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Journal articles on the topic 'CPM (Continuous Passive Motion)'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Dent, J. A. "Continuous passive motion in hand rehabilitation." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 17, no. 2 (1993): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649309164369.

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This paper reviews the literature comparing the results obtained in applying regimes involving motion with those involving rest following injury or surgery. The deleterious effects of immobilisation are compared to those obtained under conditions of passive motion and intermittent passive motion. It is concluded that continuous passive motion (CPM) represents an improvement on intermittent motion. Models of CPM machines are described and some results presented. It is proposed that “intelligent” CPM would represent a further improvement in technique and a prototype machine for this purpose and some preliminary results are described.

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Perry, Jacquelin. "Continuous Passive Motion (CPM). A Biological Concept." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 75, no. 6 (1993): 957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199306000-00025.

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Morris, Steve, Amis Freiberg, and Leonard Harris. "Early Experience with Hand Continuous Passive Motion." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 1 (1993): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255039300100105.

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S Morris, a Freiberg, L Harris. Early experience with hand continuous passive motion. Can J Plast Surg 1993; 1 (1): 19-23. Clinical experience with continuous passive motion (CPM) has increased in recent years. However, little information is available in the literature of objective evaluation of the results obtained using this treatment modality. The purpose of this study was to review both the indications for hand CPM at the Toronto Western Hospital. Toronto. Ontario, and the course and the outcome of the patients treated. Between 1984 and 1989 the Mobilimb H1 CPM was used on 43 patients for a mean period of 39±6 days (mean total hours of CPM 741+84 h). Indications for hand CPM included hand trauma, capsulectomy and tenolysis and other hand conditions. Mean follow-up was 32+3 months. Overall, hand CPM was well tolerated and highly effective in relieving hand pain and increasing active and passive range of motion. Compliance was excellent.

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Hussein Mohammed Al-Almoodi, Hamzah, Norsinnira Zainul Azlan, Ifrah Shahdad, and Norhaslinda Kamarudzaman. "Continuous Passive Motion Machine for Elbow Rehabilitation." International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 1, no. 3 (2021): 402–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v1i3.446.

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Continuous Passive Machines (CPM) facilitate patients in eliminating joint stiffness after surgery and lead to a faster and more efficient recovery. However, many previous CPM machined are mechanically complicated, expensive, and lack a user interface. This paper presents a new CPM machine for elbow flexion-extension and forearm pronation-supination. The machine is simple, low-cost, and equipped with Graphical User Interface (GUI). Its mechanism is designed so that it can be used on the left or right arms interchangeably. It is developed using aluminum, perspex, and steel rods. The electrical part of the machine consists of Arduino Uno to drive the motors and a potentiometer to measure the patients’ Range of Motion (ROM). The GUI for setting the exercise parameters and monitoring the patients’ progress has been developed using MATLAB software. The experimental results show that the machine has successfully provided the repetitive desired motions. The machine realizes elbow flexion-extension and forearm pronation-supination movements with 0ᵒ-135ᵒ and 0ᵒ-90ᵒ ranges of motion (ROM), respectively. The machine is also capable of increasing the elbow joint’s ROM by 5ᵒ increments for the therapy. The results show that the machine has the potential to be used in hospitals and rehabilitation centers.

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Nugroho, Warsat Resti Arbi, Syaiful Ari Hangga Hidayah, Rizki Nugraheni Budi Widodo, et al. "Perancangan Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) sebagai Alat Bantu Rehabilitasi Fraktur Lutut Pasca Operasi Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)." Elektrika 14, no. 1 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/elektrika.v14i1.4078.

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<p><em>One of the steps needed in patients with fractures of the knee joint is therapeutic exercises guided by physiotherapists. Therapeutic exercise is a physiotherapy modality by moving the joints both actively and passively. Inspired by this, the Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) tool was created which is a physiotherapy aid for patients after surgery or knee surgery. Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) has been developed based on IoT. Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) uses Arduino LoRa as a micro controller, a stepper motor as a driver and uses a software application as a controller. The form of this research is research and development. From the results of the development, it can be concluded that Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) can be useful for postoperative fracture patients as a practical and flexible postoperative manual therapy tool.</em></p>

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Priya S, Krishna. "Smart Continuous Passive Motion for Hand Rehabilitation." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem47271.

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ABSTRACT Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) devices are essential tools in post-operative and neurological rehabilitation. This paper presents the design and implementation of a cost-effective, smart CPM device for hand rehabilitation using embedded systems. The device automates passive hand movements through a linear actuator controlled by a Node MCU microcontroller and L298N motor driver. The system is equipped with safety features such as limit switches and a real-time OLED display interface for enhanced usability. Experimental evaluation demonstrates reliable and repeatable motion, making the device suitable for home-based therapy in low-resource settings.

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Vidmar, Marlon Francys, Naiana Muntini, Luiza Parizotto Audino, Carlos Rafael Almeida, and Gilnei Lopes Pimentel. "Efeito da mobilização passiva contínua em pós-operatório de lesão condral traumática do joelho: revisão de literatura." Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 12, no. 2 (2013): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v12i2.6376.

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<div>Introdução: Lesões na cartilagem articular são atualmente uma das principais causas de cuidados de saúde no mundo, na medida em que elas se tornaram um problema de saúde pública, sobretudo nos países em que a expectativa de vida aumentou, o que também tem aumentado nas patologias articulares. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da mobilização passiva contínua sobre a dor e amplitude de movimento em pós-operatório de lesão condral traumática de joelho. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado de março a outubro de</div><div>2010. Desfechos estudados: Dor e amplitude de movimento. Descritores: “Cartilage Disease”, “knee injury”, “cartilage”, “fracture cartilage”, “motion therapy”, “continuous passive”, “continuous passive movement”, “therapy”, “passive movement therapy”, “continuous”, “movement therapy”, “continuous passive”, “passive motion therapy”, “continuous passive motion therapy”, “CPM therapy”, “CPM therapies”, “therapies”, “therapy, CPM”. O tratamento permanece controverso, imprevisível e impreciso na medida</div><div>em que as indicações estão sem causa, e às vezes, é impraticável no que se refere aos regimes de reabilitação e custos de entrega efetiva e da recuperação. Resultados: indicaram eficácia no tratamento das lesões de cartilagem, principalmente no que se refere à dor. E, por fim, deixa-se espaço para que outros pesquisadores busquem mais evidências científicas sobre a MPC, já que a pobreza</div><div>do acervo consultado nos impossibilita de realizar um estudo mais aprimorado.</div>

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McCarthy, Michael R., Barton P. Buxton, and Carlan K. Yates. "Effects of Continuous Passive Motion on Anterior Laxity Following ACL Reconstruction with Autogenous Patellar Tendon Grafts." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2, no. 3 (1993): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2.3.171.

