Dissertations / Theses: 'Cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.)'

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Ishiyaku, Mohammad Faguji. "Inheritance of time to flowering in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360060.

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Omwenga, George Isanda. "Callus Development and Organogenesis in Cultured Explants of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4655/.

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Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp is an excellent source of protein, vitamins and minerals and a major food crop many parts of Africa. Optimal production levels are hampered by insect pests and diseases. Biotechnological techniques such as tissue culture and genetic engineering can aid in the development of varieties with resistance to insect pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate conditions necessary for the development of a reproducible tissue culture system that can be applied to regenerate transformed cells from culture. The in vitro manipulation of cowpea using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, auxins and cytokinins resulted in the formation of callus and rhizogenesis. Calli that were formed were separated into six classes based on color and texture. Yellowish friable callus, yellowish compact, soft yellowish callus and green and white were composed of largely vacuolated cells and were non-regenerative. Friable green callus was the most prevalent callus type and could form of roots in some hormone combinations. Green spots were formed on hard compact green callus. The green spots became nodular, forming root primordia and ultimately giving rise to roots. None of the six calli types gave rise to the formation of shoots. Embryogenic callus was induced from cowpea explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with dicamba and picloram. Embryogenic suspension cultures were initiated from callus induced on MS supplemented with 3.0 mg/L dicamba or picloram and conditions for maintenance of embryogenic suspension cultures were evaluated. Somatic embryos were formed in suspension cultures. Attempts to convert and germinate the somatic embryos resulted in the formation of callus or formation of appendages on the somatic embryos or in the death of the embryos. The appendages formed roots on prolonged culture. Further research is needed to determine appropriate optimal conditions for embryo conversion and germination and ultimately plant recovery from culture.

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Ngugi, Eliud Chege Kahiu. "The genetics of carbon isotope discrimination in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239598.

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Marques, Marcelo Rodrigues. "Ação hipocolesterolêmica de hidrolisados de feijões caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-09102013-152334/.

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Introdução - Devido ao perfil de mortalidade e de danos patológicos associados, as doenças cardiovasculares são consideradas um sério problema de saúde pública. Níveis de colesterol plasmático elevados fazem parte dos fatores de risco mais importantes para o desenvolvimento dessas doenças. Pesquisas recentes demostraram que a proteína do feijão caupi promove a redução dos níveis de colesterol em hamsters e em seres humanos, possivelmente pela ação de peptídeos bioativos advindos da dieta. Entretanto, a via pela qual o colesterol é inibido por esses peptídeos, assim como os efeitos do processamento na ação biológica ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivo - Verificar a via de ação hipocolesterolêmica dos hidrolisados do feijão caupi e o efeito do processamento térmico nesta propriedade. Métodos - Parte da farinha integral foi submetida ao isolamento de proteína e o restante dos grãos foi submetido à cocção em autoclave e à extrusão. Após ser cozido em autoclave, o feijão cozido também teve sua proteína isolada. Posteriormente, a proteína isolada do feijão integral e do feijão cozido foi submetida à hidrólise in vitro. O processo de extrusão foi modelado em função da expansão dos extrusados segundo a metodologia de superfície de resposta. A farinha do feijão extrusado foi submetida à hidrólise enzimática in vitro sem isolamento prévio da proteína. Os três hidrolisados foram submetidos à ultrafiltração e a fração menor que 3 kDa foi utilizada nos ensaios de inibição da enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril coenzima A redutase (HMGR) e no ensaio de inibição da solubilização micelar do colesterol para avaliar a ação dos hidrolisados na via hepática e na via entérica do metabolismo do colesterol respectivamente. Resultados - Os hidrolisados provenientes dos isolados proteicos apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes. Em doses mais elevadas de proteína (acima de 70 µg/mL), a inibição apresentou-se estável, por volta dos 75 por cento. Em relação ao hidrolisado da farinha de feijão extrusado, à medida que se aumenta a quantidade de proteína a capacidade inibitória diminui. Os hidrolisados foram capazes de inibir a solubilização micelar do colesterol de 5 a 39 por cento. O processamento térmico foi fator determinante para diminuir a solubilização do colesterol in vitro. Conclusão Os hidrolisados do feijão caupi são capazes de inibir a enzima HMGR e reduzir a solubilização micelar do colesterol in vitro, mesmo após o feijão ser processado termicamente. A capacidade dos hidrolisados de insolubilizar o colesterol foi melhorada pelo cozimento em autoclave e pela extrusão
Introduction- The cardiovascular diseases, due to mortality and associated pathological damage, are considered a serious public health problem. Elevated plasma cholesterol levels are part of the most important risk factors for the development of these diseases. Recent research indicated that Cowpea protein promotes the reduction of cholesterol levels in hamsters and humans, possibly by the action of bioactive peptides from the diet. However, the route by which cholesterol is inhibited by peptides, as well as the processing effects on biological action are still unknown. Objective - To verify the hypocholesterolemic pathway of hydrolyzed cowpea and the effect of thermal processing on this property. Methods - Part of wholemeal flour was subjected to isolation of protein, and the remaining of the grains was subjected to retort and extrusion cooking processes. After autoclaving the grain, protein was also isolated from the flour. Subsequently, the isolated protein from wholemeal and cooked flour was subjected to in vitro hydrolysis. The extrusion process was optimized according to response surface methodology using the expansion ratio of extrudates as the dependent variable. The extruded bean flour was subjected to in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis without the isolation of the protein. The three hydrolysates were subjected to ultrafiltration and and fractions smaller than 3 kDa was used for inhibition assays of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and for inhibition assay of micellar solubilization of cholesterol to evaluate their effect on the liver and enteral cholesterol metabolism respectively. Results - The hydrolysates from the protein isolates showed similar. At higher doses of protein (above 70 mg/mL), the inhibition was stable at around 75 per cent. Regarding the hydrolyzate of bean flour extruded as it increases the amount of protein inhibitory capacity decreases. The hydrolysates were able to inhibit the micellar solubilization of cholesterol between 5 and 39 per cent. The thermal processing was the determining factor to decrease the solubility of cholesterol in vitro. Conclusion The hydrolysates of cowpea are able to inhibit the enzyme HMGR micellar solubilization and reducing cholesterol in vitro, even after being thermally processed beans. The ability of hydrolysates insolubilize cholesterol was improved by cooking in an autoclave and by extrusion

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Mao, Jingqin. "Improved resistance to insects in maize (Zea mays L) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27152.

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A novel alteration in secondary metabolism of maize transformed with wheat oxalate oxidase gene (OXO) was determined using HPLC and microscopy. Phenolic concentration was significantly increased, but DIMBOA synthesis was down-regulated. The high levels of soluble phenolic acids, in particular free ferulic acid, most likely contributed to the insect resistance in the OXO maize. To facilitate future cowpea transformation with the OXO, a stable in vitro regeneration system was established in blackeye cowpea via shoot organogenesis. The optimal initiation medium comprised MS salts, B 5 vitamins, 2 mg 1-1 BAP, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar at pH 5.8. The highest initiation frequency and shoot number were obtained from the shoot apices of 3-5 days old seedlings. For shoot elongation, 0.5-5.0 mg 1-1 GA3 was required. Rooting medium was MS salts supplemented with B5 vitamins, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar.

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Neto, Manoel C., and Paul G. Bartels. "Dry Matter Partitioning of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Under Water Deficit Conditions." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214526.

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Water Stress caused reduction of seed yield in cowpea plants by decreasing total biomass and photosynthesis. The source leaf, pod and seed water potential of stressed cowpea were lower than water potential in non-stressed plants. No differences in water potential and turgor were observed between pod walls and seed of cowpea plants. Partitioning of the total above ground dry matter was similar for both stressed and nonstressed cowpea plants. Photosynthetic rates of single leaves from cowpea were greater for nonstressed than stressed plants. The duration of seed growth of cowpea was not different between stressed and nonstressed plants; however, rate of seed growth at the end of seed filling period was greater in nonstressed plants. Seed growth rate of both stressed and nonstressed cowpea plants declined at about the same time photosynthesis of the source leaf declined. Leaf area index was greatest in nonstressed cowpea.

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Legesse, Nigussu. "Genotypic comparisons of imbibition in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU546773.

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Examination of the imbibition characteristics of eighty chickpea genetic lines (53 Desi and 27 Kabuli types) and eleven cowpea cultivars revealed that in both species seeds with unpigmented testae imbibed more rapidly than the pigmented seeds. Rapid imbibition was associated with high solute leakage, indicative of possible imbibition damage. Further evidence of imbibition damage was revealed in cowpea where the rapidly imbibing unpigmented seeds had poor vital staining with tetrazolium chloride after 24h imbibition. In chickpea, all the genetic lines of white Kabuli seeds had similar rapid rates of imbibition. In contrast, the pigmented Desi genetic lines revealed a range of rates of water uptake although many imbibed more slowly than the Kabuli lines. The incidence of delayed imbibers, that is, seeds which failed to imbibe until after 8h in water, was the main reason for reduced rates of imbibition in Desi lines. The restriction to water uptake by the pigmented seeds was mainly influenced by the properties of the seed coat. In cowpea seeds, the permeability of the seed coat was the most important factor limiting water uptake whereas in chickpea the permeability of the seed coat as a whole and of the micropyle as well as the degree of adherence of the seed coat to the cotyledons were important in regulating the movement of water into the seed. Investigation of the rate of imbibition during the maturation of dwarf French bean, cowpea and chickpea seeds revealed that development of slow water uptake by coloured cultivars was clearly associated with the appearance of pigmentation. In chickpea, this also coincided with the development of the adherence of the seed coat to the cotyledons. In contrast, seeds from unpigmented cultivars imbibed rapidly at all stages of maturation. Examination of the seed coat anatomy of chickpea and cowpea indicated that the pigmented seeds tended to have shorter and narrower palisade cells and also shorter tracheid bars than the unpigmented seeds. Differences in water uptake by Kabuli and Desi seeds were not evident when seeds were stored at 100% relative humidity and 40^oC for days. All seeds deteriorated at a similar rate. However, the importance of initial seed quality in influencing deterioration during storage was emphasised by the rapid loss of germination of the Kabuli seeds in which germination and vital staining revealed poor initial quality.

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Chiulele, Rogerio Marcos. "Morphological and physiological responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) cultivars to induced water stress and phosphorus nutrition." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49770.

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Thesis (MScAgric) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cowpeas are produced under low and irregular rainfall in most of arid and semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Growth and yield are therefore reduced due to the occurrence of water stress during the growing season. Knowledge of the responses and adaptive mechanisms of cowpeas to water stress may help to improve the management practices for these areas. Therefore, three glasshouse experiments were conducted at Welgevallen Experimental Farm of the University of Stellenbosch to test the responses of two cowpea cultivars to water stress. In the first experiment, physiological responses were used to identify those physiological parameters, which can be used to distinguish between drought tolerant and susceptible cowpea cultivars. In the second experiment, some of the identified physiological parameters together with some morphological growth responses, yield and grain protein content of the same two cowpea cultivars were used to identify which is the more tolerant cultivar. Tn the third experiment, the hypothesis that increased phosphorus supply may improve the tolerance of cowpea plants to water stress and their ability of recover from the stress was tested. The results showed that water stress affected water relations, morphological growth parameters, yield and grain protein content, but increasing P supply reduced the effect of water stress and promoted more rapid recovery after re-watering. Water relations were affected by water stress because it reduced relative water content, which resulted in reduced water potential and increased leaf diffusive resistance and proline accumulation. Morphological growth responses and yields were affected because water stress reduced the leaf area, which resulted in reduced biomass production and seed yield. Lower leaf area under water stress was the result of the reduced number of leaves and leaf expansion rate, but the number of leaves was the most important parameter. Reduced seed yield was due to reduced number of pods. The responses of the two cultivars tested were different. AB Wit, which performed better under well-watered conditions was more affected by water stress due to its larger leaf area that resulted in excessive water loss by transpiration. ACH14 was more drought tolerant than AB Wit due to a combination of a more rapid stomatal closure and proline accumulation, which induced osmotic adjustment, and which in tum helped to maintain higher water potentials. The increased P supply reduced the effect of the water stress. High-P level plants showed higher root growth, which resulted in more water uptake and larger leaf area during the water stress period, and after re-watering these plants recovered more rapidly. The more rapid recovery from stress was the result of enhanced root growth and leaf expansion rate and most probably due to increased water uptake. High-P level plants also showed more rapid leaf appearance and plant growth at earlier stages compared to the low-P level plants.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Akkerbone word onder toestande van lae en wisselvallige reenval in baie ariede en semi-ariede gebiede van Afrika verbou. In hierdie gebiede word groei en produksie dikwels beperk deur water tekorte gedurende die groei seisoen. Kennis van reaksies en aanpassingsmeganismes van akkerbone teenoor water tekorte mag dus help om produksietegnieke in bogenoemde gebiede te verbeter. Om hierdie rede is drie glashuiseksperimente onder gekontroleerde toestande op die Welgevallen Proefplaas van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch uitgevoer. In die eerste eksperiment is fisiologiese reaksies van twee cultivars gebruik om eienskappe te identifiseer wat gebruik kan word om tussen droogteweerstandbiedende en droogte gevoelige cultivars te onderskei. In die tweede eksperiment is sommige van die geidentifiseerde eienskappe asook morfologiese groei, opbrengs en kwaliteitsreaksies van dieselfde twee cultivars gebruik om die meer droogte weerstandbiedende cultivar te identifiseer. In die derde eksperiment is die hipotese dat P-bemesting die droogteweerstandbiedendheid teen en herstelvermoe na droogte kan verbeter, getoets. Die resultate toon dat water tekorte beide plantwaterverhoudings, morfologiese eienskappe asook opbrengs en proteieninhoud beinvloed, maar dat hoe P-peile die invloed van water tekorte verminder en herstelverrnoe na die droogte verbeter. Plant-waterverhoudings is bemvloed omdat water tekorte relatiewe waterinhoud van plante verlaag wat aanleiding gee tot verlaagde plantwaterpotensiale, verhoogde huidmondjie weerstand en 'n toename in prolien inhoud. Morfologiese eienskappe en opbrengs is benadeel weens 'n veri aging in blaaroppervlakte wat fotosintetiese vermoe en gevolglik ook biomassaproduksie en saad opbrengs benadeel. Verlaagde blaaroppervlakte tydens water tekorte was hoofsaaklik die gevolg van 'n vermindering in aantal blare, terwyl verlaagde saadopbrengs grootliks die resultaat van 'n vermindering in aantal peule was. Die cultivar AB Wit wat die hoogste opbrengs onder gunstige groeitoestande gelewer het, is die meeste bemvloed deur water tekorte omdat die welige blaargroei van hierdie cultivar, luukse waterverbruik en groter transpirasie verliese veroorsaak het. Die cultivar ACH 14 daarteenoor het waterverliese beperk deurdat die huidmondjies vinniger gesluit het en verhoogde prolien-inhoude, osmotiese aanpassings veroorsaak het. Dit het gehelp om waterpotensiale instand te hou. Hierdie cultivar was gevolglik meer droogte weerstandbiedend as AB Wit. Hoe vlakke van P-bemesting het die effek van water tekorte verminder weens verbeterde wortelgroei. Dit het wateropname gedurende en na die peri ode van water stremming verbeter sodat plante vinniger herstel het na die droe periode. Plante wat by hoe P-peile gegroei is het ook 'n verhoogde blaarverskyningstempo en 'n toename in groei tydens die vroee ontwikkelingstadiums getoon.

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Masangwa, Johnny Isaac Gregorio. "The effect of plant extracts on anthracnose of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31458.

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Anthracnose is one of the serious diseases of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by the Colletotrichum fungi. The disease is prevalent is small holder farmers’ fields due to the scarcity and high cost of the synthetic fungicides. This study was conducted with the main aim of improving food security and income of the smallholder farmers by increasing legumes, P. vulgaris and V. unguiculata thereby increasing production and improve food security and income of smallholder farmers. Investigations involved in vitro bioassaying for antifungal activities of the crude extracts on Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) Bri. and Cav. and Colletotrichum dematium (Fr.) Grove var. truncata field isolates and evaluating the effect of crude plant extracts seed treatments on seed germination, emergence and control of anthracnose disease of common bean and cowpea. Furthermore, ultra-structural changes of plant extracts treated and efficacy of foliar application of extracts. The in vitro study showed that Allium sativum L., Agapanthus caulescens Spreng., Carica papaya L. and Syzygium cordatum Hochst.ex Krauss extracts have good antifungal activities against both C. lindemuthianum and C. dematium. The low concentrations (5 mg.ml-1) of Syzygium and Agapanthus water extracts and acetone extracts of Agapanthus and Carica gave a high percentage of bean seed germination, emergence, short mean emergence time (MET) and were effective in controlling the anthracnose disease. The treatment of Agapanthus (both water and acetone) extracts also increased the shoot length and dry weight of the seedlings. The Allium acetone extracts (5 mg.ml-1) was the only treatment that gave good results with respect to germination percentages, MET, shoot length, leaf area and dry mass of cowpea. Five mg.ml-1 concentrations of Syzygium and Agapanthus water extracts and acetone extracts of Agapanthus and Carica have potential as seed treatments on bean. Allium acetone extract (5 mg.ml-1) was the only potential cowpea seed treatment that could be recommended to farmers as an alternative to the synthetic fungicide. Electron microscopy revealed that principle differences were observed in the cotyledon-embryo connecting tissues of seeds treated with Agapanthus, which had few cristae in their mitochondria than the cells from other treatments. The embryonic root cells of bean seeds treated with Agapanthus had coalescing protein bodies. The embryonic root cells of cowpea and bean treated with Syzygium had fewer lipid bodies as compared to the control and the Agapanthus treated seeds. Bean plants that were foliar treated with the 15 mg.ml-1 concentrations of Allium water, Agapanthus water, Carica water, Agapanthus acetone, Carica 5 and 15 mg.ml-1 acetone, Syzygium 5 mg.ml-1 acetone extracts and the combinations (2.5 mg.ml-1 + 2.5 mg.ml-1) of Allium + Agapanthus, Allium + Carica, Agapanthus + Syzygium and Carica + Syzygium extracts registered low anthracnose (C. lindemuthianum,) disease severity and high leaf area. The cowpea plants treated with 15 mg.ml-1 water extracts of Agapanthus and the combinations of Allium + Agapanthus, Agapanthus + Carica and Agapanthus + Syzygium extracts recorded low cowpea anthracnose (C. dematium) disease severity, highest leaf area and dry mass. The study revealed that A. sativum, Agapanthus, C. papaya and S. cordatum plant extracts have antifungal activities and can be used as alternative seed treatments and foliar fungicides against the anthracnose diseases of legumes (cowpea and common bean) instead of synthetic fungicides without causing any negative effect on seed germination, emergence, ultra-structure of seeds and plant growth. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Thobatsi, Jacob Thobatsi. "Growth and yield responses of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in an intercropping system." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10122009-184005.

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Ndambe, Nzaramba Magnifique. "Inheritance of antioxidant activity and its association with seed coat color in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.)." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2455.

