Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CPTSD'

Research has shown that there is a relationship between the physical environment in cities and safety and security. The consequences of low safety and security are severe and impact public health and well-being. With increasing crime rates in many neighborhoods in Stockholm, planning with crime prevention in mind becomes increasingly important for improved future sustainability. As the run-down industrial area in Bromsten in the west part of Stockholm has been razed and the new district Bromstensstaden is being built there´s a unique window of opportunity to create circumstances to improve safety and security. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate which aspects in the physical environment contribute to unsafety and decreased security for the residents of Bromsten, and to analyze how Bromstensstaden has been planned regarding crime prevention and public safety. The study focuses on the design of the physical environment in the planning process. Social strategies, and future maintenance of the built environment of the district were excluded from the study. 136 residents of Bromsten answered a survey with questions regarding their safety and security in Bromsten and the results show that residents are feeling unsafe to some degree in the neighborhood. This can partly be explained by the increased crime rates in Bromsten and surrounding neighborhoods, but the design of the built environment also plays a part. Places that are unsafe are Bromstensplan, the old industrial area and the walk to Spånga railway. Littering and bad lightning are other aspects that can be improved for enhanced safety and perhaps security. A general unsafety not related to any specific location was also observed. An analysis of the planned Bromstensstaden shows that according to literature and existing research the district is generally well-planned regarding crime prevention. The big parking space next to Mälarbanan has the potential to become an unsafe area, as well as the district´s green areas including the area surrounding the creek that runs through the district. Planning with public safety in mind has been a big priority. Skogsängsvägen will be the main street in the mixed-use neighborhood that will consist of residential buildings with apartments and business premises on the ground floors. The main street will make a safe passage to Spånga Station as there will be human activity in many hours of the day. To further increase human presence, the apartments on the ground floors will have urban front yards. The apartment complexes are planned with partly enclosed collectively shared yards, a measure that has shown to increase the residents feeling of safety, control and belonging. Working with crime prevention in Bromsten will require a variety of efforts, where the design of the physical environment is one important part. The study shows that there are aspects in the physical environment in Bromsten that could be further improved. Razing the old industrial area and building Bromstensstaden will likely make an important contribution to increased safety and security for the residents in Bromsten.<br>Studier har visat att det finns samband mellan den fysiska miljön i städer och trygghet och säkerhet. En ökning av kriminalitet har skett de senaste åren och en del Stockholmsförorter är extra utsatta. Priset för människors otrygghet är stort då den inverkar negativt på invånarnas välbefinnande och hälsa. Det blir därför ännu viktigare ur hållbarhetssynpunkt att utnyttja den unika möjligheten som finns i att redan i planskedet av nya bostadsområden planera ur ett brottsförebyggande perspektiv. När det nedgångna industriområdet i stadsdelen Bromsten i västra Stockholm nu rivits och den nya stadsdelen, Bromstensstaden, ska byggas finns en unik möjlighet att ge förutsättningar för en trygg stadsdel från grunden. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka vilka aspekter i den fysiska miljön som bidrar till otrygghet och minskad säkerhet för de boende i Bromsten, samt att analysera hur kommunen beaktat säkerhetsfrämjande och trygghetsskapande aspekter i den byggda miljön när Bromstensstaden planerats. Studien är begränsad till att omfatta trygghetsfrämjande och brottsförebyggande åtgärder i den fysiska miljöns utformning i planskedet, inte socialt inriktade åtgärder och inte heller stadsdelens framtida förvaltning. 136 personer besvarade en enkät med frågor om trygghet och säkerhet i Bromsten och resultatet visar att det finns en relativt stor otrygghet hos de boende i stadsdelen. Detta kan delvis härledas till den ökade brottsligheten i Bromsten och närliggande områden, men även faktorer i den byggda miljön påverkar. Geografiskt utmärker sig Bromstensplan, det gamla industriområdet och vägen till närliggande Spånga station som otrygga platser. Nedskräpning och dålig belysning är andra aspekter som påverkar men det finns även en mer generell otrygghet i Bromsten som inte är kopplad till någon specifik plats. En analys av det planerade Bromstensstaden visar att utifrån den litteratur och det aktuella forskningsläget är området generellt välplanerat ur ett brottspreventivt perspektiv. Den stora parkeringsplatsen som planeras vid Mälarbanan kan potentiellt bli en otrygg plats, liksom områdets grönområden som bland annat består av ett åstråk som löper genom hela området. I övrigt har tryggheten varit högt prioriterad i planarbetet. I den funktionsblandade stadsdelen ska en central gata, Skogsängsvägen, inrymma såväl bostadshus som butikslokaler i husens gatuplan. Gatan kommer att bli en trygg väg för passage mot Spånga station då den är befolkad under många av dygnets timar. Lägenheter placerade i bottenplan kommer att ha en förgårdsmark för att ytterligare befolka gaturummet och visa på mänsklig närvaro. Områdets bostadsgårdar är kringbyggda vilket har visat öka boendes känsla av trygghet, kontroll och tillhörighet. Det brottspreventiva arbetet i området kräver olika insatser, där designen av den byggda miljön är en viktig del. Studien visar att det finns flera aspekter att förbättra i den fysiska miljön i Bromsten. Att riva industriområdet och bygga Bromstensstaden kommer sannolikt att vara en viktig del i att öka tryggheten och säkerheten för boende i Bromsten.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a crime preventive approach used for the physical environment to reduce criminal activity. CPTED consists of six principles: Territoriality, Surveillance, Target hardening, Image and Management/Maintenance, Access control and Activity support. The aim of this study was to evaluate an area in the center of a medium sized town in Sweden according to the CPTED principles. The area was divided into three zones, field inspections and analyses of the area were conducted five times using a checklist based on the CPTED principles. Photographs were taken for documentation. Key findings were that Territoriality, Image and Management/Maintenance and Access control need improvements. From the findings a risk assessment on the impact of criminality was made on each principle in each zone and was also summed up to a total. The total indicated that there was a medium risk on impact of criminality on two of the three zones and low on the third zone.<br><p>2017-06-01</p>