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Continuous passive motion (CPM) is a modality used in the treatment, management, and rehabilitation of a variety of orthopedic problems. Recently, CPM devices have been therapeutically employed immediately after autogenous patellar tendon reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Whereas the concept of early motion is indicated, there is a concomitant concern that the implementation of immediate passive motion may stretch or rupture the graft. Twenty subjects scheduled to undergo ACL reconstruction were randomized into two groups (10 CPM and 10 non-CPM). All subjects performed the same postoperative rehabilitation with the exception of the CPM. Objective anterior tibial translation measurements were recorded with a KT-1000 for a 30-1b (133.5-N) Lachman test at 1 year postreconstruction. The results of this study indicated that the implementation of immediate continuous passive motion did not have any deleterious effects on the stability of the ligament reconstruction.

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Limbird, Thomas J., and Steven C. Dennis. "Synovectomy and continuous passive motion (CPM) in hemophiliac patients." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 3, no. 2 (1987): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-8063(87)80019-1.

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Christiansen, Bärbel, and Peter Heeg. "Hygienemaßnahmen bei Gebrauch von CPM-(continuous passive motion-)Schienen." Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie 4, no. 4 (1992): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02511256.

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Yates, Carlan K., Michael R. McCarthy, Howard S. Hirsch, and Mark S. Pascale. "Effects of Continuous Passive Motion Following ACL Reconstruction with Autogenous Patellar Tendon Grafts." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 1, no. 2 (1992): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.1.2.121.

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This study examined the benefits and possible risks of immediate continuous passive motion after autogenous patellar tendon reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Thirty patients scheduled to undergo ACL reconstruction were prospectively randomized into two groups, CPM and non-CPM. Postoperatively, those in the non-CPM group wore a hinged knee brace. Those in the CPM group were kept on a CPM machine 16 hrs a day while in the hospital and they used it 6 hrs a day for the first 2 weeks postoperatively. After surgery the patients were assessed for hemovac drainage, range of motion, swelling, effusion, subjective pain, and use of pain medication. The CPM group had significantly less swelling and effusion, required less pain medication, and had greater knee flexion. No differences were found in hemovac drainage, passive knee extension, or subjective pain reports despite a significantly greater use of pain medication in the non-CPM group. The results suggest that immediate CPM after ACL reconstruction is safe and facilitates early range of motion by decreasing the amount of pain medication, effusion, and soft tissue swelling.

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Kusuma, I. Wayan Angga Wijaya, and Sugeng Santoso. "Analisa Performa Motor Hy-2750b, Motor Mg995, Motor Ds3225mg, dan Motor 24h2a4428 sebagai Penggerak Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM)." Elektrika 15, no. 1 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/elektrika.v15i1.6362.

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<p><em>Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) is a therapeutic tool to assist patients in moving their joints after the patient has experienced trauma or underwent joint surgery. The CPM machine is used to avoid joint stiffness in the patient. Joint stiffness can be caused because patients who have undergone joint surgery are reluctant to move their joints due to pain. The design of the CPM machine that will be carried out has motion in flexion and horizontal abduction. The choice of the type of DC motor as the driving force for the CPM machine will determine the ability (performance) of the CPM in carrying out the rehabilitation process for postoperative knee fractures. Movements in restoring and improving the range of motion of the elbow are flexion movements, extension movements, pronation movements and supination movements. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is one motor that meets the standards that can be used as a driving motor for Portable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM), namely the HY-2705B type motor. The HY-2705B motor meets minimum standards in terms of motor torque, motor rotation angle, working voltage, motor working temperature, and motor weight. For the other three motors Motor MG995, Motor 24H2A4428, and Motor DS3225MG there is one standard that is not met.</em> </p><p> </p><p class="IndexTerms"><strong>Keywords</strong>: Continuous Passive Motion, CPM, Fracture, HY-2705B, MG995, 24H2A4428, DS3225MG</p><p> </p><p class="Abstract" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK </strong></p><p><em>Continuous Passive Motion</em><em> (CPM) </em>merupakan alat terapi untuk membantu pasien dalam menggerakkan sendi setelah pasien mengalami trauma atau menjalani operasi sendi. Mesin CPM digunakan untuk menghindari terjadinya kekakuan sendi pada pasien. Kekakuan sendi dapat disebabkan karena pasien yang telah menjalani operasi sendi enggan menggerakan sendinya akibat rasa nyeri. Perancangan mesin CPM yang akan dilakukan memiliki gerak secara fleksi dan horisontal abduksi. Pemilihan jenis motor DC sebagai penggerak mesin CPM sangat menentukan kemampuan (performa) CPM dalam melakukan proses rehabilitasi fraktur lutut pasca operasi. Gerakan-gerakan dalam mengembalikan dan memperbaiki lingkup gerak siku tangan adalah gerakan <em>flexion</em>, gerakan <em>extention</em> gerakan <em>pronation</em> dan gerakan supination. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat satu motor yang memenuhi standar yang dapat digunakan sebagai motor penggerak untuk <em>Portable Continuous Passive Motion</em> (CPM) yaitu motor jenis HY-2705B. Motor HY-2705B memenuhi standar minimal baik dari torsi motor, sudut putar motor, tegangan kerja, suhu kerja motor, maupun berat motor. Untuk tiga motor yang lain Motor MG995, Motor 24H2A4428, dan Motor DS3225MG ada salah satu standar yang tidak terpenuhi.</p>

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Dwornicka, Renata, and Ireneusz Dominik. "Design of Continuous Passive Motion Machine Based on Kinematic Model of Lower Limb." Applied Mechanics and Materials 712 (January 2015): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.712.93.