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Analysis of antioxidant activity (AOA) of entries in the 2002 Regional Southernpea Cooperative Trial revealed not only significant differences among entries, but that entries with pigmented (black and red) seed coats were clustered among the highest, cream types were the lowest, while pinkeye and blackeye types were intermediate. Red colored peas were higher in antioxidant activity than black types. These findings provided strong evidence that compounds responsible for pigmentation were involved in AOA. The objectives of the present investigation were to investigate the inheritance of AOA in cowpea and further study the relationship between AOA and seed coat color. Four advanced selections, ARK95-356 (black), ARK98-348 (red), ARK96-918 (cream), and LA92-180 (cream), were crossed in a complete diallel mating design, generating F1, F1', F2, F2', BC1, and BC2 populations. Individual seeds were ground and samples were extracted in methanol and analyzed for AOA using the free radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Combining ability tests using Griffing??s Method I Model I indicated presence of highly significant general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal (REC) and maternal (MAT) effects, with pigmented lines exhibiting positive GCA and MAT, while non-pigmented lines exhibited negative GCA and MAT. AOA in the F1 was not significantly different from the maternal parent, with seed coat color also resembling the maternal parent. Segregation for seed coat color was observed in the F2 and F2'. Additive, dominance, and epistatic effects were significant. The broad sense heritability estimate was 0.87. Minimum number of genes responsible for AOA was estimated at about five. Factors governing high AOA appeared to be the same as those responsible for seed coat color, with apparent pleiotropic effects. In conclusion, breeding for high AOA is possible using highly pigmented parental lines.

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Kotze, Richard Gavin. "The physiological and molecular effects of fumonisin B1 on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53506.

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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an edible annual leguminous crop cultivated by many subsistence and rural communities in developing countries in subtropical areas of the world. Cowpea is a very versatile, well adapted and nutritious grain legume. However, cowpea seed is prone to fungal infestation under suboptimal storage conditions. Some of these fungi, including Aspergillus and Fusarium spp., produce their associated mycotoxins under these conditions. Fumonisins are produced primarily by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum and are known to be toxic to vertebrates and plants. Fumonisin B1 is phytotoxic to cowpea seeds and is speculated to inhibit ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid pathway in plants. This study was done to determine the phytotoxic effects of FB1 on cowpea seedlings and to provide insight on the mode of action of the toxin at a molecular level. Surface-disinfected seeds were imbibed for 10 h in sterile distilled water amended with FB1 to yield final concentrations of 2, 20 and 40 mg/L. Slow imbibed seeds (placed in moist paper towels) and seeds placed in sterile distilled water for 10 h served as the positive and negative controls, respectively. Additionally cowpea seeds were inoculated with the conidia of three different FB1-producing Fusarium verticillioides strains. Percentage emergence was determined after seven dpi whereas, seedling mass, length and seedling vigour index where determined after seven and 21 dpi. Total chlorophyll content was measured after 14 and 21 dpi. Stunted growth was observed in FB1 treated seedlings. Emergence was reduced by all three FB1 concentrations as well as in seeds treated with F. verticillioides strain MRC 8265. Seedlings imbibed in 40 mg/L FB1 had reduced seedling length. Seedling mass was reduced by all three FB1 concentrations as well as all three Fusarium strains. Total chlorophyll content was higher for seeds imbibed in all three FB1 concentrations when compared to both controls. This is in contrast to other studies which reported that FB1 causes chlorosis in plants. In order to evaluate the effect of FB1 on ceramide synthase gene expression seeds were imbibed in a 20 mg/L FB1 solution and the control seeds were imbibed in sterile distilled water. RNA was extracted from untreated and treated samples after 0, 3 and 12 dpi with the latter being divided into shoot and roots samples. cDNA was synthesised from the extracted RNA samples. Amplification of the ceramide synthase gene was done using primers that were designed to the conserved regions of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris ceramide synthase gene homologues. Sequence analysis revealed that the designed primers did amplify the correct gene from cowpea seedlings. The expression levels of the ceramide synthase gene from cowpea were thus tested using semi-quantitative PCR amplification. No significant differences in ceramide synthase gene expression were observed between the control and toxin treated samples. Two FB1 unrelated differences were observed. A possible developmental difference was observed as ceramide synthase gene expression decreased over time in both the control and treated samples. It thus seems that FB1 did not influence ceramide synthase gene expression in cowpea.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Plant Science
MSc
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Sim, N. "A study on manganese toxicity and the nitrogen nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371448.

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AraÃjo, Maria EmÃlia Bezerra de. "Strategies of deficit irrigation on agronomic performance of cultivars of cowpea in CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12710.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
As culturas agrÃcolas demandam grandes volumes de Ãgua no processo produtivo, sendo oportuno identificar quais os estÃdios de desenvolvimento com maior sensibilidade hÃdrica visando definir uma estratÃgia de manejo da irrigaÃÃo. Assim, objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, avaliar os efeitos do dÃficit hÃdrico em diferentes estÃdios fenolÃgicos das cultivares de feijÃo-caupi, Sempre Verde e SetentÃo, com o intuito de obter informaÃÃes sobre a viabilidade tÃcnica do uso da irrigaÃÃo deficitÃria na cultura. O experimento foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental da EstaÃÃo AgrometeorolÃgica do Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes, definidos em funÃÃo da Ãpoca de induÃÃo do dÃficit hÃdrico (em um, dois ou trÃs estÃdios fenolÃgicos), correspondente Ã aplicaÃÃo da metade da lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo do tratamento sem dÃficit hÃdrico. Foram avaliadas ao tÃrmino de cada estÃdio fenolÃgico as variÃveis: taxas de fotossÃntese, transpiraÃÃo e condutÃncia estomÃtica. Ao tÃrmino do ciclo foram analisadas a matÃria seca da parte aÃrea e a participaÃÃo de cada uma delas em relaÃÃo Ã produÃÃo de fitomassa seca total e o Ãndice de colheita. Avaliaram-se os componentes de produÃÃo (massa de cem grÃos, nÃmero de vagens por planta, comprimento das vagens, nÃmero de grÃos por vagem e produtividade). Estimaram-se ainda, os Ãndices de eficiÃncia de uso da Ãgua para a produÃÃo de matÃria seca total da parte aÃrea e para a produtividade de grÃos. As variÃveis foram submetidas Ã anÃlise estatÃstica realizando-se anÃlise de variÃncia (Teste F) e Teste de Tukey para comparaÃÃo de mÃdias. Os resultados mostraram que a cultivar SetentÃo foi superior estatisticamente em todas as variÃveis de trocas gasosas. A fotossÃntese e a transpiraÃÃo foram influenciadas pela interaÃÃo entre os tratamentos x cultivares x Ãpocas, com exceÃÃo da condutÃncia estomÃtica. A Ãpoca de floraÃÃo apresentou os maiores valores de transpiraÃÃo, e a condutÃncia estomÃtica atingiu os maiores valores na Ãpoca vegetativa. Os dÃficits de irrigaÃÃo e as cultivares interagiram e afetaram a produÃÃo e partiÃÃo da matÃria seca da parte aÃrea, Ãndice de colheita, componentes de produÃÃo e produtividade, porÃm nÃo influenciou o nÃmero de vagens por planta. O dÃficit hÃdrico, no estÃdio de formaÃÃo da produÃÃo (T2), nÃo influenciou a produÃÃo de matÃria seca total da parte aÃrea. O manejo da irrigaÃÃo com dÃficit na cultura do feijÃo-caupi pode resultar em maior eficiÃncia de uso da Ãgua por parte da cultura.
Agricultural crops require large volumes of water in the production process and it is important to identify the appropriate stages of development with higher water sensitivity in order to define a strategy for irrigation management. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of water stress at different growth stages of two cowpea cultivars, Sempre Verde and SetentÃo, in order to obtain information on the technical feasibility of using deficit irrigation for this crop. The experiment was conducted at the experimental site of the Agrometeorological Station of the Department of Agricultural Engineering. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments and four replicates, according to the time of drought induction (in one, two or three phenological stages), and corresponding to the application of half the sheet of water of the treatment without water deficit. Rates of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance were assessed at the end of each phenological stage. At the end of the growth cycle, shoot dry matter and its participation in total dry matter and harvest index were analyzed. The components of production (weight of one hundred grains, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of grains per pod and productivity) were evaluated. In addition, the water use efficiency for total shoot dry matter production and for grain yield was estimated. The variables were analyzed statistically by performing analysis of variance (F test) and Tukey's test for comparison of means. The results showed that the cultivar SetentÃo was statistically higher in all gas exchange variables. Photosynthesis and transpiration were influenced by the interaction between cultivars x treatments x times, but not stomatal conductance. Transpiration was highest during flowering while stomatal conductance was highest during vegetative growth. There was interaction between irrigation deficits and cultivars, which affected shoot dry matter production and partitioning, harvest index, yield components and yield, but not the number of pods per plant. Water shortages in the stage of yield formation (T2) did not influence total shoot dry matter. Irrigation management with deficits in cowpea can result in greater efficiency of water use by the crop.

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15

Castro, Neto Manoel Teixeira de. "Dry matter partitioning of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) under water deficit conditions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185649.

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Productivity of legume crops grown in semi-arid regions of the world is limited by drought. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought on the physiological and morphological factors associated with productivity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under reduced water levels. Physiological factors measured were photosynthesis, water and osmotic potential, translocation, RGR and dry matter partitioning. Morphological traits of pods and seeds were studied with scanning electron microscope. Water stress reduced seed yield in cowpea and bean plants by decreasing total biomass and photosynthesis. The source leaf, pod and seed water potential of stressed cowpea was lower than water potential of nonstressed plants. Bean water potential and turgor of source leaf, pod walls, and seed were similar for both stressed and nonstressed plants over the reproductive period. No differences in water potential and turgor were observed between pod walls and seed and source leaves of either cowpea or bean plants. In both bean and cowpea, partitioning of the total above ground dry matter was similar for both stressed and nonstressed plants. However, more dry matter accumulated in seeds than in other plant structures. Photosynthetic rates of single leaves from either cowpea or bean were greater for nonstressed than stressed plants. The duration of seed growth of cowpea and bean was not different between stressed and nonstressed plants; however, rate of seed growth at the end of seed filling period was greater in nonstressed plants. Seed RGR of both stressed and nonstressed cowpea and bean plants declined at about the same time photosynthesis of the source leaf declined. LAI and NAR were greatest in nonstressed cowpea and bean plants. Sixty-one percent of ¹⁴C sucrose taken up by the leaves was translocated to the seeds whereas only about 80% ended up in the pod walls. Pod funiculus of stressed bean plants had more scalariform xylem vessels than nonstressed plants.

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JÃnior, JosÃ Maria TupinambÃ da Silva. "Standard colonization arbuscular mycorrhizal in plants barabdos cherry, corn and cowpea bean." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17281.

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nÃo hÃ
Improve technologies that seek to reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers is essential, considering that most Brazilian soils have low availability of phosphorus (P), ultimately limit the growth of plants and generating a high dependence of phosphate fertilizers. The use of microorganisms as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which are associated with the majority of plant species is now a viable alternative, mainly by beneficial effects of these fungi for plant growth such as increased absorption of nutrient, especially, P. Association between AMF and fruit or annual plants can enhance productivity of these species, in addition to reducing the consumption of phosphate fertilizers. So to evaluate the morphological pattern of colonization by AMF, two studies were conducted, the first in areas of family farmers who grow acerola and reside in Maranguape-Ce. The second study was conducted in a greenhouse and in Soil Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Soil Science of the University Federal of CearÃ, with cowpea plants and corn fertilized with increasing doses of P. In the first survey, Paris morphology, the presence of intracellular vesicles and hyphae was observed in all areas collected. With the extraction of soil AMF spores, the predominance of genres, Glomus sp. and Scutelospora sp, was found in the four areas where soil samples were collected. In research conducted in the greenhouse, it was observed that the growth of the cowpea and corn was favored by phosphorus fertilization to dose 150 mg P kg-1 soil and 120 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively. The mycorrhizal colonization was reduced by higher doses of P added to the soil and the morphology of mycorrhizal colonization intermediate was observed in both species, not occurring influence of phosphorus fertilization on their morphology. In addition, they identified up to fifteen morphotypes especeis AMF in the soil cultivated with cowpea or corn.
Aprimorar tecnologias que buscam a reduÃÃo do uso de fertilizantes fosfatados Ã essencial, considerando que grande parte dos solos brasileiros possui baixa disponibilidade de fÃsforo (P), acabando por limitar o crescimento das plantas e gerando uma dependÃncia elevada de adubos fosfatados. O uso de micro-organismos, como os fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares (FMA), que se associam com a maioria das espÃcies vegetais Ã uma alternativa viÃvel principalmente pelos efeitos benÃficos desses fungos para o crescimento das plantas, como maior absorÃÃo de nutrientes, notadamente o P. A associaÃÃo entre FMA e plantas frutÃferas ou anuais poderÃ fomentar a produtividade dessas espÃcies, alÃm de reduzir o consumo de adubos fosfatados. Com o intuito de avaliar se diferentes manejos impostos ao sistema solo planta podem alterar o padrÃo de colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica arbuscular em plantas cultivadas foram realizados dois estudos, o primeiro em Ãreas de agricultores familiares que cultivam acerola e residem em Maranguape-Ce. O segundo estudo, foi conduzido em casa de vegetaÃÃo e no LaboratÃrio de Microbiologia do Solo pertencente ao Departamento de CiÃncias do Solo da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, com plantas de feijÃo de corda e milho adubadas com doses crescentes de P. Na primeira pesquisa, o padrÃo morfolÃgico Paris, com a presenÃa de hifas intracelulares e vesÃculas, foi observado em todas as Ãreas coletadas. Com a extraÃÃo de esporos de FMA do solo, a predominÃncia dos gÃneros, Glomus sp. e Scutelospora sp, foi constatada nas quatro Ãreas em que foram coletadas amostras de solo. Na pesquisa conduzida em casa de vegetaÃÃo, observou-se que o crescimento do feijÃo de corda e do milho foi favorecido pela adubaÃÃo fosfatada atÃ a dose 150 mg P kg-1 solo e 120 mg P kg-1 solo, respectivamente. A colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica foi diminuÃda pelas maiores doses de P adicionados ao solo e o padrÃo morfolÃgico de colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica intermediÃrio foi observado nas duas espÃcies vegetais, nÃo ocorrendo influÃncia da adubaÃÃo fosfatada sobre sua morfologia. AlÃm disso, foram identificados atÃ quinze morfotipos de espÃcies de FMA no solo cultivado com feijÃo de corda ou milho.

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Fecht-Christoffers, Marion M. "Manganese toxicity and tolerance in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) the role of the leaf apoplast /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971895201.

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Singh, Shardendu Kumar. "DEVELOPING SCREENING TOOLS FOR ABIOTIC STRESSES USING COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] AS A MODEL CROP." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-09032008-105843/.

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Abiotic stresses cause extensive loss to agriculture production worldwide. Cowpea is an important legume crop grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions where high temperature, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and drought are the common stress factors limiting production. Various vegetative, physiological, biochemical and reproductive plant attributes were assessed under a range of UVB radiation levels in Experiment I and in a combination with two doses of each carbon dioxide concentration [CO₂], temperature, and UVB radiation and their interactions in Experiment II by using six cowpea genotypes and sunlit plant growth chambers. The dynamics of photosynthesis and fluorescence processes were assessed in 15 cowpea genotypes under drought condition in Experiment III in pot-grown plants under sunlit conditions. A distinct response pattern was not observed in cowpea in response to UVB radiation form 0 to 15 kJ; however, plants grown under elevated UVB showed reduced photosynthesis resulting in shorter plants and produced smaller flowers and lower seed yield. Increased phenolic compounds appeared to be a defense response to UVB radiation. The growth enhancements observed by doubling of [CO₂] were not observed when plants were grown in combination with elevated UVB or temperature which also showed the most detrimental effects on plant growth and seed yield. Results form Experiment I and II revealed that cowpea reproductive traits were highly sensitive to abiotic stresses compared to the vegetative growth and development. A total stress response index (TSRI) technique, derived from all vegetative and reproductive parameters, was used to screen genotypes for their stress tolerance to UVB or combination of stresses. An increase in water use efficiency while maintaining higher rate of photosynthesis was an important drought tolerance mechanism in tolerant cowpea genotypes. Using principal component analysis technique, four groups of the genotypes were identified for their drought tolerance. Evaluating same genotypes across stress conditions revealed that no single genotype has the absolute tolerance characters to all stress conditions. The identified diversity for abiotic stress tolerance among cowpea genotypes and associated traits can be used to develop tolerant genotypes suitable for an agro-ecological niche though traditional breeding or genetic engineering methods.

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Pereira, Renalison Farias. "CaracterizaÃÃo bioquÃmica, nutricional e funcional de genÃtipos elite de feijÃo-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11100.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
O melhoramento genÃtico convencional de feijÃo-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] tem como proposta aperfeiÃoar suas propriedades agronÃmicas. Entretanto, a partir de uma preocupaÃÃo mundial, considerando alÃm das necessidades dos agricultores, empresÃrios e exportadores, tambÃm se busca desenvolver cultivares com maior qualidade nutricional para os consumidores. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito do melhoramento genÃtico convencional do feijÃo-caupi sobre os atributos nutricionais e propriedades funcionais de importÃncia industrial. Os atributos nutricionais foram avaliados inicialmente por meio da determinaÃÃo da composiÃÃo proximal e de minerais. As mÃdias (% base seca) dos valores de proteÃnas totais, lipÃdios, cinzas, fibra alimentar total e carboidratos digerÃveis foram 22,95; 1,60; 3,84; 17,80 e 53,87, respectivamente. JÃ os teores de ferro e zinco foram em mÃdia 4,62 e 3,21 mg/100g de semente, respectivamente. Os genÃtipos com teor proteico acima de 25% apresentaram uma boa digestibilidade in vitro (cerca de 70%) e perfil de aminoÃcidos, inclusive os sulfurados, estando todos presentes em nÃveis acima do recomendado para crianÃas de 3 a 10 anos. Em comparaÃÃo com a soja, foram encontrados nÃveis baixos ou moderados de fatores tÃxicos e/ou antinutricionais nos genÃtipos com destaque em teor de proteÃna, ferro e zinco. Houve uma variaÃÃo no teor dos Ãcidos fenÃlicos (11,18 a 94,60 mg/g de semente), taninos (1,33 a 3,05 mg/g de semente), inibidores de tripsina (30,15 a 40,47 UI/mg de proteÃna), inibidores de quimotripsina (14,21 a 26,43 UI/mg de proteÃna) e lectinas (20.000 a 80.000 UH/Kg de semente). Ao se construir Ãndices de qualidade nutricional dos genÃtipos de feijÃo-caupi, verificou-se que os teores dos antinutrientes estudados podem modificar a classificaÃÃo dos mesmos. No entanto, quando os genÃtipos de feijÃo-caupi sÃo comparados com a soja, uma leguminosa amplamente consumida, percebe-se que esses fatores nÃo sÃo de grande relevÃncia, pois hÃ mÃtodos de inativaÃÃo e/ou remoÃÃo dos componentes indesejados. Propriedades funcionais promissoras foram encontradas para os genÃtipos avaliados, tais como capacidade de absorÃÃo de Ãgua e Ãleo, geleificaÃÃo e espumabilidade, as quais apontam para uma possÃvel aplicaÃÃo da farinha de feijÃo-caupi na indÃstria alimentÃcia. Baseando-se nos Ãndices de qualidade nutricional por meio das caracterÃsticas nutricionais e bioquÃmicas, os trÃs genÃtipos sugeridos para serem usados como parentais em programas de melhoramento genÃtico e produÃÃo de sementes sÃo: G17 (MNC02-682F-2-6), G03 (BRS ARACÃ) e G01 (BRS- JURUÃ).
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] conventional breeding aims to improve its agricultural characteristics. However, there is a global concern that besides considering the needs of farmers, entrepreneurs and exporters, it is also necessary to develop cultivars with higher nutritional quality for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of conventional breeding of cowpeas upon their nutritional attributes and functional properties of industrial significance. The nutritional attributes were initially evaluated by determination of proximate and minerals composition. The means (% dry basis) of total proteins, lipids, ashes, total dietary fiber and digestible carbohydrates content were 22.95; 1.60; 3.84; 17.80 and 53.87, respectively. Mean values for iron and zinc contents were 4.62 and 3.21 mg/100g of seeds, respectively. Genotypes with protein content over 25% showed good in vitro digestibility (ca. 70%) and amino acid profile, including sulfur amino acids, all being in higher levels than the requirements for 3-10 years old children. The levels of toxic and/or antinutritional factors in the genotypes with better contents of protein, iron and zinc were low to moderate compared to those of soybeans. There were reasonable variations in phenolic acid contents (11.18 to 94.60 mg/g of seeds), tannin (1.33 to 3.05 mg/g of seeds), trypsin inhibitor (30.15 to 40.47 UI/mg protein), chymotrypsin inhibitor (14.21 to 26.43 UI/mg protein) and lectin (20,000 to 80,000UH/kg seeds). By using nutritional quality indexes of cowpea genotypes it was observed that the contents of antinutrients may change the ranking position. Nevertheless, when cowpea genotypes are compared to soybeans, it is observed that these factors are not so relevant considering that this legume seed is safely consumed by animals and humans since there are methods to inactivate or remove them. Promising functional properties were detected in the analyzed genotypes, such as water and oil absorption capacity, gelation and foaming properties. These properties point to a possible utilization of cowpea flour in the food industry. Based upon the nutritional quality indexes, we conclude that the top three genotypes suggested to be used as parentals in cowpea breeding programs are G17 (MNC02-682F-2-6), G03 (BRS-ARACÃ) and G01 (BRS-JURUÃ).

