cowpea." Microbiological Research 163, no. 6 (November 2008): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.10.004.

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32

Gatsios, Anastasios, Georgia Ntatsi, Dionisios Yfantopoulos, Penelope Baltzoi, Ioannis C. Karapanos, Ioannis Tsirogiannis, Georgios Patakioutas, and Dimitrios Savvas. "Effects of Different Organic Soil Amendments on Nitrogen Nutrition and Yield of Organic Greenhouse Tomato Crop." Nitrogen 2, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2030024.

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Manure is a common source of nitrogen (N) in organic farming. However, manure is not always easily available, while the maximum N amount added as animal manure in organic agriculture is restricted by EU regulations. The present study was designed to test whether green manuring with a warm-season legume and intercropping with a cold-season legume can substitute farm-yard manure or compost as N sources in organic greenhouse tomato crops. To test this hypothesis, a winter-spring (WS) tomato crop was installed in February following the incorporation of crop residues of an autumn-winter (AW) tomato crop intercropped with faba bean, which had been fertilized with cowpea residues as green manure. This treatment, henceforth termed legume treatment (LT), was compared with the use of compost or manure as an N fertilization source in both tomato crops. In addition, a combination of compost and LT was also used as a fourth treatment. The results showed that green manuring with legumes and particularly cowpea can contribute a significant amount of N to the following organic tomato crop, through the biological fixation process. Nevertheless, legumes as green manure, or compost, or their combination cannot efficiently replace farmyard manure as an N fertilization source. Compost exhibited a slow mineralization course.
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Nadeem Asghar, Muhammad, Javaid Akhtar, Muhammad Shafiq, Iram Nadeem, Muhammad Ashfaq, and Sammia Shahid. "GC‐MS and antioxidant capacity analyses of cowpea seeds oils." Nutrition & Food Science 43, no. 2 (March 22, 2013): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346651311313283.

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PurposeThe cowpea plant, being affordable and protein‐rich, is considered poor man's meat. The aim of this paper is to undertake a detailed investigation regarding in vitro total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and chemical constituents of the vegetable oils from seeds of this plant, taking its nutritional value into consideration.Design/methodology/approachVegetable oils of different indigenous cowpea varieties were obtained using soxhelt extraction assembly and subjected to GC‐MS analyses and various antioxidant assays including 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulpohonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging, ferr, 2.2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging, total phenolic contents (TPC), lipid peroxidation inhibition, and iron chelation activity.FindingsVarious chemical constituents including different hydrocarbons, tocopherols, ketones, fatty esters, estragole and cedrene were identified. TPCs were found to be 5.439, 5.7279, 7.6126, 6.7573 and 10.0591 mg/L gallic acid equivalent for S.A. Dandy, Elite, White Star, CP‐386 and FBD Rawan varieties, respectively. Employing ABTS radical decoloration assay a significant linear correlation (R2=0.997, 0.996, 0.997, 0.996 and 0.997 for S.A. Dandy, Elite, White Star, CP‐386 and FBD Rawan varieties, respectively) was found between the percent inhibition of ABTS radical cation and the amount of vegetable oils. The percent inhibition of the Fe(II)‐Ferrozine complex formation was found to be 29.45, 53.76, 82.91, 86.59 and 57.87 for the same varieties, respectively.Originality/valueGC‐MS and standard in vitro antioxidative capacity analyses data clearly demonstrated the potency of the cowpea as antioxidant and radical scavenger plant which may be used as a good source of natural antioxidants. The plant seeds may prove a better and cost‐effective substitute of expensive food items.
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Belane, Alphonsus K., Flora Pule-Meulenberg, Thabo I. Makhubedu, and Felix D. Dakora. "Nitrogen fixation and symbiosis-induced accumulation of mineral nutrients by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 3 (2014): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13283.

