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Deb, GK, MA Kabir, MFH Miraz, et al. "In vivo study of follicular statistics in Red Chittagong Cattle of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 47, no. 1 (2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v47i1.39402.
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The objective of this research was to generate baseline information on follicular statistics of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC).Ten heifers and ten regular breeder RCC cows were selected randomly from BLRI Research Herd. The ovary was grasped by inserting left hand through the rectum and the follicles were visualized by inserting a sectorial probe through the vagina. Ovarian follicles were visualized and recorded by counting on the screen of ultrasonography machine. All visible follicles (>2.0mm) were counted and graded as small (<3.0mm), medium (3.0 to 8.0mm) and large (>8.0mm). The follicles were measured 3 times at a 3-day interval period without considering the stage of the reproductive cycle of the experimental animals. During this experiment, a total of 137 follicles (66 in Heifers and 71in cows) were observed from 10 heifers and 10 cows. The corpus luteum was observed either in the left or right ovary of 25.0% heifers and 35.0% cows. In heifer, 40.91, 45.45 and 13.64% of the observed follicles were belonged to small, medium and large groups, respectively. The percentage of small, medium and large follicles in the cow ovaries were 54.93, 39.44 and 5.63% accordingly. The number of follicles in an ovary did not vary (P>0.05) between right and left ovary of a heifer or cow. The diameter of the largest follicle on the ovary was smaller (P<0.05) in heifer (9.43±0.34mm) compared to cow (11.2 ± 0.73mm). This information will be helpful during aspiration of ovarian follicle from donor cows.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. 47 (1): 47-50
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Rapp, Delphine, Colleen M. Ross, Eve J. Pleydell, and Richard W. Muirhead. "Differences in the Fecal Concentrations and Genetic Diversities of Campylobacter jejuni Populations among Individual Cows in Two Dairy Herds." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (2012): 7564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01783-12.
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ABSTRACTDairy cows have been identified as common carriers ofCampylobacter jejuni, which causes many of the human gastroenteritis cases reported worldwide. To design on-farm management practices that control the human infection sourced from dairy cows, the first step is to acquire an understanding of the excretion patterns of the cow reservoir. We monitored the same 35 cows from two dairy farms forC. jejuniexcretion fortnightly for up to 12 months. The objective was to examine the concentration ofC. jejuniand assess the genetic relationship of theC. jejunipopulations excreted by individual cows. Significant differences (P< 0.01) inC. jejunifecal concentration were observed among the 35 cows, with median concentrations that varied by up to 3.6 log10· g−1feces. A total of 36 different genotypes were identified from the 514 positive samples by using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Although 22 of these genotypes were excreted by more than one cow, the analysis of frequencies and distribution of the genotypes by model-based statistics revealed a high degree of individuality in theC. jejunipopulation in each cow. The observed variation in the frequency of excretion of a genotype among cows and the analysis by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of these genotypes suggest that excretion ofC. jejuniin high numbers is due to a successful adaptation of a particular genotype to a particular cow's gut environment, but that animal-related factors render some individual cows resistant to colonization by particular genotypes. The reasons for differences inC. jejunicolonization of animals warrant further investigation.
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Aksoy, Neşe Hayat, Caner Öztürk, Tahir Karaşahin, and Şükrü Dursun. "A Study on the Definition of Some Biochemical Parameters and Oxidative Status According to Milk Yield in Cows." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (2021): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i8.1573-1579.4507.
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Our study, which investigates the factors affecting milk yield at metabolic and oxidative stress levels in Holstein breed cows raised in Aksaray Region, is the first at the regional level. It was aimed to perform biochemical and antioxidant screenings according to milk yield levels in healthy Holstein cows raised in the province, and thus, together with the determination of general metabolic parameters, the differences in total antioxidant and total oxidant levels according to milk yield were investigated. Glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and calcium were analysed from blood samples taken from Holstein cows that have been determined to be healthy, in milk yield age in a province’ s enterprises were analysed by using commercial test kits in a semi-analyser device. Total antioxidant and total oxidant levels were analysed spectrophotometrically with commercial kits. Statistical analysis was made with Basic Statistics Xs Display Descriptive Statistics in Minitab 16 ready-made package program. Biochemical parameters studied in sera obtained from 5 different groups from the lowest to the highest were found to be statistically significant with a positive correlation. Total oxidant level, total antioxidant level and oxidative stress indices, in which the general oxidant status was screened, were found to be correlated with milk yield in proportion to the intense metabolic and physiological status of the animals and were found to be significant. With this study, the data obtained by eliminating a deficiency in this field both contribute to the literature knowledge in the scientific area and provide useful knowledge in the field.
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Monardes, H. G., and J. F. Hayes. "Genetic and Phenotypic Statistics of Lactation Cell Counts in Different Lactations of Holstein Cows." Journal of Dairy Science 68, no. 6 (1985): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80982-6.
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Tani, M., C. Tani, K. Tomokawa, et al. "152 EFFECT OF EMBRYO TRANSFER AFTER ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ON THE CONCEPTION RATE IN DAIRY COWS UNDER HEAT STRESS IN SOUTHERN JAPAN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab152.
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A serious decline in the reproductive performance of dairy cows occurs in southern Japan in the summer period, when the total number of hot days ≥35°C numbers more than 20 days annually. Previous reports have mentioned the effectiveness of embryo transfer (ET) at 7 days after AI (AI/ET) under heat-stressed conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of AI/ET on conception rate (CR) under heat-stressed conditions in the summer period. Artificial insemination was performed at 13 commercial dairies in this study from August through September in 2007 and 2008. Seven days after AI, a single embryo was transferred into the uterine horn contralateral to the ovary with a corpus luteum (AI/ET, n = 82). Artificial insemination at oestrus without further treatment was assigned as the control group (AI, n = 367). In 2007, frozen–thawed embryos of Japanese Black cattle were transferred, and the same cattle were used for ET of fresh embryos in 2008. The temperature-humidity index [0.8 × temperature + 0.01 ×relative humidity (temperature –14.4) + 46.4], rectal temperature, and diurnal highest or lowest and average ambient temperatures were measured at the time of AI and ET. Cows were diagnosed for pregnancy at 42 days after AI by palpation per rectum and were reexamined by transrectal ultrasonography at 60 days after AI. The CR was calculated as the number of cows diagnosed as pregnant 60 days after AI divided by the number of cows inseminated. Fetal loss was calculated as the number of cows that did not deliver calves after term divided by the number of cows diagnosed as pregnant. The CR, number of AI, fetal loss, and type of newborn (Holsteins, AI origin; Japanese Black, ET origin) were confirmed retrospectively. For statistical analysis, Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t-test were used for comparison of the CR, fetal loss, and body temperature by using a statistical software program for PC (Excel Statistics 2006). The CR for AI/ET was 30.4% and for AI was 13.8% in 2007 (P < 0.01), and the CR for AI/ET was 30.8% and for AI was 21.5% in 2008 (P = 0.294). The average diurnal temperature was 31.1°C in 2007 and 30.1°C in 2008, and the temperature-humidity index was 81.8 and 80.8, respectively. On Day 8, the pregnant cows had a lower rectal temperature than the open cows in 2007, but not in 2008 (38.9 v. 39.4°C in 2007; P < 0.05; and 39.1 v. 38.9°C in 2008; P > 0.05). The fetal loss was 38.1% in AI/ET v. 7.4% in AI in 2007 (P < 0.05) and 12.5% v. 0% in 2008 (P < 0.05), respectively. The AI/ET procedure could improve CR in dairy cows during the summer period in southern Japan. However, other problems may accompany AI/ET, such as higher fetal losses.
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Piwczyński, D., and B. Sitkowska. "Statistical modelling of somatic cell counts using the classification tree technique." Archives Animal Breeding 55, no. 4 (2012): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-55-332-2012.
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Abstract. The research studied a sample of 455 Polish Holstein-Friesian Black and White cows. Its aim was to apply and compare two modern statistical methods, i.e. classification trees and a logistic regression in examination of the impact of selected lactation-related factors (successive lactation, herd size and production level, year of calving, calving season, test day season, lactation phases and the amount of milk obtained in a test milking) on the somatic cell counts. Two different division criteria were taken into account in the creation of classification trees, i.e. entropy reduction and Gini coefficient. The quality of classification trees and multiple regression models was compared taking into consideration the following criteria: an average squared error, cumulative lift, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and the area under the ROC curve. Having conducted the research, it may be concluded that from among the statistical methods applied, the best modelling of the level of somatic cell counts was obtained using the classification tree technique when the division criterion was based on the entropy function. According to the results of the study, somatic cell counts were diversified by the following factors, in a decreasing order of importance: herd production level, year of calving, subsequent lactation, calving season, day of test milking, herd size and the month used to take milk samples. Using somatic cell count as an udder health benchmark, it may be concluded that cows requiring particular attention as a result of udder diagnosis are from those in herds with high milk production levels, with individual cows producing up to 15 kg of milk.
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Zaznobina, T. V., and O. V. Ivanova. "TOXIC ELEMENTS CONTENT ANALYSIS OF BLOOD AND MILK OF COWS." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/19-2/11.
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Currently, one of the main economic policies of the Russian Federation in the field of food security is production of safe food and consumer protection. The aim of the research was to study the content of such toxic elements as Zn, Cd and Pb in milk and blood of cows. Experimental studies were carried out at stud farms Plemzavod Tayozhny LLC in Suhobuzimsky District and OPH Solyanskoe LLC in Rybinsk District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation. The milksamples were studied by atomic absorption method; the blood serum samples, by mass spectrometry. Blood serum samples were obtained by sedimentation of whole blood and retraction of the blood clot followed by centrifugation. The obtained data were processed by the method of variation statistics with the calculation of statistical indicators. The lowest contents of Zn, Cd and Pb were found in blood serum of the cows of OPH Solyanskoe LLC; it was 0.038, 0.001, and 0.002 mg/l, respectively. The milk samplescollected at Plemzavod Tayozhny LLCcontained less heavy metals than those collected at OPH Solyanskoe LLC: Zn by 2.069 mg/l, Cd by 0.01 mg/l, and Pb by 0.061 mg/l (P>0.999). When calculating the correlation coefficients, weak positive and negative correlationswere established between Zn and Pb content in blood and milk. The detected amounts of toxic elements did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, except for Pb content in milk sampled at OPH Solyanskoe LLC, which was higher than the standard content by 0.026 mg/l.
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Vlček, Michal, and Radovan Kasarda. "Effect of the claw disorders on production performance in dairy cattle." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 67 (February 3, 2016): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/67/1745.
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The aim of the study was the influence of claw disorders on production traits in dairy cattle. Observed were claw traits as claw angle, claw length, heel index, claw height, claw diagonal and claw width. Right hind claw after functional trimming was evaluated. Occurrence of claw disorders like interdigital dermatitis and heel erosion (IDHE), digital dermatitis (DD) and sole ulcer (SV) as well as the progress of disease were observed. Basic summary and variation statistics was performed by the SAS software. Two herds were included in the study. Holstein dairy cows (n=101) produced 11 875 kg of milk, 468 kg (3.94%) of fat and 396 kg (3.34%) of proteins. Holstein cows were affected with IDHE in 22 cases, with DD in 6 cases and with sole ulcer in 10 cases. Slovak Simmental dairy cows (n=101) produced 5834 kg of milk, 258 kg (4.44%) of fat and 209 kg (3.59%) of proteins. Slovak Simmental cows were affected with IDHE in 8 cases, with DD in 5 cases and with sole ulcer in 19 cases. Observed was that claw disorders caused deviations of milk production.
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Silva, H. M., C. J. Wilcox, A. H. Spurlock, F. G. Martin, and R. B. Becker. "Factors Affecting Age at First Parturition, Life Span, and Vital Statistics of Florida Dairy Cows." Journal of Dairy Science 69, no. 2 (1986): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(86)80425-8.
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NASRI, M. H. FATHI, J. FRANCE, N. E. ODONGO, S. LOPEZ, A. BANNINK, and E. KEBREAB. "Modelling the lactation curve of dairy cows using the differentials of growth functions." Journal of Agricultural Science 146, no. 6 (2008): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608008101.
