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1
Davis, James C., John Shon, David T. Wong, Syrus Jaffe, and Jennifer McEvoy. "A DNA-Based Biological Sample Tracking Method." Cell Preservation Technology 3, no. 1 (March 2005): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpt.2005.3.54.
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Koo, Otilia M. Y., Israel Rubinstein, and Hayat Onyuksel. "Camptothecin in Sterically Stabilized Phospholipid Nano-Micelles: A Novel Solvent pH Change Solubilization Method." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2996–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.460.
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Camptothecin (CPT) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that acts against a broad spectrum of cancers. Unfortunately clinical application of CPT is limited by insolubility, instability, and toxicity problems. To circumvent these delivery problems of CPT, we propose biocompatible, targeted sterically stabilized micelles (SSM) as nanocarriers for CPT (CPT-SSM). SSM composed of polyethylene glycol (PEGylated) phospholipids are attractive nanocarriers for CPT delivery because they are sufficiently small to extravasate through the leaky microvasculature of tumor and inflamed tissues for passive targeting. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel method of preparing CPT-SSM based on its pH dependent, reversible carboxylate-lactone conversion chemistry. CPT carboxylate was added to SSM at pH 5 that favored the formation of active but hydrophobic CPT lactone for spontaneous association with SSM. The kinetics of CPT conversion and CPT-SSM formation, and the effect of varying CPT-PEGylated phospholipid molar ratio on CPT-SSM properties and CPT solubilization were evaluated. CPT converted gradually from the carboxylate form to lactone, and CPT-SSM were formed after 12 h incubation. The mean size of CPT-SSM was ∼14 nm. CPT solubilization (∼12 μg/ml) and other CPT-SSM micelle properties did not change significantly with increasing CPT to PEGylated phospholipid molar ratios using this novel method, unlike the coprecipitation/reconstitution technique previously reported. This reproducible CPT solubilization in SSM was attributed to avoidance of drug aggregate formation by this method. The advantages of our solvent pH change method to prepare CPT-SSM support further investigations of this approach to other hydrophobic drugs similar to CPT in chemistry and also CPT molecular solubilization in other nanocarriers.
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Li, Zhao Yan, Zhen Zhong Cao, and Xiao Ming Yuan. "Verification of Current CPT-Based Liquefaction Evaluation Method by Bachu Earthquake Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1543.
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Cone Penetration Test (CPT) has been conducted at 39 liquefied and non-liquefied sites following the Xinjiang Bachu Ms6.8 earthquake. The current CPT-based liquefaction evaluation method, including Chinese code method, the Robertson method and the Olsen method, was verified by those 39 field test data. The results show that the success verification ratio of Chinese code method, the Robertson method and the Olsen method are relative low by using Bachu earthquake data. Many observed liquefied sites were predicted as non-liquefaction sites, which indicate it is progressive to apply those three methods at Bachu area. The characteristic of soils retrieved from Bachu area is quite differ from that of other areas. An appropriate local method of liquefaction evaluation in Xinjiang region should be developed.
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Wang, Yu, Yue Hu, and Tengyuan Zhao. "Cone penetration test (CPT)-based subsurface soil classification and zonation in two-dimensional vertical cross section using Bayesian compressive sampling." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 7 (July 2020): 947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0131.
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A novel method is developed in this study for soil classification and zonation in a two-dimensional (2D) vertical cross section using cone penetration tests (CPTs). A CPT is usually performed vertically and the number of CPT soundings in a site is often limited in geotechnical engineering practice. It is, therefore, difficult to properly interpret CPT results along the horizontal direction or accurately estimate the horizontal correlation length of CPT data. The method proposed in this study bypasses the difficulty in estimating horizontal correlation length and provides proper identification of subsurface soil stratification (i.e., soil layer number is constant along horizontal direction) and zonation (i.e., soil layer number varies along horizontal direction) in a 2D vertical cross section directly from a limited number of CPT soundings. The proposed method consists of three key elements: 2D interpolation of CPT data using 2D Bayesian compressive sampling; determination of soil behavior type (SBT) using a SBT chart at every location in the 2D section, including locations with measurements and unsampled locations; and soil layer or zone delineation using an edge detection method. Both simulated and real data examples are used to illustrate the proposed method. Results show that the method performs well even when only five sets of CPT soundings are available.
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Hu, Zhihong, Michael McVay, David Bloomquist, David Horhota, and Peter Lai. "New ultimate pile capacity prediction method based on cone penetration test (CPT)." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 8 (August 2012): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-051.
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Our research evaluated current cone penetration test (CPT) pile design methodologies (Schmertmann, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC), etc.), modified one of these methods (Philipponnat method), and proposed a new one to improve future driven pile designs. This was accomplished by evaluating 14 pile-capacity-design methods based on CPT data. Furthermore, load and resistance factor design (LRFD) resistance factors for each method were calculated using 21 cases from Florida and 28 from Louisiana. The resulting resistance factors were not satisfactory for any of these methods. A new design method — the University of Florida (UF) method — was proposed taking into account cementation, soil type, and historical data. The LRFD resistance factor was also assessed for this new method. The proposed UF method provides better LRFD resistance factors for both Florida and Louisiana soils. It could be a promising alternative for improving pile design.
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Da, Nguyen Thon, and Tan Hanh. "Investigating the PageRank and sequence prediction based approaches for next page prediction." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2229-2237.
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Discovering unseen patterns from web clickstream is an upcoming research area. One of the meaningful approaches for making predictions is using sequence prediction that is typically the improved compact prediction tree (CPT+). However, to increase this method's effectiveness, combining it with at least other methods is necessary. This work investigates such PageRank-based methods related to sequence prediction as All-K-Markov, DG, Markov 1st, CPT, CPT+. The experimental results proved that the integration of CPT+ and PageRank is the right solution for next page prediction in terms of accuracy, which is more than a standard method of approximately 0.0621%. Still, the size of the newly created sequence database is reduced up to 35%. Furthermore, our proposed solution has an accuracy that is much higher than other ones. It is intriguing for the next phase (testing one) to make the next page prediction in terms of time performance.
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Mustapa, Zaki, Shakir Saat, and Yusmarnita Yusof. "A New Design of Capacitive Power Transfer Based on Hybrid Approach for Biomedical Implantable Device." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2365-2376.
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<p>This paper presents the development of a new design method of capacitive power transfer (CPT) which is based on hybrid concept for Biomedical Implants. This method is able to improve various issues found in the widely used CPT system that is bipolar CPT method. Based on the ability of this purposed, the simulation of the CPT system has been designed to prove an amount of power transferred through a layer of tissue. The design used to validate the suggested model which to powering implanted device, and it was performed with 3cm square plates, which have a layer of beef with the 5mm thickness in between 2 coupling plate. Power signal was generated by Class E zero voltage switching. The Class E zero voltage switching has been designed to generating alternate current with the 1MHz frequency appropriate to the hybrid CPT system specification.</p><p class="Abstract"> </p>
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Zhang, Huiyuan, Guiwu Wei, and Xudong Chen. "CPT-MABAC method for spherical fuzzy multiple attribute group decision making and its application to green supplier selection." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 1009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202954.