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Little information currently exists on the relationship between rhizobial symbiosis and mineral accumulation in nodulated legumes. The aim of this study was to measure fixed nitrogen (N) in whole plants and in young fully expanded trifoliate leaves of cowpea genotypes, and to relate this to mineral accumulation in the leaves. The data revealed marked differences between high and low N2-fixing genotypes, with the former consistently showing greater %N, plant or leaf total N, and amount of N fixed compared with the latter. There was a 2.0–3.8-fold difference in amount of N fixed at whole-plant level between high- and low-fixing cowpea genotypes at Taung, South Africa, and 2.4–4.0-fold at Manga, Ghana. Furthermore, the genotypes with high N2 fixation consistently exhibited greater concentration and content of minerals (e.g. P, K, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in their trifoliate leaves, whereas those that recorded low N2 fixation accumulated lesser amounts of mineral nutrients in leaves. In a nodulation assay, we found that rhizobial isolates TUT53b2vu and TUT33b4vu, which exhibited higher symbiotic efficiency (measured here as nodule number, nodule fresh weight, and plant dry matter yield), also elicited greater mineral accumulation in cowpea shoots, while strains with low N2-fixing ability induced limited mineral accumulation. These results, together with a correlation analysis, show that, at least in nodulated cowpea, there is a strong relationship between N2-fixing efficiency and mineral accumulation, two traits that could be exploited in breeding programs for improved human nutrition and health.
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Jadhav, R. S., N. V. Thaker, and A. Desai. "Involvement of the siderophore of cowpea Rhizobium in the iron nutrition of the peanut." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (May 1994): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00414884.

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36

Agbenin, J. O., G. Lombin, and J. J. Owonubi. "Effect of boron and nitrogen fertilization on cowpea nodulation, mineral nutrition and grain yield." Fertilizer Research 22, no. 2 (1990): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01116181.

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37

Jayathilake, Chathuni, Rizliya Visvanathan, Afka Deen, Ruksheela Bangamuwage, Barana C. Jayawardana, Srinivas Nammi, and Ruvini Liyanage. "Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98, no. 13 (June 30, 2018): 4793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9074.

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38

Ji, Jie, Chunyang Zhang, Zhongfeng Sun, Longlong Wang, Deqiang Duanmu, and Qiuling Fan. "Genome Editing in Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Using CRISPR-Cas9." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102471.

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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is widely cultivated across the world. Due to its symbiotic nitrogen fixation capability and many agronomically important traits, such as tolerance to low rainfall and low fertilization requirements, as well as its high nutrition and health benefits, cowpea is an important legume crop, especially in many semi-arid countries. However, research in Vigna unguiculata is dramatically hampered by the lack of mutant resources and efficient tools for gene inactivation in vivo. In this study, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). We applied the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology to efficiently disrupt the representative symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) gene in Vigna unguiculata. Our customized guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) achieved ~67% mutagenic efficiency in hairy-root-transformed plants, and nodule formation was completely blocked in the mutants with both alleles disrupted. Various types of mutations were observed near the PAM region of the respective gRNA. These results demonstrate the applicability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Vigna unguiculata, and therefore should significantly stimulate functional genomics analyses of many important agronomical traits in this unique crop legume.
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Ordiz, M. Isabel, Stefan Janssen, Greg Humphrey, Gail Ackermann, Kevin Stephenson, Sophia Agapova, Oscar Divala, et al. "The effect of legume supplementation on the gut microbiota in rural Malawian infants aged 6 to 12 months." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 111, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa011.

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ABSTRACT Background Common bean and cowpea contain about 25% protein and 25% fiber, and are recommended as complementary foods in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if a daily legume supplement given to Malawian infants aged 6 to 12 mo alters the 16S configuration of the fecal microbiota as read out by amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Methods This study was conducted within the context of a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to assess whether cowpea or common bean supplementation reduced intestinal permeability or increased linear growth. There were 2 village clusters in which the study was conducted. Fresh stool collections were flash frozen from 236 infants at ≤6 time points. The stools were sequenced using Earth Microbiome project protocols and data were processed using Qiime and Qiita, open-source, validated software packages. α-diversity was measured using the Faith's test. The 16S configuration was characterized by determining the weighted UniFrac distances of the ASVs and comparing them using permutational multivariate ANOVA. Results Among the 1249 samples analyzed, the α-diversity of the fecal microbiome was unchanged among subjects after initiation of legume supplementation. Neither cowpea nor common bean altered the overall 16S configuration at any age. The 16S configuration differed between children with adequate and poor linear growth aged from 6 to 9 mo, but no specific ASVs differed in relative abundance. The 16S configuration differed between children with normal and abnormal intestinal permeability at 9 mo, but no specific ASVs differed in relative abundance. Among categorical characteristics of the population associated with different 16S configurations, village cluster was most pronounced. Conclusion Legume supplementation in breastfed, rural African infants did not affect the structure of the gut microbial communities until the children were aged 9 mo. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02472262.
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Onyango, S. O., G. O. Abong, M. W. Okoth, D. Kilalo, and A. W. Mwang’ombe. "Physico-chemical properties and sensory quality of cassava-cowpea-millet composite flours." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (October 2, 2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.3s.