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SUMMARYDescriptions of entire lactations were investigated using six mathematical equations, comprising the differentials of four growth functions (logistic, Gompertz, Schumacher and Morgan) and two other equations (Wood and Dijkstra). The data contained monthly milk yield records from 70 first, 70 second and 75 third parity Iranian Holstein cows. Indicators of fit were model behaviour, statistical evaluation and biologically meaningful parameter estimates and lactation features. Analysis of variance with equation, parity and their interaction as factors and with cows as replicates was performed to compare goodness of fit of the equations. The interaction of equation and parity was not significant for any statistics, which showed that there was no tendency for one equation to fit a given parity better than other equations. Although model behaviour analysis showed better performance of growth functions than the Wood and Dijkstra equations in fitting the individual lactation curves, statistical evaluation revealed that there was no significant difference between the goodness of fit of the different equations. Evaluation of lactation features showed that the Dijkstra equation was able to estimate the initial milk yield and peak yield more accurately than the other equations. Overall evaluation of the different equations demonstrated the potential of the differentials of simple empirical growth functions used in the current study as equations for fitting monthly milk records of Holstein dairy cattle.
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García, C. A. C., F. M. G. Prado, L. L. Galicia, and T. F. Borderas. "Reference values for biochemical analytes in Mexican dairy farms: interactions and adjustments between production groups." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 2 (2017): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9114.
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ABSTRACT Blood samples of 189 healthy Holstein cows classified as high-producers, low-producers, or dry cows, were collected with the purpose of establishing reference values for several biochemical analytes in Mexican dairy farms. Mean values were calculated for: 1) Energy profile: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, β-hydroxybutyrate, and non-esterified fatty acids, 2) Protein profile: urea, albumin, globulin, and total protein, 3) Mineral profile: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and anion gap, and 4) Hepatic enzyme: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. The linear relationships between the biochemical analytes were quantified, and an analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values between the three production groups. The overall concentrations of the described analytes are consistent with values reported by international literature. However, lower values were found for urea, calcium, and sodium; higher values were found for cholesterol, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Negative correlations were found between β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose or urea, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and urea, and bicarbonate and urea or phosphorus or anion gap. Positive correlations were found between β-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol or anion gap, non-esterified fatty acids and anion gap, cholesterol and globulin, different analytes of mineral profile and anion gap or urea or glucose, and between sodium and calcium. Differences among the three production groups were observed for β-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol concentrations. The γ-glutamyl transpeptidase concentration was similar in high and low-producing cows but was higher in comparison to serum levels of dry cows. Calcium showed differences between high-producing cows and the other two groups, and sodium showed the highest concentration in dry cows. The outcomes of this work improve the accuracy of the metabolic profiles as a tool for assessing the nutritional and health status of dairy cows.
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Wieland, Matthias, Christina Marie Geary, Gloria Gioia, Kerry Lynn Case, Paolo Moroni, and Anja Sipka. "Vacuum Dynamics as an Alternative Method for Detection of Bimodal Milk Ejection in Dairy Cows." Animals 11, no. 7 (2021): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071860.
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The primary objective of our study was to assess the ability of a vacuum recorder to detect the presence of bimodal milk flow curves in dairy cows compared with a portable milk flow meter. In a cross-sectional study, 241 individual cow milking observations were analyzed. We simultaneously collected (1) individual cow vacuum events during milking using portable vacuum recorders, and (2) individual cow milk flow curves by attaching a portable milk flow meter to the same milking unit. Presence of bimodality was assessed with the vacuum recorder visually (BIMVA) and with the gold standard method of a milk flow meter through automatic detection (BIMLA). Kappa statistics revealed moderate agreement between BIMVA and BIMLA [κ, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.46–0.71)]. Diagnostic test statistics for BIMVA for detection of bimodality indicated moderate performance for sensitivity [0.65 (0.52–0.76)] and positive predictive value [0.71 (0.58–0.82)] and high values for specificity [0.92 (0.87–0.95)] and negative predictive value [0.93 (0.84–0.93)]. We conclude that milking vacuum dynamics are a suitable measure to assess bimodal milk flow curves in dairy cows.
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Afdal, M., S. Syarif, and A. Kasim. "Effect of processing of palm oil petiole on palatability in Bali cows (Bos sondaecus)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620002932x.
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Palm oil petiole (POP) is a pruning by-product from palm oil plantations. POP is the stalk of the palm oil frond (POF) without the leaflets and the outer layer. By weight, it contributed about 30 percent of POF. POP was a possible alternative for POF in feeding Bali cows (Bos sondaecus) since Bali cows we observed to reject fresh POF. Central Bureau of Indonesian Statistics (2006) reported that the production of POF was around 10,869,365 t from around 3,682,900 ha of palm oil plantation in Indonesia which is equivalent to 3,260,810 t of POP. POF are successfully used as feed for Bos taurus and Bos indicus and there are a lot of studies being done, especially in Malaysia. Alimon and Hair Bejo (1995) reported that the chemical composition of POF is 47, 385, 787, 556 g kg-1 and 5.65 MJ kg-1 for crude protein (CP), crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and metabolisable energy respectively. However, there is no information on the nutritive value of POP and its palatability in Bali cows. The aims of this study were to evaluate the nutritive value of POP, and palatability of POP types by Bali cows when processed in several forms.
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Kuziv, M. I. "External characteristics adults cows of ukrainian black and white dairy breed." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 74 (2017): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7418.
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The results of the evaluation exterior of the animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the western region of Ukraine. Studies conducted on animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region. Exterior animals was assessed by measurement of body articles. By value measurements calculated indices of body structure cows. Weight-size factor determined by the formula D.T. Vinnychuka and P.N. Merezhko. The results of research were treated by variational statistics G.F. Lakin. Adults cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed for exterior fit the type of dairy animals. Measurements body cows are: height at the withers – 135,6–136,5 depth of chest – 75,1–77,1 width chest – 46,2–48,6, chest girth for by shoulder – 197,0–201,2, oblique body length – 161,4–163,6 width in clubs – 54,5–57,2 girth metacarpus – 19,1–19,5 cm. By oblique trunk length and girth metacarpus, and in the «Milk River» farm Sokal offices and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» also for girth at breast for by blades are dominated by target parameters for the desired type of animal. By other body measurements investigated cows do not reach target parameters for the desired type of animal. Further breeding work with this array of animals should be directed to increase the linear dimensions of the body, with particular attention paid to the width of the chest. Indices body structure cows in farms of different characteristic type of dairy animals. Surround dimensions of the animals constituted 494,9–501,4 cm weight-size factor – 1,08–1,15. In cows of all farms the ratio of live weight and measurements body was typical for relatively stretched animals.
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Balirwa, Elizabeth K., and Emmanuel Waholi. "Analysis of Market Participation Behavior Among Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Uganda." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p109.
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Market participation of smallholder farming has gained priority in the policy agenda of many developing countries as an engine for economic growth. In Uganda, smallholder dairy farming has been adopted as a strategy for the country&rsquo;s economic transformation through commercialization but efforts to improve dairy market sales have not been successful. Without appropriate interventions, Uganda may fail to take advantage of the anticipated increase in demand for livestock products. A study to analyze determinants of dairy farmers&rsquo; market participation and percentage of milk sales was therefore undertaken in Uganda&rsquo;s three main milk producing regions. Multistage sampling and purposive sampling procedures were used to select a study sample of 171 representative dairy farming households, with at least one milking cow based on data derived from the REPEAT Survey of 2012. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Heckman two-stage selection econometric model. Results show that milk market entry decision was significantly influenced by improved lactating cows (1%), number of lactating cows (1%), milk yield (1%), information access (5%), access to veterinary services (5%) and children less than 6 years (10%). Percentage of milk sales was influenced by information access (1%), number of lactating cows (5%), improved milking breeds (5%) and quantity of milk consumed. Three variables critical to policy intervention in enhancing smallholder dairy farmer participation and intensification are number of lactating cows, improved lactating cows and information access. Quantity of milk consumed suggests supplementation of milk with other protein foods among dairy farmers in Uganda.
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Molefe, K., and M. Mwanza. "Variability of serum reproductive hormones in cows presenting various reproductive conditions in semi-arid areas of the North West Province, South Africa." Veterinary World 13, no. 3 (2020): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.502-507.
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Background and Aim: Hormones play a significant role in supporting reproductive processes. Predisposition to metabolic disorders may result from biological alterations in the neurohormonal system, thus leading to impaired immune function and poor reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive hormonal profile in cows with reproductive conditions in semi-arid areas of the North West Province, South Africa, to establish possible correlations between different conditions and the hormonal profile. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from cows in different communal areas of Mafikeng. Convenience sampling was used to collect samples for the study. Blood samples were collected cows experiencing dystocia (n=50), retained placenta (n=13), downer cow syndrome (n=34), vaginal prolapse (n=16), and abortions (n=69), following cases reported at the Animal Health Hospital of the North-West University, Mafikeng Campus. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviations, were used to describe the distribution of hormone levels across reproductive conditions. p-value less than the significance level was set at 5% (p<0.05). Results: Data obtained revealed significantly higher estradiol in abortion (1122.99±71.99 pg/ml), downer cow syndrome (781.32±135.7 pg/ml), and dystocia (862.09±123.44 pg/ml). Oxytocin (OT) differed significantly in cows with dystocia (370.50±71.66 pg/ml) and abortion (574.73±60.65 pg/ml). Significantly low progesterone (Pg) was observed in abortion (2.45±1.509 ng/ml) and dystocia (8.59±0.402 ng/ml) while increased prostaglandin alpha was observed in cows with vaginal prolapse and abortion. Conclusion: The findings highlight an increase in serum estradiol and OT in aborting cows. Low Pg and estradiol in cows with vaginal prolapses and retained placenta were noted. An association was seen between downer cow syndrome and high concentrations of estradiol and Pg. Prostaglandin alpha may increase in cases of vaginal prolapse and abortion. Hormonal alterations were observed and may contribute to the incidences of different reproductive conditions.
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Cremonesi, Fausto, Stefano Bonfanti, Antonella Idda, and Lange-Consiglio Anna. "Improvement of Embryo Recovery in Holstein Cows Treated by Intra-Ovarian Platelet Rich Plasma before Superovulation." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010016.
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The current research was designed to evaluate if intra-ovarian administration of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) before superovulation could increase the number of follicles responsive to gonadotropin treatment in order to improve embryo recovery in donor cows. Eight Holstein-Friesian cows of proven fertility were employed. After estrous synchronization, at the 18th day of diestrous, the right ovary of each cow was left untreated and served as control while the left ovary was inoculated with 5 mL of PRP. Cows were left to spontaneously return to estrous, and nine days later, a standard superovulation was initiated for every cow. Seven days after artificial insemination (AI), putative embryos were collected by flushing the right and left uterine horns separately. All statistics were calculated by ANOVA. The mean number of follicles, evaluated by transrectal ultrasound scanning, did not statistically differ before PRP treatment between right (control) and left (treated) ovaries (9.18 ± 1.35 and 7.32 ± 1.67, p = 0.28, respectively) as well as at 48 h after PRP injection (7.67 ± 2.52 and 8.00 ± 2.00, p = 0.73, respectively). A statistical (p = 0.023) difference was found in the average number of follicles at the last gonadotropin injection between control and treated ovaries (11.33 ± 2.89 and 20.00 ± 9.17, respectively). The statistically different (p = 0.0037) number of grade 1-2 blastocysts harvested from the uterine horn ipsilateral to control ovaries in comparison to that collected from the treated ones (6.63 ± 2.92 and 14.75 ± 5.92, respectively) suggests that intra-ovarian injection of PRP before superovulation could exert beneficial effects both in latent follicle growth and in vivo embryo production.
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Smith, Adrian F. M. "Mad Cows and Ecstasy: Chance and Choice in an Evidence-Based Society." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 159, no. 3 (1996): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2983324.
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Dorokhov, A. S., Y. A. Ivanov, V. V. Kirsanov, D. Y. Pavkin, and F. E. Vladimirov. "Diagnosing sub-acute rumen acidosis in cows in the post-calving period with digital technologies." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 2 (2021): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12170.
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ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the relationship between indicators of the motor activity, pH factor, rumen and rectal temperature within 10 days after calving and to analyze the possibility of using the studied parameters as prognostic signs for diagnosing sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA). The measurements were taken using bolus with sensors designed to monitor cow health. The motor activity, pH factor and ruminal temperature of 10 cows were measured during 10 days at a measurement interval of every 60 seconds. Next, the researchers calculated the average values of the obtained readings, which were divided into 2 groups according to a measurement interval of every 12 hours. Rectal temperature was measured using a veterinary thermometer every 12 hours (at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m.). As a result, 200 measurements were obtained. Descriptive sampling statistics were calculated using the SPSS Statistics program. An increase in motor activity reduces the pH level of the rumen environment. Lowering the pH factor of the rumen environment leads to an increase in ruminal temperature. There is a positive statistically significant correlation between ruminal and rectal temperature. The nosology of SARA can be predicted by measuring the motor activity and rectal temperature of dairy cows.