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MOHAMED, IBRAHIM ELBASHIR. "EFFECTS OF PRE-PLANT APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION AND YIELD OF COWPEAS (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187957.

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The responses of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cultivars inoculated with granular inoculum (a mixture of rhizobia) at different levels of applied nitrogen were evaluated. California Blackeye 5 (Ca5) and Knuckle Purple Hull (KPH) cowpeas were examined under field conditions for percent nodulation, nodule number, and nodule mass per plant, and nitrogenase activity at various times during the 1983 and 1984 growing seasons. Data were also obtained for shoot and root dry weights, seed yield, and protein content. Significant differences between inoculated and uninoculated plots were found at all nitrogen treatments for both cultivars with respect to nodulation percentage, nodule number, nodule mass, and nitrogenase activity. An inverse trend linear and quadratic was noted between nitrogen increments and nodulation (nodule number and nodule mass) of Ca5 and KPH cowpeas. High N (168 kg N ha('-1)) was more inhibitory to nodulation than low (28 kg N ha('-1)) N applied. Nitrogenase activity of both cultivars was significantly stimulated with low and inhibited by high levels of ammonium nitrate. Effects of nitrogen treatments on nodulation and nitrogenase activity were influenced by the stage of growth and cowpea cultivar. At the pod-fill stage, higher nodule numbers and nitrogenase activity were recorded for Ca5 as compared to KPH cowpeas. Morphological differences, with Ca5 plants being erect with few vines, whereas KPH plants were semi-erect and bushy, were observed between inoculated and uninoculated plants of Ca5 and KPH cowpeas at all levels of applied nitrogen. Dry weights of vegetative components of both cultivars were significantly improved when low (28 kg N ha('-1)) rather than high (168 kg N ha('-1)) nitrogen was added. Inoculation significantly increased seed yield of Ca5 cowpeas. When conditions were favorable seed yield of inoculated Ca5 exceeded that of inoculated KPH in all comparisons within the same increments of applied N. Seed yield of both cultivars was adversely affected when high levels of nitrogen were applied. Seed, leaf, petiole, and stem protein content were significantly higher with respect to inoculated than uninoculated plots. However, nitrogen fertilizers tended to decrease protein content of the measured parameters for Ca5 and KPH cowpeas.

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Silva, Carlos Davi Santos e. "Ecofisiologia e Bioquímica da cultivar BRS-Xiquexique: [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], sob deficiência hídrica." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2009. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4325.

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The cowpea culture has a huge alimentary importance; it is one of the most cultivated by the rural zone population of North/Northeastern of Brazil. Abiotic stress such as droughts can reduce the crop yield. Therefore, the identification and understanding of the drought tolerance mechanisms are fundamental when selecting cultivars more tolerant to water deficit. This paperwork had as objective the study of ecophysiological and biochemical responses showed by the cultivation of cowpea ´BRS-xiquexique´ when submitted to different water regimes. The studies of the ecophysilogical responses and biochemical analyses were realized in the agricultural greenhouse and in the Botany Department of Biology applied laboratory at the Federal University of Sergipe, located in São Cristóvão-SE. For the cultivation were used vases with 10 litres containing soil composed of vegetal land and washed sand in a proportion of 2:1. There were sown 4 seeds by vase but after 15 days the 2 more vigorous were chosen. By the 46th day of cultivation the irrigation was suspended. The trial design was made with three treatments and five repetitions (T0 = 100% repositioning of the daily lost water by the plant, T1 = 50% repositioning of the daily lost water by the plant, T2 = 25% repositioning of the daily lost water by the plant). Always in the interval of 8am to 8:30am the vases were weighed and the water lost in the last 24 hours was the answer for the established proportions for each treatment. During the experiments, ecophysiological analyses were done every two days and the biochemical analyses, every four days. The ecophysiological studied variables were transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), liquid photosynthesis (A), leaf water potential (ψ), CO2 concentration (Ci) and total chlorophyll. Establishing the ratio of photosynthesis and transpiration it was determined the efficiency of water use (A/E). For the biochemical studies, the variables were the soluble sugar content, level of proline, level of proteins, level of chlorophylls a and b. Every cophsyological and biochemical data was submitted to variance analyses and the averages were compared through Tukey test, by the level of 5% significance with the aid of the statistical programme GraphPad Prism. Version 4.0. Through the results analysis it was possible to identify correlation between water abolition and the ecophysiological responses presented. There was decline in the following values: water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, liquid photosynthesis and efficient use of water. There was increase in: internal concentration of CO2 and leaf temperature. For the stomatal conductance there was no significant differences between the plants of the treatments T1 and T2, however, there were differences among them and treatment T0 (witness). For the other variables, it could be observed important differences even though in isolated days. Concerning to the biochemical responses, in general there were no changes in levels of the studied variables, susceptible to correlation to the water disability.
A cultura do feijão-caupi é de grande importância alimentar, destacando-se como uma das mais cultivadas pelas populações da zona rural do Norte/Nordeste do Brasil. Estresses abióticos como a seca podem reduzir os rendimentos das lavouras. Portanto, a identificação e a compreensão dos mecanismos de tolerância à seca são fundamentais para a seleção de cultivares mais tolerantes ao déficit hídrico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo das respostas ecofisiológicas e bioquímicas apresentadas pela cultivar de feijão-caupi BRSXiquexique quando submetida a diferentes regimes hídricos. Os estudos das respostas ecofisiológicas e bioquímicas foram conduzidos na estufa agrícola e no Laboratório de Botânica Aplicada do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, localizada no município de São Cristóvão-SE. Para o cultivo foram usados vasos com capacidade de 10 litros contendo solo composto de terra vegetal e arei lavada na proporção de 2:1. Foram semeadas 4 sementes por vaso e após 15 dias foi feito desbaste deixando-se apena as duas plantas mais desenvolvidas. O cultivo seguiu em condições semi-controladas até o 46º dia quando foram suspensas a irrigações. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e cinco repetições (T0 = reposição de 100% da quantidade de água perdida diariamente pela planta; T1 = reposição de 50% da quantidade de água perdida diariamente pela planta e T2 = reposição de 25% da quantidade de água perdida diariamente pela planta). Sempre das 08h00min às 08h30min os vasos foram pesados e reposta a água perdida nas 24 horas anteriores nas proporções estabelecidas por cada tratamento. Durante os experimentos foram feitas análises ecofisiológicas, a cada dois dias, e bioquímicas, a cada quatro dias. As variáveis ecofisiológicas estudadas foram transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), fotossíntese líquida (A), potencial hídrico foliar (Ψ), concentração interna de CO2 (Ci) e clorofila total. Estabelecendo a razão entre fotossíntese e transpiração determinou-se a eficiência do uso da água (A/E). Já as variáveis bioquímicas estudadas foram teor de açúcares solúveis, teor de prolina, teor de proteína e teores das clorofilas a e b. Todos os dados ecofisiológicos e bioquímicos obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas mediante teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância com auxílio do programa estatístico GraphPad Prism. Versão 4.0. Por meio das análises dos resultados foi possível identificar correlação entre a supressão hídrica e as respostas ecofisiológicas apresentadas. Houve quedas nos potenciais hídricos, nas taxas de transpiração, condutância estomática, fotossíntese líquida, uso eficiente da água e aumentos nas concentrações internas de CO2 e nas temperaturas foliares. Não houve diferenças significativas entres as plantas dos tratamentos T1 e T2 para a variável Condutância estomática enquanto que nas outras puderam ser observadas diferenças mesmo que em dias isolados. Em relação às respostas bioquímicas no geral não houve mudanças nos teores das variáveis estudadas passíveis de correlação com a deficiência hídrica.

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Filho, JoÃo Valdenor Pereira. "Irrigation strategies with waters of different salinity levels aimed at the sustainability of the cowpea cultivars in semi-arid production system." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17260.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Salinity has constituted today one of the main problems facing irrigated agriculture. Failure to proper management of the practice of irrigation by farmers, associated the prevailing climatic conditions in arid and semi-arid regions has contributed to the accelerated process of salinization, thus leaving several inactive irrigated areas for agriculture. In this context, the work herein developed was to examine the propensity of different strategies for handling irrigation through the use of lower quality water in salinization and sodification soil, besides evaluating the morphological, physiological, biochemical and productive responses, cultivars cowpea beans, to obtain information about the better understanding of the processes involved in the responses of salt tolerance, and enable the election cultivars adapted irrigation with saline water conditions. The experiment was conducted in pots in the open, in the experimental area of the weather station of the Federal University of CearÃ, Fortaleza, CearÃ, under an experimental design of randomized blocks in split plots. The two water regimes (plots) were based on the potential crop evapotranspiration (100 and 50% of ETpc). Already irrigation water salinity levels (0.95; 2.45; 3.95; 5.45 and 6.95 dS m-1) were distributed in the subplots, while the cultivars (Epace 10 and BRS Itaim) in subsubplots. The increased concentration of salts in irrigation water reduced the plant height, number of leaves, dry weight of shoot and the pH of the soil solution, except for the electrical conductivity of the soil that kept adding to the imposition of different salt concentrations. Due to the absence of leaching, the treatments irrigated with a blade 50% of ETpc maintained higher values of soil electrical conductivity and potassium levels in the soil, providing reduction in leaf area. Through the morphological variables, the cultivar Epace 10 showed better performance than BRS Itaim. The physiological responses analyzed, it was found that the levels of chlorophyll pigments a, b, and total carotenoid contents of the well are reduced by increasing the salt concentration in the irrigation water. Under conditions of lower water availability (50% of ETpc), to cultivate Epace 10 was higher for the content of photosynthetic pigments. There was no significant change in parameters associated with the emission of fluorescence due to salt and water stress. In general, we observed reductions in the behavior of gas exchange under the rise in salinity levels, thereby enhancing the interdependence between the variables analyzed. On the productive potential and biochemical responses analyzed it was found that the concentration of salts in irrigation water provided greater accumulation of N-aminossolÃveis content, proline and Cl- in the bean cowpea leaves. Under a water system 50% of ETpc, the N-aminossolÃveis content and K+ are higher than the system 100% of ETpc. The cultivar Epace 10 has higher accumulations N-aminossolÃveis and Cl-, besides presenting more free proline accumulation, under a water system 50% of ETpc. The total yield potential of the cowpea is reduced by the addition of salts in the irrigation water. The cultivar Epace 10 showed greater tolerance imposed management conditions, making it more suitable growing conditions in regions subject to water stress and / or saline.
A salinidade tem se constituÃdo hoje num dos principais problemas enfrentados pela agricultura irrigada. A falta de manejo adequado da prÃtica de irrigaÃÃo pelos produtores, associado as condiÃÃes climÃticas reinantes em regiÃes Ãridas e semiÃridas tem contribuÃdo para o acelerado processo de salinizaÃÃo dos solos, deixando assim diversas Ãreas irrigadas inativas para a prÃtica agrÃcola. Neste contexto, o trabalho desenvolvido buscou analisar a propensÃo de diferentes estratÃgias de manejo da irrigaÃÃo, atravÃs da utilizaÃÃo de Ãguas de qualidades inferiores, em salinizar ou sodificar o solo, alÃm de avaliar as respostas morfolÃgicas, fisiolÃgicas, bioquÃmicas e produtivas, de cultivares de feijÃo caupi, visando obter informaÃÃes acerca do melhor entendimento dos processos envolvidos nas respostas de tolerÃncia Ã salinidade, alÃm de possibilitar a eleiÃÃo de cultivares adaptadas as condiÃÃes de irrigaÃÃo com Ãguas salinas. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, a cÃu aberto, na Ãrea experimental da EstaÃÃo AgrometeorolÃgica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, Fortaleza, CearÃ, sob um delineamento estatÃstico de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subsubdivididas. Os dois regimes hÃdricos (parcelas) foram baseados pela evapotranspiraÃÃo potencial da cultura (100 e 50% da ETpc). JÃ os nÃveis de salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (0,95; 2,45; 3,95; 5,45 e 6,95 dS m-1) foram distribuÃdos nas subparcelas, enquanto as cultivares (Epace 10 e BRS Itaim) nas subsubparcelas. O aumento da concentraÃÃo de sais na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo reduziu a altura das plantas, o nÃmero de folhas, a massa seca da parte aÃrea e o pH da soluÃÃo do solo, no entanto, proporcionou um aumento linear na condutividade elÃtrica do solo. Devido a ausÃncia de lixiviaÃÃo, os tratamentos irrigados com uma lÃmina de 50% da ETpc mantiveram valores superiores da condutividade elÃtrica e dos teores de potÃssio no solo, propiciando reduÃÃo na Ãrea foliar. AtravÃs das variÃveis morfolÃgicas estudadas, a cultivar Epace 10 demonstrou melhor desempenho que a cultivar BRS Itaim. Quanto as respostas fisiolÃgicas analisadas, constatou-se que, os teores dos pigmentos da clorofila a, b e total, alÃm dos teores de carotenoides sÃo reduzidos com o aumento da concentraÃÃo de sais na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo. Sob condiÃÃes de menor disponibilidade hÃdrica (50% da ETpc), a cultivar Epace 10 apresentou valores superiores nos teores de pigmentos fotossintÃticos. NÃo se verificou alteraÃÃo significativa nos parÃmetros associados Ã emissÃo da fluorescÃncia, devida ao estresse salino e hÃdrico. De maneira geral, foi possÃvel observar reduÃÃes nas respostas das trocas gasosas sob o aumento dos nÃveis de salinidade, reforÃando assim, a interdependÃncia entre as variÃveis analisadas. Sobre o potencial produtivo e respostas bioquÃmicas analisadas verificou-se que o aumento da concentraÃÃo de sais na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo propiciou maior acÃmulo dos teores de N-aminossolÃveis, prolina e Cl- nas folhas do feijoeiro caupi. Sob um regime hÃdrico de 50% da ETpc, os teores de N-aminossolÃveis e K+ sÃo superiores aos do regime de 100% da ETpc. A cultivar Epace 10 apresenta maiores acÃmulos N-aminossolÃveis e de Cl-, alÃm de apresentar maior acÃmulo de prolina livre, sob um regime hÃdrico de 50% da ETpc. O potencial produtivo total do feijÃo caupi Ã reduzido pelo acrÃscimo de sais na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo. A cultivar Epace 10 apresentou maior tolerÃncia as condiÃÃes de manejo impostas, tornando-se mais adaptada as condiÃÃes de cultivo em regiÃes sujeitas a estresse hÃdrico e/ou salino.

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Silva, Weslley Costa. "Answers of cowpea to different irrigation with water saline and doses biofertilizer." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17328.