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-102).<br>Urban downtowns have changed since September 1 1, 2001, sprouting bollards, planters, and barriers installed on the pretense of improved safety and security. While these interventions protect buildings from vehicle bombs, they have not been properly integrated into the fabric of the downtown, and they have not conformed to good urban design principles. This thesis explores the intersections of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), physical antiterrorism design (ATD), and principles guiding the design of public spaces. The thesis focuses on the processes whereby antiterrorism design interventions are sited in Boston and New York and examines current installations. Ultimately, the author argues for better integration of antiterrorism interventions with both CPTED and urban design principles, suggesting that public education and a London-like 'ring of steel' are the best ways to secure downtowns without compromising unique urban character. First, the thesis provides an account of antiterrorism design history within the United States, and follows this with a description of how leading documents articulate antiterrorism design principles at different scales. Next, the evolution of place-based crime prevention strategies is explored, ending with a discussion of CPTED, and a description of this strategy at different scales. A comparison of ATD and CPTED principles reveals that there are few irresolvable discrepancies between the two design strategies. Pictures from downtown Boston and New York are provided throughout the thesis to illustrate ATD and CPTED 'dos' and 'don'ts.' In the second half of the thesis, ATD and CPTED policies of downtown Boston and New York are examined in pursuit of synergies and innovations in design processes. At multiple sites in these cities, ATD violates both CPTED and the principles of good urban design. According to theory discussed earlier in the thesis, these discrepancies are not obvious outcomes. Ultimately, the author argues that ATD should be optimized through the use of CPTED strategies and humanized through the use of civic design principles.<br>by Sara E. Rothrock.<br>M.C.P.

The "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED) concept promises to reduce the opportunities and fear of crime in neighbourhoods. By reducing the opportunities for crime, it is assumed that people will become less fearful of moving freely about their environment. This assumption requires further study. This thesis reviews the current status of CPTED in eleven municipalities in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. Based on a series of interviews with law enforcement and planning officials, the thesis examines the promotion, principles and practice of CPTED. The findings suggest that the promotion of CPTED is inadequate. Additionally, CPTED may conflict with other planning objectives. Furthermore, since the concept only promises to reduce the opportunities for crime, evaluating Its performance is difficult. As a result, only a small number of municipalities have incorporated CPTED into their planning process. The thesis concludes that in spite of the limited success of CPTED to date, research on the theory and practice of the concept should continue. Recommendations are suggested to facilitate the implementation, evaluation and promotion of CPTED in the future.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of<br>Graduate

The purpose of this research is to study how the environmental design on the bus and safety is managed in Uppsala, Sweden, and to thereafter analyze this by using the crime prevention theory/method crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Both features that currently exist on the bus and possible future improvements were investigated. To do this, an observation of the physical environment of the inside of a bus and six interviews, both with people responsible for safety on the bus in Uppsala and bus drivers, were executed. By analyzing possible crime preventing features on the bus, conclusions could be drawn. The characteristics of the bus were, to a large extent, promoted through CPTED. It was also possible to identify which elements that contribute safety, and to evaluate possible future improvements through CPTED. Out of these improvements, installation of CCTV, strengthening bus passengers' role to act and interfere when a crime is committed and extend the number of security guards and ticket collectors on the bus would, with support in CPTED, work to lower the level of crime on the bus. However, some of the possible future interventions were identified to contradict CPTED.

This thesis has two aims. First, it examines how the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) are practically applied by a representative sample of 28 Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) across England and Wales. Second, it investigates how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester by Greater Manchester Police Design for Security Consultancy (DFSC). The research demonstrates that when presented with a set of residential plans ALOs are, to varying extents, able to identify locations which time shows have higher levels of crime and disorder. Whilst there is a skill exhibited by ALOs, there is a wide range of performance with some ALOs tending to overstate the risks posed. The skill therefore requires finessing to ensure that ALO input is maximally useful. It is argued that those responsible for the application of CPTED should be afforded more training and resources to allow them to develop this skill. Research underpinning ALO advice also needs to be developed. The way in which CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester is atypical when compared to other forces across England and Wales. CPTED in Manchester is applied by former built environment professionals and a fee is charged for the production of a Crime Impact Statement (CIS). The aim of the CIS is to ensure that CPTED is considered early in the design and planning process. The thesis reports on how the CIS process was delivered during a period of austerity and examines how DFSC liaise with key stakeholders in compiling the CIS. The associated police recorded crime data for four residential CIS developments is reviewed as a means of measuring the extent to which the developments experienced crime and disorder compared to the immediate surrounding area. During the period of analysis no burglary offences were recorded. Analysis reveals that the involvement of DFSC is dependent upon a client being aware of the policy requirement for a CIS to accompany major planning applications. Some clients request a CIS late in the design and planning process, which limits the time DFSC can appraise the scheme and provide a consultative service. The content and structure of the CIS’ varies depending upon when and by whom the CIS is written. Whilst CPTED is an important consideration for LPAs across Manchester, it is only one consideration, amongst others, for planning officers.