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Kuzebnyі, S. V. "EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF DETERMINATION AND STIMULATION ESTROUS CYCLE OF CATTLE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.16.
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In the conditions of industrial milk production and productivity growth in cows, the increase in the duration of the inter- calving period is noted. This is due to a somewhat prolonged process of involution of the uterus after calving in high-yielding animals and prolongation of the service-period due to lack of detection of animals in estrous cycle. Depending on the technology of maintenance and qualification of service personnel, the number of such animals may increase. The contributing factors include the year-round stall system of keeping cows, the uncontrolled retention of animals in large groups, short intervals of detection of animals in hunting and others. The paper uses the materials of the first-time animal and veterinary record of a number of husbandries specializing in industrial milk production with different systems of keeping animals and the detection of animals in hunting. Methods of hormonal stimulation of sexual intercourse in cows were studied in the state enterprise "Khrystynivske" (n = 243) for the binding system for the maintenance of cows and auto-mated control of motor activity of cows for unbroken maintenance for the detection of animals in hunting – LLC "Nd. a. Lesia Ukrainka" (n = 74). For hormonal stimulation, methods using estrogens and prostaglandins were used: the protocol Ovsinh (n = 164) and the use of progesterone (preparation Delta® Ceva Santa Animale) (n = 79). The obtained results were sorted by the methods of variation statistics in the software product Statistica 12.5. An analysis of the detection of spontaneous hunting in animals by the traditional method - observing them during the walk allowed us to establish that in the first cows, the indicators of regenerative (VP) and service-periods (SP), under the same conditions of abstinence and feeding, differed from full-age cows in the duration of only one sexual cycle (20–21 days), for almost identical index of insemination (IO). Analysis of the results of determining the sexual cycles of cows using the help of DATA SLOW software and Triolact sensors conducted at the LLC nd. a. Lesia Ukrainka of Kovel region of Volyn oblast (n = 74) showed that even short-term hunting, which takes place within 2–3 hours, can detect and carry out insemination of animals. The obtained results coincide with the duration of the service-period during the systematic visual detection of animals in the stage of sexual hunting, but there is a reduction of the three-fold of the recovery period, the duration of which is associated with certain difficulties of visual detection in animals of the first hunting (irreducible manifestation , short duration and others). Also, the results of the analysis confirm the increase in the service-period in cows-primates for approximately the duration of one sexual cycle. In the following cases, there is a decrease in the variability of reproduction rates. The growth of milk productivity negatively correlated with the indicator of the duration of service-period in cows. The force of influence was almost 96% (P < 0.01). In cases of tied animals maintenance in the first place, methods of hormonal stimulation of sexual hunting in cows are obtained. Indicator of efficiency of detection of animals in hunting during the period of maintenance was 28–35%, and during the summer-camp – grew to 47–62%. Analysis of the duration of the service period and the index of insemination with the synchronization of cows according to the protocol "Ovsinh" has shown a decrease in the effectiveness of insemination of cows for stimulated hunting. Fertility of animals after the first insemination was 20.1%, and after the second procedure the introduction of hormonal drugs increased by 8–12% and was 38%. In the application of progesterone in the form of vaginal applicators "Pride Delta" results were better – the fertility rate from the first insemination was 37%, and from two – 56%. As with the use of prostaglandin, and in the application of the protocol "Ovsinh" there is a tendency to increase the effectiveness of insemination, depending on the duration of the recovery period, that is, the time from calving to the use of the drug.
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Voitenko, S. L., and I. M. Zheliznyak. "MILK YIELD OF COWS DEPENDING ON A LINE ON LINEAR BELONGING AND METHOD OF MAINTENANCE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.05.
Full textAbstract:
Modern market conditions require high quality products, that is why before the producers of animal husbandry, the issue is not only to constantly increase the productivity of animals but also to pay attention to the quality of products. Considering the need to increase milk production as one of the main types of livestock products, the most energy-saving technology should be chosen, which will provide comfortable conditions for keeping animals and displaying their genetic potential, especially for milk production. Taking into account that the purpose of other researches was to determine the influence of the linear dependence of Ukrainian Black-and-White breed cows and the method of keeping them on display of their milk productivity.
 The researches were carried out on cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White milk breed of such lines as Bella 1667366, Eleveishn 1491007, Marshal 2290977, Starback 352790 and Chif 1427381. Two different technologies of keeping cows in the lactation period were investigated: industrial technology with unassociated keeping of cows at "Gogolevo" Ltd. and traditional technology with crying attachment in "Shyshatska" LLC, which are part of LLC "Agrofirma im. Dovzhenka" in Poltava region. The hopes of cows for the first and third lactations were determined by the standard techniques in cattle breeding. The analysis included the materials of the electronic database of the economy on the indicators of dairy productivity of cows in the format of the SUMS "ORSEC" as of 2018. Materials of scientific researches were worked out using the methods of variation statistics and software package of STATISTICA-10.
 The researches have determined that in the case of a loose housing way of keeping ("Gogolevo" Ltd. ) cows – the firstborns of the five studied lines had hopes at the level of 7493–7913 kg. The highest dairy performance was characterized by firstborns of the line of Eleveishn – 7913 kg of milk which is higher than the average figures for the studied lines by 253 kg. Daughters of the Starbak line for the first lactation at loose housing way of keeping had low productivity – 7493 kg of milk that on 167 kg of milk less then the average values of the studied lines. In this case, in each studied line, especially Eleveishn, Marshall and Starbak, which cows were kept by loose housing during lactation, there is an opportunity to improve the dairy productivity by selection methods, as evidenced by the coefficients of variability of milk yield testify to (Сv = 15,8 ... 23,9%).
 Keeping of cows on the leash (LLC "Shyshatska") milk yield of the firstborns varied at the level of 6328 kg of milk (the line Bella) to 7059 kg of milk (Marchal's line). The difference between the yields of cows of the most productive line and the low productivity in this herd was 731 kg, and between the most high-yielding and low-yielding lines compared with the averages to milk yield of the studied lines, respectively, 355 kg and 376 kg of milk. It is proved that keeping of cows on the leash there is an opportunity to increase the milk productivity of the firstborns by selection methods, the confirmation of which is the coefficient of variability of the sign (Сv = 15,3 ... 21,3%).
 Comparing productivity of daughters of the studied lines, it should be noted reliable advantage on milk yield the firstborns which were at loose housing way of keeping in comparison with cows of similar lines, but which were kept during the lactation period on the leash. The difference between cows of the line of Bella was 1190 kg of milk (P < 0,05), line of Eleveishn – 1207 kg (P < 0,001), the line of Marshal – 767 kg (P < 0,001), the line of Starbak – 1007 kg (P < 0,001) and the line of Chif – 611 kg (P < 0,001). The difference between average milk yield of the firstborn cows of the studied lines in two herds was 956 kg of milk (P < 0,001), indicating production efficiency of milk for use of modern progressive technology.
 The analysis of the milk yield of cows of the studied lines in the herds of the two farms has also led to the conclusion that a significant increase of milk yield of cows from the first to the third lactation. It is established that cows with the third lactation at loose housing way of keeping produced from 8575 kg to 10276 kg of milk depending on the line. At the same time, the cows of the line Eleveishn 1491007, having the highest tastes – 10276 kg of milk, surpassed another cows from of this herd of other lines, which were kept at loose housing, on 891 kg of milk. Cows of Starbak line 352790, although they increased their milk yield from the first lactation to the third one, but they showed the lowest milk yield, yielding 1701 kg of milk to the daughters of the line of Eleveishn and 810 kg – the average values for the studied lines of herds of "Gogolevo" Ltd.
 In herd with keeping of cows on the leash (LLC "Shyshatska") daughters of the line of Marchal had the highest milk yield – 8128 kg of milk, and low ones – the line of Bella, respectively, 7092 kg. And though cows of this herd increased milk yield from first to the third lactation, all of them significantly conceded to cows of similar lines of "Gogolevo" Ltd. which were kept at loose housing during lactation.
 We also investigated that the cows of the Bella line, which were kept at loose housing, exceeded the cows of the same line that were kept on the leech, by the number of milk for the third lactation by 2617 kg (P < 0,05), the Eleveishn line – by 2547 kg (P < 0,001), Marshall – by 872 kg, Starbak – by 956 kg (P < 0,05) and Chif – by 1903 kg of milk (P < 0,001). The difference between the average milk yield of cows of the studied lines in two herds was 1779 kg of milk (P < 0,01) for advantages of cows, which were kept at loose housing.
 The possibility of selecting cows by the results of the third lactation was in direct dependence with the size of milk yield, that is the higher the yield, the lower the coefficient of variability of the indicator and consequently the effectiveness of selection.
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Etherington, W. G., M. L. Kinsel, and W. E. Marsh. "Relationship of production to reproductive performance in Ontario dairy cows: Herd level and individual animal descriptive statistics." Theriogenology 46, no. 6 (1996): 935–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(96)00259-2.
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Liang, Shulin, Chaoqun Wu, Wenchao Peng, Jian-Xin Liu, and Hui-Zeng Sun. "Predicting Daily Dry Matter Intake Using Feed Intake of First Two Hours after Feeding in Mid and Late Lactation Dairy Cows with Fed Ration Three Times Per Day." Animals 11, no. 1 (2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010104.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the dry matter intake of first 2 h after feeding (DMI-2h), body weight (BW), and milk yield to estimate daily DMI in mid and late lactating dairy cows with fed ration three times per day. Our dataset included 2840 individual observations from 76 cows enrolled in two studies, of which 2259 observations served as development dataset (DDS) from 54 cows and 581 observations acted as the validation dataset (VDS) from 22 cows. The descriptive statistics of these variables were 26.0 ± 2.77 kg/day (mean ± standard deviation) of DMI, 14.9 ± 3.68 kg/day of DMI-2h, 35.0 ± 5.48 kg/day of milk yield, and 636 ± 82.6 kg/day of BW in DDS and 23.2 ± 4.72 kg/day of DMI, 12.6 ± 4.08 kg/day of DMI-2h, 30.4 ± 5.85 kg/day of milk yield, and 597 ± 63.7 kg/day of BW in VDS, respectively. A multiple regression analysis was conducted using the REG procedure of SAS to develop the forecasting models for DMI. The proposed prediction equation was: DMI (kg/day) = 8.499 + 0.2725 × DMI-2h (kg/day) + 0.2132 × Milk yield (kg/day) + 0.0095 × BW (kg/day) (R2 = 0.46, mean bias = 0 kg/day, RMSPE = 1.26 kg/day). Moreover, when compared with the prediction equation for DMI in Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (2001) using the independent dataset (VDS), our proposed model shows higher R2 (0.22 vs. 0.07) and smaller mean bias (−0.10 vs. 1.52 kg/day) and RMSPE (1.77 vs. 2.34 kg/day). Overall, we constructed a feasible forecasting model with better precision and accuracy in predicting daily DMI of dairy cows in mid and late lactation when fed ration three times per day.
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Christi, Raden Febrianto, H. Hermawan, and Lia Budimulyati Salman. "Distribution of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle Populations in KUD Gemah Ripah Sukabumi, West Java for Milk Production of during Lactation, Daily Milk Production, and Fat Levels." Chalaza Journal of Animal Husbandry 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/chalaza.v5i1.1228.
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Dairy cows are a type of livestock that have been developed by contributing products in the form of milk as a provider of animal protein. The more dairy cow population, the higher the milk production produced. This study aims to determine the population of dairy farming in Gemah Ripah Sukabumi KUD, West Java, and to determine the amount of milk production during the lactation period, daily milk production, and fat content. The research method used was a survey by taking primary and secondary data in 2018 and then analyzed with simple statistics to determine the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of diversity. The results showed that the population of dairy cows was widespread in the Sukabumi area. Namely in the Barokah group in the Sukalarang sub-district, the Cikole group in the Sukaraja sub-district, the Cintaresmi group in the Sukalarang sub-district, the Priangan group in the Sukalarang sub-district, the rukun tani II in the sub-district of Sukalarang, the rukun tani III in Sukalja, sulanjana I in Sukalarang sub-district. Sukalarang sub-district, sulanjana II sub-group sukalarang sub-district, sukalarang talisaid sub-district, Darma Sancang group, Sukaraja group consisting of calves, young dairy cows, dairy cows, and bulls with average total milk production (362.7) 3627 liters/lactation, average the amount of daily milk production is 10.8 liters/head/day. The average fat content is 3.44%. The conclusion showed that the population of dairy cows that was in Gemah Ripah Cooperative Sukabumi District has a total of 776 heads. Consisting of calves, heifers, cow lactation, and males as well as having an average total milk production during the lactation period with 105 heads, which is 362.5 liters/lactation, the average daily milk production of 10.8 liters/head/day, with a fat content of 3.44%.