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The article presents the design of Continuous Passive Motion machine based on kinematic model of lower limb. The machines are used to prevent the stiffening of joints and allow recovering their full functionality after surgical interventions. The research conducted in rehabilitation centers states, that there is a necessity of using the CPM machines. The types of the machines that are currently used do not provide all the natural movements of a healthy organism, though. Such limitations concern not only motions in particular level, but also ranges of motions. There is a need to modernize already existing models, by introducing brand new functions or improving and re-constructing the functions already implemented. Such information resulted in designing a new solution of a CPM machine for the lower limb exercises.

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Kirschner, P. "CPM?Continuous Passive Motion: Behandlung verletzter und operierter Kniegelenke mit Mitteln der passiven Bewegung." Der Unfallchirurg 107, no. 4 (2004): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00113-004-0743-9.

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Yoon, J. S., and H. Choi. "Development of continuous passive motion (CPM) devices using air pressure system." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 57 (May 2014): e324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.1185.

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Zimmerman, Boqing ChenJerald R. "‘Continuous passive motion’ (cpm) na totale knie-artroplastiek: een prospectief onderzoek." Stimulus 21, no. 1 (2002): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03062892.

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Metan, S. S., Prasad Krishna, and G. C. Mohankumar. "Low Cost CPM Machine for Knee Joint." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.125.

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In today’s world of industrialization, no single branch of Engineering and Technology can be considered independently. In order to increase productivity and profitability, industrial products are designed with the technology involving Mechanical and Electronics principles i.e. Mechatronics. Mechatronics has a vital importance in various fields such as agricultural, aviation, automobile, medical, etc. The scope of present work is to design, manufacture and test the low cost knee Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) machine. By using motorized device of CPM machine, we can gradually move the knee joints. This is not possible actively to the patient due to pain. The knee joint motion without patient’s muscular effort is called as passive motion. The machine designed and developed in present work can achieve this. Once the patient is able to use his muscular power for his active joint motion, CPM is no longer medically necessary. In the present work, design and manufacturing of the Low Cost Knee CPM machine has been successfully done and is elaborated. The machine was manufactured and tested at one of the renowned Hospitals in Sholapur-India. The patient is exercised on CPM machine for three weeks and is observed to be improved to normal condition i.e. normal Range of Motion (ROM).

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KIM, H. K. W., R. G. KERR, C. B. TURLEY, P. J. EVANS, V. JAY, and R. B. SALTER. "The Effects of Postoperative Continuous Passive Motion on Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration." Journal of Hand Surgery 23, no. 5 (1998): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80008-9.

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The effects of continuous passive motion (CPM) on nerve regeneration following nerve repair were investigated. In 26 rabbits, the medial popliteal nerve was transected and microsurgically repaired. Half of the animals were treated with cast immobilization and the rest with 70° arc CPM. Both treatments were discontinued on day 14. After sacrifice on day 100, no animal showed separation at the suture line. Mean nerve conduction velocity was slightly slower in the CPM than in the immobilization group. Mean fibre density was also slightly less in the CPM group but the difference was not significant. Mean fibre diameters, fibre diameter distributions, and soleus-muscle wet weights were similar in the two groups.

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Hsieh, Ming-Shium, Chin-Sheng Chen, and Kuan-Sheng Chien. "INTELLIGENT PASSIVE CONTROL FOR LOWER LIMB REHABILITATION SYSTEM." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (2013): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0088.

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This paper proposes the design and control of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine based on constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). First, the dynamic model of the CPM machine is derived for further controller design by the principal of virtual work. Then, an intelligent sliding-mode control (ISMC) system which involved recurrent Hermite neural network (RHNN) estimator to estimate the unknown external disturbance and uncertainty is proposed to track the angular position and velocity of the CPM machine.

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Dakhore, Prof Manish, Navneet Shelke, Samyak Meshram, and Yash Kuhikar. "Design and Development of Automated Lower Limb Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 5 (2024): 3606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.62407.

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Abstract: Post-operative rehabilitation is critical in orthopedic surgery, especially for hip joint surgeries. Traditional therapies like manual exercises and resource limits in rehabilitation centers might be tough, but early mobilization and rehabilitation are critical for regaining joint function and allowing patient return to normal activities. Continuously Passive Motion (CPM) devices, primarily developed for knee joint rehabilitation, offer a non-invasive method for passive joint mobility, restoring joint range of motion and lowering post-operative stiffness risk. Their application in hip joint healing is gaining pace, offering better results and increased patient satisfaction. The research also investigates abduction mobility in the hip joint, which is necessary for daily actions like stepping to the side, getting out of bed, or exiting a car. Understanding hip joint biomechanics and range of motion parameters is vital for establishing efficient rehabilitation approaches. By merging clinical insights with technology innovations, this research intends to optimize post-surgery rehabilitation regimens, enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. The subject of orthopedic rehabilitation continues to expand through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation, bringing new choices for enhancing patient care and recovery trajectories.

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Noviyanto, Antonius Hendro, Felix Krisna Aji Nugraha, and Baskoro Latu Anurogo. "Rotary speed control on Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) Therapy Machine Device with PI Control." Jurnal Polimesin 22, no. 1 (2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v22i1.3934.

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Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) Machine is a therapeutic device that is used to assist the process of therapy and recovery of a patient after having joint surgeryor injury of the ankle. In this research, a CPM machine will be developed for ankle joint therapy. The rotation speed of the CPM machine will be controlled by a DC motor which is used to drive the ankle joint therapy device.Speed control for DC motor is used on a therapeutic device (CPM machine) to determine the level of the therapeutic process; therefore this device can be adjusted to the needs of the patient who will use the therapeutic device. Speed control of the DC motor that will be carried out in this research is using Proportional Integral (PI) control. With the PI control, the result of output will always be compared with the set point value. The result of this comparison will provide an error value, which later the error value will be processed by PI control.The PI values used in this research are Kp 5 and Ki 15.The test results of the CPM movement speed show that the difference between the set point and the resulting movement is 1 RPM. Where the speed tested on this tool is 3 RPM and 5 RPM. So, the output of this device will be as expected. In brief of this research, a therapeutic device that can be adjusted the rotational speed as expected.