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The green supplier selection is one of the popular multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems. The spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs) can fully express the complexity and fuzziness of evaluation information for green supplier selection. Furthermore, the classic MABAC (multi-attributive border approximation area comparison) method based on the cumulative prospect theory (CPT-MABAC) is designed, which is an optional method in reflecting the psychological perceptions of decision makers (DMs). Therefore, in this article, we propose a spherical fuzzy CPT-MABAC (SF-CPT-MABAC) method for MAGDM issues. Meanwhile, considering the different preferences of DMs to attribute sets, we obtain the objective weights of attributes through entropy method. Focusing on the current popular problems, this paper applies the proposed method for green supplier selection and proves for green supplier selection based on SF-CPT-MABAC method. Finally, by comparing existing methods, the effectiveness of the proposed method is certified.
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Kuo, Yu-Shu, Kai-Jun Chong, Shang-Chun Chang, Juin-Fu Chai, and Hui-Ting Hsu. "A Hybrid Method to Evaluate Soil Liquefaction Potential of Seabed at Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071853.
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This paper undertakes liquefaction analysis with simplified procedures with standard penetration test (SPT) data and cone penetration test (CPT) data obtained from an offshore wind farm in the Changhua area. The soil liquefaction resistance calculated by the SPT-based simplified procedure suggested by the Japan Railway Association was in agreement with the laboratory results. The CPT is widely used in the site investigation of offshore wind farms. However, Taiwan’s registered professional engineers are still familiar with soil liquefaction analysis for offshore wind farms using SPT-based methods. Hence, a hybrid method that incorporates an SPT–CPT correlation into the New Japan Road Association (NJRA) method is proposed to evaluate the soil liquefaction potential for offshore wind farms in Taiwan. In the case studies of soil liquefaction with five groups of adjacent boreholes in Changhua’s offshore wind farms, the hybrid method shows that the soil liquefaction potential with CPT data is consistent with the results calculated with SPT-based simplified procedures. To quantify the risk of soil liquefaction, Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the uncertainty of CPT–qc for estimating the probability of soil liquefaction with the hybrid method.
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Miao, Yong Hong, and Jie Yin. "A New Soil Classification Method Using Normalized CPT/CPTU Parameters Based on Modified Bayesian Model." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1910.
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Soil classification results from CPT/CPTU always involve the uncertainty of correlation between mechanical behavior and soil composition. For better processing large quantities of tests data obtained form CPT/CPTU, Modified Bayesian model was introduced and corresponding soil classification method was proposed. The validity of the new method was verified through local silt samples. Evaluation results also suggested that the proposed new soil classification method had well applicability.
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Chen, Tong Zhi, and Xiao Ming Yuan. "Examination of CPT-Based Liquefaction Evaluation Methods for New Zealand Earthquake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1105.
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On February 22, 2011 a MW6.2 earthquake struck Christchurch in New Zealand, which is the first time that liquefaction acts as the main cause of damage since there is survey record of historical earthquakes. On the basis of field investigation and in-situ test data, domestic and foreign liquefaction evaluation methods based on CPT including Chinese code, Robertson and Olsen methods are examined and their applicability and reliability are assessed. Analysis shows that the method adopted in Chinese code is more dangerous, whose success rates of liquefaction and non-liquefaction evaluation are 70% and 94%.The other two methods abroad are severely conservative, for the success rates of liquefaction and non-liquefaction evaluation of Robertson method are 100% and 40%, and Olsen method 100% and 11% respectively. Liquefaction evaluation methods need further research to be improved.
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Hung, Le Chi, and Sung-Ryul Kim. "CPT-based method for toe resistance of driven piles in sand." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 168, no. 6 (December 2015): 498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.14.00142.
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Senders, Marc, and Mark F. Randolph. "CPT-Based Method for the Installation of Suction Caissons in Sand." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135, no. 1 (January 2009): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2009)135:1(14).
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Shibata, T., and W. Teparaksa. "Evaluation of CPT-based liquefaction assessment method using cyclic triaxial test." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 27, no. 2 (April 1990): A86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)95039-4.
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Ribeiro, P. R. S., L. Pezza, and H. R. Pezza. "A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of captopril in pharmaceutical preparations using ammonium molybdate." Eclética Química 35, no. 3 (September 2010): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-46702010000300018.
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A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of captopril (CPT) in pharmaceutical formulations is proposed. This method is based on the reduction reaction of ammonium molybdate, in the presence of sulphuric acid, for the group thiol of CPT, producing a green compound (λ max 407 nm). Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 4.60 x 10-4 - 1.84 x 10-3 mol l-1 of CPT with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9995). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 7.31 x 10-6 e 2.43 x 10-5 mol l-1 of CPT, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of CPT in commercial brands of pharmaceuticals. No interferences were observed from the common excipients in the formulations. The results obtained by the proposed method were favorably compared with those given by the official reported method at 95 % confidence level.
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Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto Da Silva, Leonardo Pezza, and Helena Redigolo Pezza. "A SIMPLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CAPTOPRIL IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS USING AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE." Eclética Química Journal 35, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v35.3.2010.p179-188.
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A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of captopril (CPT) in pharmaceutical formulations is proposed. This method is based on the reduction reaction of ammonium molybdate, in the presence of sulphuric acid, for the group thiol of CPT, producing a green compound (λmax 407 nm). Beer’s law is obeyed in a concentration range of 4.60 x 10-4 – 1.84 x 10-3 mol l-1 of CPT with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9995). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 7.31 x 10-6 e 2.43 x 10-5 mol l-1 of CPT, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determinationof CPT in commercial brands of pharmaceuticals. No interferences were observed from the common excipients in the formulations. The results obtained by the proposed method were favorably compared with those given by the official reported method at 95 % confidence level.
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Lu, Jianping, Tingting He, Guiwu Wei, Jiang Wu, and Cun Wei. "Cumulative Prospect Theory: Performance Evaluation of Government Purchases of Home-Based Elderly-Care Services Using the Pythagorean 2-tuple Linguistic TODIM Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061939.
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The aging trend of China’s population is increasing, and the pension problem is becoming increasingly prominent. The pension mode provided by the government alone can no longer meet the social demand, and the government’s purchase of home-based care services from social organizations has become a new trend. In order to improve the efficiency and quality of pension services, a reasonable performance evaluation model needs to be established. Performance evaluations of home-based elderly-care services purchased by the government are problematic as a result of multiple-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM), as the problems are not single-attribute or single-expert issues. The extended TODIM not only integrates the advantages of cumulative prospect theory (CPT) into a consideration of the psychological factors of DMs, but also retains the superiority of the classical TODIM in relative dominance. The Pythagorean 2-tuple linguistic sets (P2TLSs) could easily depict qualitative assessment information related to the government’s purchase of home-based care services. Thus, in this paper, we extend the TODIM method based on the cumulative prospect theory (CPT) to the Pythagorean 2-tuple linguistic sets (P2TLSs) and propose a Pythagorean 2-tuple linguistic CPT-TODIM (P2TL-CPT-TODIM) method for MAGDM. The P2TL-CPT-TODIM method was proven superior to the classical one through a case study that included a performance evaluation of a home-based elderly-care service purchased by the government. Meanwhile, a comparison with the P2TL-CPT-TODIM method was performed to demonstrate the stability and effectiveness of the designed method.
