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Journal articles on the topic 'Cowpea'
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1
S, ANTHONI RAJ, UDAYASURIAN V, SAHUL HAMEED M, and SREERANGASAMY S.R. "NODULATION PATTERN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PLANT BIOMASS IN CERTAIN PULSES." Madras Agricultural Journal 76, February (1989): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02029.
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Nodule initiation was observed within 5 days after emergence in green gram. black gram. chickpea and pigeon pea. Detachable nodules formed 15 days after sowing in cowbea and chickpea, after 20 days in green gram and after 25 days in pigeonpes, Pigeonpea recorded the least number of nodules and nodule blomass among the legumes tested. A positive linear relationship between the age of plants and nodule number was observed in grean gram, cowpes and pigeonpea and a negative relationship in cowpea A positive correlation between nodule number and plant biomass was observed in cowpea and green gram and a negative correlation in chickpea and pigeonper.
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Ogunkanmi, Adebayo, Oluwatoyin Ogundipe, Luky Omoigui, Adebola Odeseye, and Christian Fatokun. "Morphological and SSR marker characterization of wild and cultivated cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 64, no. 4 (2019): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1904367o.
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Three hundred and ninety accessions comprising 260 cultivated and 130 wild cowpea accessions were evaluated phenotypically using 27 cowpea descriptors. Morphological evaluation of some qualitative traits revealed 11.92% and 29.23% presence of pigmentation on the stem, 1.53% and 20.76% presence of stripes on the pod, and 0% and 20% presence of hairiness on the plant of cultivated and wild cowpeas respectively. As for the molecular analysis, sixteen SSR primers were employed for genotyping 48 accessions from both wild and cultivated cowpeas. The data generated a dendrogram with three clusters, two of which consisted of wild cowpea while the third cluster comprised all the cultivated cowpeas, including the yard-long-bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) and Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica accessions. Two wild accessions of subsp. dekindtiana, and one each of subsp. kgalagadensis and protracta clustered with cultivated cowpea indicating their relationships with cultivated cowpea, but not with other wild cowpeas. The numbers of polymorphic SSR bands in cultivated and wild cowpeas were 38 and 54, respectively, while the PIC values were 4.47 and 6.14, respectively, showing a greater genetic diversity in wild than in cultivated cowpeas. The subsp. dekindtiana had the highest number (80%) of shared SSR bands with cultivated cowpea followed by subsp. protracta with 54% of shared bands. Five species of wild cowpea have hairs and so could be used in breeding for resistance to insects.
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Setiyoko, Agus, and Yuli Perwita Sari. "Antioxidative properties and sensory evaluation of white bread containing pre-treated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) flour." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1338, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1338/1/012035.
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Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) has limited characteristics since it has a high content of antinutritional properties. The pretreatment process by a combination of germination and roasting of cowpeas, called pretreated cowpea was done to prepare the flour made from cowpeas. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the pretreatment of cowpea flour affected the antioxidant content and other characteristics of white bread. This study used 0-10.4% (w/w) of the flour as a wheat flour substitute for making white bread. The dough was baked at 175°C for 40 minutes. The results showed that substituting pre-treated cowpea flour affected the bread colour, volume expansion, total phenolic content as well as antioxidant capacity. Pre-treated cowpea flour enhanced the total phenolic compound, antioxidant activity, moisture content, and darker colour, whereas the expansion rate was reduced. The best formula was found by using 5.2% of pretreated cowpea flour. It has good characteristics at colour properties, volume expansion by 12.14%; moisture content was 27.62%, total phenol was 86.24 mg GAE/100 g, antioxidant activity was 29.67 %RSA, and sensory score was 3.75 (preferred). Therefore, the pre-treated cowpea flour can be utilized as a natural antioxidant source in white bread recipes.
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Rose, Judith L., and Brian A. Kahn. "USE OF COWPEA AS A GREEN MANURE TO REDUCE EXTERNAL NITROGEN INPUTS IN A FALL BROCCOLI CROP." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 729d—729. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.729d.
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Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] was grown as a green manure preceding a fall crop of broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica Group)] in 1992 and 1993. Urea was used to supply 0, 84, or 168 kg·ha-1 of supplemental nitrogen (N) to broccoli which followed cowpeas. Control broccoli plots were grown on fallowed ground and were supplied with 168 kg·ha-1 of N from urea. Cowpea incorporation added over 100 kg·ha-1 of N to the soil in both years. In 1992, treatments had no significant effect on yield of marketable broccoli heads, but average head weight was reduced in the absence of external N. In 1993, broccoli yield was reduced following cowpeas except when 168 kg·ha-1 of external N also was supplied. Broccoli which followed cowpeas was delayed in maturity by 5 to 9 days in 1993. We conclude that a preceding cowpea crop alone will not supply enough N to sustain acceptable broccoli production. Further studies will determine how much external N must be supplied when broccoli follows cowpeas, and the best timing for supplying external N. We also will Investigate possible detrimental effects of the preceding cowpea crop on the broccoli.
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Kline, A. S., and E. J. Anderson. "First Report of Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic Potyvirus from Cowpeas Grown Commercially in the U.S." Plant Disease 81, no. 8 (August 1997): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.8.959c.
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Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV) is one of several seed-borne viruses known to limit cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata) production in Africa, Europe, and Asia, but CABMV has not been reported on commercially grown cowpeas in the United States (1). However, a sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)-infecting isolate of CABMV was recently characterized from plants growing near cowpea introduction plots in Georgia (2). In February 1997, we received samples of three seed lots of cowpea cv. Chinese Red that had been harvested in southern Texas during 1996. Approximately 28% of the plants grown from these seed lots expressed strong mosaic symptoms on primary and trifoliate leaves. Viruslike symptoms were reproduced following mechanical transmission to plants of Chinese Red cowpea, Nicotiana benthamiana, and soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Lee. When Coronet and Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR cowpeas were inoculated with sap extracts from symptomatic Chinese Red plants, chlorotic lesions developed on inoculated leaves, but only Coronet plants supported symptomless systemic infections. Similarly inoculated plants of Chenopodium quinoa (L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cvs. Pinto and Black Valentine developed localized chlorotic lesions. In Ouchterlony gel diffusion assays, extracts from symptomatic cowpea plants did not react with antisera to blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus (BlCMV), cucumber mosaic cucu-movirus (CMV), southern bean mosaic sobemovirus, cowpea mosaic comovirus, cowpea severe mosaic comovirus, or cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus. In the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, sap extracts from symptomatic plants reacted with antiserum to CABMV, giving OD values at A405 of 0.10 to 0.25, and reacted weakly with antiserum to BlCMV, with OD values at A405 less than 0.035. Extracts from healthy control plants gave OD values at A405 less than 0.010. No positive reactions were obtained with antisera to bean yellow mosaic potyvirus, peanut mottle potyvirus, soybean mosaic potyvirus, or CMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CABMV in commercially grown cowpea from the U.S. References: (1) A. G. Gillaspie et al. Plant Dis. 79:388, 1995. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 142:1, 1997.
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Wang, Guangyao, Milton E. McGiffen, and Jeff D. Ehlers. "Competition and growth of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)." Weed Science 54, no. 5 (October 2006): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/we-06-045r.1.
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Varietal growth habit could play a key role in the competitiveness of crop plants with weeds. The relative competitiveness of two erect, two semierect, and two prostrate cowpea genotypes with a tall-growing (common sunflower) or a low-growing (common purslane) species was evaluated in 12 replacement-series experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Growth analysis of the six cowpea genotypes and two weed species were also conducted to investigate the relationship of competitiveness and growth. Cowpea genotype and competitor biomass were used to calculate relative yield total (RYT) and aggressivity indices (AI). RYT and AI means of six cowpea genotypes were compared using ANOVA, and an isotonic regression was used to confirm the relative competitive superiority of the cowpea growth types. All cowpea genotypes had similar RYTs when grown with sunflower or common purslane, indicating that cowpea used the same resources as sunflower or purslane. When grown with sunflower, erect and semierect genotypes had higher AI than prostrate genotypes. When grown with purslane, erect and prostrate genotypes had higher AI than semierect genotypes. The results were confirmed by isotonic regression tests on the respective AI order. Correlation and regression between AI and growth parameters showed that the relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and height growth rate (HGR) explained 92% of the variation of AI when cowpeas were grown with sunflower and that leaf weight ratio (LWR) and biomass explained 82% of the variation of AI when cowpeas were grown with purslane. These experiments indicate that cowpea genotypes differ in their ability to compete with purslane or sunflower. Erect genotypes were the most competitive, suggesting that an erect growth habit may be more effective in suppressing weeds than a semierect or prostrate growth habit. These results are consistent with field experiments on the competitiveness of erect, semierect, and prostrate cowpea genotypes.
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Sari, Yuli Perwita, and Agus Setiyoko. "Improvement of Nutritional Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Cowpea Flour Through Germination, Roasting and Its Combinations." Agroindustrial Technology Journal 7, no. 3 (December 4, 2023): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/atj.v7i3.10779.