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Podobed, Leonid I. "Effectiveness of a probiotic based on lactic acid bacteria when changing diets in dairy cows." Agrarian science, no. 11-12 (January 20, 2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-343-11-15-19.
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Relevance. Single-type feeding of dairy cows has a significant advantage over traditional split ration feeding due to the minimal frequency of changes in the composition of the ration and the higher stability of feeding. However, in the process of such a feeding method, it is still necessary to change the diet composition during the seasonal transition from the last year feed to the current year feed. This change leads to significant feed stress for animals, which negatively affects the intensity and nature of cicatricial digestion, and, consequently , productivity. At the same time, at least 100-150 kg of the annual milk yield of a cow is lost. For this reason, the development of a method for eliminating the inevitable cows' stress during the change of feeding seems relevant.Methodology. Scientific and economic experience on dairy cows of the first lactation phase was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. The biochemical composition of the blood was studied, observations of the ruminatory processes were carried out, the data were processed by modern methods of variation statistics using the EXCEL program.Results. As a result, it was found that during the transition from one diet composition to another, it is advisable to introduce a probiotic based on lactic acid bacteria into dairy cows diet. The use of a probiotic can be considered as a preventive measure for digestive disorders caused by changes in the composition of the diet. The use of a probiotic helps to stabilize the ruminal processes in cows, which is reflected in an increase in the frequency of cicatricial contractions. Probiotic effect on the intestinal microbial community, increases the immune status of the body by increasing the level of protein, gamma-globulin fractions in its composition, as well as increasing the reserve alkalinity index.
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Sklyarenko, Y. I., T. O. Chernyavska, L. V. Bondarchuk, and I. P. Ivankova. "THE FORMATION OF FACTORY FAMILIES OF UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.13.
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The aim of the research was to study milk production of many factory families of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed and study the influence of origin on the indices of milk yield, duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows.
 Method. For research allocated 9 factory families of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed of State Enterprise «Experimental Farm of Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS» (Valuty 413, Voli 8369, Laymy 8221, Miry 7209, Ryabuhy 9728, Sujety 6091, Tochky 8169, Chubarochky 7743, Shchepky 4344).
 Among the indicators of the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows was determined the duration (days) of life, economic use of and of lactation, number of lactations for life, lifetime milk yield and yield of milk fat (kg) average lifetime content (%) fat in milk, milk yield (kg) per day of life, economic use and lactation. The coefficient of economic use was calculated (expression in percent) by the proposed method by Pelehaty M. S. et al. In addition were determined (also in percentage) coefficient of lactation and the coefficient of productive use offered by Polupan Y. P.
 Milk productivity of the animals was evaluated according to the materials of the primary zoo-technical account. Statistical processing of results of studies was conducted by methods of mathematical statistics using the PC.
 The results of the research. By analyzing the productivity of cows managed to identify a significant level of specificity and differentiation of families according to the indications.
 Of the 90 cows accounted for the highest productivity of lactation, 28, or 31%, had hopes of 5.0 thousand kg and above. Most of these cows had family, Miry 7209 (67%), Ryabuhy 9728 (57%), Valuty 413 (55%), Shchepky 4344 (50%), less-Sujety 6091 (36%), Chubarochky 7743 (33%), Tochky 8169 (25%), Laymy 8221 (16%), Voli 8369 (10%).
 Over a long period of economic use and lactation of animals of Valuty 413 family resulted higher in comparison with other families a lifelong yield.
 The influence of the origin of cows on the indices of milk productivity and effectiveness for lifelong use was discovered. The origin of the family significantly influenced on milk yield for better lactation and milk yield per 1 day of life. Other indicators were not significant according to the origin, although they had high values (from 5.4 to 26.7%). So we can consider it expedient to work with families to improve the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows.
 Conclusions. The highest average yield for the first lactation animals is characterized by animals of Ryabuhy 9728 family, the content of fat in milk – by animals of Voli 8369 family. Long average duration and a better efficiency is in the life of the cows of Valuty 413 family. The highest average milk yield in one day life had animals of Valuty 413 family.
 Animals of Valuty 413 family are allocated at the average value of the coefficient of economic use. Optimal average lactation animals belong to the Voli 8369 and Shchepky 4344 families.
 In some families identified animals that have a lifetime yield of more than 50.0 thousand kg of milk.
 The influence of the origin of cows on the indices of milk productivity and effectiveness of lifetime use was installed. Between separate parameters of milk production and indicators of the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of a set of reliable correlation, the magnitude and direction of which are different in animals of different families.
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Bondarenko, Irina, and Kristinа Velikodna. "Analysis of interbreeding and age-dependent indexes of reproductive ability of cows." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 2 (49) (October 28, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2020.2.7.
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Comparative estimation of the periods sexual cycle under futile inseminations cortex and heifers sexual mature age in facilities Sumy region.
 The profitability of dairy farming in the farms of Sumy region will remain an unresolved issue to this day, as the indicators of reproductive capacity of breeding cows and repair heifers need analysis and correction. Inadequate feeding and inadequate care of pregnant cows and parturients are often added to this. As a consequence of the above - the reproductive capacity inherent in this species of animals is not fully realized, most cows remain infertile, and farms are short of calves and milk. The percentage of barren animals can be calculated only at the end of the calendar year, taking into account the data of statistical reporting, while infertility must be fought daily. Detection of infertile animals is effective only in the case of regular obstetric and gynecological medical examinations on the farm. It is during this time that experts find out the causes and calculate the percentage of the main components of infertility, which includes anaphrodisia. The article presents the results of the study of the main folds of anaphrodisia of cows and repair heifers of the experimental farm of Sumy region. The results of obstetric and gynecological examination, indicators of reproductive capacity of cows and heifers of mating age, reflect the basis of technology used in the economy, the intensity of use of breeding stock, as well as determine the economic feasibility of livestock in general. The main indicators of reproductive capacity of cows in the conditions of livestock farms are: indicators of inseminations, fertility, number of hotels, indicators of fruitless inseminations, and also duration of the service period The aim of the research was to study and analyze the components of anaphrodisia of cows and repair heifers of the farm during the experimental years. The results obtained will be a criterion for assessing the state of reproductive function of the uterine population of cattle. The research was conducted at Kosivshchynska Agricultural Company, Sumy District, Sumy Region, on Holstein-Friesian cows during 2019-2020. The main indicators of reproduction of uterine cattle were studied on the basis of annual reports. The obtained digital material was processed by methods of variation statistics using Student's parametric t-test. It was found that a significant percentage of culled animals occurred due to functional disorders of reproductive ability, namely due to repeated and ineffective inseminations. It was found that in 2019, 19.3% showed a sexual cycle after calving in less than 30 days, in 2020 - 18.9%, in 31-60 days in 2019 - 27%, in 2020 - 26%, in 61 -90 days in 2020 - 52.7%, in 2019 - 51.8%, for 91-120 days in 2019 - 22.1%, in 2020 - 23.5%. There is a steady growth of the service period, which worsens the performance of the experimental economy. It was found that the largest percentage of culled cows and repair heifers were animals with anaphrodisia: in 2019 33.7% of the total number of culled animals, in 2020 - 51.10%. The number of inseminations during the experimental years decreased, and the insemination index increased : in 2019 it was equal to 60, and in 2020 -80. Studies in this area highlight the problem of infertility in cattle, which encourages the study of this issue, and the search for ways to solve this problem. 
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Li, Hong Qiang, Hai Bo Lu, Jiao Qu, and Xiang Ling Li. "Dairy Digital Management Information System Development Based on SOA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.1141.
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This paper describes the software of “dairy management information system”. The software based on JSP + Serverlet + JavaBeans model developed for medium-sized dairy farms. The software is divided into herd management, milk production management, cattle breeding, statistics and analysis, a cattle ranch management, system management functions, and dairy cows can be a variety of technical data to analyze, synthesize, organize, is a practical, economic, and user-friendly information management system for dairy farm.
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Shulyar, A. L. "THE ESTIMATION OF THE ECONOMIC USE AND LIFETIME PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED DEPENDING ON THE REASONS OF THEIR DISPOSAL." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.11.
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An important selection peculiarity of dairy cows is their productive longevity. Besides, the indicators of cow productivity along with genetic potential are the most important criteria of the economic efficiency of their use. Low or not sufficient level of lifetime productivity indicators and of the period of the economic use of cows determine the necessity of monitoring of the selection information according to these indicators in the breed herds as well as the of using corresponding selection methods for their improvement. The goal of our research was the estimation of an economic use of lifetime cow productivity of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed depending on the reasons of their disposal from the herd and genotype. The research was conducted at a private agrarian firm (PAF) «Yerchyky» Zhytomyr oblast according to the data of breeding and productive use of 497 cows which were disposed from the herd on different reasons. The reasons for the cow disposal were determined according to the veterinary disposal acts. The indicators of cow economic use and lifetime productivity were determined on the ground of the term of rearing, life duration, term of economic use, amount of lactations, the total duration of lactation period, milk yields, milk yield per one lactation day, per life, and per economic use. Statistical processing was performed by means of Microsoft Excel software kit using the methods of variation statistics. As follows from the results of the research, in the process of holsteinization the dynamics of the parameters of the economic use of cows is characterized by curvilineal type: as follows from the heterotic effect they increased in animals with an conditional share of genetic heredity of Holstein breed from 50 and 62.5 to 75%, and then when the genetic heredity share of the improved breed increased by more than 75% they got worse due to the contradiction “genotype-environment”. At the same time within the determined genotypes (1st group-up to 50%, 5th group-87.6–100%) the indicators of lifetime productivity increase in case of 66% of reliable results. Besides, the interconnection level of the indices of lifetime use of the dairy cows of different genotypes has been studied. The criteria of the significance of the correlation coefficients according to Student has been used. The closer the linkage, the higher the correlation coefficients and the higher the criteria of their reliability. Generalized criteria of reliability on the grounds of all indicators of lifetime use was the lowest in cows of the 1st and 2nd groups, and the highest in cows of the 3rd group with further decrease in high half-bred cows and pure-breed cows of the 4th and 5th groups. It testifies to the fact that there is a close interconnection between given parameters and real milk yields in 3rd group cows (62.6–75.0% of the improved Holstein breed). At present, the reason of the shortening of the period of economic use is an early disposal of cows from the herd. A greater part of milking cows is disposed in the most productive period or even before it. At the given enterprise, a vast majority of holsteinized cows (77.5%) was disposed from the herd on four main reasons: unsatisfactory reproductive capability (32.2%), limbs diseases (22.3%), postpartal complications (13.9%) and low productivity (9.1%). The other reasons for cow disposal were within 1.6–7.0% (totaled up 22.5%) as to the total number of cow population that were disposed of the herd. It should be mentioned that the disposal caused by low productivity was only in the first calvers of the 1st and 2nd groups, in which the conditional share of genetic heredity of a Holstein breed did not exceed 62.5%. The parameters of the economic use and of lifetime productivity of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows of different genotypes which were disposed of the herd because of their unsatisfactory reproductive capability, limbs diseases, postpartal complications and low milking productivity have been also analyzed. It has been determined that the indicated reasons for the disposal had different effects on the parameters of an economic use and on cow productivity. Because of any of four indicated reasons for cow disposal of the herd under condition of in-barn keeping and optimal feeding the preference on lifetime productivity belongs to the cows of the 4th and 5th groups (with a conditional share of Holstein heredity of more than 75%) with simultaneous worsening of the indicators of economic use. As a third part of cows at this enterprise was disposed of the herd ahead of time on the reason of unsatisfactory reproductive capability, that results in breeding value and in the results of the economic use of cows, the updating of the technology of artificial animal insemination and renewal will promote to solving the problem.