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Alsuhaibani, Mohammed, Mohammed Alzunitan, Kyle Jenn, Daniel Diekema, Michael Edmond, Mary Kukla, Stephanie Holley, Holly Meacham, Oluchi Abosi, and Jorge Salinas. "Administrative Coding Methods Impact Surgical Site Infection Rates." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s111—s112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.616.
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Background: Surveillance for surgical site infections (SSI) is recommended by the CDC. Currently, colon and abdominal hysterectomy SSI rates are publicly available and impact hospital reimbursement. However, the CDC NHSN allows surgical procedures to be abstracted based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) or current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. We assessed the impact of using ICD and/or CPT codes on the number of cases abstracted and SSI rates. Methods: We retrieved administrative codes (ICD and/or CPT) for procedures performed at the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics over 1 year: October 2018–September 2019. We included 10 procedure types: colon, hysterectomy, cesarean section, breast, cardiac, craniotomy, spinal fusion, laminectomy, hip prosthesis, and knee prosthesis surgeries. We then calculated the number of procedures that would be abstracted if we used different permutations in administration codes: (1) ICD codes only, (2) CPT codes only, (3) both ICD and CPT codes, and (4) at least 1 code from either ICD or CPT. We then calculated the impact on SSI rates based on any of the 4 coding permutations. Results: In total, 9,583 surgical procedures and 180 SSIs were detected during the study period using the fourth method (ICD or CPT codes). Denominators varied according to procedure type and coding method used. The number of procedures abstracted for breast surgery had a >10-fold difference if reported based on ICD only versus ICD or CPT codes (104 vs 1,109). Hip prosthesis had the lowest variation (638 vs 767). For SSI rates, cesarean section showed almost a 3-fold increment (2.6% when using ICD only to 7.32% with both ICD & CPT), whereas abdominal hysterectomy showed nearly a 2-fold increase (1.14% when using CPT only to 2.22% with both ICD & CPT codes). However, SSI rates remained fairly similar for craniotomy (0.14% absolute difference), hip prosthesis (0.24% absolute difference), and colon (0.09% absolute difference) despite differences in the number of abstracted procedures and coding methods. Conclusions: Denominators and SSI rates vary depending on the coding method used. Variations in the number of procedures abstracted and their subsequent impact on SSI rates were not predictable. Variations in coding methods used by hospitals could impact interhospital comparisons and benchmarking, potentially leading to disparities in public reporting and hospital penalties.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Khateeb, Mouhammed, Bashir Elias, and Shahama Adi. "A Novel Use of 3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone Hydrazone Hydrochloride Monohydrate for Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Captopril in Pharmaceutical Formulations." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 71 (November 2016): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.71.29.
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A new, simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of captopril (CPT) in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on oxidation of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride monohydrate (MBTH) by ferric chloride followed by its coupling with the drug to form green-yellow colored product with absorbance maximum at 395nm. The concentration of CPT was calculated using the calibration equation for the rate data and fixed time methods. The linearity range was found to be 0.5–22.5 μg mL-1for each method. The correlation coefficients were 0.9994 and 0.9971 for rate data and fixed time methods respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of CPT in pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison of the results shows that there is no significant difference between the proposed and official methods.
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Mustapa, Muhammad Zaki Bin, Shakir Saat, Yusmarnita Yusof, and Muslimah Meor Shaari. "Capacitive power transfer in biomedical implantable device: a review." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp935-942.
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<span>This paper presents the development of a new design method of capacitive power transfer (CPT) which is based on hybrid concept for Biomedical Implants. This method is able to improve various issues found in the widely used CPT system that is bipolar CPT method. Based on the ability of this purposed, the simulation of the CPT system has been designed to prove an amount of power transferred through a layer of tissue. The design used to validate the suggested model which to powering implanted device, and it was performed with 3cm square plates, which have a layer of beef with the 5mm thickness in between 2 coupling plate. Power signal was generated by Class E zero voltage switching. The Class E zero voltage switching has been designed to generating alternate current with the 1MHz frequency appropriate to the hybrid CPT system specification.</span>
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Ahmad, Suziana, Reiji Hattori, and Aam Muharam. "Generalized Circuit Model of Shielded Capacitive Power Transfer." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102826.
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A capacitive power transfer (CPT) system wirelessly transfers energy between coupling plates and performance issues related to CPT systems are resonance conditions, matching impedance, voltage stress, and power loss. A generalized circuit model is proposed for shielded capacitive power transfer (S-CPT) using an algebraic method. The proposed generalized S-CPT model is analyzed based on the symmetric and asymmetric configurations, and the relationship between the parameters of S-CPT is obtained with respect to the resonance condition, matching impedance, voltage stress, and efficiency. The best configuration of a symmetric S-CPT is recommended, and an asymmetric S-CPT is proposed based on the analysis results. Asymmetric-S-CPT hardware was constructed and demonstrated an operating frequency of 13.56 MHz. The hardware experimental result shows the validity and effectiveness of the proposed generalized model for designing S-CPT.
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Ko, J. H., S. H. Lee, J. R. Kim, Y. J. Kim, I. S. Hwang, T. H. Lee, and C. W. Kim. "Monitoring of pH inhibition on microbial activity in a continuous flow reactor by pseudo toxic concentration (CPT) concept and time delay model." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2006): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.142.
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The pseudo toxic concentration (CPT) concept was introduced as a quantification method to describe pH as an inhibitor concentration. In this research, the applicability of the CPT concept model for the detection of pH inhibitions was expanded for a continuous flow activated sludge reactor. A pilot equipped with an inhibition detection system was installed. Inhibitory wastewater was injected for 1 h and the relative activity was calculated by the maximum respiration rate. At the same time, the coefficients for the CPT concept model were estimated. At the dynamic conditions, the estimated relative activity by the CPT concept model showed time lag compared to the measured one. However, the time lag problem was successfully resolved by introducing a transfer function into the CPT concept model. The CPT concept model combined with a transfer function (CPT + TF model) successfully tracked the variation of the relative activity under dynamic conditions. The CPT + TF model could detect 50% inhibition faster than the respirometry based method by approximately 10 min. Moreover, it had additional advantages such as being inexpensive, easy to install and simple to operate. In conclusion, the CPT + TF model was an effective and convenient detection method of pH inhibition.
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Kaveh, A., S. M. Hamze-Ziabari, and T. Bakhshpoori. "Patient rule-induction method for liquefaction potential assessment based on CPT data." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 77, no. 2 (December 24, 2016): 849–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0990-3.
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Hsein Juang, C., Caroline Jinxia Chen, and Yong-Ming Tien. "Appraising cone penetration test based liquefaction resistance evaluation methods: artificial neural network approach." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 3 (October 25, 1999): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-011.