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Cowpeas are a particular kind of legume and contains the second highest protein after soybeans. Cowpea is inadequate because it has antinutritions such as tannins, phytic acid, and trypsin inhibitors. Pretreatment is necessary to lower anti-nutritional elements and increase the nutrition of cowpeas' ability to be digested. This study was done to determine the effect of various pretreatment techniques on enhancing cowpea flour's nutritional qualities and antioxidant potential. A completely randomized design with one factorial and three analytical replications was done. The findings of this study demonstrate that cowpea flour may be made using a variety of pretreatments, including germination, roasting, or its combination. A combination of germination treatment followed by roasting can significantly reduce the phytic acid, tannin, and color content and increase the yield and density of the cowpea flour produced. In addition, the initial treatment with the combination had the highest protein content of 46.88%, the highest total phenol, and the most increased RSA antioxidant activity of 47.00%. The most effective method to produce cowpea flour with the best nutritional properties and antioxidant potential is a combination of germination and roasting processes as a pretreatment.
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Ortiz, Rodomiro. "Cowpeas from Nigeria: A Silent Food Revolution." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 2 (June 1998): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700210.
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Cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) are an important native African legume crop, whose seeds are sold in local urban and rural markets. West Africa is the main centre of diversity for cowpeas. Nigeria is the world's largest producer and second in acreage. The production trend shows a significant improvement of cowpea cultivation in this country from 1961 to 1995. In this period, Nigerian cowpea production increased by 441% according to available statistics of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This paper discusses the evolution of cowpea production from the early 1960s until recent years in Nigeria, along with new technology for cultivation (for example, improved cultivars) of this crop developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria.
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Susrama, I. Gede Ketut, and I. Gede Putu Wirawan. "IN VIVO MULTISTEP MUTAGENESIS INDUCTION USING COLCHICINE ON COWPEA MUTANT 1 (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)." International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2018.v05.i02.p04.
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In the previous research, we obtained three catagories of M1 mutant cowpea namely 1) purple pod mutant cowpea, 2) green pod mutant cowpea which has three pods in a stalk, and 3) green pod mutant cowpea which has two pods in a stalk. All those three catagories of M1 mutant cowpeas were treated again with colchicine in a multistep mutagenesis proses in vivo. Then, we found changes in number of leaflet in a petiole to 4 leaflets (quadrifoliate) and to five leaflets in a petiole (pentafoliate). These changes are indications that beside as a chromosome multipying alkaloid, colchicine causes other genetic changes as well. Through this mutagenesis research, we created gigas mutant cowpea that having longer leaves, longer pods and heavier seeds. The accurrence of two kinds of insect pests attack were found namely cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora and pod sucking bug Riptortus linearis.
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Kline, A. S., E. J. Anderson, and E. B. Smith. "Occurrence of Cowpea Stunt Disease Causing Viruses on Wild Bean in Arkansas." Plant Disease 81, no. 2 (February 1997): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.231d.
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Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus (BlCMV) interact synergistically in dually infected plants to cause cowpea stunt disease (1,2). During a July 1996 survey of cowpea stunt-affected fields in the Arkansas River valley, several wild bean (Strophostyles helvola L. Elliott) plants expressing mosaic symptoms were observed and collected. Sap was extracted from symptomatic leaves and used as inoculum to conduct a host range study. Virus symptoms diagnostic for BlCMV, CMV, or cowpea stunt were observed 6 to 8 days post-inoculation on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata cv. Coronet, while chlorotic lesions and mild systemic mosaic symptoms developed on Nicotiana benthamiana. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) conducted on extracts from symptomatic cowpea and N. benthamiana 14 days after inoculation verified the presence of CMV and BlCMV in single and mixed infections. Additional symptomatic wild bean plants were collected from the same site in October 1996. ELISAs and Ouchterlony gel diffusion assays confirmed the presence of CMV and BlCMV, as well as soybean mosaic potyvirus (SMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus, and alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) in symptomatic wild bean plants. While some of the collected plants were infected with only one virus, others had combined infections of CMV and BlCMV or these two viruses with AlMV. Interestingly, AlMV isolated from wild bean caused symptoms on greenhouse-grown cowpeas that were as severe or more severe than those caused by the cowpea stunt synergy, often resulting in plant death within 8 to 10 days after inoculation. The SMV from wild bean did not induce symptoms on cowpea and was not detected in extracts from inoculated cowpea plants by Ouchterlony gel diffusion assays, but was able to systemically infect soybean (Glycine max L.) cvs. Bragg and Lee. Another virus known to infect cowpea, southern bean mosaic sobemovirus, was not detected in any of the samples tested. To our knowledge, this is the first report that wild bean can serve as an alternate host for cowpea stunt-causing viruses in single and mixed infections. In addition, these data suggest that AlMV may pose a threat to Arkansas-grown cowpeas. References: (1) E. J. Anderson et al. Ark. Farm Res. 43:14, 1994. (2) G. Pio-Ribeiro et al. Phytopathology 68:1260, 1978.
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Makinde, F. M., and O. O. Abolarin. "Effect of Post-Dehulling Treatments on Anti-Nutritional and Functional Properties of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Flour." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 9 (October 19, 2020): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.23.
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Recently, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) has been cited for imparting specific positive health potentiating responses when properly positioned in the diet. However, inherent anti-nutritional factors in cowpea have long been recognized as concerns and require appropriate processing conditions to ameliorate adverse effects. The study focuses on effect of post-dehulling treatments on anti-nutritional and functional properties of cowpea flour. Three genotypes of cowpea (IT99K-573-2-1, IT96D-610, and IT07K-292-10) were dehulled. Dehulled cowpeas were boiled, roasted or autoclaved and prepared into flour. Raw (dehulled) cowpea genotype served as control. Anti-nutritional and functional properties of the products were determined using standard procedures. Antinutrient concentration of cowpeas differed significantly (p≤0.05) among genotypes. Tannin, phytate and oxalate concentration ranged from 31.15 to 121.80g/kg, 22.31 to 48.04 g/kg and 0.01 to 0.026g/kg respectively. Coloured beans (IT96D-610), had significantly lower anti-nutritional content than those of white beans (IT99K-573-2-1 and IT07K-292-10). All heat treatments significantly reduced the levels of investigated anti-nutrients compared to their respective control. Water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity were found in the range of 2.12–3.07 mL/g and 1.37-1.73 mL/g, respectively. Swelling power, starch solubility, loose bulk density and packed bulk density varied between 10.79 to 18.42g/g, 0.16 to 1.52g/g, 0.64 to 0.73g/mL and 0.84 to 0.94 g/mL respectively. Colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, hab, C*) showed significant variations among the genotypes. The combined varietal and processing variation induced significant modification in the inherent anti-nutrients and functional properties of dehulled cowpea as attested by the highly significant (p≤0.05) correlations observed. Processing of cowpea seeds in these forms presents an opportunity for extending their use beyond the dehulled seeds in food system.
Keywords: Cowpea, dehulling, treatment, nutrients, functionality
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Hampton, Richard O. "SEED-BORNE VIRUSES IN U.S. COWPEA CROPS: A STATUS REPORT AND STRATEGY FOR VIRAL DISEASE CONTROL." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 728c—728. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.728c.
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Blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus is the most easily observable seed-borne virus in cowpeas, but is typically seed-transmitted at lower rates (i.e., 0.1 to 2%) than the less conspicuous cowpea severe mosaic comovirus or cucumber mosaic cucumovirus. All three viruses are readily vector transmissible after seed-borne inoculum reaches the field, perpetuating and spreading the viruses. Individually and particularly in mixtures, these viruses are capable of decreasing both seed quality and yield. Disease-tolerant cultivars are available, but fail to control viral diseases. Development of superior new cowpea cultivars with multiple viral-disease resistance is clearly within reach and has become essential to long-term, sustainable, profitable cowpea production. This breeding objective requires public-research supported efforts by the combined cowpea seed and processing industries. Southern bean mosaic sobemovirus is also recognized as an important cowpea pathogen, but was encountered at a much lower frequency than the above three viruses in both plant and seed samples, in 1992 and 1993.
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Wang, Xumi, Huanqi Wu, Kongtan Yang, Nan Fang, Hong Wen, Changpeng Zhang, Xiangyun Wang, and Daodong Pan. "Dissipation Behavior and Dietary Risk Assessment of Thiamethoxam, Pyraclostrobin, and Their Metabolites in Home-Style Pickled Cowpea." Foods 12, no. 18 (September 6, 2023): 3337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12183337.
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In this study, the fate of two pesticides commonly used on cowpeas, thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin, during the preparation of home-made pickled cowpeas was investigated using an improved QuEChERS method combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. Although pesticide residues were primarily distributed on cowpea samples, some were transferred to brine. The dissipation half-life of thiamethoxam on cowpea samples was significantly shorter than that of pyraclostrobin due to thiamethoxam’s higher water solubility. Thiamethoxam demonstrated a half-life of 5.12 ± 0.66 days, whereas pyraclostrobin exhibited a longer half-life of 71.46 ± 7.87 days. In addition, the degradation half-lives of these two pesticides in the whole system (cowpea and brine) were 45.01 ± 4.99 and 70.51 ± 5.91 days, respectively. This result indicates that the pickling did not effectively promote the degradation of thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin. The metabolite clothianidin of thiamethoxam was not produced throughout the pickling process, but the metabolite BF 500-3 of pyraclostrobin was detected in cowpea samples. The detection rates for thiamethoxam, pyraclostrobin, and BF 500-3 in the 20 market samples were 10%, 70%, and 45%, respectively. However, the risk quotient analysis indicated that the risk of dietary intake of thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin in pickled cowpeas by Chinese consumers was negligible.