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nÃo hÃ
The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of cowpea (Vigna Unguicullata L. Walp) produced under the effect of different irrigation with saline water and liquid biofertilizer doses. Held this experiment in an experimental area Federal Institute of CearÃ, located in the municipality of Umirim - CE with the cultivar of cowpea âBRS Pujanteâ. The experiment obeyed in a randomized block, in a split plot, totaling sixteen treatments and four repetitions. The plot consisted application of four different irrigation water with saline water (75; 100; 125 and 150% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and the subplots consisted of four different biofertilizer doses (0; 60; 120 e 180ml/plant). To perform irrigation was using a system drip. The water utility is classified as C4S1 and has electrical conductivity 3.81 dS.m-1. The biofertilizer was prepared in aerobic system, using water and cattle manure in the proportions of 1:1. The doses used were divided in three applications, this being performed at 10, 40 and 70 days after sowing â DAS. To 15, 45 and 75 DAS, they were analyzed chlorophyll content A e B and gas exchange in plants of cowpea, and the end of the experiment the growth, productive components and grain yield per plant. The results were subjected to the analysis of variance by F and their means compared by test Tukey and regression analysis. The results showed significant interaction between factors, getting meaningful answers to 75 DAS for the chlorophyll A. For gas exchange dose 120ml / bio-fertilizer plant was the best interacted with the laminae to 15 and 45 DAS. To 75 DAS the water depth was significant, adjusting the linear model for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and quadratic for the concentration internal CO2 and transpiration. For growth , the increase in water depth provided to increase dry matter and total leaf Ãrea, being observed respectively adding up 32,42 and 64%. The increase of biofertilizer dose provided increment the number of sheets , fitting the quadratic model and reaching peak on the dose of 80 ml/plant. The production of dry grains , the interaction between the factors was significant , with higher averages in the blades of 100% of ETc and reaching a production of 23.76 and 23.07 g under the doses of 0 and 60 ml/plant of biofertilizers, respectively. Thus the application of different irrigation responded significantly culture , observed higher values when applied blades above 100 % of the ETc. For biofertilizers its application did not respond significantly the variables analyzed.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas do feijÃo-caupi (Vigna Unguicullata L. Walp) produzido sob efeito de diferentes lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua salina e doses de biofertilizante lÃquido. Para isso realizou-se este experimento em uma Ãrea experimental do Instituto Federal do CearÃ, localizado no municÃpio de Umirim - CE com a cultivar de feijÃo-caupi âBRS Pujanteâ. O experimento obedeceu ao delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, totalizando dezesseis tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes. As parcelas consistiram na aplicaÃÃo de 4 diferentes lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua salina (75; 100; 125 e 150% da evapotranspiraÃÃo da cultura - ETc) e as subparcelas diferentes doses de biofertilizante bovino (0; 60; 120 e 180 ml/planta). Para realizaÃÃo da irrigaÃÃo foi utilizado um sistema por gotejamento. A Ãgua utilizada foi classificada como C4S1 e possui condutividade elÃtrica de 3,81 dS.m-1. O biofertilizante foi preparado em sistema aerÃbico, utilizando Ãgua e esterco bovino fresco nas proporÃÃes de 1:1. As doses utilizadas foram parceladas em trÃs aplicaÃÃes, sendo estas realizadas aos 10, 40 e 70 dias apÃs a semeadura â DAS. Aos 15, 45 e 75 DAS, foram analisados o Ãndice de clorofila A e B e trocas gasosas em plantas de feijÃo-caupi, e ao final do experimento o crescimento, os componentes produtivos e produÃÃo de grÃos por planta. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a anÃlise de variÃncia pelo teste F e feito o teste de Tukey e anÃlise de regressÃo. Os resultados demonstraram interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores, obtendo respostas significativas aos 75 DAS para o Ãndice de clorofila A. Para as trocas gasosas, a dose 120 ml/planta de biofertilizante foi a que melhor interagiu com as lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo aos 15 e 45 DAS. Aos 75 DAS a lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo foi significativa, ajustando-se ao modelo linear para a fotossÃntese e condutÃncia estomÃtica e quadrÃtica para a concentraÃÃo de interna de CO2 e transpiraÃÃo. Para o crescimento, o aumento da lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo proporcionou aumento para a matÃria seca total e Ãrea foliar, sendo observado respectivamente, acrÃscimo de atÃ 32,42 e 64%. O aumento da dose de biofertilizante proporcionou incremento ao nÃmero de folhas, ajustando-se ao modelo quadrÃtico e atingindo ponto mÃximo sobre a dose de 80 ml/planta. Quanto a produÃÃo de grÃos secos, a interaÃÃo entre os fatores se mostrou significativa, apresentando maiores mÃdias sob a lÃminas de 100% da ETc e atingindo uma produÃÃo de 23,76 e 23,07 g sob as doses de 0 e 60 ml/planta de biofertilizante, respectivamente. Desta forma Ã aplicaÃÃo de diferentes lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo respondeu de forma significativa a cultura, sendo observados maiores valores quando aplicado lÃminas acima de 100% da ETc. Para o biofertilizante sua aplicaÃÃo nÃo respondeu de forma significativa as variÃveis analisadas.

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Makoi, JHJR, SBM Chimphango, and FD Dakora. "Effect of legume plant density and mixed culture on symbiotic N2 fixation in five cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes in South Africa." Symbiosis, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001476.

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Abstract A field experiment involving two plant densities (83,333 and 166,666 plants per hectare), two cropping systems (monoculture and mixed culture) and five cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes (3 farmer-selected varieties: Bensogla, Sanzie and Omondaw, and 2 breeder-improved cultivars: ITH98-46 and TVuI509) was conducted for two years in 2005 and 2006 at Nietvoorbij (33°54S, 18°14E), Stellenbosch, South Africa, to evaluate the effect of these treatments on the growth and symbiotic performance of cowpea. The results showed that, of the five cowpea genotypes, plant growth and N2 fixation were significantly greater in the three farmer-selected varieties (Sanzie, Bensogla and Omondaw) relative to the two improved cultivars (ITH98-46 and TVuI509). Furthermore, plant growth and symbiotic performance (measured as tissue N concentration, plant N content, 15N natural abundance and N-fixed) were significantly (P:50.05) decreased by both high plant density and mixed culture (intercropping). However, the %Ndfa values were significantly (P:S0.05) increased by both high plant density and mixed culture compared to low plant density or monoculture (or monocropping). Whether under low or high plant density, the cv. Sanzie was found to accumulate significantly greater total N per plant in both 2005 and 2006, followed by the other two farmer varieties relative to the improved cultivars. Similarly, the actual amount ofN-fixed was much greater in cv. Sanzie, followed by the other farmer varieties, under both low and high plant density. The data also showed better growth and greater symbiotic N yield in cowpea plants cultivated in monoculture (or low plant density) relative to those in mixed culture (or high plant density). Our data suggest that optimising legume density in cropping systems could potentially increase N2 fixation in cowpea, and significantly contribute to the N economy of agricultural soils in Africa.

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Belane, AK, and FD Dakora. "Measurement of N, fixation in 30 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes under field conditions in Ghana, using the 15N natural abundance technique." Balaban, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001672.

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Abstract In 2005 and 2006, 30 and 15 cowpea genotypes were respectively evaluated for plant growth and symbiotic performance at Manga in Northern Ghana, in order to identify Nz-fixing potential of these cowpea genotypes as source of N for cropping systems. The results showed differences in biomass production by the 30 or 15 cowpea genotypes. In 2005, cultivars Fahari, Mchanganyiko, IT97K-499-39, IT93K-2045-29 and IT84S-2246 produced the most shoot biomass, while Apagbaala, Brown Eye, ITH98-46, Vita 7 and Iron Grey produced the least. Of the 15 genotypes tested in 2006, cv. TVu1l424 produced the largest amount of biomass, and ITH98-46, the least. Isotopic analysis of 15N in plant parts also revealed significant differences in 1)15N of the cowpea genotypes studied. As a result, the percent N derived from fixation (% Ndfa) also differed among the cowpea genotypes tested in 2005, with only 5 out of the 30 cultivars obtaining over 50% of their N from symbiotic fixation. Whether expressed as mg Nplant' or kg N.ha-I , the levels of Nz fixation by the cowpea genotypes varied considerably during 2005 and 2006, with values ofN contribution ranging from 14.1 kg N.ha-1 by cv. TVul509 to 157.0 kg N.ha-1by IT84S-2246 in 2005. The amounts ofN-fixed in 2006 ranged from 16.7 kg N.ha-1 by cv. ITH98-46 to 171.2 kg N.ha-1 by TVu11424, clearly indicating genotypic differences in symbiotic N yield. Re-evaluating 15 out of the 30 cowpea genotypes for Nz fixation in 2006, revealed higher % Ndfa values (>50%) in all (15 cowpea genotypes) relative to those tested in 2005, indicating greater dependence on Nz fixation for their N nutrition even though, the actual amounts of fixed-N were lower in 2006. This was due, in part, to reduced plant biomass as a result of very late sampling in 2006, close to physiological maturity (72 DAP in 2006 vs. 46 DAP in 2005) when considerable leaf matter was lost. The amount ofNfixed in 2006 can therefore be considered as being under-estimated.

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SOUZA, Amanda Cordeiro de Melo. "Seleção de rizóbios e compatibilidade simbiótica em diferentes variedades de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5571.

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The cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a autogamous plant that presents cleistogamy, widely cultivated in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. It’s rusticity and phenotypic plasticity allow it’s cultivation in adverse weather conditions and soil and it is capable of establishing symbiosis with rhizobia, with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). BNF fixes atmospheric N2 by an enzymatic complex called nitrogenase. Rhizobia strains, to fix nitrogen with plants, depend on factors intrinsic to the bacteria-legume symbiosis process and on environmental factors that affect the survival of the plant. The objective was to evaluate symbiotic compatibility and efficiency of isolates obtained from the soils semi-arid region of Pernambuco and the recommended strain BR 3262, and its symbiotic stability in cultivars BR 17-Gurguéia, IPA 206 and BRS Novaera selected for different regions of Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with these cultivars, 25 isolates, the recommended strain and uninoculated treatments with and without N. Harvest was 45 days after inoculation and dry matter of shoots, roots and nodules, nodule number, dry weight of nodules by number of nodules, N accumulated in shoots dry matter by nodules, N content in the shoot, N accumulation in the shoots on the recommended efficiency strain based on the accumulation of nitrogen, on the recommended efficiency strain based on dry matter of shoots were determined. The plants of all inoculated treatments nodulated. Sixteen isolates did not differ from BR 3262 nodules dry matter. For dry weight of nodules by number of nodules, 20 isolates did not differ from BR 3262, and 18 isolates were similar to nitrogen accumulated in the shoot dry matter by the nodules. The nitrogen treatment with and without inoculation were among the lowest average for N content in shoot and relative efficiency of N accumulation compared to the inoculated treatments. The strains with improved stability and adaptability to cultivar with high potential for biological nitrogen fixation are G7.85 and BR 3262.
O feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] é uma planta autógama, que apresenta cleistogamia, amplamente cultivado nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Sua rusticidade e plasticidade fenotípica permitem cultivá-lo em condições de clima e solo adversas e é capaz de estabelecer simbiose com rizóbios, ocorrendo a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN). A FBN fixa o N2 atmosférico através de um complexo enzimático chamado nitrogenase. As estirpes de rizóbios, para fixar nitrogênio nas plantas, dependem de fatores intrínsecos do processo da simbiose bactéria-leguminosa e de fatores ambientais que afetam a sobrevivência da planta. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a compatibilidade simbiótica e a eficiência de isolados obtidos a partir de solos da região semiárida de Pernambuco e da estirpe recomendada BR 3262, e sua estabilidade simbiótica nas variedades BR 17- Gurguéia, IPA 206 e BRS Novaera selecionadas para diferentes regiões do Brasil. Um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com as três variedades de caupi e 25 isolados, tratamentos sem inoculação com e sem N e inoculação com a estirpe referência BR 3262. A colheita foi aos 45 dias após a inoculação, determinando matérias secas da parte aérea, raiz e nódulos, número de nódulos, matéria seca de nódulos por número de nódulos, N acumulado na parte aérea pela matéria seca de nódulos, teor de N na parte aérea, acúmulo de N na parte aérea, eficiência relativa à estirpe recomendada baseada no acúmulo de nitrogênio, eficiência relativa à estirpe recomendada baseada na matéria seca da parte aérea. As plantas de todos os tratamentos inoculados nodularam. Para matéria seca dos nódulos, 16 isolados não diferiram de BR 3262. Para a matéria seca de nódulos por número de nódulos, 20 isolados não diferiram da BR 3262, e 18 isolados não diferiram para nitrogênio acumulado na parte aérea pela matéria seca de nódulos. Os tratamentos com e sem N e sem inoculação estiveram entre as menores médias para teor de N na parte aérea e eficiência relativa à recomendada baseada no acúmulo de N em comparação com os tratamentos inoculados. As estirpes com melhor estabilidade e adaptabilidade a variedades com alto potencial para fixação biológica de nitrogênio são G7.85 e BR 3262.

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Chipungahelo, Grace Mwaijande Samuel. "Intercropping sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in Tanzania." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299624.

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Silva, JeftÃ Ferreira da. "ResistÃncia genÃtica e induzida de Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Ã Aphis craccivora Koch e sua amostragem." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6834.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Objetivaram-se neste trabalho: avaliar a resistÃncia de genÃtipos de feijÃo de corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] ao pulgÃo preto [Aphis craccivora Koch 1854] e estudar a variabilidade genÃtica desses genÃtipos para esta caracterÃstica; avaliar a aÃÃo indutora da cis-jasmona para a resistÃncia a esta praga; estudar a dispersÃo espacial do pulgÃo na cultura de feijÃo de corda; e estabelecer o nÃmero de amostras necessÃrias para a estimativa da populaÃÃo da praga para o uso em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Para a avaliaÃÃo da resistÃncia foi conduzido um experimento de preferÃncia em casa de vegetaÃÃo na Universidade Federal do CearÃ (UFC), em Fortaleza, CearÃ. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com 51 tratamentos, representados pelos genÃtipos, e quatro repetiÃÃes. Foram estimadas as distÃncias generalizadas de Mahalanobis e o agrupamento dos genÃtipos foi realizado utilizando o mÃtodo de otimizaÃÃo de Tocher. Para a avaliaÃÃo da cis-jasmona foram conduzidos trÃs experimentos, sendo o primeiro em QuixadÃ, CearÃ, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetiÃÃes e cinco tratamentos sendo: uma testemunha; aplicaÃÃo dos inseticidas endosulfan e deltamethrin; e a aplicaÃÃo da cis-jasmona em dose Ãnica de 60 g.i.a. ha-1, em trÃs aplicaÃÃes de 20 g.i.a. ha-1 e seis de 10 g.i.a. ha-1 sobre a cultivar Vita 7. No segundo, no mesmo local, as sementes das cultivares TVu 408 P2, BRS GurguÃia e Vita 7 foram embebidas em uma soluÃÃo de cis-jasmona na concentraÃÃo de 60 g.i.a. ha-1 ou em Ãgua por 24 horas. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados no arranjo fatorial 3x2. No terceiro experimento, conduzido na UFC, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetiÃÃes e quatro tratamentos que consistiam de uma testemunha; e aplicaÃÃes de cis-jasmona nas doses de 50 g.i.a. ha-1, 100 g.i.a. ha-1 e 200 g.i.a. ha-1. A cultivar utilizada foi a Vita 7. Para as avaliaÃÃes foi contado o nÃmero de colÃnias de pulgÃo presentes em toda planta. Para estudo da dispersÃo do pulgÃo foram cultivados dois campos experimentais na UFC. O primeiro campo tinha uma Ãrea de 216 mÂ e o segundo 576 mÂ. Os campos foram divididos em 15 e 25 parcelas, respectivamente. A cultivar utilizada foi a Vita 7 no espaÃamento de 0,25 m x 0,8 m. Foram realizadas seis coletas de dados em cada campo onde foram avaliadas dez plantas por parcelas. Foi contado o nÃmero de colÃnias de pulgÃo presentes em toda a planta. Os resultados demonstram que os genÃtipos BRS Guariba, TVu 410, BRS ParaguaÃu, TVu 36, Sempre Verde, TVu 408 P2, SetentÃo e Epace 10 apresentam maior resistÃncia ao pulgÃo. As maiores divergÃncias encontradas foram entre o BRS Guariba e Sete Semanas e entre TVu 410 e Sete Semanas, enquanto o BRS Guariba e TVu 410 foram os mais similares. Foi observada a divisÃo dos genÃtipos em oito grupos e o caractere que mais contribui para a divergÃncia Ã o nÃmero de ninfas. O cruzamento entre o genÃtipo SetentÃo e os genÃtipos BRS Guariba,TVu 410, BRS ParaguaÃu, TVu 36, TVu 408 P2 e entre o Epace 10 e o Sempre Verde, BRS Guariba e TVu 410 podem resultar em novas combinaÃÃes genÃticas visando o melhoramento da resistÃncia ao pulgÃo. Em todos os experimentos a cis-jasmona nÃo reduziu a infestaÃÃo de A. craccivora concluindo-se que essa substÃncia, em condiÃÃes de campo, nÃo induz a resistÃncia. Quanto a dispersÃo os Ãndices de agregaÃÃo utilizados indicam que do tipo agregada o que foi confirmado pelo ajuste dos dados a distribuiÃÃo de frequÃncia Binomial Negativa. Quarenta e cinco Ã o nÃmero de amostras adequado para a estimativa da populaÃÃo de A. craccivora em campos de V. unguiculata para aplicaÃÃo em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas.
The objective of this work were: to evaluate resistance of cowpea genotypes [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] to the black aphid [Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854] and to study the genetic variability of these genotypes for this feature; to evaluate the possible inducible action of cis-jasmone to resistance to this pest; to study the spatial dispersion of the aphid in cowpea culture, and to establish the number of samples required to estimate the population of the pest to use in integrated pest management programs. To evaluate the resistance preference, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do CearÃ (UFC) in Fortaleza, CearÃ. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 51 treatments, represented by genotypes and four replications. We estimated the generalized Mahalanobis distances and grouping of genotypes was performed using the Tocher optimization method. For the evaluation of cis-jasmone three experiments were conducted, the first in QuixadÃ, CearÃ, in the design of randomized blocks with five replications and five treatments as follow: untreated control; application of the insecticide endosulfan and deltamethrin, and the application of cis-jasmone a single dose of 60 g.ha-1, three applications of 20 g ha-1 and six of 10 g ha-1 on the cultivar Vita 7. In the second, in the same place, the seeds of the TVu 408 P2, BRS GurguÃia and Vita 7 were soaked in a solution of cis-jasmone with 60 g ha-1 or in water for 24 hours. The design was factorial 3x2 in blocks. In the third experiment, conducted in the UFC, we used a randomized block design with four replications and four treatments consisting of an untreated control, and applications of cis-jasmone at doses of 50 g ha-1, 100 g ha-1 and 200 g ha-1. The cultivar was Vita 7. For the evaluations, the number of colonies of aphids present in every plant was counted. To evaluate the spatial distribution of aphid were grown in two field trials in the UFC. The first field had an area of 216 mÂ and second 576 mÂ. The fields were divided into 15 and 25 plots, respectively. The cultivar used was Vita 7 spaced in 0.25 m x 0.8 m. On those fields were performed six collections of data in each field where they were evaluated ten plants per plot. It was count the number of colonies of aphids present throughout the plant. The results show that the genotypes BRS Guariba, TVu 410, BRS ParaguaÃu TVu 36, Sempre Verde, TVu 408 P2, SetentÃo e Epace 10 have greater resistance to the aphid than the others. The largest differences were found between BRS Guariba and Sete Semanas and between Tvu 410 and Sete Semanas, while the BRS Guariba and TVu 410 were the most similar. We observed the division of the genotypes in eight groups and the character that contributes to the most divergence was the number of nymphs. The crosses among the genotype SetentÃo and the genotypes BRS Guariba ,TVu 410, BRS ParaguaÃu, TVu 36, TVu 408 P2 and between Epace 10 and Sempre Verde, BRS Guariba and TVu 410 may result in new genetic combinations intended to improve resistance to aphid. In all experiments, cis-jasmone did not reduce the infestation of A. craccivora and so concluding that this product, under field conditions, does not induce resistance. The dispersion indices indicate that aggregate was the case in this study, which was confirmed by data fitting the frequency distribution of the Negative Binomial. Forty five is the appropriate number of samples to estimate the population of A. craccivora in the fields of V. unguiculata to be used in Integrated Pest Management programs.