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This paper evaluates and compares two comprehensive cone penetration test (CPT) based methods for evaluating liquefaction resistance of sandy soils. The comparison is made based on the results obtained from artificial neural network (ANN) analyses. Two methods are compared, one by Olsen and his colleagues at the Waterways Experiment Station and one by Robertson and his colleagues at the University of Alberta. ANN models are created to approximate the two CPT-based methods so that they can easily be compared using a large database. The results show that ANN models can approximate both Robertson and Olsen methods well, and that both methods are fairly accurate in predicting liquefaction resistance. The Robertson method has a success rate of 89% in predicting liquefied cases, a success rate of 76% in predicting nonliquefied cases, and an overall success rate of 84%. The success rates for the Olsen method are 68%, 89%, and 77%, respectively, in predicting liquefied cases, nonliquefied cases, and all cases. Both methods are considered accurate in predicting liquefaction resistance of sandy soils. The Robertson method is slightly more accurate than the Olsen method. The issue of the propagation of potential uncertainties in the soil parameters and solution model is also discussed.
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Xiao, Linxia, Endian Yu, Hanlin Yue, and Qingyong Li. "Enhanced Liver Targeting of Camptothecin via Conjugation with Deoxycholic Acid." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061179.
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Camptothecin (CPT) shows potent anticancer activity through inhibition of topoisomerase I. However, its water insolubility and severe toxicity limit its clinical application. Coupling with bile acid moieties is a promising method for liver-targeted drug delivery, which takes advantage of the bile acid receptors on hepatocytes. In this study, we evaluated the potential liver targeting and stability of a deoxycholic acid-CPT conjugate (G2). The competitive inhibition of antitumor activity experiment based on bile acid transporters was performed using the MTT method. The effects of deoxycholic acid on uptake of G2 and CPT were assessed in 2D and 3D HepG2 cell models. The stability of G2 and CPT was evaluated in vitro (in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, and fresh rat plasma). Finally, biodistribution of G2 and CPT was investigated in Kunming mice following oral administration. The results showed that deoxycholic acid pretreatment could significantly reduce the antitumor activity and cellular uptake of G2 in HepG2 cells, but had no distinct effects on CPT. Meanwhile, G2 exhibited better stability compared with CPT. More importantly, biodistribution study in mice demonstrated that the liver targeting index of G2 increased 1.67-fold than that of CPT. Overall, the study suggests that conjugation with deoxycholic acid is a feasible method to achieve liver targeting delivery of CPT.
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Vardon, Philip J., and Joek Peuchen. "Using CPTs to derive thermal properties of soil." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020504005.
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A method of utilizing cone penetration tests (CPTs) is presented which gives continuous profiles of both the in situ thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity, along with the in situ temperature, for the upper tens of meters of the ground. Correlations from standard CPT results (cone resistance, sleeve friction and pore pressure) are utilized for both thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity for saturated soil. These, in conjunction with point-wise thermal conductivity and in situ temperature results using a Thermal CPT (T-CPT), allow accurate continuous profiles to be derived. The CPT-based method is shown via a field investigation supported by laboratory tests to give accurate and robust results.
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Mutiara, Indra. "Analysis of Bored Pile Foundation Bearing Capacity Based on Cone Penetration Test Data (Case Study: Cilellang Weir Location)." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 8, no. 1 (July 25, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v8i1.2772.
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The use of a bored pile foundation is an alternative in planning deep foundations. The function of this bored pile foundation is more or less the same as other deep foundations such as piles but has a slight difference in the process. The bored pile foundation begins with drilling the ground to the planned depth, followed by the installation of steel reinforcement and then concrete mortar. This study aims to evaluate the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data on the bearing capacity of the bored pile foundation. Calculation of bearing capacity from Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data using the Schmertmann & Nottingham method and the Mayerhof method. Based on CPT data, the percentage calculation of ultimate bearing capacity at location S1 with the Schmertmann & Nottingham method is more optimistic ±17.28% compared to using the Mayerhof method for bored pile diameters of 60 and 80 cm, while for bored pile diameters of 40 cm, calculations using the Mayerhof method show more optimistic by 21.89%. The percentage calculation of ultimate bearing capacity at location S2 using the Schmertmann & Nottingham method is ±11.66% more optimistic than using the Mayerhof method for bored pile diameters of 60 and 80 cm, while the diameter of the bored pile 40 cm, the calculation using the Mayerhof method shows a more optimistic result of 33.82%.
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Yoon, Sungmin, Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ching Tsai, and Zhongjie Zhang. "Calibration of Resistance Factors for Axially Loaded Concrete Piles Driven into Soft Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2045, no. 1 (January 2008): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2045-05.
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The evaluation of axial load resistance of piles driven into soft Louisiana soils based on reliability theory is presented. Forty-two square precast, prestressed, concrete piles that were tested to failure were included in the investigation. The predictions of pile resistances were based on static analysis (α-method for clay and Nordlund method for sand) and three cone penetration test (CPT) direct methods: the Schmertmann, De Ruiter–Beringen, and Bustamante–Gianeselli methods. In addition, dynamic measurements with signal matching analysis of pile resistances using CAPWAP, which is based on the measured force and velocity signals obtained near the pile top during driving, were evaluated. The Davisson and modified Davisson interpretation methods were used to determine the measured ultimate load-carrying resistances from pile load tests. The predicted ultimate pile resistances obtained by using the different prediction methods were compared with the measured resistances determined from pile load tests. Statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the capability of the prediction design methods to estimate the measured ultimate pile resistance of driven piles. The results showed that the static method overpredicted the pile resistance, whereas the dynamic measurement with signal matching analysis (CAPWAP end-of-driving and 14-day beginning-of-restrike) underpredicted the pile resistance. Of the three direct CPT methods, the De Ruiter–Beringen method was the most consistent prediction method with the lowest coefficient of variation. Reliability-based analyses, by using the first-order, second-moment method, also were conducted to calibrate the resistance factors (φ) for the investigated pile design methods. The resistance factors for different design methods were determined and compared with AASHTO recommendation values. The calibration showed that De Ruiter–Beringen method has a higher resistance factor (φDe Ruiter = 0.64) than the other two CPT methods.
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Shahin, Mohamed A., and Mark B. Jaksa. "Pullout capacity of small ground anchors by direct cone penetration test methods and neural networks." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-029.
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Marquees are temporary light structures that are connected to the ground by small anchors that act in tension and are designed to resist uplift forces. Due to the temporary nature of these structures, little, if any, attention is given to the pullout capacity of the anchors used to secure them. Failures of such structures are not rare and have resulted in deaths and tens of thousands of dollars of damage. This paper reports on a series of 119 in situ anchor pullout tests conducted on rough mild steel anchors of various lengths, cross-sectional shapes, and areas. Comparison tests are carried out to investigate the impact of the factors affecting the pullout capacity of small anchors. Six methods that determine the axial pile capacity directly from cone penetration test (CPT) data are presented and used to calculate the pullout capacity of small ground anchors. The capacities obtained from these CPT-based methods are compared with predictions from a recently developed artificial neural network (ANN) model. The actual pullout loads are compared with predictions from the CPT and ANN methods, and statistical analyses are carried out to evaluate and rank their performance. The results indicate that the ANN-based method provides superior predictions of the pullout capacity of small ground anchors, whereas the Schmertmann method provides the best performance of the CPT-based techniques examined.Key words: ground anchors, pullout capacity, cone penetration test, artificial neural networks.