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Thorne, J. W., C. R. Looney, J. F. Hasler, D. K. Hockley, and D. W. Forrest. "162 FERTILITY OF BEEF RECIPIENTS FOLLOWING A FIXED-TIME EMBRYO TRANSFER PROTOCOL WHICH INCLUDED FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE DILUTED IN HYALURONAN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab162.
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This study was performed to test the viability of administering Folltropin-V® (FSH, Bioniche Animal Health) diluted in hyaluronan (MAP-5 50 mg, sodium hyaluronate, Bioniche Animal Health) to beef cows enrolled in a recipient synchronization protocol to evaluate its effect on recipient fertility. All recipients were administered an estradiol 17β (2.5 mg, IM) and progesterone (50 mg, IM) combination injection on Day 0, a CIDR® (progesterone 1.34 g, Pfizer Animal Health, Groton, CT, USA) was inserted for 7 days. Lutalyse® (dinoprost tromethamine, Pfizer Animal Health, 25 mg, IM) was administered at the time of CIDR removal on Day 7, and estradiol 17β (1 mg, IM) was administered on Day 8. On Day 16, the presence of at least one corpus luteum, detected via ultrasound, resulted in the recipient receiving an embryo (both fresh and frozen–thawed embryos were used). Embryos were not transferred into cows that did not show ultrasonic evidence of a CL. Dependent variables for which data were collected included circulating progesterone levels at the time of transfer and CL diameter, area, and circumference; measured in millimeters. The total study (n = 274) consisted of both wet (n = 85) and dry (n = 189) cows and included both Bos indicus (Brahman-influenced) crossbred (n = 93) and Bos taurus (Angus-based) cows (n = 181). The experiment consisted of cows being placed in either the treated or control groups, with treated cows receiving a single 40 mg (1 mL) IM injection of Folltropin-V in hyaluronan on Day 5 and control cows receiving no additional injections. Results are shown in Table 1. Transfer rate, conception rate, and pregnancy rate were tested for significance with chi-square analysis and remaining statistics were analyzed with a t-test: two-sample assuming equal variances. There were no significant differences found between the treated and control groups for transfer rate, conception rate, or pregnancy rate. Corpus luteum diameter was shown to be larger in control cows (P < 0.05); however, CL area and circumference did not differ significantly. Folltropin-V given with hyaluronan at a 40-mg dose on Day 5 did not improve fertility, induce a larger CL, or increase circulating progesterone levels in synchronized beef recipients as hypothesized. Further work is needed with Folltropin-V in hyaluronan to determine if an alternative dose or timing of administration would be more appropriate for improving fertility in recipients. Table 1.Fertility data in beef recipients following synchronization for fixed-time embryo transfer with a protocol that included (Treated) or did not include (Control) FSH in hyaluronan
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Scolari, S., G. Pugliesi, S. C. S. Andrade, et al. "201 USING THE TRANSCRIPTOME SIGNATURE TO PREDICT PREGNANCY SUCCESS IN BEEF COWS AT 6 DAYS AFTER ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab201.
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Pregnancy success is critical to the profitability of cattle operations. Attempts to reduce high rates of early embryonic loss mainly focus on the critical phase of embryo recognition by maternal tissue. However, the molecular events driving the uterine tissue toward a favourable stage, facilitating the maternal receptivity, are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterise the endometrial transcriptome profiles of pregnant versus nonpregnant beef cows during early pregnancy and attempted to define a potential set of marker genes that can be valuable for predicting pregnancy outcome. Therefore, pluriparous, cyclic Nellore (Bos indicus) cows were synchronized (n = 51) and artificially inseminated (n = 36) at detected oestrus using semen from a single high-fertility bull. Six days after AI (Day 6), jugular blood samples and an endometrial biopsy from the uterine horn contralateral to the ovary containing the CL were collected. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography on Days 22 and 30. Based on pregnancy outcome, samples were retrospectively allocated to the following groups: pregnant (P; n = 6) and nonpregnant (NP; n = 5). Both groups had similar plasma progesterone concentrations on Day 6 (less than 1 ng mL–1 between lowest and greatest concentrations). Endometrial biopsies were submitted to RNA-Seq analysis in an Illumina single flow cell line (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). The 272 685 768 million filtered reads were mapped to the Bos taurus UMD3.1 reference genome and 14 654 genes were effectively analysed for differential expression between groups. Transcriptome data showed that 216 genes are differently expressed when comparing P v. NP endometrial tissue (adjusted P < 0.1). More specifically, 36 genes showed a significantly up-regulated expression for pregnant cows and 180 are up-regulated for non-pregant cows. Functional enrichment and pathway analyses revealed enriched expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodelling in NP cows and nucleotide binding, microsome, and vesicular fraction in P cows. From the 40 top-ranked genes, six that were down- and three that were up-regulated in pregnant cows were further analysed by qRT–PCR in an additional 26 cows. Subsequent quantitative expression data were evaluated using multivariate statistics. Both principal component analysis (PCA; R2 = 0.82 and Q2 = 0.40) and orthogonal projections to latent structures analysis (OPLS), using pregnancy as the dependent variable (R2Y = 0.95 and Q2 = 0.86), efficiently separated P from NP animals. In conclusion, this study characterizes a unique set of genes, expressed in the endometrium as early as 6 days after AI, that indicate a receptive state leading to pregnancy success. Furthermore, expression of such genes can be used as potential markers to efficiently predict pregnancy success.
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Kruglyak, O. V., N. M. Chornoostrovets, M. B. Kulakova, and I. S. Martynyuk. "DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING IN UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.06.
Full textAbstract:
At the present stage, the development of dairy farming needs to focus on increasing the livestock population with high productive indicators in the large-scale sector. In the period from 2000 to 2020, the number of cows in Ukraine decreased by 2.8 times (from 4958.3 thousand heads on 01.01.2001 to 1788.5 thousand heads on 01.01.2020), and in agricultural enterprises – by 4.2 times (from 1851.0 to 438.6 thousand heads respectively). An important factor in the growth of the large-scale sector should be the revival of the national selection system. Therefore, the issue of scientific substantiation of the organizational principles of effective management of breeding dairy cattle breeding is now of particular urgency.
 The purpose of the article is to carry out an evaluation of genetic resources of breeding dairy cattle Ukraine. The research was conducted on the observation materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the International Committee for Animal Recording, the State Register of subjects of breeding business in livestock breeding by using statistical methods.
 Cattle breeds are differ according to economic indicators of useful traits of animals, including the level of productivity, which significantly influences the economic efficiency of production. According to ICAR (The International Committee for Animal Recording), cows of the Holstein breed remain the leaders, whose productivity for the 305 days of lactation is at the level of 9–11 thousand kg of milk. Such achievements are the result of a long intensive breeding work aimed at increasing milk production.
 Among other breeds, which cow' productivity approachs the animals Holstein breed, Ayrshire (up to 9.0 thousand kg), Braunvieh, Montbeliarde, Fleckvieh, Norwegian Red, Swedish Red, Jersey (7.0–8.0 thousand kg) are next. A number of breeds are distinguished by qualitative features of dairy productivity. For example, the fat content in milk of cows of the Jersey breed of Canadian breeding is 5.1%. The milk productivity of these breeds is lower than Holstein dairy cows. But they have significant benefits in functional traits such as high reproductive capacity, extended duration of economic use, high payment of feed by the resulting products, which increases their competitiveness to the level of animals of the Holstein breed.
 In Ukraine, the highest milk productivity is Holstein (8965 kg), Fleckvieh (8877 kg), Ukrainian Black and White Dairy (7486 kg) and Ukrainian Red and White Dairy (6997 kg). Currently, in 344 breeding herds, 137.8 thousand cows are kept, which is one third less than 10 years ago. The most numerous is the Ukrainian Black and White Dairy – 68.829 purebred cows, or 49.9% in the structure of dairy cattle breeding herds. The share of Holstein – 25.2%, Ukrainian Red and White Dairy is 14.4%.
 It should be noted the extremely insufficient number of cows of the active part of the livestock (breeding stock-rearing farms that are certified as subjects of the tribal affairs and conduct breeding records) – 29.5% of the number of cows kept in agricultural enterprises, and 7.7% – at farms all categories. For example, in Israel (the world leader in the cows’ milk productivity in level about 12 thousand kg per cow) it is more than 90%. In other countries with a developed dairy industry, this figure is at 90% – in Denmark, 86% in Sweden, and 70% in Canada. The low proportion of the recorded dairy livestock in Ukraine greatly complicates the process of improving high-yielding herds.
 Over the past ten years, the number of breeding stock-rearing farms in Ukraine has doubled. Among them there was a tendency for livestock consolidation. Average number of cows in herds the breeding stock-rearing farms was: in 2007 – 241 heads, in 2012 – 334, in 2017 – 373, in 2019 – 401. In 2007–2019, as a result of ongoing concentrations of livestock, the average size of a purebred dairy herd increased almost one and a half times, which, due to the scale effect, made it possible for enterprises to reduce production costs per unit.
 The average milk yield of purebred cows in industrial enterprises increased from 4606 kg in 2007 to 7653 kg in 2019, or almost one and a half times. Due to the effect of the factor of natural biological antagonism on the milk productivity and reproductive capacity of cows, the raising of productivity with an increase in the heredity of the Holstein breed has led to a decrease in the calving output of 100 cows, and a decrease in the length of the commercial use of cows. This trend is also characteristic of all newly created dairy breeds. In particular, from Ukrainian Black and White Dairy cows the calving output per 100 cows decreased from 82.8 heads in 2006 to 77.4 in 2019; Ukrainian Red and White Dairy respectively from 82.2 to 69.5 calves; Ukrainian Red Dairy, where the proportion of the heredity of the Holstein breed is slightly lower than the first two, the calving rate dropped at lower pace.
 According to the results of dairy cattle recording, among the domestic breeds the highest milk productivity is in the Ukrainian Black and White Dairy cows – 7364 kg with a fat content of 3.74%, protein 3.22%; Ukrainian Red and White Dairy – respectively 6989; 3.78; 3.27; Ukrainian Red Dairy – 6549; 3.90; 3.26. Domestic breeds on genetic potential are at the level of the best European analogues, and according to indicators of reproduction and health they prevail them.
 Consequently, the breed of cows is an important factor in the economic efficiency of dairy cattle-breeding. Due to the long intensive selection work on cattle breeds, the milk productivity of cows in developed livestock countries has reached levels of 8.0–10.0 thousand kg and more for 305 days of lactation. The number of cows in breeding farms in Ukraine for 2006–2019 has decreased by 38 thousand head, or by 22%. The average milk yield of purebred cows in industrial enterprises increased from 4606 kg in 2007 to 7653 kg in 2019, or almost one and a half times. But the extremely insufficient number of cows of the active part of the livestock greatly complicates the process of improving high-yielding herds. In the breeding structure of pedigree dairy cattle, animals of Ukrainian Black and White Dairy (49.9%), Holstein breeds (25.2%) and Ukrainian Red and White Dairy (14.4%) prevail.
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Shuliar, A. L., A. L. Shuliar, S. P. Omelkovych, V. P. Tkachuk, and V. F. Andriichuk. "THE GENETIC CONDITIONALITY OF THE ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS OF THE COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.12.
Full textAbstract:
The intensification of dairy cattle selection determines the need of the systematic evaluation of animals in herds and populations on the main economically useful traits. They have an integrated origin and are controlled by significant groups of factors (genetic, physiological, technological and environmental). In dairy herds, the influence of such genetic factors as belonging to the breed and intrabreed types, the conditional blood share of improving breeds, the linear belonging, the family belonging, the origin by father is realized in the phenotypic performance of economically useful traits of animals with the simultaneous significant influence of environmental conditions.
 Among the hereditary factors, that determine the level of intergroup differentiation by the main selected traits, are significant the origin by father and the linear belonging. In addition, the world gene pool of the Holstein breed has an impact on the heredity of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which requires constant monitoring of breeding groups of animals in different herds.
 Based on this, the aim of our research was to study the genetic conditionality of the economically useful traits of the cows of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, that is, the study of the influence of such genetic factors as the conditional blood share of Holstein breed, the origin by father and the linear belonging on these traits.
 The research was conducted in the herd of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed of the private agrarian firm «Yerchyky» Popilnia district Zhytomyr oblast during 2015–2019. The study was carried out on the materials of the breeding and productive use of 766 first-calf cows and 497 cows which were disposed from the herd on different reasons. The reasons for their disposal were determined according to veterinary disposal acts.