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Almusawi, Husam, and Géza Husi. "Design and Development of Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) for Fingers and Wrist Grounded-Exoskeleton Rehabilitation System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020815.

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Impairments of fingers, wrist, and hand forearm result in significant hand movement deficiencies and daily task performance. Most of the existing rehabilitation assistive robots mainly focus on either the wrist training or fingers, and they are limiting the natural motion; many mechanical parts associated with the patient’s arms, heavy and expensive. This paper presented the design and development of a new, cost-efficient Finger and wrist rehabilitation mechatronics system (FWRMS) suitable for either hand right or left. The proposed machine aimed to present a solution to guide individuals with severe difficulties in their everyday routines for people suffering from a stroke or other motor diseases by actuating seven joints motions and providing them repeatable Continuous Passive Motion (CPM). FWRMS approach uses a combination of; grounded-exoskeleton structure to provide the desired displacement to the hand’s four fingers flexion/extension (F/E) driven by an indirect feed drive mechanism by adopting a leading screw and nut transmission; and an end-effector structure to provide angular velocity to the wrist flexion/ extension (F/E), wrist radial/ulnar deviation (R/U), and forearm supination/pronation (S/P) driven by a rotational motion mechanism. We employed a single dual-sided actuator to power both mechanisms. Additionally, this article presents the implementation of a portable embedded controller. Moreover, this paper addressed preliminary experimental testing and evaluation process. The conducted test results of the FWRMS robot achieved the required design characteristics and executed the motion needed for the continuous passive motion rehabilitation and provide stable trajectories guidance by following the natural range of motion (ROM) and a functional workspace of the targeted joints comfortably for all trainable movements by FWRMS.

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Mowade, Dr S. M., H. J. Jambhale, P. H. Kapgate, M. G. Dhurve, R. Dharmik, and S. M. Badge. "A Literature Review on Pneumatic Operated CPM Machine for Knee and Ankle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51321.

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bstract: Continuous passive motion (CPM) is a therapy in which a machine is used to move a joint without the patient having to exert any effort. A motorized device gently bends the joint back and forth to a set number of degrees, and the amount of movement and speed can be adjusted by the physical therapist. CPM machines are most commonly used on knee joints (after some types of knee surgery), but there are versions made for other joints as well. CPM is helpful when used according to a different principle than continuous motion. Rather than having the device flexing and extending the elbow on a continuous basis, I use the device asslow intermittent passive positioning. The day after release, my patients start slow intermittent passive placement, using the first 12 to 24 hours for rest and elevation. The machine is originally set to its most extreme acceptable extension and flexion positions. The antecubital fossa bandages must be taken off since they will prevent bending. The patient (or parent) is instructed on how to operate the machine-stopping button. The absolute minimum displacement rate is chosen. The patient is told to let the machine extend the elbow to its fullest extent, stop it, and hold it there for 20 to 30 minutes. When the button is pressed, motion is resumed up to the point of maximally tolerable flexion. Once more, the position is maintained for 20–30 minutes. The joint is kept in its most extreme position from the start of rehabilitation in this fashion, which is the intended outcome. There is no benefit to cycling the joint more frequently, and doing so could make the swelling worse. The indwelling catheter can be used to provide anaesthesia to treat pain and calm the muscular guarding if the CPM causes substantial guarding

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Rosa, Rubens dos Santos, Flávio Favarin, Felipe Augustus Alves Arantes, et al. "Prototype of a Continuous Passive Motion device for shoulder rehabilitation." South Florida Journal of Development 4, no. 2 (2023): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv4n2-004.

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Continuous Passive Motion - CPM - is a therapeutic method that provides fast and safe patient rehabilitation. Considering the fact that the equipment performs the movement along with the patient, who also does it but passively, this treatment procedure can immediately be applied in the postoperative care period. Although this technique makes recovery faster, as strains will be spared from ligaments, muscles and tendons, not all clinics can offer CPM therapy due to its high cost. Bearing in mind the existence of such equipment that performs the aforementioned motion, the objective of this work was the development and manufacture of a prototype device for continuous passive shoulder movement, with costs reduced to an approximate value of USD$730.00 compared to the average price in the market which is around USD$1510.00. This difference in values would make it affordable for a greater majority of clinics and offices to purchase them and, thus, promote the accelerated timely recovery of the limb after operation, for a larger number of patients, allowing these patients to return to their daily tasks in shorter period of time. For the execution of the prototype, specific mechanical manufacturing methods, such us turning, milling and welding of materials, were applied in order to make the equipment safe and effective, provide comfort for the patient and, above all, make the device affordable for most physiotherapy clinics. The material used for the production was stainless steel, cables, pulleys, tilting automation kit and inductive sensors.

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Ragazzo, Francesco. "State of the Art Analysis of Device for “CPM” Rehabilitation of Wrist and Hand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.519.

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Human wrist and hand are easy to be injured. Physical rehabilitation therapy after a wrist or hand operation always takes a long time. A CPM machine is a mechanism based on the rehabilitation theory of continuous passive motion (CPM). It is properly applied during the first two stages of stiffness acts to pump blood and edema fluid away from the joint and periarticular tissues. CPM is thus effective in preventing the development of stiffness, if full motion is applied immediately following surgery. This paper shows the state of the art of modern devices used in CPM rehabilitation and, as a conclusion suggests future developments especially focusing the correct methods and exercises for CPM rehabilitation.

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Yang, Yunlong, Huixuan Huang, Junlong Guo, Fei Yu, and Yufeng Yao. "Estimation of Tibiofemoral Joint Contact Forces Using Foot Loads during Continuous Passive Motions." Sensors 22, no. 13 (2022): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134947.