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COSTA, Eva Maria Rodrigues. "Divergência genética entre linhagens africanas de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) através de caracterização morfoagronômica e molecular." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6228.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The genetic divergence assessement provides important information for breeding programs. In the present study, the genetic diversity among lines from Embrapa Mid-North’s Cowpea Germoplasm Active Bank (BAG) was evaluated morphoagronomically 57 cowpea lines. The experiment was carried out in august/2009. Field plots were arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates containing 57 of cowpea lines. The lines The behaviour of accessions was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses, with dissimilarities obtained by the generalized distance of Mahalanobis (D2) and the grouping technique by the UPGMA method. The genetic distances between pairs of lines ranged from 1.21 to 221.35. The lines IT89KD-245 indicated as the most divergent should through quantitative characteristics be included as parental in intercross programs. Were formed four groups by UPGMA method. The characteristics which most contributed to genetic divergence were total weight of a hundred grain (49.7 %), length of the pod (16.7 %), length of the grain (12.0 %) and number of grains per pod (9.7 %). The lines were studied to verify the efficiency of dissimilarity measures and to discriminate genotypes, based on 26 multicategoric variables. The lines IT98K-491-4 e IT00K- 898-5; IT99K-494-6 e IT98K-131-2; IT99K-718-6 e IT89KD-245; IT99K-494-6 e IT97K-568-14 e IT98K-128-3 e IT99K-718-6 confirming these genotypes as the most similar among the evaluated for quality characteristics. Based in these characteristics the lines formed eleven groups by Tocher method. Through analyzing morphoagronomical traits were possible identify genetic divergence among lines studies. Were evaluated by SSR marker 32 african lines cowpea using 10 SSR locos that generating 24 polymorphic bands. The data matrix was analyzed by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group using mathematical averages) using NTSYs 2.1 program. The accessions were distributed in eight clusters, and the lines IT00K-1217-2 e IT00K-718-6; IT99K-316-2, IT98K-205-8 e IT98K-506-1; IT98K-1111-1, IT00K-491-7, IT93K-625 e IT96D-610; IT97K-568-18 e T89KD-260; IT99K-1060, IT00K-1263-2 e IT00K-1263-1, presented high similarity to each other. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.2552, in the range of 0.0587 - 0.4188 for VM36 and VM39 locos. The lines IT87D-1627 was confirmed as the most divergent of all, could be use as parental in crosses for purposes. The SSR results of the underscore their potential in elucidating patterns of germplasm diversity of cowpea from Embrapa Mid- North’s BAG.
A avaliação da divergência genética fornece informações importantes aos programas de melhoramento. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a diversidade genética entre linhagens de feijão-caupi do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG), da Embrapa Meio-Norte, foram caracterizados morfoagronomicamente 57 linhagens. O plantio foi realizado em agosto de 2009. O experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, contendo 57 linhagens. As linhagens foram avaliadas por meio de análise univariada e multivariada, com dissimilaridade obtida por meio da distância de Mahalanobis (D2), e utilizando o método de agrupamento UPGMA. As distâncias entre os pares formados pelas linhagens, oscilou entre 1,21 a 221,35. A linhagem IT89KD-245 foi considerada a mais divergente entre os genótipos estudados por meio das características quantitativas, podendo ser indicado como parental em programas que envolvem cruzamentos. Foram formados quatro grupos pelo método UPGMA. As características que mais contribuíram para a divergência foram: peso de cem grãos (49,7 %), comprimento da vagem (16,7 %), comprimento do grão (12,0 %) e número de grãos por vagem (9,7 %). As linhagens foram avaliadas através das medidas de dissimilaridade com base em 26 variáveis multicategóricas. As linhagens IT98K-491-4 e IT00K-898-5; IT99K-494-6 e IT98K-131-2; IT99K-718-6 e IT89KD-245; IT99K-494-6 e IT97K-568-14 e IT98K-128-3 e IT99K-718-6 foram as mais similares através dos caracteres qualitativos. Baseado nestas características foram formados onze grupos entre as linhagens estudadas pelo método de Tocher. Através da caracterização morfoagronômica foi possível quantificar a divergência genética presente nas linhagens estudadas. Foram caracterizadas por meio de marcadores SSR 32 linhagens africanas de feijão-caupi, que geraram 24 bandas polimórficas, a partir de 10 locos de microssatélites. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados pelo método UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic Mean) com o auxílio do programa NTSYs versão 2.1. O dendrograma gerado apresentou oito grupos de linhagens. As linhagens IT00K-1217-2 e IT00K-718-6; IT99K-316-2, IT98K-205-8 e IT98K-506-1; IT98K-1111-1, IT00K-491-7, IT93K-625 e IT96D-610; IT97K-568-18 e T89KD-260; IT99K-1060, IT00K-1263-2 e IT00K-1263-1 apresentaram alta similaridade entre si. O conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC) médio para os dez marcadores microssatélites foi de 0,2552, com valores variando entre 0,0587 para o loco VM36 e 0,4188 para o loco VM39. A linhagem IT87D-1627 foi considerada a mais divergente, devendo assim, ser indicada para programas de hibridação para a obtenção de populações segregantes e, possivelmente, de genótipos superiores. Os resultados dos marcadores SSR, confirmam o seu potencial na caracterização da diversidade genética em germoplasma de feijão caupi.

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Mahamane, Sabiou. "Evaluation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) genotypes for adaptation to low soil-phosphorus conditions and to rock phosphate application." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2637.

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Pereira, Renalison Farias. "Caracterização bioquímica, nutricional e funcional de genótipos elite de feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15660.

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PEREIRA, R. F. Caracterização bioquímica, nutricional e funcional de genótipos elite de feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. 2013. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.
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Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] conventional breeding aims to improve its agricultural characteristics. However, there is a global concern that besides considering the needs of farmers, entrepreneurs and exporters, it is also necessary to develop cultivars with higher nutritional quality for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of conventional breeding of cowpeas upon their nutritional attributes and functional properties of industrial significance. The nutritional attributes were initially evaluated by determination of proximate and minerals composition. The means (% dry basis) of total proteins, lipids, ashes, total dietary fiber and digestible carbohydrates content were 22.95; 1.60; 3.84; 17.80 and 53.87, respectively. Mean values for iron and zinc contents were 4.62 and 3.21 mg/100g of seeds, respectively. Genotypes with protein content over 25% showed good in vitro digestibility (ca. 70%) and amino acid profile, including sulfur amino acids, all being in higher levels than the requirements for 3-10 years old children. The levels of toxic and/or antinutritional factors in the genotypes with better contents of protein, iron and zinc were low to moderate compared to those of soybeans. There were reasonable variations in phenolic acid contents (11.18 to 94.60 mg/g of seeds), tannin (1.33 to 3.05 mg/g of seeds), trypsin inhibitor (30.15 to 40.47 UI/mg protein), chymotrypsin inhibitor (14.21 to 26.43 UI/mg protein) and lectin (20,000 to 80,000UH/kg seeds). By using nutritional quality indexes of cowpea genotypes it was observed that the contents of antinutrients may change the ranking position. Nevertheless, when cowpea genotypes are compared to soybeans, it is observed that these factors are not so relevant considering that this legume seed is safely consumed by animals and humans since there are methods to inactivate or remove them. Promising functional properties were detected in the analyzed genotypes, such as water and oil absorption capacity, gelation and foaming properties. These properties point to a possible utilization of cowpea flour in the food industry. Based upon the nutritional quality indexes, we conclude that the top three genotypes suggested to be used as parentals in cowpea breeding programs are G17 (MNC02-682F-2-6), G03 (BRS-ARACÊ) and G01 (BRS-JURUÁ).
O melhoramento genético convencional de feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] tem como proposta aperfeiçoar suas propriedades agronômicas. Entretanto, a partir de uma preocupação mundial, considerando além das necessidades dos agricultores, empresários e exportadores, também se busca desenvolver cultivares com maior qualidade nutricional para os consumidores. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito do melhoramento genético convencional do feijão-caupi sobre os atributos nutricionais e propriedades funcionais de importância industrial. Os atributos nutricionais foram avaliados inicialmente por meio da determinação da composição proximal e de minerais. As médias (% base seca) dos valores de proteínas totais, lipídios, cinzas, fibra alimentar total e carboidratos digeríveis foram 22,95; 1,60; 3,84; 17,80 e 53,87, respectivamente. Já os teores de ferro e zinco foram em média 4,62 e 3,21 mg/100g de semente, respectivamente. Os genótipos com teor proteico acima de 25% apresentaram uma boa digestibilidade in vitro (cerca de 70%) e perfil de aminoácidos, inclusive os sulfurados, estando todos presentes em níveis acima do recomendado para crianças de 3 a 10 anos. Em comparação com a soja, foram encontrados níveis baixos ou moderados de fatores tóxicos e/ou antinutricionais nos genótipos com destaque em teor de proteína, ferro e zinco. Houve uma variação no teor dos ácidos fenólicos (11,18 a 94,60 mg/g de semente), taninos (1,33 a 3,05 mg/g de semente), inibidores de tripsina (30,15 a 40,47 UI/mg de proteína), inibidores de quimotripsina (14,21 a 26,43 UI/mg de proteína) e lectinas (20.000 a 80.000 UH/Kg de semente). Ao se construir índices de qualidade nutricional dos genótipos de feijão-caupi, verificou-se que os teores dos antinutrientes estudados podem modificar a classificação dos mesmos. No entanto, quando os genótipos de feijão-caupi são comparados com a soja, uma leguminosa amplamente consumida, percebe-se que esses fatores não são de grande relevância, pois há métodos de inativação e/ou remoção dos componentes indesejados. Propriedades funcionais promissoras foram encontradas para os genótipos avaliados, tais como capacidade de absorção de água e óleo, geleificação e espumabilidade, as quais apontam para uma possível aplicação da farinha de feijão-caupi na indústria alimentícia. Baseando-se nos índices de qualidade nutricional por meio das características nutricionais e bioquímicas, os três genótipos sugeridos para serem usados como parentais em programas de melhoramento genético e produção de sementes são: G17 (MNC02-682F-2-6), G03 (BRS ARACÊ) e G01 (BRS- JURUÁ).

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SILVA, Jéssica Morais da. "Avaliação de indutores de resistência e mecanismos bioquímicos no controle da antracnose do feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6774.

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The cowpea is a major source of income in the North/Northeast of Brazil. But the same can be affected by a wide range of plant pathogens can damage production and productivity. Currently it is common to use resistance inducers as a means to combat the pathogens attack. This work aimed to evaluate resistance inducers, as well as the biochemical mechanisms in controlling anthracnose of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). We conducted an antagonistic test with various strains of Trichoderma URM front of Colletotrichum lidemuthianum URM3149, the greenhouse was applied four abiotic inducers (salicylic acid, chitosan, amino butyric acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl) and biotic (Trichoderma) in cowpea plants. The severity of the disease, as well as enzymatic activities performed leaves was evaluated (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, β-1,3-glucanase and protease). Trichoderma aureorivide URM5158 showed a high rate of antagonism as well as the activity of chitinase was high. Among all the inductors in the end of the experiment only acibenzolar-S-methyl severity showed high rate and did not differ from control. Salicylic acid stood out among the abiotic inducers and T. aureorivide URM5158. The Trichoderma aureoviride URM5158 species has the potential antagonistic to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum URM3149; show potential inducers against severity of bean anthracnose.
O feijão caupi é uma das principais fontes de renda do Norte/Nordeste. Porém o mesmo pode ser afetado por uma diversidade de fitopatógenos podendo prejudicar na produção e produtividade. Atualmente, é comum o uso de indutores de resistência como meio de combater esse ataque de micro-organismos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar indutores de resistência, assim como os mecanismos bioquímicos no controle da antracnose do feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Foi realizado um teste antagônico com diversas espécies de Trichoderma URM frente ao Colletotrichum lidemuthianum URM3149. Em casa de vegetação foi aplicado quatro indutores abióticos (ácido salicílico, quitosana, ácido amino butírico, acibenzolar-S-metil) e um biótico (Trichoderma) em plantas de feijão caupi. Foi avaliado a severidade da doença, assim como também realizado atividades enzimáticas das folhas (catalase, peroxidase, polifenoloxidase, β-1,3-glucanase e protease). Trichoderma aureorivide URM5158 apresentou uma alta taxa de antagonismo assim como a atividade da quitinase foi elevada, sendo este selecionado para os testes in vivo. Entre os indutores avaliados apenas o acibenzolar-S-metil apresentou alta taxa de severidade não diferindo do controle. O ácido salicílico se destacou entre os indutores abióticos, assim como T. aureorivide URM5158. A espécie Trichoderma aureoviride URM5158 apresenta potencial antagônico ao Colletotrichum lindemuthianum URM3149; os indutores mostram potencial contra a severidade da antracnose do feijão.

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Alves, Jos? Milton. "Efeito da aplica??o de molibd?nio em caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) em condi??es de campo." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2005. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/523.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Two experiments were carried out at field conditions in the Department de Fitotecnia UFRRJ with the aims of the study the effect of molybdenum in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). The seeds from the cultivar CNCx 409-11F-P2 were used with a plant population of 200.000 plants.ha-1. The first experiment was arranged in a factorial block design with 4 replications, 5 levels of Mo (100, 200, 400, 800 g.ha-1) applied in the leaves and the control, 3 times of application (32 days after germination, flowering period and seed pod filling). During the plant development, 3 harvests were made: 48 and 79 DAG and at the end of plant grown. The parameters analyzed were: number and weight of nodules, shoot and root dry weight and productivity. At the second experiment, the treatments were applied: two levels of pH (5.5 and 6.5); six levels of Mo (20, 40, 80, 160, 1280 g. ha-1) applied in the leaves and the control; 2 ways of Mo application (in the soil and foliar application); with 4 replications. The harvests were made at 62, 73 and 87 DAG and at the end of plant growth. The parameters analyzed were: number and weight of nodules, shoot and root dry weight, productivity and Mo concentration in the seeds. The foliar applications of Mo increase the number of nodules. Occurred a significant variation of weight of nodules shoot and root dry weight in function of the form of Mo application, soil or leaves. The range of Mo concentration in the seeds was between 0,45 and 26,93 g.Mo.semente-1.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na ?rea experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFRRJ com o objetivo de estudar a aplica??o de molibd?nio em plantas de caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos utilizando sementes da linhagem CNCx 409-11F-P2 obtendo-se uma popula??o final de 200 mil plantas.ha-1. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em um esquema fatorial em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 repeti??es, 5 n?veis de Mo aplicados via foliar (100, 200, 400, 800 g.ha-1) e testemunha, 3 ?pocas de aplica??o (32 Dias Ap?s a Germina??o, Flora??o Plena e Enchimento dos Gr?os), num total de 60 parcelas. Durante o per?odo de desenvolvimento da cultura foram realizadas coletas das plantas com 48 e 79 DAG e no final do ciclo da cultura, para determina??o do n?mero de n?dulos, do peso de n?dulos secos, do peso da parte a?rea e da raiz secas e produtividade. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 2 n?veis de pH (5,5 e 6,5), 6 n?veis de Mo via foliar (20, 40, 80, 160, 1280 g.ha-1) e testemunha, 2 formas de aplica??o do molibd?nio (sulco e foliar) que ocorreu com 56 DAG e 4 repeti??es, num total de 96 parcelas. Foram realizadas coletas das plantas com: 62, 73 e 87 DAG e no final do desenvolvimento da cultura, onde foram determinados o n?mero de n?dulos, peso de n?dulos secos, do peso da parte a?rea e da raiz secas, produtividade e concentra??o de molibd?nio nas sementes. A aplica??o foliar de Mo aumentou o n?mero de n?dulos das plantas de caupi. Ocorreu uma grande varia??o das caracter?sticas avaliadas, peso de n?dulo, raiz e parte a?rea secas em fun??o da forma de aplica??o de Mo e do pH do solo. O aumento da concentra??o de molibd?nio nas sementes foi linear, independente da forma de aplica??o e do pH. As concentra??es de Mo encontradas nas sementes ficaram entre 0,45 a 26,93 g.Mo.semente-1.

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Frota, Karoline de Macedo Gonçalves. "Efeito do feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) e da proteína isolada no metabolismo lipídico em hamsters hipercolesterolemizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-22062007-144911/.

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Introdução - A soja e outras leguminosas são consideradas como alimentos funcionais por apresentarem propriedades hipocolesterlemizantes. Esta propriedade, porém, ainda não foi relatada para o feijão caupi. Um possível componente deste grão responsável pelo feito redutor de colesterol é sua proteína. Objetivo - Produzir isolado protéico de feijão caupi e verificar a influência do grão integral e de sua proteína isolada no metabolismo lipídico de hamsters hipercolesterolemizados pela dieta. Métodos - O isolado protéico de feijão caupi foi produzido por precipitação isoelétrica, utilizando-se pH 8,5 para solubilização da proteína e 4,5 para a sua precipitação, obtendo-se um isolado com 92 % de proteína. O isolado protéico (IP) e o feijão caupi integral (FCI) foram utilizados como fonte protéica em dietas experimentais para hamsters que tiveram hipercolesterolemia induzida por dieta contendo 20 % de caseína, 13,5 % de gordura saturada e 0,1 % de colesterol, por 3 semanas. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos, recebendo cada grupo dieta com 20 % de caseína (controle), dieta com 20 % de proteína de isolado de feijão caupi e dieta com 20% de proteína de feijão caupi integral, por 4 semanas. Resultados - Comparando-se à dieta controle, a dieta com FCI e IP provocaram reduções significativas no colesterol total (49 % e 20 %, respectivamente) e colesterol não-HDL (54 % e 22 %, respectivamente). Análises histológicas do fígado foram realizadas e observou-se que IP e o FCI proporcionaram efeito hepatoprotetor comparado à caseína, pois o grupo que recebeu caseína apresentou em média esteatose difusa e intensa, enquanto grupo com feijão e isolado apresentaram esteatose focal e, em alguns casos, ausentes. Alguns possíveis mecanismos envolvidos para o efeito benéfico no metabolismo lipídico foram investigados. A digestibilidade verdadeira do IP foi igual à da caseína, enquanto a do feijão integral foi menor. A excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol foi inversamente proporcional aos níveis plasmáticos do colesterol dos animais submetidos às diferentes dietas. Os animais com a dieta de feijão integral apresentaram a maior excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol nas fezes; valores estatisticamente diferentes aos dos animais da dieta com caseína. Conclusões - O feijão caupi e sua proteína isolada reduzem o colesterol plasmático e proporcionam efeito hepatoprotetor. A digestibilidade, excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol não estão relacionados com a redução do colesterol provocada pelo IP. O mecanismo envolvido na redução do colesterol nestes experimentos ainda não está totalmente elucidado, sugerindo que a proteína isolada do feijão caupi atue na síntese de colesterol, pois não foi observado aumento na sua excreção.
Introduction - Soya and other legume seeds are considered functional food because of their hypocholesterolemic properties. This property, however, is not reported yet for cowpea. A possible component present in this grain that could respond for the hypocholesterolemic effect is the protein fraction. Objective - To produce protein isolate of cowpea and to verify the influence of the whole seed and its isolated protein on the lipid metabolism of diet hypercholesterolemized hamsters. Methods - The cowpea protein isolate was prepared by isoelectric precipitation, using pH 8.5 for solubilization and pH 4.5 for protein precipitation. The isolate obtained presented protein content of about 92%. The protein isolate (PI) and cowpea whole seed (CWS) were used as protein source in experimental diets fed to hamsters that previously had their blood cholesterol increased by a diet containing 20 % of casein, 13,5 % of saturated fat and 0,1 % of cholesterol during 3 weeks. Animals were divided into 3 groups and fed on diets containing: 20 % casein (control), 20 % isolate protein of cowpea and 20 % of cowpea whole seed for 4 wks. Results - The results showed that for hamster that fed on diets containing PI and CWS occurred a significant decrease in total cholesterol (49 % and 20 %, respectively) and non-HDL cholesterol (54 % and 22 %, respectively), as compared to casein group. Histological analysis of hepatic tissue was performed and showed that PI and CWS presented reduction in hepatic lipotoxicity as compared to the casein group. Therefore, the group that received casein presented steatosis widely distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while whole seed cowpea and protein isolate meal groups produced only focal steatosis and, in some cases, it was absent. Some mechanisms involved in lowering plasma cholesterol were investigated. Digestibility for PI was equal for casein group, while it was significantly lower for CWS group. The bile acids and cholesterol excretion in the feces were inversely proportional to plasma cholesterol levels. Animals on CWS presented higher levels of feces bile acids and cholesterol; these values were statistically different from animals on casein diet. Conclusions - Whole seed cowpea and its protein isolate reduce plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipotoxicity. Digestibility, the bile acids and cholesterol excretion are not related to hypocholesterolemic effect of protein isolate of cowpea. The mechanisms involved cholesterol reduction in these experiments is not yet fully elucidated. It is suggested that protein isolate of cowpea is related to the cholesterol syntheses, as it was not verified any increase in cholesterol excretion in the animals on protein isolate diet.