 The statistical data processing was done using the method of variational statistics. The power of influence of the conditional blood share of Holstein breed, origin by father and linear belonging on the phenotypic variability of economically useful traits of the cows was determined by One-Way-ANOVA.
 The results of the study of the influence of genetic factors on the economically useful traits of cows of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed are presented. It was found that the power of the influence of the conditional blood share of Holstein breed, origin by father and linear belonging on the phenotypic variability of live weight, measurements and indices of body constitution was 0.4–17.6%; indicators of milk productivity of cows – 0.3–20.8%; morphologo-functional characteristics of the udder – 0.5–21.9%; parameters of reproductive capacity – 2.3–9.3% and lifetime use – 0.1–12.6% (P < 0.05–0.001). The factors of the origin by father and the conditional blood share of Holstein breed had a more significant effect on mass-and-metric parameters and indices of body constitution, and the influence of the linear belonging on these indicators was the smallest. Among the studied genetic factors the origin by father had significant effect on the milk productivity and morphologo-functional characteristics of the udder, while the smallest influence of the linear belonging was on the indicators of milk productivity, and the conditional blood share of Holstein breed had the smallest effect on the characteristics of the udder. Regarding the indicators of reproduction and lifetime use of cows, the effect of the studied genetic factors on them was distributed without any trends.
 The prospect of further research is to study the influence of paratypic factors on economically useful traits of cows of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed of the private agrarian firm «Yerchyky».
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Polupan, Yu P., Yu F. Melnik, and О. D. Biriukova. "INFLUENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.06.
Full textAbstract:
The study was conducted on the materials of primary breeding records in the herd of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed of the State Enterprise of the State Enterprise experienced farm “Khristinovske” of the Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science. The calculations were performed by the methods of mathematical statistics by means of software package "STATISTICA-12,0" on the PC. Observed matrix of observations in the format “*.sta”, which contains data on 448 variables of 1540 cows
 Breeding work has provided a gradual increase in dairy productivity of the herd. The average hope for the 305 days of lactation of the firstborn herds in the last 18 years ranged from 2571 kg in 1999 calving to 7106 kg in 2015 year. The fat content of milk ranged from 3.34% (2000 year) to 4.02% (2013 year). In general, the curvilinear increase in milk yields of the firstborn in the analyzed years reaches more than 4500 kg or almost 2.8 times. The biological regularity of increase of dairy productivity of cows with age is realized. The experimental animals that were calved during the control period are the daughters of 31 boogies, belonging mainly to 12 lines and related groups and related to two (Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy and Holstein) breeds. The deterioration of the firstborn's yield in the studied herd was the Holstein breed Ingibitor EТ Red 402151, Jupy Red TV TL 114386090 and the sire of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed May 5573.
 Firstborns demonstrate the realization of the genetic potential of the breed, however, with age, the influence of environmental factors leads to the elimination of intergenerational differences in productivity. In mature age cows, this advantage is offset. No qualitative milk indicators of probable unidirectional patterns of intergroup differentiation of cows of different breeds and conditional blood were found.
 Belonging to a lineage or kinship group has a relatively low but significant effect on the phenotypic variability of milk yield and protein content of firstborn milk. By protein content, the influence of the specified genetic factor prolongs (even doubles) to the second lactation. The effect of linear affiliation on the live weight of heifers and cows after the first two calves, the age of the first calving and the length of time between the first two calves were statistically significant.
 A statistically significant influence of linear affiliation (on average 8.3%) and paternal ancestry (13.1%) on the variability of individual signs of live weight, dairy productivity and reproductive capacity of cows was established. The influence of the father in the herd under study is 1.58 times more significant than the linear membership of the animals. Revealed a significant level of differentiation of cow groups of different lines, related groups, and half-sisters by paternal father for the first lactation.
 For the firstborn, there was a tendency for curvilinear productivity increase with an increase in the conditional share of heredity in the Holstein breed. In the interspecific comparison, a statistically significant excess of the Holstein milk yields over such cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed (404 ± 158.0 kg, td = 2.57, P < 0.02) was established, which is leveled by the third lactation.
 A significant level of differentiation of groups of cows of different lines, related groups and half-sisters by father for milk yield for the first lactation was revealed. Combining estimates of enhancing effect and phenotypic consolidation, the most desirable for further use in the herd are the prepotent enhancers Tumpy EТ Red Tl 112367468 and Michel Red 402213, and the most undesirable are the pretentious tadpill Inhibitor EТ Red 403860 and Jupy Red TV TL 114386090.
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Azevedo, Sérgio S., Ana L. T. Vilar, Carolina S. A. B. Santos, Inácio J. Clementino, Leise G. Fernandes, and Clebert J. Alves. "Spatial cluster analysis for bovine paratuberculosis in Paraiba State, Northeastern Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 11 (2017): 1193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100002.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: The aim of this survey was to identify spatial clustering of bovine paratuberculosis positive herds in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of Sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of Borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of Zona da Mata and Agreste). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2504 cows aged ≥ 24 months were sampled from 480 herds. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test kits were used for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody detection. A herd was deemed positive for paratuberculosis if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 24 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 24 females. Spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards’ k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. Two significant clustering of positive herds were detected in Northern part of Borborema mesoregion, a border region with the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in which there is a large animal movement from different locations without knowing the sanitary condition of animals. As serological tests for MAP diagnosis are not widely available and are very expensive, as well as replacement or maintenance of livestock by animal purchasing is common in the region, it is concluded that prevention measures should be applied at herd level.
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Ilyashenko, G. D. "RELATIONSHIP OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS WITH LIVE WEIGHT AND AGE AT THE FIRST INSEMINATION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.06.
Full textAbstract:
The efficiency of the use of cattle of one or another breed is determined both by the level of milk productivity and the ability of the cattle to reproduce. At the same time, the future reproductive capacity, milk yield and duration of economic use to a large extent depends on the live weight and age when heifers insemination.
 The purpose of research. Study the effect of live weight and age at the first insemination on the milk productivity cows of Ukrainian red dairy breed.
 Methods. The research was carried out in the breeding plant of the state enterprise "Elite" of the Kirovograd state agricultural research station of NAAS on 697 cows of Ukrainian red dairy breeds, which were found during 2004–2014. Milk productivity of cows and their live weight and age at the first insemination were investigated according to the materials of the primary zootechnical and pedigree records. The degree of connection of live weight and age at the first insemination with milk productivity was estimated by correlation analysis. One-factor dispersion analysis determined the level of influence of the age of the first insemination and live weight on the productivity of cows. The calculations were made using methods of mathematical statistics using the software package "STATISTICA-6.1".
 Results of research. By the analysis of milk production on experimental cows, determined, that its level depends on the live weight of animals at the first insemination. Therefore, cows with live weight at the first insemination was 420–439 kg, dominated by mercy unique live weight of 380 kg in the first lactation at 244 kg (6242 vs 5998 kg), td = 1,96 for the third – 1069 kg (7465 vs 6396 kg), td = 2,37 by best lactation 498 kg (7916 vs 7418 kg), td = 2,03, significance level for all lactation (P < 0,05). To the milk fat, accordingly, the predominance was 13.2 kg (260,2 vs 247,0 kg), 22,9 (309,5 vs 286,6 kg) and 21,0 kg (325,1 vs 304,1 kg), the difference is close to the true values. The peers with a live weight of 400–419 kg and 440 kg and more also yielded in the first milk yield. The difference the milk I, III and the best lactation was 72 kg, 219 kg and 91 161 kg, 674, 589 kg for milk fat yield 5 kg, 10.3, 6.1 kg and 11.5 kg, 28.8, 19.5 kg, respectively. Due to the lesser number of animals, the vast majority of values did not reach a reliable level.
 Studies of milk productivity of cows, depending on the age of the first insemination, showed that its cow was the highest, which were counted at the age of 455 days. The lowest rates of dairy productivity were the animals that were fertilized at the age of 606 or more days.
 Correlation analysis found the highly reliable of feedback age insemination of cows milk yield in the first three lactation (-0,25 ... -0,37). Similar patterns of feedback for somewhat lower correlation coefficients are noted with the release of milk fat (-0,23 ... -0,33). Coherence of live weight at the I insemination and follow-on milk production was significantly lower (compared with age insemination) in absolute value, for only a certain level of first lactation milk yield and milk fat yield (P < 0,05).
 The significant influence of the investigated factors on milk yield of cows is established. Thus, by milk yield and milk fat and protein for 305 days of lactation cows power of influence age of first insemination exceeded 50%, the fat and protein in milk index of potency is 32 and 30% by high-confidence values for milk yield and yield of milk protein and fat . Somewhat lower than 20 to 33%, the effect of live weight on the first insemination was shown on the performance of cows.
 Сonclusion. The heifers of the Ukrainian Red dairy breed in conditions of the Central region of Ukraine advisable to fertilize at the age of 455 days, or 14,5–15 months, when they reach the living weight of 420–439 kg.
 The revealed feedback of the inseminative age and milk productivity can be explained by more intensive growth, better development and economic rapidity of the previously diced heifers and its should lead to intensive rearing of young animals.
 Determined, that the force of age-old influence of the first insemination on the lactic productivity of the cows exceeds 50%, the live weight reaches from 20 to 33%. Discovered tendency also confirms the expediency of intensive growth of repair heifers.
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SIACHOS (Ν. ΣΙΑΧΟΣ), N., N. PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ), G. ARSENOS (Γ. ΑΡΣΕΝΟΣ), and G. E. VALERGAKIS (Γ.Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ). "Investigation of milk urea nitrogen concentration and factors affecting its variation in Greek Holstein herds." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 68, no. 3 (2018): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15530.
Full textAbstract:
Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is an important tool in dairy cow nutrition, as it reflects the amount of nitrogen in the diet which is not used for production. The objective of this study was to evaluate MUN values in Greek dairy herds, for the first time, and to investigate the source of its possible variation. For this purpose, a dataset of 23,266 milk records from 24 Holstein herds in the region of Thessaly (Greece) was used. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and a multiple regression model were used for statistical analysis. Significant differences were observed among farms (P<0.05). Mean MUN concentration was 15.54 mg/dL. More than 90% of the measurements were above the upper limit of reference herd target-values. In contrast with previous observations, lower MUN values (P<0.05) were observed during the summer and autumn. A positive relationship between milk yield and MUN was observed, but only up to MUN values of 16 mg/dL. Milk fat content and fat/protein ratio were negatively related to MUN, while cows with higher protein content had lower MUN values (P<0.05). Most milk traits and sampling month explained only 25.8% of the variation in MUN concentration (P<0.05). In conclusion, MUN values in Greek dairy farms were greater than target-values suggested for most herds, indicating systematic nutritional errors that could affect health and reproductive performance of dairy cows.
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Tawedzegwa Musitini, Abbysinia Mushunje, and Joseph Muroiwa. "Feeding Management and Extent of Commercialisation among the Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 11, no. 4(J) (2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i4(j).2916.
Full textAbstract:
This study assessed the effects of grazing and feeding management on the extent of commercialization among the smallholder dairy farmers in Zimbabwe. Using a sample of 225 smallholder dairy farming households selected randomly across 11 smallholder dairy cooperatives in Zimbabwe, data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the ordinary least squares regression method. The study used milk yield as a proxy for commercialization. Farmers whose cows produced higher yield were considered more commercialized than farmers whose cows produced a lower yield. The results indicated that access to better pastures, better feed types, more area under fodder and more feeding frequency positively impact on milk yield. This result indicates that smallholder farmers with better access to enough, appropriate and consistent feed obtain better milk yield from the dairy cows while the poor quality and quantity of feeds are the primary reasons why most smallholder dairy farmers in developing countries like Zimbabwe continue to produce low/uneconomic milk yields. Since purchased dairy feed concentrates are essential in enhancing milk yield, the study recommends that farmers who can afford these should continue using them and where applicable agro-dealers selling these inputs should be supported to establish selling outlets within the farmers reach. However, given the cost of the commercial dairy feeds visa the economic capacity of smallholder milk producers, the study recommends farmer to consider producing their feed by putting more area under fodder than buying commercial feed.
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Chamboko, Tafireyi, Emmanuel Mwakiwa, and Prisca H. Mugabe. "Determinants of Milk Market Participation and Volume of Sales to Milk Collection Centres of the Smallholder Dairy Value Chain in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 10 (2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n10p156.