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Continuous passive motion (CPM) machines are commonly used after various knee surgeries, but information on tibiofemoral forces (TFFs) during CPM cycles is limited. This study aimed to explore the changing trend of TFFs during CPM cycles under various ranges of motion (ROM) and body weights (BW) by establishing a two-dimensional mathematical model. TFFs were estimated by using joint angles, foot load, and leg–foot weight. Eleven healthy male participants were tested with ROM ranging from 0° to 120°. The values of the peak TFFs during knee flexion were higher than those during knee extension, varying nonlinearly with ROM. BW had a significant main effect on the peak TFFs and tibiofemoral shear forces, while ROM had a limited effect on the peak TFFs. No significant interaction effects were observed between BW and ROM for each peak TFF, whereas a strong linear correlation existed between the peak tibiofemoral compressive forces (TFCFs) and the peak resultant TFFs (R2 = 0.971, p < 0.01). The proposed method showed promise in serving as an input for optimizing rehabilitation devices.

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Richter, Magdalena, Tomasz Trzeciak, and Małgorzata Kaczmarek. "Effect of continuous passive motion on the early recovery outcomes after total knee arthroplasty." International Orthopaedics 46, no. 3 (2021): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-021-05245-5.

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Abstract Introduction Continuous passive motion (CPM) is a frequently used method in the early post-operative rehabilitation of patients after knee surgery. In this study, the effectiveness of the CPM method was evaluated after primary total knee arthroplasty during an early recovery period. Methods Eighty patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were assigned into two groups. The experimental group received CPM and active exercises, while the control group active exercises only. All subjects were evaluated once before the surgery and at a discharge, in terms of mean active range of motion (AROM), mean Knee Society Score (KSS), and Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Results The mean AROM for the experimental group was 82.3° ± 14.3° and 76.1° ± 22.2° for the control. The mean KSS score was 136.4 ± 19.3 points for the experimental group, and 135.7 ± 15.1 for the control. There were no statistical differences between the two groups. The KSS functional score was 66.4 ± 8.1 points for the experimental group compared to 62.2 ± 7.3 points for the control, but there was a statistically significant difference between the groups at discharge from the hospital (p = 0.009). A subjective estimation of the pain level, joint stiffness and function also showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (38.6 ± 14.3 points for the CPM group and 21.2 ± 15.7 for the control). Conclusion These findings show that there is no significant effect of CPM in terms of improving clinical measurements. However, there was a significant beneficial effect on the subjective assessment of pain level, joint stiffness, and functional ability.

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D’Amore, Taylor, Somnath Rao, John Corvi, et al. "The Utility of Continuous Passive Motion After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Comparative Studies." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 6 (2021): 232596712110138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211013841.

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Background: The application of continuous passive motion (CPM) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) was popularized in the 1990s, but advancements in the understanding of ACLR rehabilitation have made the application of CPM controversial. Many sports medicine fellowship–trained surgeons report using CPM machines postoperatively. Purpose: To determine the efficacy of CPM use for recovery after ACLR with respect to knee range of motion (ROM), knee swelling, postoperative pain, and postoperative complications. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane, Cumulative Index of Nursing, and Allied Health Literature databases were searched from inception to January 1, 2020, for studies with evidence levels 1 to 3 on the use of CPM for ACLR rehabilitation. Included studies were those that comparatively evaluated postoperative outcomes after ACLR between at least 2 groups of patients, with 1 having received CPM rehabilitation and the other not having received CPM. Results: A total of 12 studies from 1989 to 2019 met the inclusion criteria. These studies included 808 patients who underwent ACLR. There was no evidence of CPM improving knee stability, final postoperative ROM, or subjective pain scores. Additionally, CPM did not lead to decreased muscle atrophy or improved International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Regarding pain medication intake during postoperative hospitalization, 2 studies found that the CPM group used less pain medication, 1 study found the CPM group used more pain medication, and 1 study found that there was no difference between the 2 groups. Complications varied widely, with 2 of 12 studies reporting complications that required a return to the operating room. Conclusion: A clinical benefit of postoperative CPM use after ACLR was not identified in this review. While our systematic review identified a number of studies that suggest CPM use may be associated with lower usage of pain medication in hospitalized patients, this cannot be confirmed without further investigation with standardized CPM protocols and larger sample sizes. Routine CPM use after ACLR was not supported by this systematic review.

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Callegaro, Aline Marian, Marisa Pereira Gonçalves, Alexandre Dias Silva, and Inácio da Fontoura Limberger. "Aplicação da Movimentação Passiva Contínua (CPM) na reabilitação do cotovelo: uma revisão da literatura." O Mundo da Saúde 35, no. 2 (2010): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.20102268275.

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Kabst, Christiane, Xinggui Tian, Christian Kleber, et al. "Prolonged Application of Continuous Passive Movement Improves the Postoperative Recovery of Tibial Head Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study." BioMed Research International 2022 (February 16, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1236781.

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Background and Purpose. Tibial head fracture (THF) rehabilitation is still a challenge in clinical practice. Short-term use of continuous passive motion (CPM) postoperatively for THFs can increase knee range of motion (ROM) immediately, and its effect on enhanced rehabilitation also ended when the CPM application was discontinued. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on the recovery of prolonged use of CPM in the postoperative treatment of THFs. Methods. 60 patients with THFs were randomly and equally divided into the CPM group and non-CPM group. Both groups immediately received CPM and conventional physical therapies during hospitalization. After discharge, the non-CPM group was treated with conventional physical therapy alone, while the CPM group received conventional physical training in combination with CPM treatment. At 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively, the primary outcome which was knee ROM and the secondary outcome which was knee functionality and quality of life were evaluated. Results. The CPM group had a significantly increased ROM at both follow-up time points. The Knee Society Score, UCLA activity score, and the EuroQoL as well as the pain analysis showed significantly better results of the CPM group than the non-CPM group. Conclusions. The prolonged application of CPM therapy is an effective method to improve the postoperative rehabilitation of THFs.