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Abu-Farsakh, Murad Y., and Md Ariful Hassan Mojumder. "Exploring Artificial Neural Network to Evaluate the Undrained Shear Strength of Soil from Cone Penetration Test Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120912426.
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In geotechnical design practices, the undrained shear strength of soil is regarded as one of the engineering properties of paramount importance. Over the past years, several theoretical and empirical methods have been developed to estimate the undrained shear strength based on soil properties using in-situ tests such as cone and piezocone penetration tests (CPT and PCPT). However, most of these methods involve correlation assumptions that can result in inconsistent accuracy. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to devise a model with a better and more consistent prediction of the undrained shear strength of soil from CPT data. The ANN algorithm does not require such assumptions as it learns from previous cases/instances. A database was prepared of soil boring data and laboratory test data along with corresponding CPT/PCPT data from 70 test sites located in 14 different parishes in Louisiana. Presenting this data to the ANN, models were trained through trial and error using different network algorithms, such as back propagation method and quasi-Newton method. Different ANN models were trained using corrected cone tip resistance and sleeve friction input data along with some other easily measurable soil properties. The results of ANN models were then compared with a conventional empirical method of determining undrained shear strength of soil from CPT parameters. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that the ANN models outperformed the conventional empirical method, which confirms the applicability of ANN in the evaluation of the undrained shear strength of soil from CPT data.
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Ching, Jianye, Jiun-Shiang Wang, C. Hsein Juang, and Chih-Sheng Ku. "Cone penetration test (CPT)-based stratigraphic profiling using the wavelet transform modulus maxima method." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 12 (December 2015): 1993–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0027.
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In this paper, a stratigraphic profiling approach is proposed based on the soil behavior type index, Ic, obtained from the cone penetration test (CPT). The basic idea of this approach is simple: the layer boundaries can be identified as the points at which a change occurs in the Ic profile. It is shown that these change points can be easily identified using the wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) method. This method is able to accurately pinpoint the locations of change points in the Ic profile and to produce graphs and plots that fit well with engineers’ methods of visualization and intuition. Moreover, by virtue of the fast Fourier transform, the computation is very fast. Case studies show that the WTMM method is effective for the detection of change points in the Ic profile. It is also capable of detecting thin soil layers.
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Amirmojahedi, Mohsen, and Murad Abu-Farsakh. "Evaluation of 18 Direct CPT Methods for Estimating the Ultimate Pile Capacity of Driven Piles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (May 4, 2019): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119833365.
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Cone and piezocone penetration tests (CPT, PCPT) are widely acknowledged to be useful and powerful in-situ tests for soil classification and characterization, and for evaluating different soil properties, such as strength and consolidation parameters. Due to similarity, between the cone and the pile penetration, CPT data have been used effectively for estimating ultimate pile capacity. Researchers have developed various direct CPT methods to estimate the ultimate capacity of piles ( Qp) from CPT/PCPT data (tip resistance and sleeve friction) with depth. In this study, the measured ultimate pile capacities ( Qp) obtained from static load tests on 80 square precast prestressed concrete piles in Louisiana were used to evaluate 18 direct pile-CPT methods for estimating ultimate pile capacity. Two approaches were used. In the first approach, three criteria (best fit line, arithmetic mean and standard deviation, and cumulative probability of Qp/Qm) were adopted, and the sum of ranking of all criteria was used to determine the final ranking of each method. A second approach, multidimensional unfolding, was used to display the ranking data in a two-dimensional space. This approach helps to reveal the typical ranking of the pile-CPT methods, the extent of agreement between the piles, the existence of outliers among the piles, and the similarity between the CPT methods. Based on the results of this study, Bustamante and Gianeselli (LCPC), probabilistic, UF, Philipponnat, CPT2000, UWA, De Ruiter and Beringen, and Schmertmann were found to be the best CPT methods (in order) for estimating the ultimate pile capacity of driven PPC piles.
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RENDRAGRAHA, RENDY DWI, GELAR BUDIMAN, and IRMA SAFITRI. "QIM - Based Audio Watermarking with Combination Technique of DCT-QR-CPT." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v7i1.112.
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ABSTRAKAudio watermarking adalah teknik memasukkan informasi ke dalam file audio dan untuk melindungi hak cipta data digital dari distribusi ilegal. Makalah ini memperkenalkan audio stereo watermarking berdasarkan Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) dengan teknik gabungan Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) - QRCartesian Polar Transform (CPT). Host audio dibagi menjadi beberapa frame, selanjutnya setiap frame ditransformasi oleh DCT, kemudian output DCT diuraikan menjadi matriks orthogonal dan matriks segitiga menggunakan metode QR. Selanjutnya, CPT mengubah dua koefisien kartesian dari matriks segitiga (R) pada posisi (1,1) dan (2,2) menjadi koefisien polar. Setelah itu, penyisipan dilakukan pada koefisien polar oleh QIM. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa imperseptibilitas audio terwatermark berkualitas baik dengan Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)> 20, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)> 4 dan tahan terhadap serangan seperti Low Pass Filter (LPF) dan Band Pass Filter (BPF) dengan cut off 25-6k, resampling, Linear Speed Change (LSC) dan MP3 Compression dengan rate diatas 64 kbps.Kata kunci: Audio Watermarking, CPT, DCT, QIM, QR ABSTRACTAudio watermarking is a technique for inserting information into an audio file and to protect the copyright of digital data from illegal distribution. This paper introduces a stereo audio watermarking based on Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) with combined technique Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) – QR – Cartesian Polar Transform (CPT). Each frame of a host audio is transformed by DCT, then DCT output is decomposed using QR method. Next, CPT transform two cartesian coefficients from triangular matrix (R) in position (1,1) and (2,2) to polar coefficients. After that, embedding is executed on polar coefficients by QIM. The simulation result shows that the imperceptibility is good with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)>20, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)>4 and it is robust against attacks such as Low Pass Filter (LPF) and Band Pass Filter (BPF) with cut off 25-6k, Resampling, Linear Speed Change and MP3 Compression with rate 64 kbps and above. Keywords: Audio Watermarking, CPT, DCT, QIM, QR
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Shih, J. K. C., J. R. Omer, R. Delpak, R. B. Robinson, and C. D. Jones. "Full-scale pile tests in sand and development of a computer program for predicting load capacity." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-047.