The use of crime prevention initiatives on American college campuses has rapidly increased in the past three decades as high profile crime incidents continue to erode the public’s perception of universities as sanctuaries —isolated from criminal activity. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an environmental approach to crime prevention that refers to strategies that focus on reducing crime opportunities by manipulating the physical and social qualities of the environment. Although empirical research on CPTED is growing, little is known about the impact of this method on educational settings. The main argument of the present study is that CPTED has the potential to foster campus safety by reducing crime and increasing the perception of safety. Based on findings from previous studies, it is expected that universities with higher level of CPTED are more likely to have lower crime rates, and students residing in high CPTED campus facilities are more likely to have higher perception of safety. To test the hypothesized effect, a content analysis of the annual safety reports of 100 postsecondary institutions in the United States was conducted. In addition, the residents of two dormitories of a university were surveyed to assess their safety perceptions. Furthermore, a case study was conducted in a college campus with a systematic deployment of the CPTED approach. In-depth interviews, one focus group, in-site observations, and analysis of secondary data were performed to contextualize the study findings. Although the quantitative analysis of the national review of the annual safety reports did not provide evidence in support of the hypothesized effect, it uncovered a reverse relationship between crime rate and use of environmental crime prevention measures. The results of the survey of students’ perception of safety, on the other hand, revealed evidence in support of the second hypothesis of the dissertation. Furthermore, the qualitative case study analysis provided insight into the implementation procedures, strengths, and challenges of the systematic CPTED program. The main findings show how CPTED works in the academic context and what alterations are needed to advance the program.

This thesis is a study of public spaces with a focus on personal safety and human behavior in public spaces. It establishes literature in the realm of public spaces, safety standards, and behavioral research and aims to identify common ground or conflicts between people behavior in public spaces and safety standards of public spaces. Research is supported through detailed on-site analysis and various techniques of behavioral research of two plazas in a campus setting. <p> The first part of the research focuses on literature to understand origin of public space, importance of safety, and evolution of safety standards in the context of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). The later part of this thesis is based on preliminary site investigations, which help in identifying two public plazas on the Virginia Tech campus to provide a platform to conduct research and help identify common grounds or conflicts between safety standards and human behavior. The research also aims to help revise techniques of safety evaluation of public spaces, based on human needs and behavior. The research is primarily qualitative in nature supported with a concise quantitative data analysis to ascertain participant demographics and social needs.<br>Master of Landscape Architecture

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social, do Trabalho e das Organizações, 2017.<br>Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-01-03T14:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_IsangeloSennadaCosta.pdf: 11038162 bytes, checksum: 74a833478b7799886d979f0b4f3a5ce7 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-03-02T18:47:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_IsangeloSennadaCosta.pdf: 11038162 bytes, checksum: 74a833478b7799886d979f0b4f3a5ce7 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T18:47:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_IsangeloSennadaCosta.pdf: 11038162 bytes, checksum: 74a833478b7799886d979f0b4f3a5ce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02<br>A prevenção criminal pelo design do ambiente (crime prevention through environmental design - CPTED) é uma abordagem que assegura que características físicas dos espaços construídos ou naturais podem reduzir o crime. Suas dimensões centrais incluem territorialidade (defesa e apropriação dos espaços por usuários legítimos) e vigilância natural (oportunidades de ver e ser visto). No entanto, o medo do crime influencia como as pessoas sentem, pensam e agem no quotidiano mais do que a criminalidade real. Por mais de quatro décadas a CPTED vem sendo empregada, sobretudo em países anglo-saxões, via intervenções urbanas de baixo custo em parceria com comunidades locais. Com base no modelo da fullcycle social psychology, esta dissertação é composta por cinco estudos que investigaram as relações da CPTED com o medo do crime. No Estudo 1, modelos hierárquicos de regressão linear de um survey in loco (n = 126) revelaram que infraestrutura e iluminação de um parque público, assim como sexo e experiências de vitimização, foram preditores da percepção de (in)segurança. No Estudo 2 promoveu-se uma melhor organização teórico-conceitual para a dimensão territorialidade, analisaram-se questões metodológicas e propôs-se uma agenda de pesquisa. No Estudo 3 foi desenvolvido o Inventário CPTED para Espaços Públicos, testado em 10 locais do Distrito Federal, com evidências robustas de validade/fidedignidade e capaz de prescrever intervenções tanto em ambientes seguros como não-seguros. O Estudo 4 descreve a elaboração da Escala de Medo Situacional do Crime em Espaços Públicos (EMSCEP), baseada em fotografias. Sucessivas avaliações de juízes (n = 27), estudo de viabilidade (n = 50) e teste empírico (n = 56) resultaram em 10 itens (ɑ = 0,92). Finalmente, no Estudo 5 (n = 460) foram articulados os instrumentos desenvolvidos, para testar hipóteses fundamentais da CPTED com o medo do crime. Análises fatoriais exploratórias e ANOVAs fatoriais revelaram efeitos da territorialidade e da vigilância natural na redução do medo do crime. Os cinco estudos evidenciam a viabilidade de se utilizar CPTED no contexto brasileiro, 15 reforçam o caráter intercultural do modelo e expandem suas fronteiras multimetodológicas pelo uso diferenciado de fotografias. Em termos aplicados, encerram um conjunto de ferramentas estratégicas para o diagnóstico, a prescrição de intervenções e avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança.<br>Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is an approach asserting that physical features of natural and built environments can reduce crime. Its central dimensions include territoriality (defense and appropriation of spaces by its legitimate users) and natural surveillance (opportunities to see and to be seen). However, fear of crime impacts people's feelings, thoughts and behavior more than crime itself. For over four decades, and mainly in Anglo-Saxon' countries, CPTED has being applied via low-cost urban interventions in partnership with local communities. Based on a full-cycle social psychology framework, this thesis is composed by five studies that investigated the relationships between CPTED and fear of crime. In Study 1, hierarchical multiple regressions of a survey in loco (n = 126) revealed that infrastructure and lighting in a public park, as well as gender and victimization, predicted users’ perception of (un)safety. Study 2 promoted a better theoretical-conceptual organization to the dimension of territoriality, also by analyzing methodological issues and a research agenda. Study 3 reports the development of the CPTED Inventory for Public Spaces that was tested in 10 sites of the Federal District (Brazil), with robust evidences of validity/reliability and capable of providing recommendations for interventions in either secure or insecure environments. Study 4 describes the construction of the Scale of Situational Fear of Crime in Public Spaces (EMSCEP), based on photographs. Successive judgments by experts (n = 27), a viability study (n = 50) and an empirical test (n = 56) resulted in a 10-item scale (ɑ = 0,92). Finally, Study 5 (n = 460) articulated the instruments to test major hypotheses relating CPTED and fear of crime. Exploratory factor analysis and factorial ANOVAs showed the effects of territoriality and natural surveillance in reducing fear of crime. The five studies constitute evidence of how CPTED can be used in the Brazilian scenario, strengthen the intercultural aspects of the model and expand its multi-methodological frontiers by the distinct use of photographs. In terms of applications, the thesis comprises a relevant set of 17 tools for helping diagnose, prescribe interventions, and evaluate public security policies