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Silva, Fernando Henrique Alves da. "Qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) utilizadas no Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/101.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the physical, physiological and sanitary quality of 40 samples of cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), which 37 samples was from saved seeds reused by producers from Rio Grande do Norte and two varieties of basic seeds, being a batch of BRS Pujante and two lots of BRS Guariba. The experiments were conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory and Microbiology and Phytopathology of the Universidade Federaldo Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN from November 2013 to August 2014. The design used was in randomized block design for field emergence and entirely randomized to the analyzes performed in the laboratory. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and for the comparisons of means it was used the Scott Knott test, at 5% probability. The percentage data were transformed to arc sin √x / 100. The software used was ASSISTAT 7.7. For the physical analyzes the hectoliter weight tests were performed, thousand seeds weight, purity and seeds from other crops, in addition to determining the moisture content of the seeds; for physiological analyzes, germination tests were applied, first count, field emergence, speed of emergence index, seedling dry matter, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity; and for the sanitary quality tests of infested seeds and frequency and incidence of microorganisms were performed. The initial moisture content of the seeds oscillated from 8.9 to 21.3%; the hectoliter weight varied from 163 to 206 kg/hL; while the thousand seeds weight was from 159 to 352 g. For physical seed purity, it was observed values from 97.1 to 100%, wherein 5% of the samples were outside the standard (98%). Regarding the presence of other seeds, 45% of the samples were contaminated by seeds of other crops of the same species. For the germination test, 97% of the samples were above the minimum established by the law (70%). In the field emergence test it was verified that 95% of the samples obtained superior result to the minimum required (70%). 40% of the samples obtained inferior results of seedling emergence to those observed for the basic seed samples (control). For the accelerated aging it was verified that (29%) of the samples showed inferior results of the controls. And, 27% of the samples presented the lowest electrical conductivities are statistically equal to Pujante control. For the sanitary analysis it was verified the frequency of Alternaria sp. (10%), Aspergillus sp. (60%), Bipolaris spp. (8%), Colletotrichum sp. (5%), Fusarium sp. (53%), Macrophomina sp. (60%), Penicillium sp. (13%), Pleurophagminum sp. (5%), Rhizopus sp. (73%), Rhizoctonia sp. (70%), Rhizobium sp. (100%) and Pantoea sp. (3%). The bean weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) appeared in 94% of samples. Therefore, it was concluded that the commercial seeds of cowpea, produced in accordance with the technical production recommendations, present superior physical, physiological and sanitary attributes to the saved or own seeds. On the other hand, the saved or own seeds show to be inadequate for seeding and/or marketing due to the low physical, physiological and sanitary quality
O objetivo deste trabalho visou avaliar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de 40 amostras de sementes de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), sendo 37 amostras de sementes salvas reutilizadas pelos produtores do Rio Grande do Norte e duas variedades de sementes básicas, sendo um lote da BRS Pujante e dois lotes da BRS Guariba. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise Sementes e Microbiologia e de Fitopatologia da Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN no período de novembro de 2013 a Agosto de 2014. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados para emergência em campo e o inteiramente casualizado para as análises realizadas em laboratório. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e para as comparações das médias utilizou-se o teste de Scott Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. Os dados de porcentagem foram transformados para arc sen √x/100. O programa utilizado foi ASSISTAT 7.7. Para as análises físicas foram realizados os testes de peso hectolítrico, peso de mil sementes, pureza e sementes de outras culturas, além da determinação do grau de umidade das sementes; para análises fisiológicas, empregou-se os testes de germinação, primeira contagem, emergência em campo, índice de velocidade de emergência, matéria seca de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica; e para a qualidade sanitária foram executados os testes de sementes infestadas e frequência e incidência de microrganismos. O grau de umidade inicial das sementes oscilou de 8,9 a 21,3%; o peso hectolítrico variou de 163 a 206 kg/hL; enquanto o peso de mil sementes foi de 159 a 352 g. Para pureza física das sementes, foram observados valores de 97,1 a 100%, sendo que 5% das amostras encontravam-se fora do padrão (98%). No tocante a presença de outras sementes, 45% das amostras apresentaram-se contaminadas por sementes de outras cultivares da mesma espécie. Para o teste de germinação, 97% das amostras estavam acima do mínimo estabelecido pela legislação (70%). No teste de emergência em campo verificou-se que 95% das amostras obtiveram resultado superior ao mínimo exigido (70%). 40% das amostras obtiveram resultados de emergência de plântulas inferiores aos verificados para as amostras de sementes básicas (controle). Para o envelhecimento acelerado verificou-se que (29%) das amostras apresentaram resultados inferiores os controles. E, 27% das amostras apresentaram as menores condutividades elétricas estão iguais estatisticamente ao controle Pujante. Para a analise sanitária verificou-se a frequência de Alternaria sp. (10%), Aspergillus sp. (60%), Bipolaris sp. (8%), Colletotrichum sp. (5%), Fusarium sp. (53%), Macrophomina sp. (60%), Penicillium sp. (13%), Pleurophagminum sp. (5%), Rhizopus sp. (73%), Rizoctonia sp. (70%), Rhizobium sp. (100%) e Pantoea sp. (3%). O gorgulho do feijoeiro (Callosobruchus maculatus) apresentou-se em 94% das amostras. Sendo assim, conclui-se que as sementes comerciais de feijão-caupi, produzidas de acordo com as recomendações técnicas de produção, apresentam atributos físicos, fisiológicos e sanitários superiores às sementes salvas ou próprias. Por outro lado, as sementes salvas ou próprias mostram-se inadequadas para semeadura e/ou comercialização por conta da baixa qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária

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SILVA, Karmile Maria da. "Potencial fisiológico de sementes armazenadas de feijão Caupi Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp tratadas com óleo essencial de cravo da Índia." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6170.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The seeds of cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata (L.) Walp.) Can be treated with essential oil, in order to reduce the attack of insect pests during storage, but it is important that this treatment does not interfere so harmful physiological quality seed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the degree of infestation of cowpea seeds, cv. IPA 206 treated with essential oil of clove and stored for a period of six months at ambient conditions, both in paper and in PET bottles. We used two methods of applying essential oil, a direct method (immersion) at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8%, and an indirect method (fumigation) in the following doses: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20μL. We used a completely randomized case (DIC) for each type of packaging two experiments were conducted in factorial 5 x 4 (concentrations or dosages and storage periods) with four replications. The following variables were determined: Seedling emergence, speed of emergence index, mean emergence time, emergence rate coefficient, length of the area and root dry mass of the aerial part and root system of the seedling fresh weight part of the area and the root system and electrical conductivity. This was followed by the analysis of variance, treatment means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability by the program SISVARUFLA, performed the analysis of simple linear correlation at a significance level of 1% (p <0,01), using the statistical program Soc (NTIA / EMBRAPA, 1989), with the exception of water content and degree of infestation. We conclude that the plastic pet bottle got better efficiency, along with the direct method (immersion) that maintained the physiological quality of seeds treated and controlled better insect pests in storage period of six months, except for the concentration 8%. As for the indirect method the highest doses 15 and 20μL, were the most efficient.
As sementes de feijão caupi (Vigna uniguiculata (L.) Walp.) podem ser tratadas com óleo essencial, com intuito de diminuir o ataque de insetos-praga durante o armazenamento, mas é importante que este tratamento não interfira de modo prejudicial na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade e o grau de infestação das sementes de feijão caupi, cv. IPA 206, tratadas com óleo essencial de cravo da índia e armazenadas durante um período de seis meses em condições ambientais, tanto em sacos de papel como em garrafas pet. Foram utilizados dois métodos de aplicação do óleo essencial, um método direto (imersão) nas concentrações de 0; 1; 2; 4 e 8%, e um método indireto (fumigação) nas seguintes dosagens: 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20μL. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao caso (DIC), para cada tipo de embalagem foram realizados dois experimentos em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (concentrações ou dosagens e períodos de armazenamento) com quatro repetições. Foram determinadas as seguintes variáveis: Emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência, tempo médio de emergência, coeficiente de velocidade de emergência, comprimento da parte área e do sistema radicular, massa seca da parte área e do sistema radicular da plântula, massa fresca da parte área e do sistema radicular e teste de condutividade elétrica. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise de variância, as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade pelo programa SISVAR-UFLA, Realizou-se a análise de correlação linear simples, em nível de significância de 1% (p< 0,01), utilizando-se o programa estatístico Soc (NTIA/EMBRAPA, 1989), com exceção do teor de água e grau de infestação. Conclui-se que a embalagem plástica de garrafa pet obteve melhor eficiência, juntamente, com o método direto (imersão) que mantiveram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes tratadas e controlaram melhor os insetos-praga no período de armazenamento de seis meses, com exceção da concentração de 8%. Já para o método indireto as maiores doses 15 e 20μL, foram as mais eficientes.

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Barboza, Rafael Sá Leitão. "Influência do lodo de esgoto na nodulação e no desenvolvimento do Caupi (Vigna unguiculata "L" Walp)." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=152.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O intenso crescimento urbano aumentou a geração de resíduos domésticos e industriais, principalmente o lodo de esgoto, necessitando de um destino adequado. Este é um resíduo sólido proveniente do tratamento final do esgoto, o qual necessita de um destino adequado, pois, apresenta-se com alto teor de agentes patogênicos e metais pesados. A alternativa mais viável para a destinação desses resíduos é a sua aplicação na agricultura como recondicionante do solo, aliado à capacidade de algumas plantas, da ordem Leguminosae, de realizar simbiose com microrganismos, genericamente chamados de rizóbios, capazes de aumentar o aporte de nitrogênio disponível no solo. Com base no exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto que viabilizem a melhor interação com as bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio na produtividade do caupi, visando maximizar a produção agrícola dentro do conceito de sustentabilidade, assim como aperfeiçoar o destino ambientalmente adequado para os resíduos urbanos, encontrando seu potencial na reciclagem agrícola. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA) utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados (quatro blocos) e os tratamentos foram constituídos com cinco estirpes de Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI 6; NFB 700; BR 2001; BR 4406; BR 3267) e lodo de esgoto em quatro níveis diferentes (0, 25, 50 e 75 Mg ∙ ha-1), incluindo a testemunha absoluta (sem inoculação na dose zero de lodo). O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporado ao solo proveniente da Estação Experimental de Itapirema IPA, Goiana / PE. A cultivar de caupi utilizada foi a cv IPA 206 inoculada com uma suspensão bacteriana contendo 109 UFC ∙ mL-1. A colheita foi efetuada aos 45 dias e foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: matéria seca da raiz (MSR) e parte aérea (MSPA), matéria fresca dos nódulos (MFNod), nitrogênio total da parte aérea (NTPA) e raiz (NTR) e teor de leghemoglobina (LHb). A produção de matéria seca do caupi apresentou melhores resultados na dose equivalente a 75 Mg ∙ ha-1, não sofrendo influência das estirpes inoculadas. Essa dose também se mostrou promissora no aumento da capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), Ca, Mg e Na no solo, sem gerar riscos, a curto prazo. A matéria fresca dos nódulos apresentou-se em maior abundância na dose equivalente a 25 Mg ∙ ha-1. A estirpe EI-6 apresentou maior matéria fresca dos nódulos. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto e o uso das estirpes NFB 700 e BR 4406 apresentam potencial para produção de grãos no caupi
The intense urban growth, production of domestic and industrial residues has been increased, mainly sewage sludge. This residue has high amount of pathogenic organisms and heavy metals. The viable alternative for this residue destination is its use in agriculture improving the chemical, physical and biological soil characteristics. Allied of the capacity of some plants, Leguminosae order, to carry through symbiosis with microorganisms, generically called rhizobia, which are capable of increase nitrogen uptake in soil. The present work had as objective the evaluation of different levels of sewage sludge that make possible the best interaction with fixing nitrogen bacteria in the productivity of cowpea, aiming at to maximize the agricultural production inside of the concept of sustainable development, supplying an ambiently safe destination for the solid residues with its potential in agriculture recycling. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA), with experimental design adopted of randomized blocks (four blocks) containing five strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI-6, NFB 700, BR 2001, BR 4406 and BR 3267) and sewage sludge in four different levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 Mg ∙ ha-1) including control (without inoculation of the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 0 Mg ∙ ha-1). The sewage sludge proceeding from Sewage Treatment Station from Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporated in the soil, from IPA Experimental Station in Itapirema/PE. The cowpea, cultivar IPA 206, used was inoculated by a bacterial suspension with 109 CFU ∙ mL-1. Plants were harvested at 45 days, to measure shoot and root dry matter (SDM and RDM), nodule fresh matter (NodFM), total nitrogen (NTR and NTS) and leghemoglobin content (LHb). The cowpea dry matter showed higher results with the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 75 Mg ∙ ha-1, however were not affected inoculated strains. This equivalent level of sewage sludge demonstrated content increment of CEC (cation exchange capacity), Ca, Mg, and Na in the soil after application. The nodule fresh matter was presented in higher quantity of equivalent level of sewage sludge 25 Mg ∙ ha-1. The strains EI-6 presented higher nodule fresh matter. The application of this residue as fertilizer and the use of the strains NFB 700 and BR 4406 showed that these treatments can be used for seeds production in cowpea

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Dookie, Edris Kamal. "Effects of limestone applications and tillage on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) growth in acid soils of the intermediate savannahs of Guyana." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72837.

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Daniel, Sarah H. "The use of neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss) and some plant oils as protectants of Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) against the Cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304524.

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Asiedu, Ernest Assah. "The response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) seeds differing in seed coat colour to storage and reduced water availability during germination." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU482662.

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These studies were conducted to determine the response of cowpea cultivars differing in seed coat colour to storage and reduced water availability during germination, and to relate these to the chemical composition of their seed coats. Seeds of five cowpea cultivars were stored under simulated tropical conditions (30°C/75.5% r.h.) for 6 months, subjected to accelerated ageing (40°C/100% r.h.) for 6 days or controlled deterioration (40°C/20% m.c.) for 4 days. Unpigmented seeds showed more rapid deterioration which was revealed by low germinations, high leachate conductivity and poor vital staining with 2, 3, 5 Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC). These differences were attributed to differences in moisture contents that occurred in storage as well as genotypic differences. Increased susceptibility to imbibition damage occurred during storage particularly in unpigmented seeds. The seed vigour parameters at the end of the stimulated tropical storage correlated well with accelerated ageing, suggesting the possible use of rapid ageing to predict the storage potential of cowpea seeds. Percentage radicle emergence was high in the pigmented cultivars germinated at -0.0015, -0.1 and -0.15 MPa and lower in unpigmented cultivars as matric potential was reduced. Imposition of reduced water availability (-0.15 Mpa) after 12, 24 and 48 hours germination at -0.0015 MPa led to slower rates of radicle emergence in all seeds transferred at 12 and 24 hours. In the unpigmented cultivars, these early transfers led to reduced radicle emergence after 7 days and low final normal germination after transfer to -0.0015 MPa for a further 7 days. This deleterious effect was revealed by poor vital staining of the embryonic axes. Protein synthesis of root tips after 24 hours -0.0015 MPa, 96 hours -0.15 MPa followed by a recovery period of 48 hours -0.0015 MPa was twice as much in the pigmented cultivar which explained its greater ability to recover from stress. Screening of a further ten cultivars for tolerance of reduced water availability revealed three groupings, (1) unpigmented cultivars that showed low final normal germination and rapid rates of water uptake in water, (2) smooth-coated pigmented cultivars that showed high final germination and slow rates of water uptake and (3) wrinkled -coated pigmented cultivars which showed intermediate germination and high rates of water uptake.

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Frota, Karoline de Macêdo Gonçalves. "Efeito da proteína isolada de feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) nos marcadores de risco para doença cardiovascular em pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-14092011-105121/.