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An interactive computer program GLAMPILE has been developed for predicting the static load capacity of single piles formed in any soil profile. A variety of well-known prediction methods have been incorporated into the program, including (i) soil mechanics based formulae; (ii) direct and indirect cone penetration test (CPT) based methods with and without accounting for scale effects of the cone on pile base capacity; and (iii) a new CPT-based method that considers the effects of critical depth and shaft resistance distribution, although the method has only been calibrated for relatively short piles. GLAMPILE can cope with different pile types installed with or without a permanent casing. The program has been applied to predict the axial capacities of 11 piles that were recently installed in sand and statically loaded to failure. Results from the soil mechanics procedures indicate increases, on the in situ value, of the earth pressure coefficient by up to 37%, which lies within the range 0%–100% recommended in the literature. The best CPT-based prediction method applied yields a mean (µ) and coefficient of variation (COV) of predicted to measured pile head capacity (Puh(p)/Puh(m)) of 0.83 and 0.12, respectively. Scale effects are shown to be nominal for the cases analysed. An improved method is recommended, which yields µ = 1.00 and COV = 0.10, implying higher accuracy and reliability compared with the other methods.Key words: piles, cone penetration test, static and dynamic load test, modular program.
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Robertson, P. K. "Cone penetration test (CPT)-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system — an update." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 12 (December 2016): 1910–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0044.
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A soil classification system is used to group soils according to shared qualities or characteristics based on simple cost-effective tests. The most common soil classification systems used in geotechnical engineering are based on physical (textural) characteristics such as grain size and plasticity. Ideally, geotechnical engineers would also like to classify soils based on behaviour characteristics that have a strong link to fundamental in situ behaviour. However, existing textural-based classification systems have a weak link to in situ behaviour, since they are measured on disturbed and remolded samples. The cone penetration test (CPT) has been gaining in popularity for site investigations due to the cost-effective, rapid, continuous, and reliable measurements. The most common CPT-based classification systems are based on behaviour characteristics and are often referred to as a soil behaviour type (SBT) classification. However, some confusion exists, since most CPT-based SBT classification systems use textural-based descriptions, such as sand and clay. This paper presents an update of popular CPT-based SBT classification systems to use behaviour-based descriptions. The update includes a method to identify the existence of microstructure in soils, and examples are used to illustrate the advantages and limitations of such a system.
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Farhangi, Visar, Moses Karakouzian, and Marten Geertsema. "Effect of Micropiles on Clean Sand Liquefaction Risk Based on CPT and SPT." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 29, 2020): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093111.
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Liquefaction is a hazardous seismic-based phenomenon, which causes an abrupt decrease in soil strength properties and can result in the massive destruction of the built environment. This research presents a novel approach to reduce the risk of soil liquefaction using jet-grouted micropiles in clean sands. The saturated soil profile of the study project mainly contains clean sands, which are suitable to more reliably employ simplified soil liquefaction analyses. The grouting is conducted using 420 micropiles to increase the existing soil properties. The effect of jet grouting on reducing the potential of liquefaction is assessed using the results of the cone penetration test (CPT) and the standard penetration test (SPT), which were conducted before and after jet grouting by implementing micropiles in the project sites. According to three CPT-based liquefaction analyses, the Juang method predicts the most effective improvement range of the factor of safety in the clean sand. The Boulanger and Idriss, and Eurocode methods show comparable evaluations. Results of the SPT-based analyses show the most considerable increase of the factor of safety following the Boulanger and Idriss, and NCEER approaches in the SP soil. CPT- and SPT-based analyses confirm the effectiveness of jet grouting by micropiles on enhancing soil properties and reducing the risk of liquefaction.
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Turkoglu, Ahmet, Zubeyir Bozdag, Metehan Gumus, Abdullah Oguz, Mesut Gul, Ahmet Yılmaz, and Zulfu Arikanoglu. "Comparison of Crystallized Phenol Treatment and Simple Primary Closure Methods for Pilonidal Sinus Disease." International Surgery 103, no. 9-10 (September 1, 2019): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-15-00066.1.
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The objective of the study was to compare the results of the patients treated with crystallized phenol treatment (CPT) or simple primary closure (SPC) for pilonidal sinus disease (PSD). For PSD treatment, both SPC and CPT have the advantages of rapid recovery, minimal pain, and short hospital stay. Even though these two techniques can be used interchangeably in uncomplicated cases, there is not enough evidence about which method is superior. A total of 102 patients who underwent CPT (n = 57) and SPC (n = 45) for uncomplicated PSD were included in the study. In all of the cases, data were recorded and compared between CPT and SPC groups, including age, gender, duration of the symptoms, hospital stay, complications, healing time, and recurrence. The mean age was 25.6 years and the male-to-female ratio was 93:9. The SPC and CPT groups were similar in terms of age, gender, duration of symptoms, complications, and healing time. The CPT group did not require hospitalization or anesthetic procedure in addition to local anesthesia, but the SPC group required a median of 1 day (range, 1–3 days) of hospitalization, and 3 patients (6.7%) needed spinal anesthesia. During a median of 27.5 months' follow-up, the recurrence rate in the CPT group (6 patients; 10.5%) was lower than in the SPC group (13 patients; 28.9%). Both hospital stay and recurrence rates were better in the CPT group. Healing time and complication rates were similar in both methods. Based on these results, we suggest that CPT should be preferred to SPC in uncomplicated cases.
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Schlenke, Peter, Harald Klüter, Michael Müller-Steinhardt, Hans-Jörg Hammers, Kerstin Borchert, and Gregor Bein. "Evaluation of a Novel Mononuclear Cell Isolation Procedure for Serological HLA Typing." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 6 (November 1, 1998): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.6.808-813.1998.
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ABSTRACT Despite recent advances in DNA-based genotyping, the microcytotoxicity test is still broadly used for the determination of human leukocyte class I antigens in patients as well as organ donors and also for the detection of HLA antibodies. Excellent purity and viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are essential for reliable HLA typing results. Background staining and cell loss can contribute to impaired typing results or even cause misinterpretations. A novel isolation procedure using cell preparation tubes (CPT) with prefilled Ficoll was compared with the standard Ficoll gradient. We determined the recovery, purity, and viability of the PBMC after several periods of storage. Finally, the isolated cells were used for HLA class I typing, and background reactivities were scored. By using the CPT method, the recovery of PBMC was significantly higher than recovery with the standard technique (P ≤ 0.001). Contamination by granulocytes increased considerably during the storage time for the standard protocol, whereas purity remained stable when CPT were used (P ≤ 0.001). With both methods, lymphocyte viability declined markedly over time. We found significantly more dead cells by using the CPT methods. Due to high background scores, HLA typing was impossible after 48 h. The isolation of PBMC by the CPT method resulted in a higher yield and improved purity compared to those obtained with the standard gradient technique. The decreasing viability after 48 h limits the use of both methods for HLA typing and HLA antibody screening.
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Abu-Farsakh, Murad Y., Zhongjie Zhang, Mehmet Tumay, and Mark Morvant. "Computerized Cone Penetration Test for Soil Classification." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2053, no. 1 (January 2008): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2053-07.