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Sani, M. H., Abubakar, U. F., and Sani, R. M. "HOUSEHOLDS’ PREFERENCE AND USAGE OF COWPEA-BASED PRODUCTS AND VARIETIES IN WESTERN ZONE OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v5i1.284.
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The study examined the households’ consumption preference for cowpea and its products in Western zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in the selection of 210 households. Data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. The study revealed that majority (75.7%) of households’ highly preferred alale as cowpea-based products and used kwankwasiya cowpea variety to make kosai (52.3%), alale (87%), cowpea soup (39.5%), rice and beans (53.3%) dishes, respectively. Furthermore, 35.7% of households prefer to consume kwankwasiya cowpea variety than other varieties. The result of the multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that, age (P<0.05), educational level (P<0.1), occupation (P<0.1), income (P<0.1), price (P<0.01), time taken to cook (P<0.1), taste (P<0.05) and weevil damage tolerance (P<0.05) were statistically significant in determining the factors influencing households’ consumption preference for cowpea varieties. The major constraints to household preference for cowpea consumption include high cost of cowpea (97.1%), insect infestation (81.4%) and abdominal discomfort (70.0%) among others. The study concluded that households’ highly preferred alale as cowpea-based products and used kwankwasiya cowpea variety to make different dishes. The study recommended that effort should be made by stakeholders and breeding institutions to create policies that would be favourable to control the menace of price fluctuations of cowpeas and cowpea farmers should divert more resources to the production of kwankwasiya cowpea variety so that they can meet consumer demand and increase their level of income.
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Borges-Martins, Artemisa Nazaré Costa, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Manassés Daniel da Silva, David Anderson de Lima Morais, Valesca Pandolfi, Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva, Ana Luiza Trajano Mangueira de Melo, Antônio Félix da Costa, and Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon. "Unlocking Cowpea’s Defense Responses: Conserved Transcriptional Signatures in the Battle against CABMV and CPSMV Viruses." Life 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13081747.
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Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) threaten cowpea commercial production. This study aimed to analyze Conserved Transcriptional Signatures (CTS) in cowpea’s genotypes that are resistant to these viruses. CTS covered up- (UR) or down-regulated (DR) cowpea transcripts in response to CABMV and CPSMV mechanical inoculations. The conservation of cowpea’s UR defense response was primarily observed with the one hpi treatments, with decreased CTS representatives as time elapsed. This suggests that cowpea utilizes generic mechanisms during its early interaction with the studied viruses, and subsequently employs more specialized strategies for each viral agent. The potential action of the CTS-UR emphasizes the importance of redox balance, ethylene and jasmonic acid pathways. Additionally, the CTS-UR provides evidence for the involvement of R genes, PR proteins, and PRRs receptors—extensively investigated in combating bacterial and fungal pathogens—in the defense against viral inoculation. AP2-ERF, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors, as well as PIP aquaporins and MAPK cascades, also emerged as significant molecular players. The presented work represents the first study investigating conserved mechanisms in the cowpea defense response to viral inoculations, highlighting relevant processes for initial defense responses.
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Kumalasari, Ika Dyah, Lubna Nur Fathiyya, and Retnosyari Septiyani. "Physicochemical, Microbiological and Organoleptic Properties of Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata) Yoghurt with The Addition of Gotu Kola Leaf (Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban) Extract." Sains Malaysiana 53, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5301-10.
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Cowpea yogurt is a functional food product made from cowpeas and gotu kola leaves. This mixture of cowpeas and gotu kola leaves is expected to increase its functional value i.e., protein and antioxidant activity. This research aims to analyze the physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic properties of cowpeas yogurt with the addition of gotu kola leaf extract. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, with the ratio of cowpea’s milk: gotu kola leaf extract, namely F1 (98%: 2%), F2 (96%: 4%), F3 (94%: 6%), K2 (100%: 0%), and K1 (100% pure milk). Testing parameters include viscosity, pH value, (moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate) content, antioxidant activity, total lactic acid bacteria, and organoleptic (color, aroma, taste, texture). The results showed that the highest pH and viscosity values in K2 were 3.77 and 419.59 cP; the highest moisture content in F3 was 85.04%; the highest ash, fat, and carbohydrate content in K2 were 0.62%, 1.87%, and 10.21%; the highest protein content in F1 was 3.25%; the highest antioxidant activity in F3 with an IC50 value of 87.008 ppm; the total lactic acid bacteria in K2 met the minimum SNI requirements of 107 CFU/mL; and K2 showed the most favorable overall organoleptic test. This study shows that the addition of gotu kola leaf extract affects on the physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic properties of cowpea yogurt.
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Allotey, J., S. Sefa-Dedeh, AK Osei, and EK Collison. "Comparative study of the effects of steam and solar heat treated cowpea seed on the development and control of callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 51 (May 28, 2012): 6065–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.51.8070.
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Africa produces more cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) than any other continent but utilization in many countries is reduced due to seed destruction by the larvae of bruchids. The dried edible seeds of legumes are frequently attacked by beetles of the family Bruchidae. There are several genera of stored-product bruchids associated with a range of host plants. Callosobruchus species are the major bruchid pests of cowpea in Africa. Callosobruchus maculatus is the major pest of stored cowpea in Africa. Damage to cowpea seeds by C. maculatus during storage is widespread in Africa and constitutes a major constraint to food availability. Cowpeas damaged by C. maculatus have reduced weight, poor germinating ability and are unfit for human consumption, due to loss of vital nutrients such as vitamins and thiamine. It is during storage thatcowpeas suffer heavy quantitative and qualitative losses from the attack by C. maculatus. Even though there are various methods of control of C. maculatus, some of the effective methods such as chemical insecticides pose environmental, social, financial and safety considerations in the tropics. There is need for alternative and less hazardous methods of control. Solar heating of cowpeas to control C. maculatus is one of the safe methods. However, steaming is thought to cause some physical modifications such as starch gelatinization and protein denaturation leading to a case hardening “effect" on the surface cell layers of the cotyledons and could therefore be used as alternative method of control. In the present study, the effects of steam treated, solar heat treated and untreated cowpea seeds on the development and control of C. maculatus were studied under ambient laboratory conditions (temperature range 28.0 - 30oC and 62 - 74% RH). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in the number of eggs laid by C. maculatus under conditions 1 male: 1 female, 5 males: 5 females,12 males: 12 females on treated and untreated cowpea seeds. C. maculatus developed successfully in untreated and solar heat treated cowpea seeds, but could not develop in steam treated cowpea seeds. Thus, the novel method of steam treatment of cowpea seeds is a useful pest management strategy that can be used to prevent C. maculatus infestation of cowpea seeds meant for long-term storage and consumption since the cooking properties and processing qualities of the cowpea were not affected.
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Haruna, Peter, Aaron T. Asare, and Francis Kusi. "Assessment of Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Resistance and Genetic Characterization of Forty-Six Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Genotypes in Ghana." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (June 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3635157.
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The parasitic weed, Striga gesnerioides, imposes physiological stress on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) resulting in significant yield loss in the regions of northern Ghana. This warranted identification of resistant cowpeas for sustainable production. The current work aim was to identify Striga-resistant cowpea genotypes and assess their genetic relatedness. Forty-six (46) cowpea genotypes were screened in pots for their reaction to Striga samples obtained from the upper east, upper west, and northern regions of Ghana and validated with C42-2B and 61R-M2 markers involving DNA amplification by PCR assay. Sixteen polymorphic SSR primer pairs were used to assess genetic relatedness among 46 cowpea genotypes. Data were analyzed with PowerMarker V. 3.25 and a dendrogram was generated with MEGA 4. On the whole, 65.2% of the cowpea genotypes had stable resistance to S. gesnerioides from the regions of northern Ghana and 34.8% were susceptible. The C42-2B marker resolved as a single DNA band of 280 bp with segregation efficiency of 80% and 61R-M2 marker as double DNA bands of 320 bp and 380 bp with segregation efficiency of 60% associated with Striga resistance. Sixteen (16) polymorphic SSR primers distinguished all 46 cowpea genotypes into three clusters. Gene diversity ranged from 0.04 to 0.49 with an average of 0.29. The average allele frequency is 0.78, with a mean genetic diversity of 0.29. Polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.08 to 1.00 with an average of 0.55. Therefore, cowpeas with Striga resistance and other desirable traits can be evaluated and released as varieties for farmers to cultivate.
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Nkomo, Gabriel V., Moosa M. Sedibe, and Maletsema A. Mofokeng. "Production Constraints and Improvement Strategies of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Genotypes for Drought Tolerance." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (March 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536417.
Full textAbstract:
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. L) is an important leguminous crop largely grown by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa for food security and animal feed. The objective of this study was to review the production constraints and improvement strategies of cowpea genotypes for drought tolerance. Data were analysed through use of literature review from various sources. In sub-Saharan Africa, cowpeas are produced mainly from West Africa, which accounts for 60% of worldwide production. A lot of pests and diseases affect cowpeas, and this often results in total crop loss. Through continuous improvement, many new cultivars are continually being identified and genetically characterised, and it is thus necessary to evaluate these new lines under different environments. There is a need for multidisciplinary collaborations among breeders and other relevant stakeholders such as farmer and extension workers because the improved cultivars must be according to the farmers preferred traits. Due to declining rainfall pattern in sub-Saharan Africa, there is an urgent requirement for cowpea breeding programmes that focus on developing varieties with short maturity, drought, pest, and disease tolerance. The present review discusses the constraints and improvement strategies of cowpea varieties for drought tolerance.