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Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte no mundo, sendo o aumento da concentração de colesterol sanguíneo um dos seus principais fatores de risco. O processo aterosclerótico envolve não apenas a deposição de colesterol nas artérias, mas a inflamação tem papel central em todas as fases do processo aterosclerótico. Estudo em animais mostrou, por sua vez, que a proteína de feijão caupi é um potente redutor na concentração de colesterol sangüíneo. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da proteína de feijão caupi sobre o perfil lipídico, apolipoproteínas, glicose, insulina, HOMA-IR, marcadores de inflamação e de disfunção endotelial em pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos. Métodos: A proteína de feijão caupi foi isolada por precipitação isoelétrica da farinha de feijão caupi desengordurada. O isolado protéico de caupi (IPC) foi utilizado no desenvolvimento do shake à base de proteína de caupi, caseinato de cálcio foi utilizado para desenvolvimento do shake controle. Realizou-se um ensaio clínico do tipo crossover, aleatorizado, cego e controlado. Uma amostra de 44 indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos foi dividida em 2 grupos (Grupo Controle e Grupo IPC), cada grupo recebeu shake caseína e shake IPC, respectivamente, por 6 semanas cada. Depois do washout de 4 semanas, os indivíduos receberam o shake oposto por mais 6 semanas. Foram quantificadas as variáveis bioquímicas: colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicerídeos, colesterol não-HDL, apo A1, apo B, razão LDL/HDL, razão TG/HDL, razão apo B/apo A1, glicose de jejum, insulina de jejum, HOMA-IR (modelo de avaliação da homeostase), proteína C reativa (PCR), molécula de adesão intercelular solúvel-1 (sICAM-1) e molécula de adesão vascular solúvel-1 (sVCAM- 1) antes e após cada período experimental. A diferença entre os shakes foi analisada com ANOVA para medidas repetidas ao nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados: A amostra final foi composta por 38 indivíduos com idade média de 57 anos. A redução em cadeia (delta após consumo de proteína de feijão caupi menos delta após consumo de caseína) no colesterol total foi de 21,0 mg.dL-1 (p < 0,001), CT( por cento ) foi de 8,4 por cento (p < 0,001), LDL( por cento ) foi de 14,4 por cento (p < 0,001), colesterol não-HDL foi de 24,3 mg.dL-1 (p < 0,001) e apo B foi de 15,5 mg.dL-1 (p < 0,001). A ingestão de proteína de caupi afetou significativamente o HDL-c e a mudança em cadeia observada foi um aumento de 3,2 mg.dL-1 (p =0,044). Os marcadores de metabolismo glicídico (glicose de jejum, insulina de jejum e HOMA-IR), bem como os marcadores de inflamação (PCR) e de disfunção endotelial (sVCAM-1 e sICAM- 1) não sofreram modificações significativas após consumo de proteína de feijão caupi (p > 0,05). Conclusão: O presente estudo mostra que a ingestão diária de 25 g de proteína de feijão caupi durante 6 semanas é capaz de reduz os níveis de colesterol sanguíneo, em especial a fração LDL-c; no entanto, não parece exercer influência sobre os marcadores de inflamação subclínica e de disfunção endotelial. Portanto, o aumento do consumo de feijão caupi pode representar uma alternativa eficaz, barata e viável na melhora dos níveis lipídicos em indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and the increase of cholesterol in blood is one of their main risk factors. The atherosclerotic process involves not only the deposition of cholesterol in the arteries, inflammation plays a central role in all stages of atherosclerosis. Animal study showed that the protein of cowpea is a potent reducer of blood cholesterol. Objective: To evaluate the influence of cowpea protein on blood lipids, apolipoproteins, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic patients. Methods: The protein of cowpea was isolated by isoelectric precipitation of defatted flour of cowpea. Cowpea protein isolate (CPI) was used to develop the cowpea protein shake, and calcium caseinate was used for development of the control shake. A cross-over, randomized, blinded and controlled clinical trial was conducted with a sample of 44 hypercholesterolemic subjects, which was divided into two groups (control group and CPI group). Each group received casein shake and CPI shake, respectively, for taken for 6 weeks. After this period and a 4-week washout, subjects received the opposite shake for taken for 6 weeks. Biochemical variables were measured: total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, apo A1, apo B, LDL/HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio, apo B/apo A1 ration, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) before and after each experimental period. The difference between the shakes was analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5 per cent . Results: The final sample consisted of 38 subjects with mean age of 57 years. The net changes in serum total cholesterol concentrations was a decrease of -21.05 mg.dL-1 (p < 0.001), in total cholesterol was -8.42 per cent (p < 0.001), in LDL-c was -14.36 per cent (p < 0.001), in non-HDL cholesterol was -24.29 mg.dL-1 (p < 0.001) and apoB was -15.55 mg.dL-1 (p < 0.001). Cowpea protein intake significantly affected serum HDL-c concentrations, the net change was a increase of 3.24 mg.dL-1 (p= 0,044). Markers of glycemic control (fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR) and inflammation markers (CRP) and endothelial dysfunction (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) have not changed significantly after consumption of cowpea protein (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that daily intake of 25 g of cowpea protein for 6 weeks can reduce levels of blood cholesterol, especially LDL-c, however did not exhibit influence on markers of subclinical inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, the consumption of cowpea can be an effective, inexpensive and feasible way to control blood lipids of hypercholesterolemic subjects

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Costa-Lima, Tiago Cardoso da. "Efeito da temperatura e da UR na biologia de Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) em Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-27022008-174152/.

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Esta pesquisa teve como o objetivo estudar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar (UR) nos aspectos biológicos da mosca-minadora, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880), em feijão caupi [(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)], para fornecer subsídios a futuros projetos de controle biológico desta praga. Verificou-se uma relação inversa entre a duração de desenvolvimento e o aumento da temperatura na faixa de 15 a 32°C. A viabilidade larval não foi afetada na faixa térmica estudada, enquanto a 32°C houve uma alta mortalidade da fase de pupa. O limiar térmico inferior de desenvolvimento obtido para o período ovo-adulto foi baixo (7,3°C), se comparado a outras espécies de Liriomyza, sendo bastante reduzido para a fase larval (3,4°C). De acordo com as exigências térmicas constatadas para L. trifolii, foi possível estimar a ocorrência de 24,5 gerações anuais em região produtora de melão no RN, sendo que apenas durante a safra da cultura, a praga pode dar 14,8 gerações. A longevidade dos adultos decresceu com a elevação térmica, sendo sempre maior para as fêmeas, independente da temperatura. Os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição também foram reduzidos com o aumento da temperatura. A fecundidade foi similar na faixa de 18 a 30°C, sendo reduzida a 32°C e o padrão da taxa de oviposição modificado em função da temperatura. A UR não afetou a duração dos estágios imaturos, embora tenha influenciado a viabilidade. A longevidade das fêmeas foi afetada pela UR, que viveram mais do que os machos em todas as condições estudadas. Independente da temperatura e da UR, L. trifolii colocou entre 83 - 87% dos ovos na face adaxial da folha de feijão caupi. A análise de agrupamento (\"cluster analyses\") permitiu definir que as temperaturas mais adequadas ao desenvolvimento do inseto são as de 28 e 30°C, sendo que a UR mais adequada foi a de 50%. A pesquisa permitiu que se esquematizasse um sistema de produção de L. trifolii, com base nas exigências térmicas e da UR das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento, para produção de inimigos naturais da praga ou de outras alternativas de controle.
This research was aimed at studying the influence of temperature and relative air humidity (RH) on biological aspects of the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880) in cowpea [(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)], to provide essential information for future biological control projects against this pest. An inverse relation was observed between development duration and temperature increase in the range from 15 to 32°C. Larval viability was not affected in the temperature range studied, while a high mortality of the pupal stage was observed at 32°C. The lower developmental temperature threshold obtained for the egg-adult period was low (7.3°C) when compared with other species of Liriomyza, and was rather low for the larval stage (3.4°C). Based on the thermal requirements verified for L. trifolii, it was possible to estimate the occurrence of 24.5 annual generations at a melon producing region in RN, Brazil. During the melon cropping season alone, the pest can produce 14.8 generations. Adult longevity decreased as temperature increased, and was always higher for females, regardless of temperature. The pre-oviposition and oviposition periods also decreased as temperature increased. Fecundity was similar in the range from 18 to 30°C, but decreased at 32°C; the oviposition rate pattern changed as a function of temperature. RH did not affect duration of the immature stages, although it had an influence on viability. Female longevity was affected by RH, since females lived longer than males under all conditions studied. Regardless of temperature and RH, L. trifolii laid between 83 - 87% of its eggs on the adaxial surface of the cowpea leaves. By cluster analysis it was defined that the most suitable temperatures for development of this insect are 28 and 30°C, while the most suitable RH was 50%. This research allowed a production system to be devised for L. trifolii, based on the temperature and RH requirements for its various stages of development, aimed at the production of natural enemies of the pest or other control alternatives.

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Oliveira, Lucicléia Mendes de. "Desempenho de sementes de Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp tratadas com fungicidas, inseticidas e micronutrientes sob diferentes condições de armazenamento." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1383.

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Cowpea is a leguminous very cultivated in North and Northeast in Brazil. It is a crop from Africa, but it has good adaptability in these areas. It is important protein source for poor people of these regions, besides generating employment and income. Seed treatment is important to control and prevent possible pests and diseases attacks that could damage physiological seed quality, reduce plant stand and cause economic damage. It is also possible to apply nutrients via seeds; in this case, nutrients will be readily available to plants shortly after germination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of cowpea seeds treated with fungicides, insecticides and micronutrients in different storage conditions. The experiment was conducted at Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba, and the seeds were treated as follows: 1-control (no treated), 2-micronutrient Comol 118 (composed of 1% cobalt and molybdenum 8%), 3-thiamethoxan insecticide (Cruiser 350FS® - 300mL per 100kg of seed-1), 4-Insecticide and fungicide: fipronil and pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl (Standak® top-200mL per 100kg of seed-1), 5-Imidacloprid + thiodicarb (Cropstar ® - 300mL- per 100kg of seeds-1). After treated the seeds were stored at natural environment and preservation chamber. The assessment of physiological seed quality was done at 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days of storage and the following tests were performed: seed germination and seed vigor (first count of germination, accelerated aging, seedling length, seedling emergence and emergence speed index). It was concluded that the treatments with (imidacloprid+thiodicarb) and (fipronil+pyraclostrobin+thiophanate-methyl) provide stimulating effect on seed performance; and seed treated with thiamethoxan are less negatively affected than seed not treated with this product; treatment with micronutrients show similar behavior to untreated seeds and seed storage at natural environment negatively affect seed quality as the period of storage is increased.
O feijão-caupi é uma fabaceae de origem africana bastante cultivada na região norte e nordeste do Brasil, onde se destaca como principal fonte proteica para as populações carentes destas regiões, além de gerar emprego e renda. Para o estabelecimento da cultura as sementes são tratadas para controlar e prevenir possíveis ataques de pragas que possam prejudicar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, ocasionar doenças e reduzir o estande de plantas. Também é possível agregar nutrientes as sementes os quais estarão prontamente disponíveis para a planta em desenvolvimento logo após a germinação. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de sementes de feijão-caupi tratadas com fungicidas, inseticidas e micronutrientes sob diferentes condições de armazenamento. Foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos de sementes: 1-testemunha (sem tratamento); 2- micronutriente COMOL 118 (composto por cobalto 1% e Molibdênio 8%), 3- inseticida tiametoxam (Cruiser 350FS® - 300 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes), 4- Inseticida e fungicidas: fipronil e piraclostrobina+tiofanato metilico (Standak® top 200 mL 100kg-1 de sementes), 5-Imidacloprido+tiodicarbe (Cropstar® - 300 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes) sendo posteriormente armazenadas em ambiente natural e câmara de conservação de sementes a 16 °C e 60 % UR. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi feita aos 0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias de armazenamento através dos testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento de plântulas, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência). Conclui-se que os produtos (imidacloprido+tiodicarbe) e o (fipronil+piraclostrobina+tiofanato metílico) proporcionam efeito estimulante sobre o desempenho das sementes; sementes revestidas com tiametoxam são menos afetadas pelo armazenamento do que as sementes não tratadas; e o tratamento com micronutrientes apresenta comportamento similar às sementes não tratadas sendo que em ambiente natural prejudica a qualidade fisiológica com o aumento do período de armazenamento.

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Abreu, Carlos Eduardo Braga de. "AnÃlise fisiolÃgica, bioquÃmica e proteÃmica de respostas ao estresse salino em plantas de feijÃo de corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9540.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo integrado de fisiologia, bioquÃmica e proteÃmica comparativa em feijÃo de corda, uma cultura de grande valor econÃmico, com o objetivo de entender respostas de aclimataÃÃo das plantas Ã salinidade. Para tanto, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetaÃÃo, sob condiÃÃes hidropÃnicas, utilizando dois cultivares de feijÃo de corda (Vigna unguiculata) com tolerÃncia diferencial ao estresse salino: PitiÃba (tolerante) e TVu 2331 (sensÃvel). No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas as mudanÃas fisiolÃgicas (crescimento, trocas gasosas, teor relativo de Ãgua, teor de clorofila, fluorescÃncia da clorofila) e bioquÃmicas (acÃmulo de Ãons e solutos orgÃnicos em folhas e raÃzes e padrÃo de expressÃo protÃico foliar) induzidas por concentraÃÃes crescentes de salinidade (NaCl a 50, 75 e 100 mM). Os resultados demonstraram a existÃncia de respostas contrastantes entre os cultivares estudados, especialmente com relaÃÃo Ã inibiÃÃo do crescimento da parte aÃrea e ao acÃmulo de solutos compatÃveis, os quais foram maiores no TVu. Contudo, a salinidade nÃo alterou os parÃmetros de fluorescÃncia da clorofila em ambos os cultivares. ConcentraÃÃes crescentes de NaCl alteraram de forma diferencial o padrÃo de expressÃo de proteÃnas nas folhas, com maiores alteraÃÃes na dose 100 mM de NaCl. Apesar disso, no segundo experimento, a concentraÃÃo moderada de sal com NaCl a 75 mM foi escolhida como referÃncia para o estudo das mudanÃas no proteoma durante o estresse salino e apÃs um perÃodo pÃs-estresse (recuperaÃÃo). A salinidade modificou a expressÃo de 22 âspotsâ protÃicos no PitiÃba, dos quais 10 (6 que aumentaram e 4 que diminuÃram) tiveram suas identidades determinadas por espectrometria de massas acoplada a cromatografia lÃquida (LC-ESI-MS/MS). No TVu foram observadas mudanÃas em 27 âspotsâ, sendo determinada a identidade de 9 (5 que aumentaram e 4 que diminuÃram). AlÃm destes, 5 âspotsâ que mantiveram suas taxas de expressÃes em condiÃÃes de salinidade no PitiÃba tambÃm foram identificados. A maioria das proteÃnas identificadas estÃ relacionada com o processo de fotossÃntese, realizando funÃÃes enzimÃticas ou participando da constituiÃÃo molecular dos fotossistemas. ProteÃnas com papel protetor contra o estresse, como chaperonas e enzimas do estresse oxidativo (SOD) foram identificadas, assim como a calreticulina, que provavelmente estÃ envolvida em processos de transduÃÃo de sinal. Em adiÃÃo, foi possÃvel observar que durante a recuperaÃÃo das plantas os mecanismos de homeostase Ãs novas condiÃÃes restabeleceram os nÃveis de algumas proteÃnas, o que sugere a participaÃÃo delas no processo de aclimataÃÃo ao estresse salino. No geral, os resultados fornecem informaÃÃes adicionais que podem levar a uma melhor compreensÃo das bases moleculares da tolerÃncia ou sensibilidade de plantas de feijÃo de corda Ã salinidade.
In the present work, an integrated physiological, biochemical and proteomic analysis on cowpea (an economically important species) was carried out in order to understand the responses of plants to salinity. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions, using two cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with differential tolerance to salt stress: Pitiuba (tolerant) and TVu 2331 (sensitive). In the first experiment, we evaluated the physiological (growth, gas exchange, relative water content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence) and biochemical (ions and organic solutes accumulations) changes induced by increasing levels of salinity (50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl), as well as the influences of stress two-dimensional (2D) protein patterns in leaves tissues. The results showed the existence of contrasting responses between the cultivars studied, especially with respect to inhibition of shoot growth and the accumulation of compatible solutes, which were higher in TVu. However, salinity did not alter the fluorescence parameters in both genotypes. The global analysis of 2D protein patterns showed that increasing levels of NaCl differentially alter the expression pattern of proteins in leaves, with larger changes in dose 100 mM NaCl. Nevertheless, in the second experiment, the moderate dose of salt with 75 mM NaCl was chosen as the reference dose for the study of changes in the proteome during salt stress and recovery. Salinity altered the expression of 22 protein spots in Pitiuba. Of these spots, the identities of 10 (6 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated) were determined by liquid chromatography electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In TVU changes were observed in 27 spots being the identity determined for 9 (5 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated). Besides these, 5 spots that kept their rates expressions in salinity conditions in PitiÃba were also identified. The majority of the identified proteins is related to the process of photosynthesis, performing enzymatic functions or participating in the molecular constitution of photosystems. Proteins with protective role against stress such as chaperones and enzymes of oxidative stress (SOD) were identified, as well as calreticulin, which are probably involved in signal transduction network. In addition, during recovery treatments homeostasis mechanisms of plants to new conditions restored the levels of certain proteins, suggesting their participation in the process of acclimation to salt stress. Overall, results provide some additional information that can lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance or sensitivity in cowpea plants.

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Lima, Paulo CÃsar Cunha. "ProduÃÃo de FeijÃo Caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)AtravÃs da InfiltraÃÃo Subsuperficial de Esgoto DomÃstico em Solo Arenoso." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1166.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A produÃÃo de feijÃo caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) foi avaliada, em escala real neste projeto de pesquisa, utilizando-se a disposiÃÃo de esgoto domÃstico no solo atravÃs da infiltraÃÃo subsuperficial. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois perÃodos. O primeiro, na estaÃÃo chuvosa, durante os meses de janeiro a abril e o segundo, no perÃodo de estiagem, durante os meses de agosto a novembro de 2004. A estrutura fÃsica da estaÃÃo experimental foi construÃda nas dependÃncias da horticultura do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias, no Campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, Fortaleza-CE, sendo constituÃda por seis canteiros de alvenaria de tijolos cerÃmicos nas dimensÃes: 11m de comprimento, 1m de largura, 0,60m de profundidade e inclinaÃÃo de 1%. Os canteiros foram impermeabilizados com manta plÃstica preta de 250 μ. O material de solo utilizado para o preenchimento dos canteiros foi retirado de uma Ãrea de emprÃstimo existente nas proximidades do local do experimento. Para anÃlise comparativa, os seis canteiros foram divididos em dois grupos de trÃs. O primeiro foi irrigado com Ãgua subterrÃnea bombeada de um poÃo amazonas, existente no local do experimento e o segundo irrigado com esgoto domÃstico bombeado da rede coletora de esgotos que passa pelo Campus do Pici. A taxa de aplicaÃÃo das Ãguas de irrigaÃÃo foi de 0,70 m3/dia, satisfazendo Ãs necessidades hÃdricas das plantas. Os canteiros foram divididos, ainda, em seÃÃes de 2 metros para melhor avaliar a produÃÃo ao longo dos canteiros. A produÃÃo foi avaliada atravÃs da contagem do nÃmero de sementes e vagens e a produtividade pelo peso de sementes por Ãrea Ãtil de 10m2 existente em cada canteiro. Os canteiros irrigados com esgoto domÃstico, no perÃodo chuvoso, apresentaram dados de produÃÃo de sementes de 248,52 Kg.hÃ-1 e 1.377,52 Kg.hÃ-1, respectivamente, em relaÃÃo aos irrigados com Ãgua. A produtividade de grÃos, no perÃodo de estiagem foi de 767,08 Kg.hÃ-1 nos canteiros irrigados com esgoto domÃstico e nos irrigados com Ãgua de 757,43 Kg.hÃ-1. O esgoto domÃstico, mesmo sendo uma fonte alternativa de Ãgua e nutrientes para as plantas, cuidados referentes ao manejo agrÃcola devem ser considerados para evitar riscos ao meio ambiente e Ã saÃde da populaÃÃo. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a disposiÃÃo de esgoto domÃstico no solo atravÃs da infiltraÃÃo subsuperficial, colaborou para melhor produÃÃo de feijÃo caupi, o que torna recomendÃvel estÃ prÃtica em pequenas comunidades rurais, principalmente no semi-Ãrido do nordeste brasileiro.
The production of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) was evaluated in a real scale in this research project, by using the disposal of domestic sewage into the soil through the sub-superficial infiltration. The research was carried out during two periods. The first one was in the rainy season from January to April, and the second one in the dry season from August to November, 2004. The physical structure of the experimental station was built at the Horticulture Sector of the Agrarian Sciences Center, on the Pici Campus of the Federal University of CearÃ, Fortaleza â CE, and was composed of six masonry seedbeds made of ceramic bricks with the following dimensions: 11m long, 1m wide, 0,60m deep, and 1% slant. The seedbeds were waterproofed with a black plastic blanket of 250 μ. The soil material used for the filling of the seedbeds was removed from a nearby area located by the place of the experiment. For comparative analysis, the six seedbeds were divided into two groups of three each. The first one was irrigated with underground water pumped from a deep well located in the place of the experiment, and the second one was irrigated with domestic sewage pumped from the sewage collecting pipe, which goes through the Pici Campus. The water volume used in the irrigation of the seedbeds was of 0,70 mÂ/day. The seedbeds were still divided into 2m sectors in order to better to evaluate the production along the seedbeds. The production was evaluated through the counting of the number of seeds and pods, and the productivity was assessed by the weight of seeds per useful area of 10,00mÂ located in each seedbed. In the rainy season, the seedbeds irrigated with domestic sewage presented average seed production data of 248,52 Kg ha-1, and the ones irrigated with raw water showed an average production of 1.377,52 Kg ha-1. The average productivity of grains in the dry season was of 767,08 Kg.ha-1 in the seedbeds irrigated with domestic sewage, and 757,43 Kg.ha-1 in the ones irrigated with water. The domestic sewage, despite being an alternative source of water and nutrients for the plants, cares regarding the agricultural handling should be considered to avoid risks to the environment and the health of the population. It was concluded, therefore, that the disposal of domestic sewage into the soil through the sub-superficial infiltration contributed to a larger production of cowpea beans, which makes this practice advisable in small rural communities, mainly in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian northeast.