Full textAbstract:
At the attainment of Zimbabwe’s independence, government of Zimbabwe established the smallholder dairy development programme to encourage smallholder farmers to participate in formal milk markets. Although now more than three decades since the government established this programme, smallholder contribution to the national formal market remains low at 5%. This study was undertaken to determine factors affecting milk market participation and volume of sales to milk collection centres of the smallholder dairy value chain. Four smallholder dairy schemes were purposively selected on the basis of whether the scheme participated in the semi-formal or formal dairy value chain. A total of 185 farmers were then selected through simple random sampling and interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Heckman two-stage selection econometric models. Results show that resources (represented by dairy cows, household size), knowledge (educational level, access to information and extension), experience (household head age) and agro-ecological region significantly determined farmers’ participation in milk markets. The study also shows the determinants of milk sales volumes to be resources (number of dairy cows and landholding size); market access (distance to milk collection centre); ambition of the farmer (age); and natural climatic conditions (agro-ecological region). Government policy interventions therefore need to be targeted at increasing the number of dairy cows, taking into account landholding and market access, targeting educated, young farmers located in agro-ecological regions I and II, providing them with adequate, appropriate information and extension packages in order to enhance milk market participation and volume of sales.
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Puspitaningrum, Dwi Aulia, Masyhuri Masyhuri, Slamet Hartono, and Jamhari Jamhari. "Study of Beef Availability Potential in Yogyakarta Special Province (DIY) through Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) Model by Spatial Geographic Information System." Agritech 38, no. 1 (2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.28888.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing human population and income per capita in Indonesia have many impacts to the demand of food, not only staple food but also the secondary food too, including meat and beef demand. Based on data from Central Statistics Bureau of 1995–2016, beef demand in Indonesia has been increasing. This condition must be anticipated by preparing the supply, especially the availability of beef in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta province. In Yogyakarta city, one of the regencies of DIY, the demand rate grows by 3.2%/year, higher than the supply growth rate by 2.08 %/year. This gap needs to be thought through the case of scarcity of beef on the market. This study aimed to identify the potential of supply in five parameters i.e.: beef population, the availability of semen for artificial insemination (IB), the availability of livestock feed plants (HMT), the number of cows that enter DIY, and the number of cows that exit from DIY. A model Spatial Geographic Information Systems (SGIS) has been used in this study. The study revealed the most potential area for the development of beef agribusiness, based on the availability side, was Gunung Kidul Regency, and the less potential was Yogyakarta municipality.
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Shulyar, A. L. "PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF THE COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED UKRAINIAN DEPENDING ON HEREDITARY FACTORS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.18.
Full textAbstract:
A rather low productive longevity of cows, particularly among holsteinized cattle stock, is observed in dairy husbandry of Ukraine.
 In the process of creating new dairy breeds in Ukraine, the reduction of cows’ lifespan and productive longevity along with yield increase are observed. The scientists’ research revealed the tendency to cows’ long-term performance reduction under the increasing of the genetic potential of a herd.
 It stipulates the topicality of the research as to the search of the effective genetic and selective methods of lengthening animals’ long-term performance.
 The goal of the research was to study the indicators of economic use and lifetime productivity of daughters from different bulls, as well as from different cows’ lines of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed.
 The research was conducted on the materials of a stud farm «Yerchyky» in Zhytomyr oblast which specializes in Ukrainian black-and-white livestock breeding, as well as on using own experimental data.
 The indices of cow economic use and lifetime productivity were determined on the ground of the term of rearing, life duration, term of economic use, amount of lactations, the total duration of lactation period, milk yields, milk yield per one lactation day, per life, and per economic use. The reasons for their disposal were determined according to veterinary disposal acts.
 The statistical data processing was done using the method of variational statistics. The power of influence of both, the paternity and the linear belonging, was determined by single-factor variance analysis.
 Having evaluated the daughters from different bulls of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed on a stud farm “Yerchyky”, it has been determined that daughters of Dilaita 542206 had better indices of economic use. They had both, the longest lifespan and the longest economic use, under uncertain distinction between them and the daughters from other bulls.
 The number of lactations in daughters from different bulls was low – in the range of 2.0 to 2.5. The coefficient of economic use was in the range of 48.4–50.5%.
 A long-life milk yield of daughters of Dilaita 542206 was the highest, but they had absolute advantage only above the half-sisters from stud bulls Virnyi 4975 and Klen 5221. The highest milk yield per lactation day had the daughters of Filder 5573125 (16.6 kg), which is by 2.8 kg more than the milk yield received from the daughters of Virnyi 4975, by 1 kg more than from the daughters of Dilait 5422064, by 2.9 kg more than from the female descendants of Klen 5212. 
 On a one day basis of economic use, the highest milk yield had half-sisters of Kondon bull 397111, that is by 2.2 kg more than had the daughters of Virnyi 4975, by 1.8 kg more than had the daughters of Klen 5212. Practically there is no difference as to the milk yield of daughters of Dilait 5422064 and that of Fidler 5573215. The descendants of Fidler 5573125 had the highest milk yield per one day of life.
 The parameters of economic use and of the lifetime productivity of the cows of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed have been studied comparing different lines.
 The longest lifespan had the cows of Starbuck line, the cows of Waliant line had the longest economic use under uncertain difference when comparing with the descendants of other lines. The number of lactations was low and ranged from 2.3 to 2.6. The coefficient of economic use of the cows of different lines was within 48.6–54.00%.
 The highest life-term milk yield had the cows of Valiant and Vis Burke Aidiala lines. These cows had the best indices of economic use and of lifetime productivity, they had the highest milk yield per one lactation day.
 By means of single-factor variance analysis it has been determined that the paternity has a significant impact on the indices of economic use as well as on a linear belonging. A reliable part of bulls influence on the duration of cultivation period makes 7.2%, on milking yield per one day of lactation – 12.6%, on one day of economic use – 4.8%, on one day of life – 4.2%. The influence of linear belonging was lower. A reliable part of linear belonging influence on the duration of cultivation period makes 2.9%, on milking yield per one lactation period – 9.5%, and on one day of economic use – 3.3%.
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Dupras, R., J. Dupras, and Y. Chorfi. "138 CELL INTEGRITY OF HOLSTEIN AND JERSEY EMBRYOS: COMPARISON OF TWO FREEZING METHODS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab138.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to compare cell integrity of Holstein and Jersey embryos using the standard method of freezing and vitrification. Embryos were harvested and processed following standard procedures approved by IETS (International Embryo Transfer Society), and then underwent two methods of freezing. (1) Standard method: embryos were put into 1.5 m ethylene glycol (EG) for 5 min at room temperature, and then at –6.5�C for 10 min for stabilization. After seeding, the temperature was lowered by 0.5�C until it reached –32�C, and then straws containing embryos were plunged into liquid nitrogen. (2) Vitrification: embryos were put for 3 min into vitrification solutions V1: 5 m EG in EmCare (ICPbio, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) and V2: 7 m EG, 0.5 m galactose (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), and 18% Ficoll70 (Sigma) in EmCare for 45 s. Embryos were loaded into straws and then plunged into liquid nitrogen. De-freezing was done as follows: 5 s at room temperature, and then 30 s in water at 25�C. Vitrified embryos were de-frozen for 10 s at room temperature followed by 30 s in water at 25�C. All embryos were subjected to a combined staining, Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). The combined staining with these dyes makes analysis of cell death possible. Propidium iodide is specific to dead cells, whereas Hoechst stains all of the cells. Embryos were put in a PBS solution containing 20 µg mL–1 of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide for 15 min at 37�C and placed between a slide and coverslip. Fluorescence microscopy was then used to assess blue nuclei (live cells) and red nuclei (dead cells) of the cow embryos. For this experiment, a total of 51 grade 1 embryos (IETS classification) at early blastocyst or blastocyst stages were used (25 Holstein embryos from 4 donor cows and 26 Jersey embryos from 3 donor cows). The standard method of freezing was performed on 26 embryos (13 from Holstein cows and 13 from Jersey cows) and vitrification was performed on 25 embryos (12 from Holstein cows and 13 from Jersey cows). Embryos from a given cow (Holstein or Jersey) were evenly allocated to the standard and vitrification methods. The GLM procedure of SAS (SAS statistical software version 8; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used to compare numbers of dead and live cells between vitrification and the standard method of freezing in Holstein and Jersey embryos. The mean numbers (�SE) of live cells of Holstein embryos were, respectively, 87.92 � 8.48 and 85.5 � 6.46 for standard method and vitrification. For Jersey embryos, means (�SE) of live cells were 94.42 � 2.6 and 73.93 � 7.39, respectively, for the standard method and vitrification. Means (�SE) of dead cells of Holstein embryos were, respectively, 5.58 � 1.37 and 13.67 � 2.91 for the standard method and vitrification. For Jersey embryos, means (�SE) of dead cells were 8.08 � 1.01 and 27.6 � 7.06, respectively, for the standard method and vitrification. In conclusion, vitrification significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) the number of dead cells of embryos over the standard method of freezing. This effect was more evident (P ≤ 0.05) in Jersey than in Holstein embryos. The authors thank Dr. Vincent Girard for his help with statistics.
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Kuziv, М. І., Е. І. Fedorovych, N. M. Kuziv, and I. V. Novak. "INFLUENCE BODY MEASUREMENTS COWS UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED AFTER THE FIRST CALVING ON THE FORMATION OF FURTHER MILK PRODUCTIVITI." Animal Breeding and Genetics 53 (April 27, 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.53.18.
Full textAbstract:
The productivity cow dairy breed largely depends on the careful evaluation and selection of animals by milk production and the type of exterior. The estimation of animals by measuring of body plays an important role in plant-breeding work in the process of further improvement of the newly formed Ukrainian dairy breeds by the type. It’s because exterior is one of the main signs of breeding dairy cattle together with indicators of milk production, reproductive ability and productive longevity.
 The aim of research was to investigate the formation of milk productivity of cows black and white dairy cattle based on their body measurements after the first calving.
 The research was done on animals Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant-breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region.
 The body measurements of first calving cows (height at withers and depth of chest, breast width, chest girth, scythe body length, the width of the pelvic bones and metacarpus circumference cow) and milk productivity (the milk yield, fat content in milk and milk fat) cows first, second, third
 and better lactation were studied by the materials zoo technical accounting. The force of influence on performance metrics was calculated by Single-factor disperse analysis method. The results of research were treated by variational statistics by G.F. Lakin.
 Established that the milk yield of cows Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cattle depends on body measurements after the first calving. The cows Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in Western Ukraine that after the first calving had a height at the withers 134-136,9 cm, depth of chest – 76 cm or more, chest width – 47 cm or more, chest girth by shoulder blades – 196-203,9 cm, scythe body length – 160-164,9 cm, the width of the pelvic bones – 53 cm and metacarpus circumference cow –19-20,4 cm, are the most productive.
 Animals with these measurements of the body most of the largest number of yield milk and milk fat had probable advantage over cows with other indicators of these measurements. By the fat
 content in milk by the first, second, third and better lactation there was no significant difference between animals with different body measurements after the first calving in most cases.
 Among the studied parameters milk productivity of cows and measurements of their bodies after first calving we found varying strength and direction of correlation. The correlation coefficients between body measurements firstborns and yield milk by the first, second, third and better lactation were positive and depended on measurements and lactation ranged from +0,297 to +0,478.
 Between such measurements of firstborns, as the height at the withers, the depth of chest, width of chest, chest girth in blades, the width of the pelvic bones and with fat content in milk for the first, second, third and better lactation correlation coefficients were though low, but positive, and dependently on measurements and lactation were within +0,026 – +0,109. The correlation coefficients between the oblique body length after the first calving cows and fat content in milk were negative (-0,045 – -0,005) and between metacarpus circumference and fat ranged from negative to positive values (-0,038 – +0,017).
 The correlation coefficients between measurements body in firstborn and milk fat yield in the first, second, third and better lactation were positive and dependently on measurements and lactation ranged from +0,288 to +0,473.
 The likely positive correlation coefficient between soundings article body and yield milk and milk fat yield indicates that selection of cows by exterior will ensure the effectiveness of selection by milk productivity.
 The impact of body measurements cows after first calving on the milk yield value dependently on lactation yield was 7,6-22,9 %, on the yield of milk fat – 7,1-22,9 %. The greatest influence on these indicators were height at the withers, the depth of the chest, chest girth shoulder blades and scythe body length, somewhat lower impact had breast width and the width of the pelvic bones and lowest – metacarpus circumference.