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Kassali, Rabirou, Abayomi Yusuf Oyewale, and Olufemi Adedotun Yesufu. "Analysis of Consumer’s WTP for Cowpea Varieties in Osun State, Nigeria: the Hedonic Pricing Approach." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (September 9, 2018): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i9.1120-1128.1832.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis of consumer preferences for cowpea varieties in Osun State was carried out with a view to identifying attributes that determine price variation among cowpea varieties and the effect on consumer’s willingness to pay for those varieties. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 240 respondents for the study, comprising 180 cowpea consumers and 60 retailers. Primary data were collected on cowpea varieties, their attributes and the consumer’s willingness to pay for cowpea varieties using well structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that out of thirteen varieties found in the area, only nine varieties of cowpea were common in the market. The quality of each variety differs which explained variation in their price. In terms of preference the Oloyin variety is preferred most by 78% of consumers. Weevil resistance had the highest rank among the cowpea attributes. Oloyin had the highest WTP followed by Milk and Drum with ₦303, ₦237 and ₦213 per kg, respectively. Hedonic pricing methods provide a statistical estimate of premiums and discounts for cowpea attributes. Results indicated that weevil resistance was the most important attribute to consumer. Cowpeas with weevil damage tolerance, brown colour, large grain size and short cooking time commanded price premium for almost all the varieties. The consumer discounted prices for insect damage, small size, white colour, smooth skin and grain colour mixed together. The study concludes on the need for breeders and research institutes to incorporate these cowpea attributes that attracted price premium into their cowpea breeding programmes.
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Nyande, Ashadu, Melvin S. George, Fayia A. Kassoh, and Alieu M. Bah. "Effect of Intercropping and Crop Arrangement on Yield and Yield Components of Late Season Maize and Cowpea in the Upland of Njala Soil Series Southern Sierra Leone." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, no. 11 (November 25, 2023): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i112247.
Full textAbstract:
A field study was conducted during the 2014 late cropping season (October) in the upland, at the School of Agriculture (SOA). SOA is located on an elevation of 5m above sea level on latitude 806N and longitude 1206W of the equator. The study aims to determine the effect of intercropping and crop arrangement on yield and yield component of late-season maize and cowpea production in the upland of Njala soil series, Kori chiefdom, Moyamba District, Southern Sierra Leone. The experiment had five treatments, sole maize crop, sole cowpea crop, intercrop 1 (spacing of 40 cm between rows of maize and cowpeas), intercrop 2 (spacing of 20cm between rows of maize and cowpeas), and intercrop 3 (Both crops were randomly planted). The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design and the experimental plots were replicated three times. There were significant differences in mean Fresh biomass weight, Leaf number, and Days to 50%. Sole maize yielded the highest maize grain weight, yield components, and other growth parameters (Plant height, Leaf area, Leaf number, and Stem girth).
Sole cowpea yielded the highest cowpea grain weight, yield components, and other growth parameters (Plant height, lateral branches, Leaf area, and Leaf number). Among the intercrops, intercrop 1 yielded the highest grain weight, yield components, and other growth parameters for intercrops. The LER of intercrop 1&2 was above 1.0 indicating that the land utilization efficiency for maize-cowpea intercropping was more advantageous than for sole cropping.
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Lydia, Hamidani, Arioua Khalil, Zeyneb Djeffal, and Boutebba Aissa. "In-silico study of allergenic proteins of certain food legumes: peanut, lentil, sesame and cowpea." All Sciences Abstracts 1, no. 2 (July 25, 2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/as-abstracts.1218.
Full textAbstract:
Peanuts, lentils, sesame and cowpeas are protein-rich legumes widely consumed in the human diet. However, some so-called allergenic proteins are capable of causing adverse reactions in genetically predisposed individuals. They contain portions consisting of contiguous linear segments of amino acids involved in binding with specific IgE. They also have three-dimensional conformational patterns that crosslink with antibodies from susceptible individuals. In this work, the identity and similarity between certain allergenic proteins of peanut, lentil, sesame and cowpea are studied by global alignment. The latter is carried out on 21 allergenic proteins (7 from peanuts, 3 from lentils, 3 from sesame and 8 from cowpea) using the EMBOSS Needle software which uses the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm and assigns scores to the pairs of amino acids aligned using a specific BLOSUM substitution matrix. For statistical analysis, the dependency test and the chi-square test are used in GraphPad Prism and R-studio.The results show that the overall alignment between allergenic proteins from the same food (Peanut - Peanut, Sesame - Sesame, and Lentil - Lentil) and different foods (Peanut - Lentil, Peanut - Sesame, Lentil - Sesame, Lentil - Cowpea, and Sesame - Cowpea) has low identity and similarity.The overall alignment between the allergenic proteins of the same food (Cowpea - Cowpea) and of different foods (Peanut - Cowpea) shows a strong identity and similarity, relative to the result of the chisquare test. The possibility of cross-reactivity between cowpea and peanut is shown.
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Olaniran, Abiola Folakemi, Clinton Emeka Okonkwo, Omorefosa Osarenkhoe Osemwegie, Yetunde Mary Iranloye, Yemisi Tokunbo Afolabi, Omokolade Oluwaseyi Alejolowo, Charles Obiora Nwonuma, and Toluwanimi Esther Badejo. "Production of a Complementary Food: Influence of Cowpea Soaking Time on the Nutritional, Antinutritional, and Antioxidant Properties of the Cassava-Cowpea-Orange-Fleshed Potato Blends." International Journal of Food Science 2020 (October 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8873341.
Full textAbstract:
Soaking and incorporation of legumes for fortification are essential to a complementary food production process. Cassava, orange-fleshed potato, and cowpeas are sustainably cheap, locally available, and underutilized for food biofortification. This study investigated the effect of cowpea soaking time (3, 6, and 9 h) on different composition ratios of cassava, cowpea, and orange-fleshed sweet potato (CCP) blends (50 : 40 : 10 (EC), 50 : 30 : 20 (FC), 50 : 20 : 30 (GC), and 50 : 50 : 0 (HC)). Each blend was assayed for pH, antinutrient, antioxidant, and proximate contents. Results obtained showed that the CCP blends were significantly influenced by the length of cowpea soaking. Moisture and fiber content decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) with increased steeping time (3 to 9 h) for the cassava-cowpea-OFSP blends. The blends were significantly different ( P ≤ 0.05 ) in terms of their protein, fiber, fat, ash, and carbohydrate contents. The moisture content of the EC blend was significantly different from only FC and HC blends, respectively. Six (6) hours of soaking showed no significant difference in the nutritional composition of the flour samples compared with 9 hours. The soaking length optimizes the health and nutrient-promoting factors in the various blend samples while also reaffirming cowpeas as a viable biofortification option for use in complementary food production.
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Jackai, LEN, F. Quarcoo, A. Ado-Bediako, CK Bonsi, MN Alvarez, SO Dada, and G. Huluka. "GROWING SOUTHERNPEAS WITHOUT INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH-CENTRAL ALABAMA IS THIS AN ABERRATION OR A SUSTAINABLE TREND?" HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 876f—877. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.876f.
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A considerable amount of cowpea, or southernpea, is grown in Alabama by small, limited resource farmers for home consumption, fresh market or for direct freezing. Most cowpea is retailed in Farmers' Markets, from roadside stands, or as a “you pick” crop and usually sells for $15 to $25 per bushel. Cowpea fodder has also been shown to be a good feed supplement for goats. Many growers plant cowpea several times during the season, in part to satisfy customer demands throughout the summer and fall, but also because cowpea will often grow and produce a relatively good crop even if the rainfall were erratic or inadequate as has been the case in recent years. Many farmers use prophylactic insecticide sprays on cowpea, often in a calendar-driven program because they do not want to lose any value on their crop, especially if the cowpea is grown for canning. In experiments conducted by Tuskegee University in Macon and Bullock counties, we were able to grow fresh market cowpeas without recourse to any insecticide application and with no apparent loss in yield. The situation may be different if the peas were grown for canning. We conclude that unless a program that would use more environmentally friendly IPM interventions is developed in a timely manner, we can expect to see an increase in pest damage and a steady increase in pesticide usage.
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Diana, Bade M., Semenye P. Patterson, Muti M. Simon, and Mwololo K. James. "Effect of Intercropping Sonchus oleraceous with Maize and Cowpea on Biomass and Soil Conservation for Growth and Yield." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 10 (April 22, 2023): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i102925.
Full textAbstract:
Maize and cowpeas are important staple foods in Kilifi county and their productivity is highly constrained by increased incidences of pests, weeds and prolonged drought. These adversely affect maize yields and availability of cowpea leafy vegetables during the dry seasons. Sonchus oleraceaous, a common weed in most maize-cowpea cropping systems is widely used and most preferred in most households of the Kenyan coast as a leafy vegetable. However, its role as a vegetable and cover crop have not been exploited and or documented. This study was conceived to investigate the effects of Sonchus on maize-cowpea cropping systems, specifically as a cover crop. A randomized complete block design experiment replicated thrice was set at Pwani University Crop Science farm for two (2) cropping seasons in 2014 to 2016. Treatments included three (3) intercropping systems composed of maize, Sonchus and cowpeas, and the sole crops as a control with maize spacing of 90 by 60 and cowpea and Sonchus at 15cm by 60cm. Plant height, % ground cover, and biomass yields were determined for each treatment. High groundcover was observed in all the intercrops, and was highest where cowpea was part of the treatment. Biomass of Sonchus was highest in the sole crop, followed by the maize-Sonchus intercrop (>7.5tons/ha) and was lowest (2.5-2.78) in the Sonchus-cowpea intercrop (82-84% lower compared to the other treatments). The results showed that intercropping maize with Sonchus was feasible where in between space was sufficient. The implication is that Sonchus can be integrated in maize farming systems for crop diversification as a vegetable to maximize on land productivity and contribute to nutrition. Further research on spacing and density for maize and Sonchus intercrop should be carried out to develop an agronomic package that would ensure maximum returns for promotion to farmers.