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There is global increase in demand for good health and nutrition. The objective of this study was to formulate nutritious composite flours from cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) roots, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves, and millet (Pennisetum glaucum), especially for children and expectant women. A Nutrisurvey software was used to formulate three flour products, namely 20:50:30, 10:50:40 and 15:60:25 of cassava roots, cowpea leaves, and millet, respectively to achieve more than 40% daily requirement of protein, iron and zinc for the expectant woman. The products were subjected to a sensory panel and evaluated against a standard commercial flour (Famila) sold in the Kenyan market. The flours were also subjected to accelerated shelf-life study based on physico-chemical properties and growth of yeast and molds. Results indicated that 20:50:30 and 10:50:40 had the highest colour scores on a 7-point hedonic scale, 5.2±1.35 and 5.2±1.48 (P<0.05). The score indicates a near equal acceptability of the flour based on colour for both the standard. The green porridge (15:60:25) was the least accepted flour and had the highest total aerobic count of 3.7 log cfu g-1 after four months of storage. The acid value of the flours ranged from as low as 1.84±0.01mg KOH g-1 for the 20:50:30 at day zero and as high as 12.9±1.73 mg KOH g-1 after six months of storage. The formulated 20:50:30 flours had protein (8.0%), fat (3.5%) carbohydrates (70%), zinc (0.6 mg100 g-1), iron (0.6 mg100g-1) and vitamin C (0.3 mg100 g-1).
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Ndubuaku, Victoria O., Adaoha C. Uwaegbute, and Dickson O. Nnanyelugo. "Flatulence and other discomforts associated with consumption of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)." Appetite 13, no. 3 (December 1989): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(89)90010-x.

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Atkins, Craig A., John S. Pate, Paul J. Sanford, Felix D. Dakora, and Ian Matthews. "Nitrogen Nutrition of Nodules in Relation to `N-Hunger' in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)." Plant Physiology 90, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.4.1644.

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Mali, Manju, and and Naresh C. Aery. "Silicon effects on nodule growth, dry-matter production, and mineral nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 171, no. 6 (December 2008): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200700362.

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44

Fu, Duhan, Shanying Zhang, Meng Wang, Xiaoyu Liang, Yanli Xie, Yu Zhang, and Chenghui Zhang. "Dissipation behavior, residue distribution and dietary risk assessment of cyromazine, acetamiprid and their mixture in cowpea and cowpea field soil." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100, no. 12 (June 3, 2020): 4540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10495.

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45

Ashay, O. A., S. B. Fasoyiro, and R. O. Lawal. "Effect of fortification on the compositional and sensory attributes of cowpea‐amala." Nutrition & Food Science 31, no. 2 (April 2001): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346650110367017.

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46

Akpapunam, M. A., and S. Sefa-Dedeh. "Traditional Lactic Acid Fermentation, Malt Addition, and Quality Development in Maize-Cowpea Weaning Blends." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600113.

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We studied the effects of traditional lactic acid fermentation and the addition of malt on the physicochemical properties of maize-cowpea blends. The products were high in protein (18.4%-19.4%) and low in fat (0.5%-1.3%) and fibre (0.5%-0.7%). Fermentation reduced the pH from 6.7 to 4.4. The unfermented sample without malt was about four times as thick in consistency as those containing it. Up to 5% malt in the blends did not reduce the viscosity of the cooked samples fermented for two days. Fermentation for three days further neutralized the known effects of reducing viscosity by the addition of malt. Two different effects occurred when fermented blends containing malt were cooked: malt addition caused a reduction in viscosity, whereas fermentation led to an increase. Thus adding malt to maize-cowpea blends before fermentation does not reduce viscosity. Adding malt to the blend after fermentation should be tried.
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Owade, Joshua O., George Abong’, Michael Okoth, and Agnes W. Mwang’ombe. "A review of the contribution of cowpea leaves to food and nutrition security in East Africa." Food Science & Nutrition 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1337.