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur samarbetet sett ut mellan olika aktörer, när det gäller att skapa en stadsdelpark. Detta ur ett brottsförebyggande- och trygghetsskapande perspektiv. Även att undersöka hur det brottsförebyggande- och trygghetsskapande perspektivet balanseras med det estetiska. Material från semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelaktörer samt dokument som rör processen har legat till grund för en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Den teoretiska ramen vi har använt är rutinaktivitetsteorin, situationell brottsprevention samt CPTED. Resultatet visade att samarbetet mellan parterna inte var närvarande i urspungsplaneringen. Vidare belyser alla inblandade att detta kan ses som en lärdom till framtida projekt, då det möjligen hade mynnat ut i ett annat utförande av parken i vissa avseenden. Komplexiteten i att balansera brottsförebyggande och estetiska åtgärder synliggörs, och man kan se är att de åtgärder som nu sätts in är för att åtgärda problem som uppstått. Vilket möjligen kunde förebyggts om det beaktats i planeringen.<br>The purpose of our study has been to examine, from a crime prevention- and safety perspective, the cooperation between key-actors in creating an urban park. Material from semi-structured interviews with key- actors as well as documents relating to the process have been the basis for a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework we have used is routine activity theory, situational crime prevention and CPTED. The result showed that cooperation between the parties was not present in the initial planning. Furthermore, everyone involved emphasizes that it could be a lesson for future projects, which possibly could have resulted in another embodiment of the park in some respects. The complexity of balancing crime prevention and aesthetic measures is highlighted, and the action that is now being taken are to address problems that have arisen. Which could possibly have been prevented if it had been considered in the planning.

Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL)<br>Continuing Professional Teacher Development (CPTD) of teachers at working class schools in South Africa has come under scrutiny over the past few years. Despite new education policies which incorporated the dire need for CPTD, the achievement of learners at working class schools remains poor. This investigation was prompted by the cause of this discrepancy. This study investigates the participation of teachers in Continuous Professional Development initiatives at working class schools in the Western Cape. The primary research question for this research paper is: “Why are teachers at working class schools not participating in CPTD initiatives as expected?” A qualitative approach within the interpretive paradigm was adopted throughout this study. The interpretive approach allowed the researcher to gain a more social world interpretation of the respondents as it provided insight in CPTD practices at working class schools. The process of data gathering was inductive as information emerges from interviews and questionnaires. Open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. The study comprised 15 respondents and included teachers at two schools and three officials from the Department of Education. The demographics of the two schools were similar which made it possible to ask the same questions for all respondents. The study highlighted the lack of participation of teachers in CPTD due to human, material and financial constraints. Urgent consideration needs to be given to eradicating these barriers for continuous professional development of teachers. Providers of CPTD should ensure that the needs of teachers are met and training should be embarked upon on a continuous basis. In addition, priority should be given to teachers employed at schools in working class areas.