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Dareus, Rocheteau, Antonio Carlos Mota Porto, Mesfin Bogale, Peter DiGennaro, Carlene A. Chase, and Esteban Fernando Rios. "Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii and Meloidogyne incognita in Cultivated and Wild Cowpea." HortScience 56, no. 4 (April 2021): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15564-20.
Full textAbstract:
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a multipurpose crop that provides nutrients for human and livestock diets, as well as regulates and supports ecosystem services. In developing countries, cowpea is exploited as a dual-purpose crop for its grain and fodder; it is cultivated primarily for grain and as a cover crop in industrialized countries. However, root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) represent a threat to cowpea production worldwide. Thus, we screened the University of California, Riverside (UC-Riverside), cowpea mini-core collection for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood) and M. enterolobii Yang and Eisenback to verify the potential of this collection to be used for improving RKN resistance in cowpeas. Both screenings showed significant genotypic variation and medium/high broad-sense heritability (H2) estimates for most traits, and several traits were also strongly correlated. For the M. incognita screening, 86.1% of accessions showed some level of resistance based on gall score (≤3), and 77.7% based on reproduction index (RI) (25 ≤ RI ≤ 50), whereas only 10.4% and 29.8% of accessions were resistant to M. enterolobii based on gall score (≤3) and RI (25 ≤ RI ≤ 50), respectively. These results demonstrate the greater virulence of M. enterolobii than M. incognita in cowpea, and that geographic origin of germplasm was not linked to sources of resistance. Among cultivars, only US-1136 showed resistance against both nematode species, whereas 12 wild/landrace germplasms exhibited resistance to M. incognita and M. enterolobii, and can be exploited for breeding resistant cowpeas.
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Sombié, Pierre, Moussa Compaoré, Ahmed Coulibaly, Jeremy Ouédraogo, Jean-Baptiste Tignégré, and Martin Kiendrébéogo. "Antioxidant and Phytochemical Studies of 31 Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp.)) Genotypes from Burkina Faso." Foods 7, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7090143.
Full textAbstract:
Antioxidant compounds of dietary plants have been widely studied because of their bioactive properties. The objective of this research study was to analyse the health enhancing attributes of 31 cowpeas varieties from Burkina Faso. Significant variations were observed in the phenolic content as well as the antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation activities amongst the cowpea varieties. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that the ferric reducing ability (r = 0.954) and anti-lipid peroxidation (r = 0.616) were positively correlated with the total phenolic content. A significant relationship between cowpea ferric reducing ability and anti-lipid peroxidation (r = 0.64) was also revealed. However, nitric oxide scavenging potential was found not to be related to its total phenolic and total flavonoid content. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals scavenging potentials were not correlated with the total flavonoid content. The pigmented seeds of cowpea varieties possess higher total phenolic, total flavonoid content, ferric reduction ability, and anti-lipid peroxidation activities than the colourless ones. The results obtained from this study suggest that Burkina Faso cowpea cultivars are rich in phenolic compounds and have significant antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. Consumption of the cowpea, particularly of coloured cowpea seed varieties, should be beneficial for chronic human diseases prevention.
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Hussain, M. A., I. O. Akinyele, and A. Omololu. "Maternal Perceptions of Gastro-Intestinal Problems in the Feeding of Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata) to Young Children in Rural Ibadan, Nigeria." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659201400103.
Full textAbstract:
A total of 880 questionnaires were completed and analysed to ascertain the perception of mothers as to the problems encountered by children consuming cowpeas. Over 90% of all mothers surveyed reported no problems attributable to the feeding of cowpeas. However, 9.9% (87) of the mothers reported that their children had problems after the consumption of cowpea foods. Of all the mothers, 101 introduced cowpea foods for the first time at an age below six months, 470 between six and twelve months, 278 between one and two years, and 31 above two years. Of the 87 mothers reporting discomfort in their children, about 74.7 % (65) mentioned diarrhoea, 3.4% vomiting, 5.7% offensive stool, 1.2% abdominal pain, 6.9% bad breath, abdominal distension, and gas, and 1.2% both vomiting and diarrhoea. Only 18.4% of mothers of the affected children indicated that one or more of their children had stopped eating cowpeas. Problems with the consumption of cowpeas were reported to disappear later in life
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Chipeta, Michael M., Esnart Yohane, John Kafwambira, and Jessica Kampanje-Phiri. "Genetic Variability and Interrelationships of Grain, Cooking, and Nutritional Quality Traits in Cowpea: Implications for Cowpea Improvement." Agriculture 14, no. 4 (April 19, 2024): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14040633.
Full textAbstract:
Grain quality, cooking quality, and nutritional quality traits are some of the major attributes that enhance the uptake and utilization of improved cowpea varieties. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of the genetic variation and inter-relationships among these quality traits in cowpeas to integrate them into cowpea breeding programs. This study was conducted to determine genetic variability among 306 cowpea genotypes for grain quality, cooking quality, and nutritional quality traits and to understand the interrelationships among these traits for exploitation in breeding programs. The results showed highly significant differences (p < 0.001) among genotypes for grain quality, cooking quality, and nutritional quality traits. The mean performance for these quality traits was also very variable. These results suggest that genetic variability exists in the cowpea genotypes studied, which can be exploited in breeding programs aimed at developing high-performing varieties for the said traits. Significant (p < 0.001) positive correlations were detected for protein content with iron and zinc. On the other hand, nutritional quality traits did not exhibit any association with grain quality or cooking quality traits. Cooking quality traits were also shown to be significantly and positively correlated with grain quality traits. This study has identified several genotypes with desirable quality-related traits that could be used in crossing programs to generate improved varieties with consumer-preferred traits to improve the food, income, and nutritional status of many smallholder farmers that largely depend on cowpeas.
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Thies, J. A., P. A. Berland, and R. L. Fery. "RESPONSE OF COWPEA CULTIVARS TO RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI IN FIELD TESTS." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 876c—876. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.876c.
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Rhizoctonia solani is an important pathogen of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in the southern U.S. and worldwide. Cowpeas are especially susceptible to seedling diseases caused by R. solani when planted in cold, moist, spring soils. Nine cowpea cultivars were evaluated in inoculated field tests at six planting dates in Charleston, S.C., during 2004. The cowpea cultivars evaluated were Bettergro Blackeye, Knuckle Purple Hull, Mississippi Silver, Colossus-80, Charleston Nemagreen, Texas Cream-40, White Acre, Coronet, and Charleston Greenpack. The tests were planted on 20 Apr., 29 Apr., 11 May, 19 May, 27 May, and 8 June. The experimental design for each test was a split-plot with six replicates. Whole plots were cultivars, and sub-plots were inoculation with R. solani and an uninoculated control. Rhizoctonia solani caused significant seedling losses in all cultivars evaluated during mid-April to early June and seed yields were reduced in the 11 May planting. In general, standard cowpea cultivars (Mississippi Silver, Colossus-80, and Coronet) had higher stand counts and produced heavier seed yields than other cowpea cultivars, although these standard cultivars were not resistant to R. solani. Resistant cowpea cultivars are needed to allow earlier planting of the crop in cold soils, which would extend the growing season and allow more efficient use of harvesting equipment and processing facilities.
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Dingha, Beatrice N., Paul C. Omaliko, Barbara A. Amoah, Louis E. Jackai, and Deepak Shrestha. "Evaluation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in an Intercropping System as Pollinator Enhancer for Increased Crop Yield." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179612.
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Production of pollinator-dependent crops (PDCs) is increasing. However, pollinators are declining partly due to loss of floral resources. There is urgency to mitigate this decline and the potential risks to the production of PDCs and food security. One way is by promoting farming systems that enhance flower-rich habitats. In a two-year study, Pinkeye Purple Hull and Whippoorwill cowpea varieties attractive to pollinators were intercropped with three PDCs (squash, okra, and watermelon). We evaluated whether cowpea intercrop increases the abundance and diversity of pollinators, other beneficial insects, and crop yield, and decreases the abundance of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB). Diverse pollinators were recorded in both years for a total of 80,379, representing seven pollinator families (Andrenidae, Apidae, Crabronidae, Formicidae, Halictidae, Tachinidae, and Vespidae) captured in pan traps, six families (Apidae, Crabronidae, Halictidae, Pyralidae, Tachinidae, and Vespidae) from sticky traps, and five pollinator types (bumble bees, carpenter bees, honeybees, butterflies and moths, and wasps) through direct visual count. Pollinator abundance and diversity was highest on the cowpea-intercropped treatments than controls. PDCs intercropped with cowpea recorded more beneficial insects than BMSB. Okra, squash, and watermelon intercrops produced 7%, 27%, and 54% more fruits than the control, respectively. Our findings indicate that intercropping cowpeas with PDCs attracted more and diverse pollinators and resulted in increased crop yield. However, to optimize pollination, factors such as planting dates to synchronize the flowering of both cowpeas and PDCs should be taken into consideration.