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UOKAWA, Satoshi, Kazuhiro TSURUTA, and Hidehiko HIGAKI. "2820 The development of the Programmable CPM(Continuous Passive Motion) using force control." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2005.4 (2005): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2005.4.0_235.

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Matsunaga, Nobutomo, Shota Miyaguchi, Hiroshi Okajima, and Shigeyasu Kawaji. "Impedance Control of Two d.o.f. CPM Device for Elbow Joint." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 26, no. 4 (2014): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2014.p0518.

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<div class=""abs_img""><img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00260004/16.jpg"" width=""200"" /> Two d.o.f. CPM device</span></div> Continuous passive motion (CPM) involves orthopedic or post-surgery physiotherapy. Following surgery to correct ulna collateral ligament (UCL) injury in the elbow, for example, excessively extending the UCL aggravates the injury and reaction force of the arm increases excessively near the end of the range of motion (ROM). Controlling pro/supination, i.e., rotarymotion of the wrist, effectively suppresses reaction force, but may extend the UCL excessively. We propose a 2 d.o.f. (degrees of freedom) impedance controller as a CPM device for the elbow to suppress reaction force based on the musculoskeletal system. </span>

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Jastania, Rayan, Peng Wang, Bijad Alqahtani, Abdullah Alzahrani, and Weijie Wang. "The Development of an Interface Instrument for Collecting Electromyography Data and Controlling a Continuous Passive Motion Machine." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (2023): 12221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212221.

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There is a lack of research in using electromyography (EMG) signals to control a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. This study aimed to develop an interface instrument for digitalising EMG signals and controlling a CPM machine. Methods: The proposed device was designed with the following: (1) a signal processing unit which converted the EMGs from analogue to digital for the controller; (2) a personal computer which stored and displayed the EMG signals; (3) an LCD device to display the running angle of the CPM; and (4) a microcontroller unit to control the input/output signals and process the algorithm, driving the CPM. To validate the reliability of the proposed system, a total of 600 EMG trials were collected from 10 healthy subjects by using the proposed device via the Delsys® TringoTM EMG system and simultaneously using the Vicon® motion capture system. Result: This proposed device was able to digitalise and process EMG signals from eight channels of muscles, and the signals were able to drive a CPM. The validated results showed that the digitalised EMG signals by the proposed device were statistically similar to and correlated with the signals by the Vicon system with a median correlation coefficient of 0.81, with the 25% and 75% range being 0.56–0.92 with all pairs (300 pairs of EMG trials) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study confirmed that the developed device can digitalise EMG signals and drive a CPM as an applicable prototype that can work as an interface between EMG and CPM devices with high reliability.

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Tangjitsitcharoen, Somkiat, and Haruetai Lohasiriwat. "Redesign of a continuous passive motion machine for total knee replacement therapy." Journal of Health Research 33, no. 2 (2019): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-06-2018-0024.

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Purpose After knee replacement surgery, rehabilitation is needed to recover to normal levels of mobility. A continuous passive motion (CPM) machine is usually introduced at this stage to aid rehabilitation. However, the redundant structure and complex mechanism of the existing machine has resulted in irregular use. The purpose of this paper is to redesign the current machine. Design/methodology/approach The mechanical and electrical systems of the current machine were studied alongside interviews with stakeholders. Problems with the existing machine were identified. Related information was gathered in both the engineering and medical aspects. The redesign concept of the equipment was specified following engineering analyses to develop the final model. Finite element analysis was performed to ensure the appropriate size and dimension of the equipment. The prototype of the redesigned CPM was manufactured in-house. Product testing was conducted with 40 volunteers including experienced therapists, nurses, university students and working-age people. Findings Compared to the previous machine, the newly designed model was improved in both functioning and manufacturing costs. The redesigned machine is more durable and consists of a less complex structure. Originality/value The redesigned machine introduces some new features and removes unnecessary functions. As a result, the model costs less and hence, is considered beneficial to the general public. More utilization is expected which could eventually reduce the therapists’ workload at the hospital. This research provides well-defined processes of the product development starting from the users’ requirement analysis to the prototype testing stage.

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Tu, Thanh Diep Cong. "CONTROL NOVEL MODEL OF KNEE CPM DEVICE." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 4 (2009): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i4.2228.

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In recent years, CPM - Continuous Passive Motion has been proved to be one of the most effective therapeutic methods for patients who have problems with motion such as spinal cord injury, ankle and knee injury, parkinson and so on. Many commercial CPM devices are found in market but all of them use motors as the main actuators. The lack of human compliance of electric actuators, which are commonly used in these machines, makes them potentially harmful to patients. An interesting alternative, to electric actuators for medical purposes, particularly promising for rehabilitation, is a pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) actuator because of its high power/weight ratio and compliance properties. However, the highly nonlinear and hysteresis of PAM make it the challenging for design and control. In this study, a PID compensation using neural network control is studied to improve the control performance of the novel model of Knee CPM device.

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Yu, Jing Jing, Jin Wu Qian, Lin Yong Shen, and Ya Nan Zhang. "Mechanical Design and Simulation of a Finger Rehabilitation Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.805.

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Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) has been confirmed as an effective clinical therapy for finger neurological rehabilitation. In this study a finger rehabilitation training robot is designed based on CPM rehabilitation theory. This paper presents the design and simulation of the finger rehabilitation robot. Based on the finger structure and movement trajectory analysis, OPTOTRAK CERTUS motion capture system is used to acquire trajectory parameters of normal human finger movement. Atlas method is employed to accomplish mechanism dimensional synthesis of the finger rehabilitation training robot. The feasibility of the mechanism is verified using a modeling and simulation method with SIMULINK software.

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Lenssen, A. F., R. A. De Bie, S. K. Bulstra, and M. J. A. Van Steyn. "Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) in Rehabilitation Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Physical Therapy Reviews 8, no. 3 (2003): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/108331903225003019.