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Computerized MS-Windows Visual Basic software of a cone penetration test (CPT) for soil classification was developed as part of an extensive effort to facilitate the implementation of CPT technology in many geotechnical engineering applications. Five CPT soil engineering classification systems were implemented as a handy, user-friendly, software tool for geotechnical engineers. In the probabilistic region estimation and fuzzy classification methods, a conformal transformation is first applied to determine the profile of soil classification index (U) with depth from cone tip resistance (qc) and friction ratio (Rf). A statistical correlation was established in the probabilistic region estimation method between the U index and the compositional soil type given by the Unified Soil Classification System. Conversely, the CPT fuzzy classification emphasizes the certainty of soil behavior. The Schmertmann and Douglas and Olsen methods provide soil classification charts based on cone tip resistance and friction ratio. However, Robertson et al. proposed a three-dimensional classification system that is presented in two charts: one chart uses corrected tip resistance (qt) and friction ratio (Rf); the other chart uses qt and pore pressure parameter (Bq) as input data. Five sites in Louisiana were selected for this study. For each site, CPT tests and the corresponding soil boring results were correlated. The soil classification results obtained using the five different CPT soil classification methods were compared.
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Gomez, Darwin C., and Neil Anacta. "A New Method to Test Molluscicides against the Philippine Schistosomiasis Snail Vectors." Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (January 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3827125.
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To expedite the discovery of novel molluscicides in the laboratory, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of a new molluscicidal assay. This assay is based on Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi snails and is called miniaturized plate test or mpt. To perform this assay, a 12-well plate, 3 snails per well, and 24-h exposure period were used. The performance of mpt was evaluated using niclosamide and Ardisia plant extract (tagpo extract) as test substances while WHO’s guidelines for a conventional plate test (cpt) served as standard. One cpt and four mpt independent trials were performed for niclosamide and tagpo extract. Probit analysis of dose–response data was run in R to generate lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), while lethal ratio test was performed to detect significant difference between paired LC50s (or LC90s). Using niclosamide, the calculated LC50 values were 0.104, 0.127, 0.136, 0.139, and 0.140 g/m2 for cpt, mpt 1, mpt 2, mpt 3, and mpt 4, respectively, while the LC90 values were 0.266, 0.268, 0.244, 0.251, and 0.261 g/m2, using the same sequence, respectively. For tagpo extract, the LC50 values were 1.467, 1.547, 1.659, 1.797, and 1.659 g/m2, for cpt, mpt 1, mpt 2, mpt 3, and mpt 4, respectively, and the LC90s were 2.188, 2.195, 2.501, 2.358, and 2.501 g/m2, respectively. The lethal ratio test revealed that a significant difference exists between the LC50s of cpt and mpt 1 when using niclosamide with a lethal ratio and confidence limits of 0.820 (0.663, 0.977, p<0.05) and another significant difference between LC50s of mpt 1 and mpt 3 using tagpo extract with computed lethal ratio and confidence limits of 0.861 (0.782, 0.939, p<0.05). Taken together, the results point out that mpt generates accurate and reproducible lethal concentration values. Hence, mpt may be used as an alternative method to screen molluscicides that are active against schistosome snail vectors.
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Harandizadeh, Hooman. "Developing a new hybrid soft computing technique in predicting ultimate pile bearing capacity using cone penetration test data." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 34, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060420000025.
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AbstractThis research intends to investigate a new hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) technique compared to some common CPT methods in estimating axial ultimate pile bearing capacity (UPBC) using cone penetration test (CPT) data in geotechnical engineering applications. A data series of 108 samples was collected in order to develop a new hybrid structure of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) network, and the group method of the data handling (GMDH) type neural network was optimized by applying the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm over the hybrid ANFIS-GMDH topology, which leads to a new hybrid AI model called as ANFIS-GMDH-PSO. The derived database provides information related to pile load tests, in situ field CPT data, and soil–pile information for introducing the proposed hybrid neural system. The cross-section of the pile toe, average cone tip resistance along embedded pile length, and sleeve frictional resistance along the shaft had been considered as input parameters for the proposed network. The results of this research indicated that the proposed ANFIS-GMDH-PSO model predicted the UPBC with an acceptable precision compared to various CPT methods, including Schmertmann, De Kuiter & Bringen, and LPC/LPCT methods. Moreover, ANFIS-GMDH-PSO network model performance was compared to CPT-based models in terms of statistical criteria in order to achieve a best fitted model. From the statistical results, it was found that the developed ANFIS-GMDH-PSO model has achieved a higher accuracy level in terms of statistical indices compared to CPT-based empirical methods, such as Schmertmann model, De Kuiter & Beringen model, and Bustamante & Gianeselli for predicting driven pile ultimate bearing capacity.
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Nagai, Nobuyuki, Seiji Hashimoto, Yoshimitsu Fujikura, Jyunpei Takahashi, Shunji Kumagai, Makoto Kasai, Kenji Suto, and Hiroaki Okada. "Reproduction of Vehicle Vibration by Acceleration-Based Multi-Axis Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 251 (December 2012): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.251.129.
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This paper presents the development of the 3-axis vibrating machine precisely reproducing vehicle's acceleration characterized with multi-mode vibration. For the reproduction in vertical axis, at first, the system identification experiment of the vibrator is carried out. Using the identified model, the feedforward control based on the pole-zero cancellation method is applied to realize the ideal transfer gain of one from the acceleration reference to its output. Next, for reproducing the acceleration in horizontal plane, the continuous-path tracking (CPT) control system is constructed using the precision XY stage. In the CPT control system, the disturbance observer is introduced focusing on the accurate reproduction within limited frequency. Finally, the experimental verification of the proposed 3-axis acceleration vibration reproduction system is shown using the developed DSP-controlled 3-axis vibrating machine.
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Shi-chun, Yang, Song Sheng-zhuang, Cao Yao-guang, Gou Wen-zhuang, and Ji Fen-zhu. "Research on Efficiency of High Power Resonant Electric Vehicle Contactless Power Transfer Charger." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 940890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/940890.
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Compared with traditional charging method, CPT (contactless power transfer) is more convenient and safe while having higher power lose. Therefore, the efficiency of CPT needs to be optimized. In this paper, PSSS (primary side series compensation and secondary side series compensation) model is used to study the efficiency optimization of a high-power CPT. The factors such as coil structure, resonant frequency, and load matching on high-power CPT charging equipment are studied by simulation and experiment. The results show that system efficiency is proportional to mutual inductance values; coil structure mainly affects the mutual inductance values; the mutual inductance of the coils is mainly affected by the diameter of the coils, the distance between the coils, the shape of coil, the number of turns, and so forth. As for the CPT charging system based on full-bridge inverter circuit, the efficiency of the system increases as the frequency increases in the range of 0–50 kHz, while decreases as the frequency is higher than 50 kHz. Load matching also affects the efficiency of high-power CPT charging equipment, and the load matching formula based on an equivalent circuit model is given.
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Inceu, Georgeta, Horea Demea, and Ioan Andrei Veresiu. "Corneal Confocal Microscopy – A Novel, Noninvasive Method to Assess Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2014-0039.