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Ekette, Iko-Obong, Nnaemeka Anyanwu, Comfort Essien, and Israel Dickson. "The Influence of Organic Manures on Proximate Composition, Minerals, Anti-nutrients and Vitamins of Selected Legume Forage." AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 10, 2024): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.61090/aksuja.2024.004.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the influence of three organic manure on the nutritional composition of three leguminous forages - Soybeans, Cowpeas, and Groundnuts, cultivated in the coastal Rainforest of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The four different organic manure used were poultry droppings, goat droppings, pig dung and a control (no manure application). Each organic manure represented a treatment group. Each group was replicated three times making a total of 12 experimental units. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Proximate analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and energy content. Manure type significantly (p<0.05) affected protein, carbohydrate, and moisture content. Poultry Manure had superior performance in Cowpea Forage, while Control excelled in Soybean Forage. The anti-nutrient analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in tannin, oxalate, saponin, and phytate content, impacting nutritional quality. Tannin content varied significantly (Groundnut: 65.78 mg/100g, Soybean: 109.78 mg/100g, Cowpea: 37.62 mg/100g), as did oxalate (Groundnut: 393.18 mg/100g, Soybean: 185.20 mg/100g, Cowpea: 357.13 mg/100g), saponin (Groundnut: 5.71 mg/100g, Soybean: 6.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 6.63 mg/100g), and phytate (Groundnut: 160.89 mg/100g, Soybean: 30.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 21.22 mg/100g). Vitamin analysis revealed variations in vitamin C (Groundnut: 57.94 mg/100g, Soybean: 58.31 mg/100g, Cowpea: 63.17 mg/100g) and β-carotene (Groundnut: 9.73 mg/100g, Soybean: 9.46 mg/100g, Cowpea: 7.51 mg/100g), indicating nutritional attributes of the studied leguminous forages. Based on the results, the treatment involving poultry dropping, goat dropping, pig dung and control all demonstrated good performance in terms of contributing to the nutritional composition of cowpea, groundnut and soybean. Thus, the use of poultry dropping and pig dung as organic manure for farmers in the region could be recommended.
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Ekette, Iko-Obong, Nnaemeka Anyanwu, Comfort Essien, and Israel Dickson. "The Influence of Organic Manures on Proximate Composition, Minerals, Anti-nutrients and Vitamins of Selected Legume Forage." AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.61090/aksuja.2024.006.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the influence of three organic manure on the nutritional composition of three leguminous forages - Soybeans, Cowpeas, and Groundnuts, cultivated in the coastal Rainforest of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The four different organic manure used were poultry droppings, goat droppings, pig dung and a control (no manure application). Each organic manure represented a treatment group. Each group was replicated three times making a total of 12 experimental units. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Proximate analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and energy content. Manure type significantly (p<0.05) affected protein, carbohydrate, and moisture content. Poultry Manure had superior performance in Cowpea Forage, while Control excelled in Soybean Forage. The anti-nutrient analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in tannin, oxalate, saponin, and phytate content, impacting nutritional quality. Tannin content varied significantly (Groundnut: 65.78 mg/100g, Soybean: 109.78 mg/100g, Cowpea: 37.62 mg/100g), as did oxalate (Groundnut: 393.18 mg/100g, Soybean: 185.20 mg/100g, Cowpea: 357.13 mg/100g), saponin (Groundnut: 5.71 mg/100g, Soybean: 6.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 6.63 mg/100g), and phytate (Groundnut: 160.89 mg/100g, Soybean: 30.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 21.22 mg/100g). Vitamin analysis revealed variations in vitamin C (Groundnut: 57.94 mg/100g, Soybean: 58.31 mg/100g, Cowpea: 63.17 mg/100g) and β-carotene (Groundnut: 9.73 mg/100g, Soybean: 9.46 mg/100g, Cowpea: 7.51 mg/100g), indicating nutritional attributes of the studied leguminous forages. Based on the results, the treatment involving poultry dropping, goat dropping, pig dung and control all demonstrated good performance in terms of contributing to the nutritional composition of cowpea, groundnut and soybean. Thus, the use of poultry dropping and pig dung as organic manure for farmers in the region could be recommended.
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McLeod, Paul, and Tahir Rashid. "Impact of Tobacco Thrips on Cowpea." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-1019-01-rs.
Full textAbstract:
In the southern US, seedling cowpeas are severely injured by the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). This feeding results in discoloration and distortion of the leaf tissue. Although damage from thrips feeding on foliage is common and appears substantial, recent studies have demonstrated little impact on cowpea yield. Caging up to ten F. fusca per cowpea seedling failed to significantly reduce number of pods, seed number, or seed weight when compared to cowpea seedlings caged with no thrips. Also, no significant differences in the days to initial flowering were detected among the treatments, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 5, or 10 thrips per seedling. In field studies, the insecticide, bifenthrin, applied to cowpea seedlings effectively reduced the number of thrips and significantly reduced foliar damage when compared to non-treated seedlings. At harvest however, no significant differences were detected among the other variables tested, i.e., pods per plant, seed per plant, seed per pod, seed weight per plant, nor weight per seed. Thus, data indicate that the impact of F. fusca on cowpea produced in the US is likely less than previously thought and early season thrips management is of little value. Accepted for publication 10 September 2012. Published 19 October 2012.
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Gustiningsih, Dini, Heni Purnamawati, Iskandar Lubis, Muhamad Syukur, Tomohiro Kondo, and Hirokazu Higuchi. "Response of Cowpea Growth, Yield and Organic Acid Secretion in Acidic Soil to Variability in Population and Minus One Element Fertilizer Test." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 10, no. 03 (October 29, 2023): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.03.196-204.
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Cowpea is a legume with the potential to serve as an alternative food source to replace soybeans in Indonesia; soybeans are primarily used in traditional foods such as tempeh and tofu. Currently, 70% of Indonesia's soybean demand is met through imports. Cowpea exhibits the ability to thrive in suboptimal soils with low fertility levels. One of the major challenges in Indonesian agriculture is the prevalence of acidic soils, which are typically deficient in essential nutrients. Notably, a lack of phosphorus (P) is a significant limiting factor affecting crop productivity in these acidic soils. To address this issue, a study was conducted to investigate how cowpea can adapt and grow in acidic soil conditions. The first experiment aimed to understand the impact of plant density and fertilization methods on the growth and yield of cowpea. The results indicated that planting one cowpea plant per hole resulted in a higher number of leaves and branches. Additionally, the treatment with complete NPK showed a higher number of pods, although this was not significantly different from the treatment with reduced phosphorus (minus P). These findings suggest that cowpea can thrive in acidic soil even under conditions of phosphorus deficiency. Cowpea has developed an external adaptation mechanism through the secretion of organic acids from its roots to survive in low-phosphorus acidic soils. As a follow-up to these findings, a second experiment was conducted to identify the types of organic acids secreted by cowpea roots under conditions of phosphorus deficiency, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that the organic acids produced by cowpea root exudates were primarily malic acid and oxalic acid. These research outcomes provide valuable information for growers, indicating that cowpea can be successfully cultivated in acidic soils. Cowpea's ability to produce organic acids allows it to thrive in such environments even when phosphorus levels are low.
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SILVA, LANESSA VIEIRA DA, SILVIA BRAZ RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA, LEONARDO ARAÚJO DE AZEVEDO, ARTENISA CERQUEIRA RODRIGUES, and AURENIVIA BONIFACIO. "COINOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND Trichoderma ALLEVIATES THE EFFECTS OF SALT STRESS IN COWPEA." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 2 (June 2019): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n206rc.
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ABSTRACT The deleterious effects of salt stress can be mitigated by the use of beneficial microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether coinoculation with Bradyrhizobium and Trichoderma asperelloides alleviates salt stress in cowpea. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using pots filled with sterile soil. Seeds were sown and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium or coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides. At 15 days after sowing (DAS), the nitrogen-free nutritive solution was supplemented with 50 or 100 mmol L-1 sodium chloride (NaCl) to induce salinity. Uninoculated plants and irrigated with solution without NaCl were used as absolute control. At 35 DAS, plants were collected, and nodules were excised for use in the determinations. The absolute controls did not show root nodules. Salt stress decreased plant biomass and growth, especially in cowpea inoculated with Bradyrhizobium. The stem diameter increased in cowpea coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides, mainly in plants subjected to salt stress at 100 mmol L-1 NaCl. Cowpea coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides maintained a higher content of free ammonia and organic compounds in its nodules even under salt stress. We concluded that the coinoculation of cowpea with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides induces an increase in the concentration of organic solutes in the root nodules, especially when cowpeas are cultivated under salinity. Therefore, the use of coinoculation with Bradyrhizobium and T. asperelloides alleviates the negative effects of salt stress in cowpea.
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Guimarães, Joana Bagoin, Cátia Nunes, Graça Pereira, Ana Gomes, Nascimento Nhantumbo, Paula Cabrita, José Matos, Fernanda Simões, and Maria Manuela Veloso. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Landraces from Portugal and Mozambique." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040846.