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Ying, S. Z., N. K. Al-Shammari, A. A. Faudzi, and Y. Sabzehmeidani. "Continuous Progressive Actuator Robot for Hand Rehabilitation." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 1 (2020): 5276–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3659602.

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This paper presents the development of a soft rehabilitation robot to conduct Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) for hand rehabilitation. The main contribution of this work is the implementation of a McKibben actuator as an artificial muscle due to its proven advantages: simple structure, light weight, and high power-to-weight ratio. The development worked successfully when tested on a healthy subject, where the flexion and extension of the finger were controlled with an antagonistic pair of actuators. However, there is a limitation of the McKibben actuator regarding its length-dependency. In this research, the concept of a pulley system was proposed to overcome this limitation. Although there is a friction factor that reduces the contracting displacement by at least 15% of the original displacement, a pulley is still a potential solution as it can reduce the installation space of the actuator from 40 to 15cm while still producing sufficient force for the finger motion. Throughout this research, it was found that the pattern of the flexor pulley system is affecting the system’s efficiency in terms of motion assistance.

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Jaspers, Theo, Jan Taeymans, Anja Hirschmüller, Heiner Baur, Roger Hilfiker, and Slavko Rogan. "Continuous Passive Motion Does Improve Range of Motion, Pain and Swelling After ACL Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Zeitschrift für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie 157, no. 03 (2018): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0710-5127.

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Abstract Background This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the results of empirical studies on the effects of CPM on rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction. The research question was: what are the effects of CPM on ROM, swelling and pain after ACL reconstruction? Patients/Material and Methods We searched in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane and PEDro up to January 2018. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were expressed as Hedgesʼ g, in order to correct for overestimation of the true effect in small study samples. The 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for both the individual studies and the overall weighted estimate. Outcomes were range of motion, pain and swelling. Results Eight studies comprising 442 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Beneficial effects of CPM could be identified for the need for pain medication (Hedgesʼ g = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.41 to 1.45 during the first 24 hours after surgery), the number of PCA button pushes by the patient during the first 24 hours after surgery (MD = 31.20; 95% CI = 11.35 to 51.05), on regaining knee flexion on the third to the seventh postoperative day (MD = 11.6°; 95% CI = 1.96 to 21.33) as well as in the third to the sixth postoperative week (Hedgesʼ g = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.41 to 1.44) and on swelling of the knee in the fourth to sixth postoperative week (Hedgesʼ g = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.35 to 1.18). Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that CPM has beneficial effects on pain reduction during the first two postoperative days, on knee flexion during the first to the sixth postoperative weeks and on swelling between the fourth and the sixth postoperative weeks. However, the risk-of-bias scores do not allow a high level of evidence.

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Blanco Ortega, Andrés, Andrea Magadán Salazar, César H. Guzmán Valdivia, et al. "CNC Machines for Rehabilitation: Ankle and Shoulder." Machines 10, no. 11 (2022): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10111055.

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Continuous passive motion (CPM) machines are used in the rehabilitation of members that have been injured to recover their range of motion and prevent stiffness. Nowadays, some CPM machines for the knee, ankle, arm, and elbow are available commercially. In this paper, ankle and shoulder rehabilitation robots, based on an X-Y table, are presented. The novelty of these rehabilitation robots is that they have a computerized numerical control system, resulting in low-cost machines. Some G-codes for basic and combined movement routines for ankle and shoulder rehabilitation are presented. In addition, the use of a robust generalized PI controller is also proposed to guarantee safe rehabilitation movements and compensate for passive stiffness in the ankle joint of stroke survivors. Some numerical simulations are included to illustrate the dynamic performance of the robust Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) controller using the virtual prototype.

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Park, Taewoong, Mina Lee, Taejong Jeong, Yong-Il Shin, and Sung-Min Park. "Quantitative Analysis of EEG Power Spectrum and EMG Median Power Frequency Changes after Continuous Passive Motion Mirror Therapy System." Sensors 20, no. 8 (2020): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082354.

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Robotic mirror therapy (MT), which allows movement of the affected limb, is proposed as a more effective method than conventional MT (CMT). To improve the rehabilitation effectiveness of post-stroke patients, we developed a sensory stimulation-based continuous passive motion (CPM)-MT system with two different operating protocols, that is, asynchronous and synchronous modes. To evaluate their effectiveness, we measured brain activation through relative and absolute power spectral density (PSD) changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) mu rhythm in three cases with CMT and CPM-MT with asynchronous and synchronous modes. We also monitored changes in muscle fatigue, which is one of the negative effects of the CPM device, based on median power frequency (MPF) and root mean square (RMS). Relative PSD was most suppressed when subjects used the CPM-MT system under synchronous control: 22.11%, 15.31%, and 16.48% on Cz, C3, and C4, respectively. The absolute average changes in MPF and RMS were 1.59% and 9.78%, respectively, with CPM-MT. Synchronous mode CPM-MT is the most effective method for brain activation, and muscle fatigue caused by the CPM-MT system was negligible. This study suggests the more effective combination rehabilitation system for MT by utilizing CPM and magnetic-based MT task to add action execution and sensory stimulation compared with CMT.

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Denis, Madeleine, Hélène Moffet, France Caron, Denise Ouellet, Julien Paquet, and Lucie Nolet. "Effectiveness of Continuous Passive Motion and Conventional Physical Therapy After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Physical Therapy 86, no. 2 (2006): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/86.2.174.

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Background and Purpose. This randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of 3 in-hospital rehabilitation programs with and without continuous passive motion (CPM) for range of motion (ROM) in knee flexion and knee extension, functional ability, and length of stay after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Subjects. Eighty-one subjects who underwent TKA for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis were recruited. Methods. All subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups immediately after TKA: a control group, which received conventional physical therapy intervention only; experimental group 1, which received conventional physical therapy and 35 minutes of CPM applications daily; and experimental group 2, which received conventional physical therapy and 2 hours of CPM applications daily. All subjects were evaluated once before TKA and at discharge. The primary outcome measure was active ROM in knee flexion at discharge. Active ROM in knee extension, Timed “Up & Go” Test results, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire scores, and length of stay were the secondary outcome measures. Results. The characteristics of and outcome measurements for the subjects in the 3 groups were similar at baseline. No significant difference among the 3 groups was demonstrated in primary or secondary outcomes at discharge. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of this study do not support the addition of CPM applications to conventional physical therapy in rehabilitation programs after primary TKA, as applied in this clinical trial, because they did not further reduce knee impairments or disability or reduce the length of the hospital stay. [Denis M, Moffet H, Caron F, et al. Effectiveness of continuous passive motion and conventional physical therapy after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial.