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Sant' Ana, Cíntia Tomaz, Paula Tavares Antunes, Tuane Carrari dos Reis, Maria das Graças Váz‐Tostes, Eduardo Frizzera Meira, and Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa. "Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron in biofortified germinated cowpea." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 99, no. 14 (August 6, 2019): 6287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9902.

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Anjos Barros, Nara Vanessa dos, Bruna Barbosa de Abreu, Débora Thaís Sampaio da Silva, Ana Karine de Oliveira Soares, Maurisrael de Moura Rocha, and Regilda Saraiva dos Reis Moreira-Araújo. "Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Grains of Biofortified Cowpea Cultivars, Before and After Cooking." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190925123800.

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Abstract:
Objective: This study aimed to identify and quantify phenolic compounds in the grains of biofortified cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars before and after cooking. Methods: We analyzed two cultivars of genetically improved cowpeas, namely BRS Aracê and BRS Tumucumaque. Raw and cooked samples of the cultivars were analyzed (in triplicate). The concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and flavanols, as well as the antioxidant activity, were determined. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Grains of cultivar BRS Tumucumaque had higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds before (297.23 ± 4.24 (mean ± standard deviation) mg/100 g) and after (147.15 ± 6.94 mg/100 g) cooking, and higher concentrations of total flavonoids before (49.36 ± 2.02 mg/100 g) and after (23.97± 0.67 mg/100 g) cooking. Anthocyanins were not measured in the grains of either cultivars. There was a statistically significant reduction in the concentration of total flavanols after cooking, with the greater retention in BRS Aracê. Similarly, the antioxidant activity was significantly reduced after cooking, with greater reductions in BRS Tumucumaque than in BRS Aracê. Five phenolic acids were identified and quantified, including gallic, caffeic, and ferulic acids. Conclusion: We conclude that cooking affected the concentrations of phenolic compounds in the cultivars, as well as the antioxidant activity exhibited by these cultivars. The cultivars contained beneficial compounds that can contribute to disease prevention and health maintenance.
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Makinde, F. M., and O. O. Abolarin. "Effect of Post-Dehulling Treatments on Anti-Nutritional and Functional Properties of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Flour." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 9 (October 19, 2020): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.23.

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Recently, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) has been cited for imparting specific positive health potentiating responses when properly positioned in the diet. However, inherent anti-nutritional factors in cowpea have long been recognized as concerns and require appropriate processing conditions to ameliorate adverse effects. The study focuses on effect of post-dehulling treatments on anti-nutritional and functional properties of cowpea flour. Three genotypes of cowpea (IT99K-573-2-1, IT96D-610, and IT07K-292-10) were dehulled. Dehulled cowpeas were boiled, roasted or autoclaved and prepared into flour. Raw (dehulled) cowpea genotype served as control. Anti-nutritional and functional properties of the products were determined using standard procedures. Antinutrient concentration of cowpeas differed significantly (p≤0.05) among genotypes. Tannin, phytate and oxalate concentration ranged from 31.15 to 121.80g/kg, 22.31 to 48.04 g/kg and 0.01 to 0.026g/kg respectively. Coloured beans (IT96D-610), had significantly lower anti-nutritional content than those of white beans (IT99K-573-2-1 and IT07K-292-10). All heat treatments significantly reduced the levels of investigated anti-nutrients compared to their respective control. Water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity were found in the range of 2.12–3.07 mL/g and 1.37-1.73 mL/g, respectively. Swelling power, starch solubility, loose bulk density and packed bulk density varied between 10.79 to 18.42g/g, 0.16 to 1.52g/g, 0.64 to 0.73g/mL and 0.84 to 0.94 g/mL respectively. Colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, hab, C*) showed significant variations among the genotypes. The combined varietal and processing variation induced significant modification in the inherent anti-nutrients and functional properties of dehulled cowpea as attested by the highly significant (p≤0.05) correlations observed. Processing of cowpea seeds in these forms presents an opportunity for extending their use beyond the dehulled seeds in food system. Keywords: Cowpea, dehulling, treatment, nutrients, functionality
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