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is currently a legume crop of minor importance in Europe but a highly relevant staple crop in Africa and the second most cultivated legume in Mozambique. In Portugal and Mozambique, cowpea’s phenotypic and genetic variation has been maintained locally by farmers in some areas. We used the molecular markers SSR, SilicoDArT and SNP to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 97 cowpea accessions, mainly from Portugal (Southern Europe) and Mozambique (Southern Africa). As far as we know, this is the first time that the genetic variation and the relationship between cowpea landraces collected in Portugal with those originated in Mozambique is reported. Despite the shared historical past, the Portuguese landraces did not share a common genetic background with those from Mozambique, and two different gene pools were revealed. Knowledge of the genetic structure of cowpea landraces offers an opportunity for individual selection within landraces adapted to particular eco-physiological conditions and suggests the existence of a valuable gene pool for exploitation in future Portugal-PALOP (Portuguese-speaking African countries) cowpea breeding programs.
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N, Naturajarenam, Venkateswara Rao T, and Pathmanabhan G. "SEED AND SEEDLING PHYSIOLOGY OF COWPEA GENOTYPES." Madras Agricultural Journal 72, January (1985): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02341.
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The seed and seedling physiology of ten genotypes of cowpea were studied among high and low yielders. The germination per cent, field emergence, water absorption and vigour index were positively correlated with high yielding potential of cowpea genotypes. The genotypes with low yielding potential showed negative relationship with the above parameters. The EC of seed leachates showed a negative relationship with high yielders Seed leachates contained more of sugars and free amino acids in low yielding genotypes. The EC of seed leachate and vigour index may be used as selection criteria for higher yield in the case of cowpes genotypes
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Chinyama, J., B. Masamha, and G. Nyamadzawo. "Formulating finger millet (Eleusine coracana L) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) food blend for enhanced micronutrients for children below 5 years." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, no. 04 (April 28, 2023): 23238–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.119.20610.
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Malnutrition of children under 5 years is a public health concern because it is the most vulnerable stage of child’s growth where its impact results in long term health conditions such as stunting, wasting, obesity and poor cognitive development. This study aimed at developing a Rapoko-Cowpea porridge blend to enhance dietary micronutrients among children below the age of 5 years and assess its sensory acceptability. A mixed methods research approach was adopted consisting of a quasi- experiment and a cross sectional survey. Vendors from Mbare market were clustered based on the source of their finger millet and cowpea grains (Masvingo, Murewa, Gokwe). A Completely Randomised Design (CRD) was used with three treatments (blends) replicated three times. Proximate analysis was done using standard AOAC methods. Compared to cowpea, finger millet had the highest levels of carbohydrates (78.12g/100g), iron (8.7mg/100g), zinc (3.77mg/100g). Results also show that 75:25. Rapoko-Cowpea blend ratio had the ability to meet WHO daily nutrient requirements for children under the age of 5 years. Blend ratio of Rapoko: cowpeas (75:25) had the highest carbohydrates (69.41g/100g), protein (25.64g/100g), zinc (1.74mg/100g), iron (5.14mg/100g), energy (411.37kcal), and vitamins (0.11 mcg RAE) with RaCoB1 blend having the lowest nutrient composition. Results have showed that finger millet (Rapoko), cowpeas and RaCoB (Rapoko-Cowpea blend) blends have high macro and micronutrients (iron and zinc) to support daily nutritional requirements of children below the age of 5 years and may help in addressing malnutrition. Sensory evaluation was done with 100 panellists from the University of Zimbabwe and of the three blends, a 75:25 ratio was the most preferred (90.88%). Further studies need to analyse the effects of anti-nutritional factors, bioavailability of nutrients, shelf life of the food blend and commercialization potential of RaCoB blends. The government is therefore encouraged to provide agronomic support for increased productivity of small grains and pulses through improved research and extension. There is a need to develop a policy at national level that promotes blending of cereals and pulses as well as innovative small scale food processing initiatives through private-public partnerships. Key words: Children under 5 years, Cowpea, food blending, Malnutrition, Micronutrients, Rapoko, Sensory evaluation
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G, VIJAYAKUMAR, SELVARAJ U, RAMIAH M, GOMATHINAYAGAM P, NAGARAJAN P, FAZLULLAHKHAN A.K, RATHINASWAMY R, et al. "Co 6 COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) A NEW HIGH YIELDING SHORT DURATION VARIETY FOR RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEM IN TAMIL NADU." Madras Agricultural Journal 82, January (1995): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01125.
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Studies to develop a high yielding cowpen variety coupled with resistance to cowpea mosaic, resulted in the isolation of a superior culture 1-26 from the segregants of the cross Ms 9804 XC 152. The new variety matures in 65-70 days, 15 days earlier than Co 4 and C 152. The grain is light cream in colour with a potential yield of 1712 Kg/ha and tolerant to cowpea mosaic virus, root rot and stem fly. The variety is suitable for both pure and mixture crop under rainfed cropping system in Tamil Nadu to replace Co 4 and C 152.
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KOEHLER, P. E., L. R. BEUCHAT, and M. S. CHHINNAN. "Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seeds and Meal." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.12.1040.
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Experiments were done to determine the influence of temperature (21, 30 and 37°C) and aw (0.76 to 0.98) on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds, meal and meal supplemented with onion. Larger quantities of aflatoxin were produced at 21 and 30°C than at 37°C. The highest amount of aflatoxin (2777 μg/20 g, dry weight basis) was observed in meal containing onion at aw 0.98 after 20 d of incubation at 21°C. A level of 870 |μg/20 g was detected in seeds at aw 0.95 after 14 d of incubation at 30°C. Meal at aw 0.96 supported production of 551 μg of aflatoxin per 20 g after 20 d at 30° C. Temperature had little influence on the optimal aw for aflatoxin production in cowpea meal. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a decreased optimal aw for aflatoxin production on whole cowpeas. When known quantities of aflatoxin were added to cowpea meal which was subsequently steamed for 5 min, only 29% was extractable using a variety of procedures, indicating that the toxin may be bound in some manner to cowpea constituents as a result of heat treatment.
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OJEDOKUN, Ajibola Olajide, and Olufemi Adedotun YESUFU. "Analysis of the Market Participation and Consumption of Vigna unguiculata in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 79, no. 1 (June 13, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2021.0010.
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This study was carried out to analyse the market participation and consumption of Vigna unguiculata in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from a total of 300 households in 4 Local Government Areas of the State using multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and double-hurdle regression model. Age of household head, sex of household head, marital status, years of household head education and primary occupation of household head influenced market participation while years of education, total expenditure, price of cowpea and its attributes such as weevil damage tolerance and presence of foreign particles influenced consumption of cowpea. This study recommends that for consumers to participate in the market and consumption of cowpea, then research and breeding institutes should endeavor to develop cowpeas with the required qualities; and that policy makers should target policies that are pricing-related through subsidization.
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Sanon, Antoine, Ilboudo Zakaria, Dabire-Binso Clémentine L, Ba Malick Niango, and Nébié Roger Charles Honora. "Potential of Botanicals to Control Callosobruchus maculatus (Col.: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), a Major Pest of Stored Cowpeas in Burkina Faso: A Review." International Journal of Insect Science 10 (January 1, 2018): 117954331879026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543318790260.
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Cowpea is an essential food legume in the tropics and particularly for sub-Saharan African populations. Postharvest grain storage, however, is a major constraint for crop expansion and year-round availability due to the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F., the main storage pest of cowpeas in West Africa. The use of chemicals for cowpea storage is a common practice which represents, however, a risk for consumers, environment, and could also exacerbate pest control. In Burkina Faso, since the early 2000s, several scientific investigations have focused on the control of C maculatus using botanicals considered as promising and safe alternatives to chemicals. The aim of this review is to take stock of the research conducted and to identify the potential candidates on which future studies in this field will focus. The set of data analyzed show that several plants materials, including powders, crushed plants and essential oils (EO), were active against eggs, larvae, and adults of C maculatus, through dose-dependent mortality responses. However, EO extracted from native aromatic plants have yielded the most promising results, specifically EO from Ocimum canum appeared as the best candidate control agent. Other potentially interested EO tested included Hyptis suaveolens, Hyptis spicigera, and Lippia multiflora. Based on these results, attempts to optimize the use of EO for cowpea storage were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. Side effects of botanicals toward the main biological control agent, the ectoparasitoid Dinarmus basalis have also been highlighted. The results are discussed in a view of practical use of botanicals and EO as safe alternatives for Integrated Pest Management in stored cowpeas in Africa and developing countries.
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Usman Gabi, Ahassan, Ibrahim Maikudi Salihu, Usman Ibrahim Hamza, Ibrahim Yahaya, Habiba Maikudi Muhammad, Aliyu Danjuma Aliyu, and Hauwa Hussaini Ndayako. "Effects of Callosobruchus maculatus Infestation on the Proximate Composition of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Sold in Lapai Market." UMYU Scientifica 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.026.
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Cowpea damage caused by pest infestation is a major challenge to farmers and traders in Nigeria which request urgent response. This research is aimed primarily to evaluate the proximate composition and degree of infestation effect on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) nutrients. The samples of cowpea were randomly collected in the Lapai market, refrigerated for a week to stop insect action and were separated into two categories, non-infestation (sample without exit hole) and infestation (samples with one, two and three exit holes), Samples were subjected to proximate composition and statistical analyses for variation in nutrient. Results show a rise in protein and moisture content in the sample without infestation. But shows a decrease in Carbohydrate, Fat, Fibre and Ash content in non-infested samples. For the infested sample, infestation leads to significant deterioration of nutrients of food products developed from cowpeas. The current result shows that pest infestations reduced nutritional benefits as a protein source in livestock and human diets.