En viktig del av ett socialt hållbart samhälle är att individer känner sig trygga i den offentliga miljön. Den upplevda nivån av trygghet påverkar människors hälsa och beteende och därför är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till de aspekter som har stor inverkan på tryggheten i ett område. Parker och grönområden har stor inverkan på livskvaliteten hos en stads befolkning samtidigt som de är viktiga ur ett hållbart perspektiv. Syftet med denna studie är att få en uppfattning om hur tryggheten i ett grönområde påverkas av miljöns utformning och användning samt om personer upplever trygghet i ett grönområde olika beroende på kön och andra demografiska faktorer. Detta har gjorts med hjälp av en fallstudie över Boulognerskogen och Stadsträdgården i centrala Gävle där 12 platser valdes ut. Studien har även undersökt hur känslan av trygghet påverkas av platsens geografiska placering, kringliggande omgivning samt individers rörelsemönster. Resultaten av studien är baserat på både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data. Dessa data skapades genom att en webbaserad enkätstudie sändes ut till allmänheten, ett flertal observationer utfördes i grönområdet samt två djupintervjuer, en med Gävles Stadsarkitekt och en med en Landskapsarkitekt på Gävle kommun. En visualisering skapades utifrån enkätsvaren i ett geografiskt informationssystem (GIS) för att kunna se hur trygghetsnivån varierar på olika platser i grönområdet. Detta har även möjliggjort att det gått att utläsa hur platsers nivå av trygghet kan påverka varandra utifrån deras placering inom grönområdet. Det framgår av resultaten att det kön individen identifierar sig som och den åldersgrupp som individen tillhör påverkar var i grönområdet individen upplever trygghet och otrygghet. Studien har visat att Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) kan implementeras hos Gävle kommun i trygghetsskapande arbete för att förbättra nivån av trygghet i Boulognerskogen och Stadsträdgården. En ökad förståelse har nåtts genom studien för hur viktig planeringen av grönområden är och att det finns aspekter som behövs tas i beaktning i projekteringen av grönområden. Studien har även lett till insikten att mycket belysning inte behöver skapa ett tryggt område men att mängden växtlighet samt skötseln av denna i ett område är en viktig faktor för trygghet.<br>An important part of a socially sustainable society is that individuals feel safe in the public environment. The perceived level of safety affects people’s health and behavior and therefore it is important to take the aspects into account that have a major impact on the feeling of safety in an area. Parks and green areas have a large impact on the quality of life of a city’s population whilst at the same time being important from a sustainable perspective. The purpose of this study is to get a deeper understanding of how the perceived safety in green areas is affected by the design and use of the environment and understand whether people experience the feeling of safety in green areas differently depending on their gender and other demographic factors. This was done with the help of a case study in the parks Boulognerskogen and Stadsträdgården in central Gävle where 12 sites were selected. The study has also investigated how the feeling of safety is affected by the areas’ geographical location, surrounding environment and the movement pattern of people. The results of the study are based on data that are both qualitative and quantitative. These data were created by sending out a web-based survey to the public, a number of observations made in the green area and two in-depth interviews, one with Gävle’s Urban Architect and one with a Landscape Architect from Gävle municipality. A visualization was created based on the survey responses in a geographic information system (GIS) to see how the level of perceived safety varies at different locations in the green area. This has also made it possible to study how the level of perceived safety in different locations can affect each other based on their placement within the green area. The results indicate that the gender the individual identifies as and that their age affect where in the green area the individual experiences the feeling of safety or the feeling of being unsafe. The study has shown that Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) can be implemented at Gävle municipality in safety enhancing work to improve the level of perceived safety in Boulognerskogen and Stadsträdgården. An increased understanding has been reached through the study of the importance of planning green areas and that there are aspects that needs to be taken into account when designing green areas. The study has led to the realization that lots of lighting does not need to create an area that is perceived as safe but that the amount of vegetation and its management in an area is an important factor for the feeling of safety.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Criminologia<br>A prevenção e o planeamento das escolas são muito importantes, de tal forma que são o objeto central deste estudo. Assim, deve atuar-se com o objetivo de reunir e criar todas as condições, que potenciem um desenvolvimento livre de crime e comportamentos disruptivos, aumentando assim, o sentimento de segurança e a qualidade de vida. Esta investigação pretende compreender a importância do planeamento arquitetónico das escolas nos comportamentos dos alunos, identificando os principais fatores que no ambiente escolar, mais influenciam os indivíduos, evidenciando quais os aspetos que contribuem para a criação ou melhoramento de uma escola, tendo em vista a prevenção e a segurança. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, do tipo misto, que recorre aos questionários, “checklist” e observação participante.<br>Both prevention and planning are very important, so that they become the central subject of this study. Therefore, we should operate by gathering and creating the conditions that increase a crimeless and free of disruptive behaviour development, enhancing the sense of security and quality of life. This investigation aims to understand the importance of architectural planning of schools on student’s behaviours, identifying the fundamental factors in the school environment, that most affect the individuals, by showing which aspects contribute to the creation or improvement of a school, based on prevention and safety. Will be used an exploratory, descriptive and transversal study, of the mixed type, which makes use of questionnaires, checklist and participant observation.

Vi har med hjälp av observationer och en enkätundersökning besvarat frågeställningar som berör trygghet och brottslighet i förhållande till ansatsen Crime Prevention Through Enviromental Design (CPTED) i två områden med olika fysisk utformning och socioekonomisk demografi: Vivalla och Ladugårdsängen i Örebro. Genom att studera de två områdena har vi sett tydliga skillnader i både fysisk utformning, och hur trygghet upplevs av de boende i områdena. Vivalla är byggt under 1960 - 1970-talet och är en del av Sveriges miljonprojekt. Detta tar sig uttryck i slutna gårdar och en tydlig funktionsuppdelning i området. Det finns låga förutsättningar för den kollektiva övervakningen av området och dess gårdsmiljöer då fönstren i området är vända mot innergårdarna. Detta i kombination med dålig belysning och låg aktivtetsgrad -då de boende rör sig främst i centrum – innebär att området inte uppfyller principerna för CPTED. Ladugårdsängen är byggt med stadsmässighet och den livfulla staden i åtanke. Detta innebär husfasader mot gatan, en blandad bebyggelse och trafikerade gator genom området. Då husfasaderna har fönster åt alla väderstreck finns förutsättningar för en kollektiv övervakning, men denna försvåras i vissa delar av en undermålig belysning. Dock är gatorna mer livfulla och används mer än de i Vivalla, vilket främjar trygghet enligt boende i området. Brottsligheten är högre i Vivalla än i Ladugårdsängen, men den är inte markant högre med en brottslighet på 0,14 anmälda brott per capita i förhållande till Ladugårdsängens 0,11 brott per capita. Vidare finns fler faktorer än fysisk miljö för brottsbenägenhet, vilket gör att det är omöjligt att besvara varför fler brott begås i Vivalla med denna studie. Vad som utlöser känslan av otrygghet har visat sig vara främst dålig belysning, men också uppfattningen av hur stor brottsligheten är i områdena har gett positivt utslag på otrygghet. Detta innebär att inte enbart fysisk utomhusmiljö kan pekas ut som en faktor även för upplevd otrygghet. Det vi med denna studie kan fastställa är dock att den fysiska miljön har en påverkan på otrygghet, och att dålig belysning är en faktor för vissa brott – dock i kombination med flera andra faktorer.

Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem experimental para determinar a reatividade de sistemas subcríticos. O método a ser apresentado utiliza o modelo da cinética subcrítica desenvolvido por Gandini e Salvatores e baseia-se apenas em grandezas medidas, tais como a taxa de contagem no detector, e nos parâmetros que surgem do ajuste dos mínimos quadrados APSD (Auto Power Spectral Density) e CPSD (Cross Power Spectral Density), não sendo necessário lidar com as quantidades de maior complexidade como a eficiência de detector. A única hipótese feita neste método foi que a fração efetiva de nêutrons atrasados e o tempo de geração de nêutrons prontos fossem independentes do nível de subcriticalidade do sistema. O método proposto foi aplicado nas medidas de reatividade de várias configurações subcríticas do reator IPEN/MB-01. Foram realizadas medidas da APSD e CPSD em diversos graus de subcriticalidade (até em torno de -7000 pcm). Nos dados das densidades espectrais foram feitos ajustes por meio do método de mínimos quadrados para obter a constante de decaimento pronto (&alpha;) e outras grandezas. Com a finalide de melhorar as estatísticas de contagem de nêutrons, fonte externa de nêutrons de Am-Be foi instalada próximo ao núcleo, além da fonte de partida. O método experimental proposto mostra claramente que, a teoria da cinética pontual clássica não descreve a reatividade medida. Em vez disso, a reatividade inferida a partir do modelo da cinética pontual clássica é próxima, em seus valores absolutos, ao índice de subcriticalidade (&zeta;) para um determinado arranjo das fontes do experimeno. A concordância dos resultados obtidos por MCNP5 e GPT-TORT, ambos utilizando os dados nucleares da biblioteca ENDF/B-VII.0, com os resultados experimentais correspondentes são de boa qualidade.<br>This work presents a new experimental approach to determine the reactivity levels of subcritical systems. The method employs the subcritical kinetic model developed by Gandini and Salvatores and it is based only on measured quantities such as counting rates of the detectors employed in the experiments and the parameters arising from the least squares fitting of the APSD (Auto Power Spectral Density) and CPSD (Cross Power Spectral Density). Detector efficiencies, quantity required in other procedures such as Neutron Source Multiplication (NSM) method, are not needed in the proposed method. The only hypothesis made in the method was the independence of the effective delayed neutron fraction and the prompt neutron generation time to the subcriticality level of the system. The proposed method was applied to measure the reactivity of several subcritical configurations of the IPEN/MB-01 reactor. Measurements of APSD and CPSD were performed in several degrees of subcriticality (up to around -7000 pcm). The spectral densities data were least squares fitted to get the prompt decay mode (&alpha;) and other quantities. Beside the startup source of the facility, an external neutron source of Am-Be was installed near the core in order to improve neutron counting statistics. The final experimental results are of good quality. The proposed experimental method shows clearly that the classical point kinetic theory cannot describe the measured reactivity. Instead, the reactivity inferred from this model follows closely the subcriticality index (&zeta;) for the source arrangements in the experiment. The agreement of the MCNP5 and GPT-TORT results, both with ENDF/B-VII.0 as the basic nuclear data library, when compared to the corresponding experimental ones was also good.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP<br>FAPESP:09/54838-0

La bactérie pathogène, Streptococcus pneumoniae (ou pneumocoque), produit une sérinethréonine-kinase membranaire, StkP, et une tyrosine-kinase, CpsD, qui sont respectivement des régulateurs importants de la division cellulaire et de la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique. Ces observations ont été directement la base de mon projet de thèse. Au cours de mon étude, j'ai participé à la mise en évidence du mécanisme par lequel CpsD coordonne la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique avec le cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque, en contrôlant via son autophosphorylation la mobilité de la protéine ParB de la ségrégation du chromosome. Pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire sous jacent, j'ai caractérisé un nouveau partenaire de CpsD et de ParB appelé RocS. J'ai montré que cette protéine est indispensable pour la ségrégation du chromosome. J'ai ensuite identifié que CpsD et RocS constituent un nouveau mécanisme de protection du nucléoïde, qui était jusque-là inconnu chez le pneumocoque. D'autre part, j'ai contribué à la caractérisation du rôle des sousdomaines PASTA du domaine extracellulaire de StkP dans la régulation de l'épaisseur de la paroi cellulaire septale ainsi que dans le degré d'activation de StkP. Plus particulièrement j'ai mis en évidence que le quatrième sous-domaine PASTA de StkP contrôle la fonction de l'hydrolase de la paroi cellulaire LytB, qui est nécessaire pour les étapes finales de la division cellulaire. Mon travail suggère donc l'existence de réseaux de régulation interconnectés du cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque impliquant ces deux protéine-kinases<br>The pathogenic bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), produces a membrane serine threonine kinase, StkP, and a tyrosine kinase, CpsD, which are important regulators of cell division and polysaccharide capsule synthesis, respectively. These observations were directly at the basis of my thesis project. During my thesis, I participated in the identification of the mechanism by which CpsD coordinates the synthesis of the polysaccharide capsule with the cell cycle of the pneumococcus. Indeed, CpsD autophosphorylation controls the mobility of the chromosome partioning protein ParB protein of the chromosome segregation. To better understand the underlying molecular mechanism, I characterized a new CpsD and ParB partner that we called RocS. I showed that this protein is required for chromosome segregation. I also identified that CpsD and RocS form an atypical nucloied occlusion system, which was previously unknown in pneumococcus. On the other hand, I have contributed to the characterization of the role of the PASTA sub-domains of the StkP extracellular domain in the regulation of the septal cell wall thickness as well as in the degree of activation of StkP. More specifically I showed that the fourth PASTA sub domain of StkP controls the function of the cell wall hydrolase LytB, which is required for the final steps of cell division. My work therefore suggests the existence of interconnected regulation networks of the pneumococcal cell cycle and involving these two protein kinases