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Trochimczuk, R., and T. Kuźmierowski. "Kinematic Analysis of Cpm Machine Supporting to Rehabilitation Process after Surgical Knee Arthroscopy and Arthroplasty." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 19, no. 4 (2014): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2014-0059.

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Abstract Existing commercial solutions of the CPM (Continuous Passive Motion) machines are described in the paper. Based on the analysis of existing solutions we present our conceptual solution to support the process of rehabilitation of the knee joint which is necessary after arthroscopic surgery. For a given novel structure we analyze and present proprietary algorithms and the computer application to simulate the operation of our PCM device. In addition, we suggest directions for further research.

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Hsu, Chih-Chung, Su-Ru Chen, Pi-Hsia Lee, and Pi-Chu Lin. "The Effect of Music Listening on Pain, Heart Rate Variability, and Range of Motion in Older Adults After Total Knee Replacement." Clinical Nursing Research 28, no. 5 (2017): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054773817749108.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that listening and not listening to music had on pain relief, heart rate variability (HRV), and knee range of motion in total knee replacement (TKR) patients who underwent continuous passive motion (CPM) rehabilitation. We adopted a single-group quasi-experimental design. A sample of 49 TKR patients listened to music for 25 min during one session of CPM and no music during another session of CPM the same day for a total of 2 days. Results indicated that during CPM, patients exhibited a significant decrease in the pain level ( p < .05), an increase in the CPM knee flexion angle ( p < .05), a decrease in the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio (LF/HF) and normalized LF (nLF) of the HRV ( p < .01), and an increase in the normalized HF (nHF) and standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN; p < .01) when listening to music compared with no music. This study demonstrated that listening to music can effectively decrease pain during CPM rehabilitation and improve the joint range of motion in patients who underwent TKR surgery.

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Chehlah, Aufa, Paramin Neranon, Pornchai Phukpattaranont, and Nattha Jindapetch. "Advancing Rehabilitation Accuracy: A Robotic-Human-Like Controller for Continuous Passive Motion with Natural Behavioural Responses." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 124, no. 1 (2024): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.124.1.8198.

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Conventionally, researchers have primarily focused on developing gravity-compensation robots without considering the voluntary resistant force in continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy. This leads to critical limitations in robot-assisted therapy compared to conventional therapy administered by therapists, particularly in terms of generating natural behavioural responses in patients. To address this limitation, our proposed technique aims to investigate model-based dynamic force estimation specifically related to intrinsic muscular force in order to develop a robotic-human-like controller for CPM therapy. We conducted an estimation of the muscular force based on surface electromyography (sEMG) signals using Ridge Polynomial, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) approaches. Strategic preprocessing and model optimization procedures were implemented. The optimized results demonstrate that ANN exhibits slightly superior performance enhancing the accuracy and precision with its quicker testing time. Moreover, the substantive results demonstrate a notable comparison between the use of conventional gravity compensation and our novel technique which integrates both intrinsic muscular force and gravity compensation. It reveals that our approach yields calculated voluntary forces that more closely approximate to the actual values in comparison to the conventional method. In conclusion, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of a smart robotic controller offering high-accuracy measurement of voluntary forces for CPM therapy, thereby facilitating natural behavioural responses.

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Alkire, Martha R., and Michael L. Swank. "Use of Inpatient Continuous Passive Motion Versus No CPM in Computer-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty." Orthopaedic Nursing 29, no. 1 (2010): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nor.0b013e3181c8ce23.

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Hosalkar, Harish, and James D. Bomar. "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Clinical effectiveness of continuous passive motion (CPM) following femoroacetabular impingement surgery in adolescents." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 6, no. 4 (2012): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11832-012-0416-0.

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Hosalkar, Harish, and James D. Bomar. "Retraction Note: Clinical effectiveness of continuous passive motion (CPM) following femoroacetabular impingement surgery in adolescents." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 7, no. 5 (2013): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11832-013-0504-9.

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Dechrit, Maneetham, and Sutyasadi Petrus. "Controlling a knee CPM machine using PID and iterative learning control algorithm." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 18, no. 2 (2020): 1047–53. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i2.14876.

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A conventional continuous passive motion (CPM) machine uses simple controller such as On/Off controller. Some better CPMs use PID controller. These kind of CPMs can not distinguish load different due to the different size of the patient leg. This may cause the CPM no longer follow the trajectory or the angle commands. Meanwhile, each patient may have different scenario of therapy from the others. When progress on the patient exists, the range of the flexion may be increased step by step. Therefore, the treatment can be different in term of the range of flexion from time to time. This paper proposes CPM with hybrid proportional integral derivative (PID) and iterative learning controller (ILC). The system has capability in learning the trajectory tracking. Therefore, the CPM will be able to follow any load or trajectory changes applied to it. The more accurate CPM machine can follow the trajectory command, the better its performance for the treatment. The experiment showed that the system was stable due to the PID controller. The tracking performance also improved with the ILC even there exist some disturbances.

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Yu, Jing Jing. "Application Study on Finger Joint Motion in Rehabilitation Training." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.879.

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In various forms of movement of finger rehabilitation training, Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) of single degree of freedom (1 DOF) has outstanding application value. Taking classic flexion and extension movement for instance, this study collected the joint angle data of finger flexion and extension motion by experiments and confirmed that the joint motion of finger are not independent of each other but there is certain rule. This paper studies the finger joint movement rule from qualitative and quantitative aspects, and the conclusion can guide the design of the mechanism and control method of finger rehabilitation training robot.

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