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GUSMÃO, Nívea Maria Silva. "Manejo de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), em grãos de caupi, Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp. com óleos essenciais." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6011.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Among the pests that attack stored beans Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. stands out the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775), responsible for qualitative and quantitative losses. The use of synthetic fumigants and protectors are widely used on its control, however alternative products such as powders and essential oils of plant origin, have been extensively investigated in recent years, with promising results. Thus, this study aimed to: (a) perform the chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry in Eucalyptus. citriodora Hook., Eucalyptus. staigeriana F., essential oils; (b) evaluate the toxicity by contact and fumigation; (c) test the repellent effect. The major component of E. staigeriana essential oil was limonene (28.73%) and geranial (15.20%), and for E. citriodora essential oil was Citronelal (89.59%) and Citronelil acetate (3.34). The LC50s of F. vulgare, E. citriodora, E. staigeriana and C. winterianus oils in contact tests were estimated in 4.19, 7.09, 7.44, 7.93μL/20g of bean, respectively. According to regression analysis, the higher the mortality rate, lower was the number of eggs laid and emerged insects. In fumigation tests for adults, the LC50s ranged from 2.58 to 7.85 μL/L of air and the toxicity reasons from 1.25 to 3.04. In all concentrations tested, E. citriodora and C. winterianus oils were repellent to C. maculatus adults. F. vulgare was classified as neutral, while E. staigeriana was neutral at low concentrations and repellent only at the highest concentration 12μL/20g of cowpea. The percentages of reduction of posture caused by the oils esssenciais ranged from 3.26 to 100% and adult emergence from 0.46 to 100%, especially C. winterianus that the highest concentration (15μl/20g), reduced by 100% these parameter.
Dentre as pragas que atacam o feijão Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. armazenado destaca-se o caruncho Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775), responsável por perdas qualitativas e quantitativas. Os inseticidas sintéticos fumigantes e protetores são muito utilizados no seu controle, porém produtos alternativos como pós e óleos essenciais de origem vegetal, têm sido bastante pesquisados nos últimos anos, com resultados promissores. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) efetuar a análise cromatográfica e de espectrometria de massas nos óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook e Eucalyptus. staigeriana F.; (b) avaliar a toxicidade por contato e fumigação; (c) testar o efeito repelente. Os compostos majoritários do óleo de E. staigeriana foram o Limoneno (28,73%) e Geranial (15,20%), e para E. citriodora foi Citronelal (89,59%) e Citronelil acetate (3,34%). As CL50s dos óleos de F. vulgare, E. citriodora, E. staigeriana e C. winterianus, nos testes de contato, foram estimadas em 4,19; 7,09; 7,44; 7,93μL/20g de feijão, respectivamente. De acordo com as análises de regressão, quanto maior a mortalidade, menor foi o número de ovos depositados e de insetos emergidos. Nos testes de fumigação para adultos, as CL50s variaram entre 2,58 a 7,85 μL/L de ar e as razões de toxicidade de 1,25 a 3,04. Em todas as concentrações testadas, os óleos de E. citriodora e de C. winterianus foram repelentes para adultos de C. maculatus. F. vulgare foi classificado como neutro, enquanto E. staigeriana foi neutro nas concentrações menores e repelente apenas na maior concentração de 12μL/20g de feijão. As percentagens de redução da postura provocadas pelos óleos esssenciais, variaram de 3,26 a 100% e da emergência de adultos de 0,46 a 100%, destacando-se C. winterianus, que na maior concentração (15μl/20g), reduziu em 100% estes parâmetros.

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PEREIRA, Adriana Carla Ribeiro Lopes. "Utilização de óleos essenciais e fixos no controle de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) em caupi, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. armazenado." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2006. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5939.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The weevil Callosobruchus maculatus is considered the most important pest of cowpea stored in tropical and subtropical regions. Focusing minimize the undesired effects of synthetic chemical insecticides, vegetal origin oils is a promissory alternative to control it because its low cost and safety to the applicator and consumers. Essential oils (Cymbopogon martini Roxb., Piper aduncum L., P. hispidinervum C.DC., Melaleuca sp. and Lippia gracillis Shau) and fixed oils (Helianthus annus L., Sesamum indicum L., Gossypium hirsutum L., Glycine max L. and Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) were tested in cowpea grains (cv. Ever Green). These oils were used in the concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50μL/20g, corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 L/t and impregnated to the grains into the plastic recipients using an automatic pipette and handly agitated for two minutes. Plots of 20g from cowpea were infested with eight females of C. maculatus from 0 to 48 hours old. Each oil was tested separately in a randomly arrangement with six replicates. The essential oils of C. martini, P. aduncum and L. gracillis provoked 100% of mortality in all concentrations, P. hispedinervum from 1.5 L/t and Melaleuca sp. in the concentrations of 2.0 and 2.5 L/t. The reduction of the viable eggs and emerged insects was about 100%. By the other hand, the fixed oils, in spite of its low mortality in all tested concentrations, reduced at almost 100% the number of the viable eggs and emerged insects.
O caruncho, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.), é considerado a praga mais importante do caupi armazenado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Visando minimizar os efeitos indesejáveis dos inseticidas químicos sintéticos, o controle desta praga com óleos de origem vegetal vem se constituindo numa alternativa promissora, de baixo custo e segura para os aplicadores e consumidores. Foram testados os óleos essenciais (Cymbopogon martini Roxb., Piper aduncum L., P. hispidinervum C.DC., Melaleuca sp., Lippia gracillis Shau) e fixos (Helianthus annus L, Sesamum indicum L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Glycine max L. e Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), em grãos de caupi, cv. Sempre Verde. Os óleos foram utilizados nas concentrações 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50μL/20g, correspondendo a 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 L/t e impregnados aos grãos no interior de recipientes de plástico, com auxílio de pipetador automático, e agitados manualmente durante dois minutos. Parcelas de 20g de caupi foram infestadas com oito fêmeas de C. maculatus com 0 a 48 h de idade. Cada óleo foi testado, separadamente, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com seis repetições. Os óleos essenciais de C. martini, P. aduncum e L. gracillis causaram 100% de mortalidade em todas as concentrações, P. hispidinervum a partir de 1,5 L/t e Melaleuca sp. nas concentrações de 2,0 e 2,5 L/t. A redução do número de ovos viáveis e de insetos emergidos foi de 100%. Por outro lado, os óleos fixos, apesar de apresentarem baixa mortalidade em todas as concentrações testadas, reduziram em praticamente 100% o número de ovos viáveis e de insetos emergidos.

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Melo, Roberto de Albuquerque. "Caracterização morfo-agronômica e molecular, processamento mínimo e utilização de raios X em sementes de feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-11022011-151350/.

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O presente estudo foi realizado com os seguintes objetivos de (a) caracterizar morfo-agronômica e molecularmente cinco genótipos de feijão-caupi; (b) avaliar a preservação da qualidade de grãos de feijão-caupi minimamente processado empacotado em três tipos de embalagens (PVC, PP e PEBD) sob temperaturas de armazenamento de 1, 5 e 10 °C, durante nove dias e, (c) identificar os danos causados por caruncho [Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.)] e sua relação com a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão-caupi, por meio da análise de raios X. Na caracterização morfo-agronômica os genótipos analisados foram: IPA-206, BRSPAJEU, BRS-POTENGI, L 281.005 e L ESP 10 e na caracterização molecular foram utilizados 26 primers de RAPD e 37 primers de ISSR. Foram construídos três dendrogramas baseados em marcadores moleculares RAPD, ISSR e RAPD+ISSR. Na caracterização morfo-agronômica, as características que apresentaram maior poder discriminante para os cinco genótipos avaliados, foram: cor das folhas; comprimento e largura do folíolo apical; vigor da planta; número de dias à floração, cor das flores; número de dias para maturação da primeira vagem, e ainda, o comprimento, a largura e o número de lóculos por vagem, como também o número de vagens por plantas; e na semente, massa de 100 sementes, comprimento, largura e espessura. A caracterização molecular demonstrou a utilidade do método, não só para avaliar o conjunto da diversidade no germoplasma, mas também para permitir aglomeração potencial dos genótipos com base nas suas afinidades entre si em características de desempenho agronômico. No ensaio de processamento mínimo foi utilizado como matéria prima grãos de feijão-caupi, linhagem L ESP 10. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises: perda de massa fresca, composição gasosa, aroma e aparência. Os dados foram analisados através da construção de gráficos. Constatou-se que a perda de massa dos grãos foi muito reduzida. A temperatura de 1°C e o uso do filme de PVC foi mais eficientes na conservação da qualidade pós-colheita do feijão-caupi minimamente processado, propiciando melhor manutenção da cor verde, aparência, odor e menor oxidação na região próxima ao hilo. Com relação à identificação dos danos causados por caruncho por meio da análise de raios X foram utilizadas três cultivares: IPA-206, BRS-Pajeu, BRS-Potengi e duas linhagens, L 281.005 e L ESP 10. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de raios X e ao teste de germinação, a fim de determinar a relação de causa e efeito entre os danos provocados pelo caruncho e a germinação das sementes. Para os danos classificados como severos, localizados no eixo embrionário e, ou nos cotilédones, as sementes originaram plântulas anormais ou as sementes estavam mortas. O teste de raios X se mostrou eficiente para a avaliação de danos causados por caruncho em sementes de feijão-caupi, permitindo relacionar os eventuais danos com os prejuízos causados à germinação.
This study was undertaken with the following objectives: (a) to characterize, morphoagronomic and molecularly, five genotypes of cowpea beans, (b) to evaluate the preservation of grain quality of cowpea minimally processed in three types of packaging (PVC, PP and PEBD) under storage temperatures of 1, 5 and 10 ° C for nine days, and (c) to identify the damage caused by the weevil [Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.)] using the X-ray analysis and evaluate its relationship to the physiological quality of the cowpea seeds. The genotypes used in this morpho-agronomic characterization were IPA 206, BRS-PAJEU, BRS-POTENGI, L 281.005 and L ESP 10. For the molecular characterization, it was used 26 primers of RAPD and 37 primers of ISSR. Three dendograms were constructed based on molecular markers RAPD, ISSR and RAPD+ISSR. Concerning to morpho-agronomic characterization, the characteristics which presented the highest discriminating power were: color of the leaves, lenght and width of the apical leaflet, plant vigor, number of the days for flowering, color of the flowers, number of the days for first ripe pod, and number of beans per individual plant. For seeds were evaluated, mass of 100 seeds, lenght, width and thickness. The molecular characterization showed the efficiency of the method not only to evaluate all the diversity conditions in the germoplasm but also to allow the potential agglomeration of the genotypes based on their similarities for their characteristics regarding to the agronomic behavior. To set up the trial of cowpea grains minimally processed it was used the line L ESP 10. The following traits were analysed: mass loss, gas composition, odor, and appearance. The results were evaluated by the graphs construction. The results showed that temperature at 1 0C and use of PVC were the most efficient process to preserve the postharvest quality of minimally processed cowpea beans, keeping its green color, appearance, odor, and lowest oxidation level near the hilum. As regards the damage caused to the cowpea seeds by weevil were used the cultivars IPA-206, BRSPajeu and BRS-Potengi, and two lines (L 281.005 and L ESP 10). The samples were exposed to X-ray and germination test to determine the cause-effect relationship between weevil damage and seed germination. Seed damage classified as severe, located in the embryonic axis or in the cotyledons, resulted in abnormal seedlings or dead seeds. The X-ray test, therefore, is efficient for evaluating weevil damage in cowpea seeds.

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Rodrigues, Nara Elisa Lobato [UNESP]. "Resistência de genótipos de Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) e eficiência de óleo de nim em Bemisia tabaci (Genn., 1889) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91390.

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Dentre os fatores que podem afetar a produtividade de feijão caupi detaca-se o ataque de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) biótipo B. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de feijão caupi associado a doses de nim no desenvolvimento e oviposição de mosca branca. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, no período de outubro de 2009 a agosto 2010. Foram realizados testes para oviposição, com e sem chance de escolha, antibiose e ação ovicida. Para identificar os tipos de resistência avaliou-se sete genótipos de Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.), BRS Milênio, BR17 Gurguéia, BR3 Tracuateua, BRS Novaera, Sempre Verde, BRS Urubuquara e IPA-206. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se concluir que os genótipos BRS Urubuquara, IPA-206 e BR17 Gurgueia apresentaram resistência do tipo não preferência para oviposição de B. tabaci biótipo B; o genótipo BRS Urubuquara apresenta resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação e/ou antibiose; o genótipo Sempre Verde foi o mais suscetível; e, B. tabaci biótipo B prefere ovipositar na face abaxial das folhas na posição superior das plantas de caupi. Posteriormente, foram selecionados dois genótipos resistentes e um suscetível ao ataque de mosca branca, os quais foram associados a diferentes doses de produto natural a base de óleo de nim, sendo realizados testes de não preferência para oviposição, antiobiose e ação ovicida. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se concluir o genótipo BRS Urubuquara e IPA-206 associados ou não ao óleo de nim foram os menos ovipositados por B. tabaci biótipo B; a associação do óleo de nim com o genótipo Sempre Verde reduziu a oviposição do inseto; a posição superior das folhas na planta é a mais ovipositada pela praga...
Amongst the factors that can affect the cowpea productivity, the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) biotype B stands out. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cowpea resistance associated to neem dosages at the whitefly development and oviposition. The experiments were conducted at a greenhouse at the Departamento de Fitossanidade of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, between october 2009 and August 2010, oviposition (chance and non-chance), antibiosis and neem oil ovicide action tests were performed. To identify the resistance types, seven Vigna unguiculata genotypes: BRS Milênio, BR17 Gurguéia, BR3 Tracuateua, BRS Novaera, Sempre Verde, BRS Urubuquara and IPA-206, were evaluated. According to obtained data, it can be concluded that the BRS Urubuquara, IPA-206 and BR17 Gurgueia presented non-preference for oviposition of B. tabaci biotype B resistance; the BRS Urubuquara genotype presented non-preference resistance for feeding and/or antibiosis; the Sempre Verde genotype was the more susceptible to infestation; and the B. tabaci biotype B prefers to ovipositate at the leaves abaxial faces of the upper cowpea plant position. After that, two resistant and one susceptible to whitefly infestation genotypes were selected. Those were then associated to a natural product with different neem oil dosages and non-preference for oviposition, antibiosis and ovicide action tests were then performed. According to obtained data it can be concluded that the BRS Urubuquara and IPA-206, associated or not to neem oil, were the less ovipositated by the B. tabaci biotype B; association between neem oil with the Sempre Verde genotype reduced the oviposition; the abaxial leaves faces of the upper cowpea plant position were the most affected by infestation at the Sempre Verde and IPA-206 genotypes; the neem oil provided... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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SILVA, Maria de Fátima da. "Taxa de inóculo na habilidade competitiva de rizóbios e eficiência na fixação do N2 em feijão-caupi ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp,)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5252.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in Brazil is grown in the most different climatic conditions. By the adaptability to tropical conditions and recognized as a culture of high socioeconomic value, this legume has an important role for the capitalization of small farmers in the Northeast region. Cowpea may obtain adequate quantities of N by the process of biological nitrogen fixation (FBN) when associated with specific and effective bacteria. However, in Brazil the practice of inoculation is not widely processed due to the low agricultural technology and inconsistent responses using the seed inoculation process. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different rates of inoculum on effectivity and competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium (strain BR 3267) on cowpea grown in greenhouse conditions. The first experiment was carried out with five different concentration of strain BR 3267 (rhizobia cells/mL of inoculant), N mineral fertilizer treatment without inoculation, and a control without inoculation and N mineral fertilizer. The second experiment conducted in Leonard jars with inoculant produced with BR 3267 strain, 15 native rhizobia (isolated from the used soil), and a control treatment without inoculation and no N mineral fertilizer applied. The application of the low recommended rate increased number and dry biomass of nodules, shoot dry biomass and shoot N total uptake. In the Leonard jars experiment the rhizobia strain BR 3267 was more effective on nitrogen fixation and showed greater competitiveness compared to the native rhizobia isolates. The BRS Pujante cultivar was benefit by the FBN process when inoculated with strain BR 3267 proportional to the inoculum rate.
O feijão - caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é cultivado, no Brasil, nas mais diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Devido a sua boa adaptabilidade às condições tropicais e por ser uma cultura de alto valor sócio-econômico, tem um papel importante para a capitalização de pequenos agricultores na região Nordeste. Por ser uma leguminosa, o feijão-caupi pode adquirir N em quantidades adequadas para suprir suas necessidades através do processo de fixação biológica do nitrogênio (FBN) quando associado com bactérias específicas e efetivas. Entretanto a prática da inoculação não é muito utilizada devido ao baixo aporte tecnológico nas aéreas de cultivo e respostas inconsistentes com os inoculantes utilizados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes taxas de inóculo, habilidade competitiva e eficiência para a FBN da estirpe de Bradyrhizobium sp. BR 3267 na cultura do feijão-caupi em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento, conduzido em vasos com solo foram usados sete tratamentos, compreendendo cinco concentrações de células da estirpe BR 3267 (células/mL de inoculante), um tratamento sem inoculação e com adição de fertilizante nitrogenado, e um controle sem inoculação e sem adição de fertilizante nitrogenado. O segundo experimento constituiu de 17 tratamentos, compostos por 15 estirpes nativas, a estirpe BR 3267 e um tratamento sem inoculação e sem adição de nitrogênio, em vasos de Leonard com substrato estéril. A aplicação da dose mínima recomendada incrementou número e biomassa seca dos nódulos, biomassa seca da parte aérea e o acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea. Em substrato estéril a população rizobiana nativa não foi mais eficiente quando comparada à estirpe BR 3267. A estirpe BR 3267 foi mais competitiva e eficiência em relação à população rizobiana nativa. A cultivar BRS Pujante foi mais beneficiada pela FBN quando inoculada com a estirpe BR 3267, proporcionalmente à taxa de inóculo.

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