Purpose: This study is based on one of 60 residential areas in Sweden which is evaluated to have low socio-economic status and where criminals have an impact on the society. Råslätt in Jönköping is referred as an exposed area and this studys aim is to identify, analyze and assist Vätterhem with guidance concerning crime prevention and providing safe design in urban space. The aim of this study is to comprehend how urban spaces can be designed to prevent crime in exposed areas in general and Råslätt in particular. In this way, this study will contribute with knowledge to make Råslätt a secure and safe area. Method: This study’s methods is both qualitative and quantitative. First, a literature research was conducted on where CPTED has been implemented as a tool in crime. A document analysis has been carried out using statistics from the police department regarding reported crimes in Råslätt. Interviews were conducted on people with good knowledge of Råslätt, in order to supplement and compare the document analysis. The questions asked were regarding perceived crime and insecurity. To map Råslätt, an area analysis was then implemented based on the tool Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Findings: This study shows that parking lots on the outskirts of Råslätt, Havsörnsgatan and Stadsgården with its surrounding areas are common places for crimes within three crime categories: Public acts of violence that risk damaging third parties are found where you can find problems with natural surveillance. Open drug dealing is found where there is a problem with natural surveillance and natural access control. Outward dissatisfaction against society is found in places where there is a problem with natural surveillance and territorial reinforcement. Implications: This study shows that there is a connection between the tool CPTED and the crimes that are reported in Råslätt as well as the perceived feeling of where crimes are committed is in consistent with the reality of where crimes are reported. The conclusion shows that there is some improvement to make when it comes to the built environment and reduce the occurrence of criminal acts. Examples of such measures are better lightning, concealed walking paths and restrict the car traffic in the area. Limitations: This study only includes the residential area Råslätt with its surrounding parking lots and garages. This means that forest areas, outdoor areas and roads that connect Råslätt with nearby residential areas are excluded. This study also focuses on the indirect oppressions in the assignment of exposed areas. The aspect in CPTED regarding the natural access control and segregation from surrounding areas will not be evaluated in this study.<br>Syfte: Studien har sin grund i ett av de 60 områden i Sverige som bedöms ha låg socialekonomisk status och där kriminella har en påverkan på samhället. Råslätt i Jönköping benämns som ett utsatt område och studien syftar till att identifiera, analysera och bistå Vätterhem med vägledning rörande brottsförebyggande och trygghetssäkrande utformning i urban miljö. Målet med studien är att komma till insikt om hur offentliga platser kan utformas för att preventivt och aktivt förhindra brott i utsatta områden i allmänhet och Råslätt i synnerhet. På så sätt bidra med information för att göra Råslätt till ett säkrare och tryggare område. Metod: Studien innehåller både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Först genomfördes litteraturstudier om CPTED som verktyg i brottsbekämpning. En dokumentanalys genomfördes sedan av statistisk från polismyndigheten angående anmälda brott som återfinns i området. För att komplettera och jämföra dokumentanalysen gjordes intervjuer på personer med god kännedom över Råslätt. De frågor som ställdes handlade om upplevd brottslighet och otrygghet. För att kartlägga Råslätt genomfördes sedan en områdesanalys utifrån verktyget Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Resultat: Studien visar på att parkeringsplatserna i Råslätts utkanter, Havsörnsgatan och Stadsgården med omnejd är vanligt förekommande platser för anmälda brott inom de tre brottskategorierna: Offentliga våldshandlingar som riskerar att skada tredje man återfinns i högst grad där problem med den naturliga övervakningen återfinns. Öppen narkotikahandel återfinns där det är problem med den naturliga övervakningen och den naturliga åtkomstkontrollen. Brottshandlingar i form av utåtagerande missnöje mot samhället återfinns på platser där det är problem med den naturliga övervakningen och den territoriella förstärkningen. Konsekvenser: Studien visar att det finns en koppling mellan verktyget CPTED och de brottshandlingar som anmälts i Råslätt. Även att den upplevda känslan om var brott begås, till viss del stämmer överens med verklighetsbilden över var brotten anmäls Slutsatsen visar även att det finns en del förbättringsåtgärder att vidta när det kommer till den bebyggda miljön för att reducera uppkomsten av brottshandingar. Exempel på sådana åtgärder är bättre belysning, mindre avskärmningar vid gångstråk och att begränsa biltrafiken in i området. Begränsningar: Studien innefattas bara av bostadsområdet Råslätt med dess omkringliggande parkeringar/garage. Det innebär att skogsområden, friluftsområden samt vägar som förbinder Råslätt med närliggande bostadsområden exkluderas. Studien har också fokus på de indirekta påtryckningarna i bedömningen av utsatta områden. Aspekten i CPTED rörande den naturliga åtkomstkontrollen och hur segregerat området är från kring liggande områden kommer inte att beaktas i studien.