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Dikane, Goitsemang Mahlomola Hendry, and Moosa Mahmood Sedibe. "Genetic Heterogeneity in Cowpea Genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Using DArTseq (GBS)-Derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms." Genes 15, no. 6 (June 11, 2024): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15060764.
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Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) have been credible constituents of nutritious food and forage in human and animal diets since the Neolithic era. The modern technique of Diversity Array Technology (DArTseq) is both cost-effective and rapid in producing thousands of high-throughputs, genotyped, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wide-genomic analyses of genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to assess the heterogeneity in cowpea genotypes using DArTseq-derived SNPs. A total of 92 cowpea genotypes were selected, and their fourteen-day-old leaves were freeze-dried for five days. DNA was extracted using the CTAB protocol, genotyped using DArTseq, and analysed using DArTsoft14. A total of 33920 DArTseq-derived SNPs were recalled for filtering analysis, with a final total of 16960 SNPs. The analyses were computed using vcfR, poppr, and ape in R Studio v1.2.5001-3 software. The heatmap revealed that the TVU 9596 (SB26), Orelu (SB72), 90K-284-2 (SB55), RV 403 (SB17), and RV 498 (SB16) genotypes were heterogenous. The mean values for polymorphic information content, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, major allele frequency, and the inbreeding coefficient were 0.345, 0.386, 0.345, 0.729, and 0.113, respectively. Moreover, they validated the diversity of the evaluated cowpea genotypes, which could be used for potential breeding programmes and management of cowpea germplasm.
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Highland, Henry A. "PENETRATION OF PACKAGING FILMS BY THE COWPEA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE)1." Journal of Entomological Science 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.1.33.
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Cowpeas infested with the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), were sealed individually in small packets made of various packaging films. Also, other small packages of insect-free cowpeas were subjected to attack by C. maculatus adults placed inside and outside the packages. Packages made of polyurethane, polyester, polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate, saran, or permethrin-treated polypropylene resisted penetration. Thin saran film, polypropylene, paper/polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and cellophane films were penetrated.
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Brainard, Daniel C., Robin R. Bellinder, and Virender Kumar. "Grass–Legume Mixtures and Soil Fertility Affect Cover Crop Performance and Weed Seed Production." Weed Technology 25, no. 3 (September 2011): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00134.1.
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Summer leguminous cover crops can improve soil health and reduce the economic and environmental costs associated with N fertilizers. However, adoption is often constrained by poor weed suppression compared to nonlegume cover crops. In field experiments conducted in organic vegetable cropping systems in north-central New York, two primary hypotheses were tested: (1) mixtures of legume cover crops (cowpea and soybean) with grasses (sorghum–sudangrass and Japanese millet) reduce weed seed production and increase cover crop productivity relative to legume monocultures and (2) higher soil fertility shifts the competitive outcome in favor of weeds and nonlegume cover crops. Cover crops were grown either alone or in grass–legume combinations with or without composted chicken manure. Under hot, dry conditions in 2005, cowpea and soybean cover crops were severely suppressed by weeds in monoculture and by sorghum–sudangrass in mixtures, resulting in low legume biomass, poor nodulation, and high levels of Powell amaranth seed production (> 25,000 seeds m−2). Under more typical temperature and rainfall conditions in 2006, cowpea mixtures with Japanese millet stimulated cowpea biomass production and nodulation compared to monoculture, but soybeans were suppressed in mixtures with both grasses. Composted chicken manure shifted competition in favor of weeds at the expense of cowpea (2005), stimulated weed and grass biomass production (2006), and suppressed nodulation of soybean (2006). In a complementary on-farm trial, cowpea mixtures with sorghum–sudangrass suppressed weed biomass by 99%; however, both common purslane and hairy galinsoga produced sufficient seeds (600 seeds m−2) to replenish the existing weed seedbank. Results suggest that (1) mixtures of cowpeas with grasses can improve nodulation, lower seed costs, and reduce the risk of weed seed production; (2) soybean is not compatible with grasses in mixture; and (3) future costs of weed seed production must be considered when determining optimal cover crop choices.
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Nyamador, Wolali S., Abla D. Mondedji, Essoham Samié, and Isabelle A. Glitho. "Efficacy of Neem and Papaya Leaf Powders on the Cowpea Bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 4, no. 5 (October 25, 2022): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.5.575.
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Callosobruchus maculatus Fab (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a pest that causes enormous damage to cowpea stocks. To limit this damage, farmers resort to synthetic insecticides despite their consequences on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of neem and papaya leaf powders as an alternative to control C. maculatus pests of Vigna unguiculata Walp. stocks (Fabaceae). Five hundred grams (500 g) of cowpea seeds contained in one-litre glass jars were infested with 10 pairs of C. maculatus aged 24 hours. Each of the powders was used to treat the seeds at 20, 40, 60 g/kg cowpea in each jar respectively. For each dose of each biopesticide used, four batches (Batch 1, Batch 2, Batch 3 and Batch 4) were prepared and monitored after 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of storage respectively. The rate of reduction of the C. maculatus population, and the weight losses of the cowpeas, were determined. The results showed that after 4 months of cowpea storage, neem caused, at doses of 20, 40 and 60 g/kg, a significant reduction in the bruchid population by 42.58±6.97%; 79.1±5.31% and 84.27±5.7%; while at the same doses, papaya reduced the population by 14.32±4.53%; 42.18±5.83% and 64.86±8.03% compared to the negative control. No bruchids emerged from seeds treated with the synthetic insecticide (BEXTOXIN: fumigant) used at the dose of 0.25 g/kg during all storage periods. All doses significantly reduced cowpea weight losses, especially with the higher doses. Neem leaf powder was more effective than papaya leaf powder. Neem leaf powder could therefore be used as an alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest management of cowpea stocks.
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Nkomo, Gabriel, Moosa Sedibe, Maletsema Mofokeng, and Rian Pierneef. "Association Mapping for Drought Tolerance and Yield-Related Traits in Cowpea Accessions Using Genome-Wide Association Study and Population Structure Analysis." Philippine Agricultural Scientist 105, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.62550/hl071020.
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Cowpea is an important drought-tolerant crop that is grown mainly in Africa. The objective of this study was to conduct association mapping of drought tolerance phenotype with seedling and yield-related traits in cowpeas. A total of 60 cowpea accessions were used in the study. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered through genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). In the primary pipeline analysis, fragments of poor-quality sequences with reproducibility below 90% and read depths lower than 3.5 for SNPs or 5 for presence–absence markers were filtered out. Approximately 2.5 million sequences per barcode/sample were identified and used in marker calling. Association mapping was conducted using single-marker regression (SMR) in Q Gene, and the general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) built in TASSEL v5.0. The population of the cowpea accessions was analyzed using STRUCTURE 2.3.4. Inferred number of populations (ΔK) of cowpea accessions grown in the greenhouse and glasshouse were six (6) and seven (7), respectively. Approximately 2.5 million sequences per barcode/sample were identified and used in marker calling. The total number of SNPs in the raw file was 438,198. After a quality control procedure, a variant call format (vcf). One SNP marker, was associated with number of pods (NP) with a p value < 0.001 while fifty SNP markers, were associated with pod weight (PWT) at p < 0.001. The same number of four SNP markers, were associated with average seeds per pod (AVSPD) at p < 0.001 and also with pod length (PL). Five SNP markers, were associated with pod width (PWDTH) at p < 0.001. Major differences among the significantly associated SNPs were observed in the two environments which were under different temperature conditions. The 65 SNP markers identified can be used in cowpea molecular breeding to select for drought tolerant phenotypes in cowpea through marker assisted selection (MAS).
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Savadogo, Salfo, Anne Mette Lykke, Lassina Traore, Abdoulaye Sereme, and Adjima Thiombiano. "Bio-insecticide potential of three aromatic plants of Burkina Faso (Ocimum americanum L., Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. and Hyptis suaveolens Poit.) and their importance in cowpea seed conservation." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.1.
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Cowpea is an important source of food and income for the populations of sub-Saharan Africa in general and particularly in West Africa. However, farmers face storage and conservation problems. During storage in granaries, cowpea seeds are attacked by insects causing decreased grain weight and quality and sometimes a loss of germination capacity. Traditionally, farmers have used aromatic plants to limit insect damage. The aim of the present study is to test the insecticidal potential of three aromatic plants (Ocimum americanum L., Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. and Hyptis suaveolens Poit.). Cowpea seeds were mixed with increasing amounts of powder from each of the three plants and stored in plastic boxes for 10 month. The results showed that the number of defective seeds varied according to the treatment. O. americanum was the most efficient; the smallest effective dose of powder was 12%. For C. schoenanthus and H. suaveolens, the smallest effective doses were 16% and 18% respectively. With such treatments, no defective seeds and no live or dead weevils were found. Considering all treatments, the cowpea average loss recorded was 6.92 g for O. americanum, 29.46 g for C. schoenanthus and 36.40 g for H. suaveolens. The average loss recorded in the control was 82.23 g. The powders of the three plants had virtually no effect on the seed germination rate after storage. Storage of cowpeas can be considerably improved using all three aromatic species, but O. americanum was the most efficient.
Keywords: Africa, insect damage, cowpea, storage, aromatic plants, powder.