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AbstractBackground and aims. This article aims to compare corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) with acknowledged tests of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), to assess corneal nerve morphology using CCM in diabetic patients, and to underline possible correlations between clinical and biological parameters, diabetes duration and DPN severity. Material and methods. A total of 90 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in the study for whom we measured anthropometric parameters and we performed laboratory measurements (tests). The patients were assessed for diabetic peripheral neuropathy using Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Testing (SWMT), Rapid-Current Perception Threshold (R-CPT) measurements using the Neurometer®, and CCM. We stratified the patients according to DPN severity, based on four parameters extracted after image analysis. Results. A higher percentage of patients were diagnosed with DPN using CCM (88.8%), compared with SWMT and R-CPT measurement (17.8% and 40% respectively). The incidence of DPN detected with CCM was considerable in patients with normal protective sensation and with normal R-CPT values. Conclusions. Our study showed that corneal confocal microscopy is a useful noninvasive method for diabetic neuropathy assessement in early stages. It was proven to directly quantify small fiber pathology, and to stratify neuropathic severity, and therefore can be used as a new, reliable tool in the diagnosis, clinical evaluation, and follow-up of peripheral diabetic neuropathy.
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Zhang, G., P. K. Robertson, and R. W. I. Brachman. "Estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements from CPT for level ground." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 1168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-047.
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An integrated approach to estimate liquefaction-induced ground settlements using CPT data for sites with level ground is presented. The approach combines an existing CPT-based method to estimate liquefaction resistance with laboratory test results on clean sand to evaluate the liquefaction-induced volumetric strains for sandy and silty soils. The proposed method was used to estimate the settlements at both the Marina District and Treasure Island sites damaged by liquefaction during the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake on 17 October 1989. Good agreement between the calculated and measured liquefaction-induced ground settlements was found. The major factors that affect the estimation of liquefaction-induced ground settlements are also discussed in detail. The recommendations for taking the effects of these factors into account in estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements using the proposed CPT-based approach are presented. It is suggested that the proposed method may be used to estimate liquefaction-induced settlements for low- to medium-risk projects and also to provide preliminary estimates for higher risk projects.Key words: liquefaction, settlements, earthquake, sand, in situ testing.
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Ghose, Ranajit, and Jeroen Goudswaard. "Integrating S‐wave seismic‐reflection data and cone penetration test data using a multiangle multiscale approach." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 2 (March 2004): 440–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1707064.
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A cone penetration test (CPT) is the most common geotechnical testing method used to estimate in situ the strength properties of soil. Although CPT provides valuable information, this information is restricted to the location of the measurement. We propose a new concept to integrate shallow S‐wave reflection seismic data with CPT data in order to obtain laterally continuous subsoil information. In this vein, a valid quantitative means to relate seismic reflections to CPT data is a primary requirement. The approach proposed here is based on the characterization of the scaling behavior of the local fine‐scale S‐wave velocity information extracted from the seismic reflection data and the same behavior of the CPT cone resistance. The local velocity contrast information is extracted by linearized Zoeppritz inversion of the amplitude‐preserved prestack reflection data. We have formulated a multiscale analysis approach employing the continuous wavelet transform in order to quantitatively characterize the nature of change at an interface of the local S‐wave velocity contrast and the CPT cone resistance and to illuminate any relation between these two. The multiscale analysis estimates the singularity parameter α, which indicates the nature of the interfacial change. The application of our method to the field data has uncovered a striking relation between the nature of variation of the local S‐wave velocity contrast and that of CPT cone resistance; otherwise, such a relation was not visible. Detailed analyses of two extensive field datasets have shown that the lateral fine‐scale variation of soil strength, as seen by CPT cone resistance, has a close resemblance with the variation of the local S‐wave velocity function as seen by angle‐dependent reflection measurements. This leads to a unique possibility to integrate two very different in‐situ measurements—reflection seismic and CPT—providing laterally continuous detailed information of the soil layer boundaries.
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Jiang, Zhiwei, Guiwu Wei, Jiang Wu, and Xudong Chen. "CPT-TODIM method for picture fuzzy multiple attribute group decision making and its application to food enterprise quality credit evaluation." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 10115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202839.
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With the development of society, people’s living standard is constantly improving. Meanwhile, people need various food to satisfy their needs in daily life. Under this situation, more and more food enterprises are appearing in the market. However, some issues about food safety come out. Because of the huge number of food company, managers are difficult in achieving profitability. Therefore, some of the managers try to use some unhealthy materials to produce food in the society. So, it is important for people to distinguish healthy and unhealthy food enterprises in their daily life. In order to help government discern and control the quality of healthy food enterprises in the market, we need to propose an effective evaluation system in estimating food enterprises. In this paper, we introduce a method of evaluating the quality degree of food enterprises which can help us to distinguish enterprises effectively. As we all know, the method of TODIM is widely used in multiple attribute decision making (MADM). In this article, we describe the extended TODIM which based on the cumulative prospect theory (CPT) with picture fuzzy numbers (PF-CPT-TODIM) and use it to evaluate food companies. What’s more, we use entropy method to decide the weights of various attributes. Finally, we select optimal enterprise by using the PF-CPT-TODIM method. Furthermore, we use the comparison of the results of classical PF-TODIM method and PFWA operators to test the availability of PF-CPT-TODIM. It not only can enrich decision-making methods but also make up for the traditional PF-TODIM method in considering the psychological aspects of decision makers.
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Kim, Garam, Donggyu Park, Doohyun Kyung, and Junhwan Lee. "CPT-based lateral displacement analysis using p-y method for offshore mono-piles in clays." Geomechanics and Engineering 7, no. 4 (October 25, 2014): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.4.459.
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Shuttle, Dawn A., and John Cunning. "Liquefaction potential of silts from CPTu." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-086.
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Silt tailings (slimes) are difficult materials to test in that, like sands, it is extremely difficult to obtain undisturbed samples and subsequently re-establish them in a triaxial cell for element testing in a laboratory in anything approaching their in situ condition. Evaluation of silt tailing behaviour has to depend on in situ tests, and the piezocone (CPTu) in particular. However, CPTs in silt generate substantial excess pore pressure and there is no established methodology to evaluate the measured responses in terms of soil properties, as drained sand-based CPT interpretation is inapplicable. A case history of particularly loose silt tailings is reported in which the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) liquefaction assessment method would lead to uncertainty in the liquefaction potential. However, the extremely high CPTu excess pore pressure ratio, Bq, and low dimensionless CPT resistance, Qp, at this site indicates liquefaction is likely occurring during pushing of the CPT. Detailed finite element simulations of the CPT using a critical state model provided an effective stress framework to evaluate the in situ state parameter of the silt from the measured CPT data. This framework shows that the group of dimensionless CPT variables Q(1 – Bq) + 1 is fundamental for the evaluation of undrained response during CPT sounding. And, despite the high silt content, the interpretation indicates that the tailings are indeed liquefiable.Key words: liquefaction, CPT, silt, finite element, critical state.
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Doan, L. V., and B. M. Lehane. "CPT-Based Design Method for Axial Capacities of Drilled Shafts and Auger Cast-in-Place Piles." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 147, no. 8 (August 2021): 04021077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002542.
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