 The impact of body measurements cows after first calving on the fat content in milk was negligible and, dependently on measurements and lactation ranged from 0,1 to 1,6 %.
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Hou, Minghui. "Educational Equality and International Students." Journal of International Students 9, no. 4 (2019): 1191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v0i0.618.
Full textAbstract:
Educational Equality and International Students, recently published by Tannock (2018), explores and highlights how to conceptualize and promote principles of educational equality for both international and domestic students in the United Kingdom. Tannock’s book includes empirical research consisting of 60 interviews with higher education staff and students, as well as the use of higher education institutional documents and secondary statistics collected from universities and national higher education organizations around the UK. Tannock addresses the contradictions between the missions of higher education institutions (universalistic principles of human rights in equal education) and their practices regarding international students as “cash cows” that keep the university afloat (p. 110).
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Lidauer, Martin, and Esa Mäntysaari. "Detection of bias in animal model pedigree indices of heifers." Agricultural and Food Science 5, no. 4 (1996): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72751.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the study was to test whether the pedigree indices (PI) of heifers are biased, and if so, whether the magnitude of the bias varies in different groups of heifers. Therefore, two animal model evaluations with two different data sets were computed. Data with all the records from the national evaluation in December 1994 was used to obtain estimated breeding values (EBV) for 305-days’ milk yield and protein yield. In the second evaluation, the PIs were estimated for cows calving the first time in 1993 by excluding all their production records from the data. Three different statistics, a simple t-test, the linear regression of EBV on PI, and the polynomial regression of the difference in the predictions (EBV-PI) on PI, were computed for three groups of first parity Ayrshire cows: daughters of proven sires, daughters of young sires, and daughters of bull dam candidates. A practically relevant bias was found only in the PIs for the daughters of young sires. On average their PIs were biased upwards by 0.20 standard deviations (78.8 kg) for the milk yield and by 0.21 standard deviations (2.2 kg) for the protein yield. The polynomial regression analysis showed that the magnitude of the bias in the PIs changed somewhat with the size of the PIs.
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Duque Quintero, Monica, Ricardo Rosero Noguera, and Marta Olivera Ángel. "Digestión de materia seca, proteína cruda y aminoácidos de la dieta de vacas lecheras." Agronomía Mesoamericana 28, no. 2 (2017): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i2.25643.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to determine the digestion of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PC) and amino acids (AA) in dairy cows. Two cannulated cows were used for the determination of passage rate (Kp), in situ ruminal degradability (DR) and intestinal digestibility (DI) by abomasal catheter. The data to calculate Kp was analyzed with NLIN procedure by SAS, and descriptive statistics for DR and DI of MS, PC and AA from Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), a commercial supplement and two sources of rumen-protected AA. The study showed a Kp and a ruminal retention time of 0.036 h-1 and 27.4 h. The highest values from DR of MS and CP were from Kikuyu grass (69.0 and 61.8%) and concentrate (84.7 and 77.2%), followed by MetP (60.2 and 66.7%) and LysP (6.72 and 11.4%). The highest percentages of rumen indegradable amino acids (AADR) were from Kikuyu and concentrate, varying between 58.7 and 68% in forage, and 76.1 and 82.9% in the concentrate. The DR was 11.5 and 65.8% in LysP and MetP, respectively. The DI of AA (%AADR) varied between 42.3 and 77.4% for Kikuyu and 42.2 and 59.3% for concentrate. The values for the protected amino acids were 42.1 for LysP and 58.6 for MetP.
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Deb, GK, SR Dey, MK Alam, et al. "Biometrical analysis of bovine female reproductive system." Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research 20, no. 1-2 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v20i1-2.47012.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to investigate basic biometric information on organs of female reproductive system of indigenous cows. Ovaries were grouped on the basis of corpus luteum (CL) and ovarian position in the tract. Visible follicles were counted and graded as small (<3.00mm), medium (3.0 to 8.0mm) and large (>8.0mm). Oocytes were recovered from all visible follicles and graded into four groups (grade 1 to 4). Results showed that the oviduct, horn, body of the uterus and cervix of cow’s reproductive system were longer and wider than heifers, respectively. Except length, the width and visible follicle numbers in the ovary did not vary with ovarian position or CL. Weight of left and right ovaries did not differ. Weight of ovary was increased (P>0.01) in presence of CL. Each ovary possessed 9.65±5.91visible follicles belonging to small (5.38±0.37), medium (3.57±0.23) and large (0.72±0.07) groups. Oocyte recovery rate was 62.16±1.46%. Among the recovered oocytes 52.01±1.63% were belonging to grade 1 and 2. This study provides baseline on biometry of female reproductive system along with follicular statistics of indigenous cows.
 Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 20(1-2): 1-7, Jan-Dec 2013
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Dlamini, Sicelo Ignatius, and Wen-Chi Huang. "A Double Hurdle Estimation of Sales Decisions by Smallholder Beef Cattle Farmers in Eswatini." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (2019): 5185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195185.
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Beef cattle farmers are in an ideal position to advance their income through marketing; however, the subsector is characterized by low market participation. Wealth preservation and prestige from cattle accumulation outweigh market incentives, thereby jeopardizing the integration of farmers into organized market systems. Therefore, the study was set to examine the determinants of farmers’ sales decisions in cattle marketing. Understanding determinants of sales decisions is an indispensable base for establishing sustainable development policy frameworks that maximize rural economic growth. Descriptive statistics and a double-hurdle model were applied on cross-sectional data collected from 397 farmers through personal interviews aided by a structured questionnaire. Herd size (74.1%), ecological zone (32.4%), slaughters (22.1%), pregnant cows (18.2%), experience (15.0%) and breed type (11.4%) revealed statistically significant effects on the probability of market participation. The key determinants of the level of market participation (p < 0.01) included extension, married marital status, pasture availability, cows, heifers, market distance, market information and market channel 2 (individual). Education, experience, non-farm income, expenses and laborers were significant at p < 0.05. Widowed marital status and market channel 1 (processor) were found to be significant at p < 0.1. Extension adjustments and institutionalization of market linkages are recommended to assist farmers in increasing marketable surplus.
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Іlyashenko, G. D. "DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING IN KIROVOGRAD REGION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.08.
Full textAbstract:
Dairy cattle breeding is one of the leading livestock sectors whose purpose is to ensure the production of high quality dairy raw materials in volumes meeting the scientifically grounded standards of state food security and expanding the export potential of the agrarian sector.
 The purpose of our research was to study the status and prospects of dairy cattle breeding in the Kirovograd region.
 Material and methods of research. The research was carried out on the basis of the electronic database of breeding goals (including 2312 cows), official statistics and estimates of cattle of various breeds that are involved in the production of dairy direction in the breeding farms of the Kirovograd region. The analysis used zootechnical and statistical methods. The calculations were carried out using the software package "STATISTICA-6,1"
 Results. According to the research (2001–2018), the cattle population in the Kirovograd oblast decreased by a factor of 2.6. Thus, as of January 1, 2018, its number constituted 96.3 thousand heads in all categories of farms, 53.1 thousand of them were cows, the number of which also decreased by 2.4 times. Specific gravity of cattle population of farms remains significant and makes up 72.7%, and 80.6% in the livestock of cows. The largest number of cows of agricultural enterprises declined significantly. Thus, as of January 1, 2018, their number was 10.3 thousand goals, which is 4.7 times less than in the same period of 2001. In the households there is also a tendency for a permanent reduction of cows, the difference is, respectively, 37.0 thousand heads or 46.4%
 The development of dairy cattle breeding is characterized by two opposite tendencies: reduction of livestock of cows and increase of their productivity. Thus, in agricultural enterprises in 2010, compared to 2000, hopes per cow increased by 2.5 times, in all categories of farms by 1.8 times. In 2017, the increase in dairy costs in agricultural enterprises compared to 2010 amounted to 60.0% in farms of all categories 12.2%.
 The researches found that in the agricultural enterprises of the oblast as of January 1, 2018 there are 26256 head of cattle, including 10281 cows. The breeding part of the existing cows is 3.013 heads, 29.3% of the total number located in 10 breeding farms.
 The analysis of the genealogy structure showed that the experimental population of cows belongs to 18 lines and related groups of which the most numerous Chifa 1427381 – 20.4%, Starbuck 352790 – 20.1%, Henev 1629391 – 18.6% , Eleusis 1491007 – 11.2%, Family 267150 – 10.8%.
 Among the indicated lines, the lowest level of milk productivity was first-born cows. The 1491007, the milk of milk for 305 days of lactation was 4466 ± 99.8 kg, and the milk fat was 168.2 ± 6.5 kg. Analogues l Starbak 352779 was characterized by the highest milk productivity, its level was 5696 + 98.8 kg and 224.9 ± 9.7 kg, respectively. The difference in stomach was 1230 ± 140.4 kg (td = 10.2) and at the release of milk fat 56.7 ± 5.28 kg (td = 10.2) at P < 0.001. However, the latter were markedly less service life (125 against 168 days) and logically higher reproduction rate compared to other lines.
 An analysis of the intensity of the formation of live weight of young animals has been established for its highest growth in heifers of controlled herds in the period from 9 to 12 months. Thus, in animals of Ukrainian red breed, the growth rate of live weight during this period was 75 kg, Ukrainian red-shrimp 61 kg, Ukrainian black-and-white 73 kg, Holstein 76 kg. Accordingly, during this period, the average daily gain of live weight of young breeds of these breeds was 833 g; 678 g; 811 g, 835 g. The sharp fluctuations of average daily increments during growing periods, first of all, testify to the unequal conditions of growing and feeding young animals than the breed differences. In general, as a result of the analysis of the formation of live weight of heifers, a significant level of phenotypic variability was observed, which confirms sufficient genetic resources and preconditions for selection on the given sign.
 Therefore, proceeding from the above, in the long run, selection work for breeding improvement of cattle breeding farms of the Kirovograd region should be conducted in accordance with certain promising directions according to groups of breeds.
 Conclusions. A very important factor in the growth of milk production in the Kirovograd region is high-yield pedigree cattle. The main task on the way of bringing breeding cases in dairy farming to the modern level is the introduction of computer breeding records in breeding farms. This will allow to estimate in the near future bulls-pedigrees, which were used in the past in these farms, to allocate among them complex improvers for precisely the specific conditions and maximally attract them for reproduction. On the other hand, a reliable clogging of poor quality in the genetic sense of sperm production, which leads to negative consequences, will be posed.
 When establishing the assessment of the breeding value of bulls and developing a single plan of breeding and breeding work in the region, one can proceed to the next step of improving breeding and breeding business, introducing a progressive method of raising the breeding value of animals of large-scale breeding. As a result, the profit from the breeding of highly productive animals, well adapted to specific conditions, will significantly exceed the costs. At the same time, the proposed measures will allow the breeding business to be brought up to the modern world level and stimulate highly productive cattle breeding.
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Wang, Mengqi, Hailiang Song, Xiaorui Zhu, et al. "Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms influence milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cows." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 4 (2018): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000535.
Full textAbstract:
The research reported in this Research Communication aimed to describe the influence of Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms on milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cows. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important member of the toll-like receptor gene family that is widely found in various organisms. Since TLR4 can identify molecular patterns from various pathogenic microorganisms and induce natural and acquired immunity, it plays an important role in disease resistance in dairy cows. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR4 (c.−226 G > C and c.2021 C > T) that were previously found to be associated with health traits were genotyped using Sequenom MassARRAY (Sequenom Inc., San Diego, CA) for Chinese Holstein cows (n = 866). The associations between SNPs or their haplotypes and milk production traits and somatic cell count were analyzed by the generalized linear model procedure of Statistics Analysis System software (SAS). The c.−226 G > C and c.2021 C > T showed low linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0·192). There was no association between these two SNPs and SCC, but significant effects were found for SNP c.−226 G > C on test-day milk yield, fat content, protein content, and total solid and milk urea nitrogen (P < 0·05), and SNP c.2021 C > T and the SNP haplotypes on test-day milk yield, fat content, protein content, lactose content and total solids (P < 0·05). The software MatInspector revealed that c.−226 G > C was located within several potential transcription factor binding sites, including transcription factor AP-2. The polymorphisms c.−226 G > C and c.2021 C > T had significant effects on the milk production for Chinese Holstein, and these SNP could be used for molecular marker-assisted selection of milk production.