Lack of safety is a problem in many public places in society, including libraries, where disturbances of order and crime are common problems. Perhaps, many people experience the library as a quiet and safe place, without quarrels, vandalism, violence, theft, or harassment, yet all these are recurring problems in libraries. This study is carried out to clarify factors that cause the lack of safety in libraries and to develop measures to counteract these factors. The survey is conducted as a case study of Högdalen library, where the purpose of the study is to understand how the environment at the library affects the safety of the place, based on the visitors' and personnel's safety experiences. In order to get answers to the study's main research question – that is, how visitors and personnel experience the safety at Högdalen library – a questionnaire survey was conducted, answered by 43 library visitors, as well as interviews with four people from the library's personnel. The study also includes an examination and a compilation of statistics from troublesome events that occurred at the library between the years 2017 and 2020 to further – together with the questionnaire survey and interviews – get answers to what problems are most common in the library today. The hope is that the questionnaire survey, the interviews, the statistics, and the study's theoretical and literature basis will provide answers to how crime prevention through environmental design can be used as a reference to improve safety at Högdalen library. The study is delimited and does not include any comparison between Högdalen library and other libraries concerning the safety experience. The results show that visitors and personnel have a positive image of the safety experience at Högdalen library. Most of the questionnaire respondents (83,7 %) have not experienced any situation that has developed the feeling of unsafety, while the personnel, instead, believe that incidents that have been experienced as troublesome have increased their awareness and experiences of how such situations can be handled, and further increased their motivation to strive for a safe environment for all library visitors. Although the above results show a positive safety experience at Högdalen library, a minor number of visitors (16,3 %) experience, or have experienced, the feeling of unsafety in the library's premises. These experiences of unsafety are based on cases linked to disturbances of order, harassment, drugs, or property crimes, but also problems with obstacles, ability to orientate and lines of sight. The personnel also highlight that some troublesome situations – associated with, for example, youth groups and addicts – have contributed to increased stress and a feeling of discomfort, which subsequently has affected their well-being in the workplace. However, it is important to remember that all people experience safety differently, and that a complete elimination of unsafety can thus be difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, it is vital to make every attempt to prevent the existing risks as much as possible.<br>Otrygghet är ett problem på många offentliga platser i samhället, däribland bibliotek, där både ordningsstörningar och brott är förekommande problem. Förmodligen upplever många människor biblioteket som en lugn och trygg plats, utan bråk, skadegörelser, våld, stöld, eller trakasserier, ändock är alla dessa återkommande problem på bibliotek. Den här studien genomförs med förhoppningen att klara ut orsakerna till otryggande faktorer på bibliotek, och i bästa fall ta fram åtgärder för att motverka dessa faktorer. Undersökningen görs i form av en fallstudie av Högdalens bibliotek, där syftet med studien är att få en ökad förståelse för hur miljön på biblioteket påverkar tryggheten på platsen utifrån besökares och personals trygghetsupplevelser. I syfte att få svar på studiens huvudsakliga forskningsfråga – alltså hur besökare och personal upplever tryggheten på Högdalens bibliotek – görs en enkätundersökning besvarad av 43 biblioteksbesökare, samt intervjuer med fyra personer från bibliotekets personal. Studien innefattar därtill en granskning och sammanställning av statistik från besvärande händelser som inträffat på biblioteket mellan åren 2017 och 2020 för att vidare, tillsammans med enkätundersökningen och intervjuerna, få svar på vilka problem som är mest förekommande på biblioteket idag. Förhoppningen är att enkätundersökningen, intervjuerna, statistiken och studiens teori- och litteraturunderlag ska ge svar på hur brottsprevention genom urban design kan användas som referens för att förbättra tryggheten på Högdalens bibliotek. Studien är avgränsad och innefattar inte någon jämförelse mellan Högdalens bibliotek och andra bibliotek i avseende på trygghetsupplevelsen. Studiens resultat visar att besökare och personal har en positiv bild av trygghetsupplevelsen på Högdalens bibliotek. Majoriteten av enkätrespondenterna (83,7 %) har inte upplevt någon situation som frambringat känslan av otrygghet, medan personalen i stället menar att händelser som upplevts besvärande har ökat deras kunskaper och erfarenheter om hur sådana situationer kan hanteras, samt vidare ökat deras motivation att sträva efter en trygg miljö för alla biblioteks- besökare. Trots att ovannämnda resultat visar en positiv trygghetsupplevelse på Högdalens bibliotek finns det ett mindre antal besökare (16,3 %) som upplever, eller har upplevt, känslan av otrygghet i bibliotekets lokaler. Dessa otrygghetsupplevelser grundar sig på fall kopplat till ordningsstörningar, trakasserier, narkotika eller egendomsbrott, men också problem med hinder, orienteringsmöjligheter och siktlinjer. Personalen belyser också att vissa besvärande situationer – förknippat med exempelvis ungdomsgrupper och missbrukare – har bidragit med ökad stress och en känsla av obehag, vilket fortsättningsvis påverkat deras välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Det är dock viktigt att komma ihåg att alla människor upplever trygghet på olika sätt, och att en fullständig eliminering av otrygghet således kan vara svårt att uppnå – men det är trots detta betydelsefullt att i största möjliga grad försöka förebygga de risker som finns.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Criminologia<br>O presente trabalho centra-se numa proposta de um estudo com o objetivo de apreender a perceção que os jovens universitários, estudantes numa das faculdades do Pólo de Asprela, têm sobre a segurança ou insegurança nessa área e a comparação respetiva com o desenho urbanístico, ou seja, a prevenção, ou não, do crime, através da arquitectura ambiental (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - CPTED), que abrange esta zona da cidade do Porto. Em suma, se as características arquitetónicas deste local, influenciam, ou não, a ocorrência de crime, em que locais, e as medidas preventivas a tomar para alterar e melhorar esta situação. Para isso, fez-se uma análise exaustiva de literatura científica na área da segurança/insegurança, medo do crime, incivilidades, estilo de vida estudantil e CPTED´s, bem como do Diagnóstico Local de Segurança (DLS) do Pólo de Asprela realizado pelo Observatório Permanente de Violência e Crime (OPVC), de onde será extraído parte do questionário que aqui se propõe como técnica de investigação. É um trabalho a aprofundar futuramente.<br>This paper focuses on a proposal for a study in order to apprehend the perception that young college students in one of the Asprela Pole colleges have on the security or insecurity in the area and the respective comparison with the urban design, that is, the prevention, or not, of crime through environmental design (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - CPTED), which covers this area of Porto. In short, if the architectural features of this location, influence, or not, the occurrence of crime, in which locations, and preventive measures to be taken to change and improve this situation. For this, there was an exhaustive review of the scientific literature in the field of security/insecurity, fear of crime, incivilities, student lifestyle and CPTED's and of the Diagnostic Security Location (DLS) of Asprela Pole conducted by Permanent Observatory of Violence and Crime (OPVC), from which will be extracted part of the questionnaire that is proposed here as a research technique. It is a work to deepen in the future.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur tryggheten och säkerheten påverkas av denfysiska planeringen av offentliga platser med inriktning på torg. För att uppfylla detta syftehar en litteraturstudie samt två fallstudier av Skogås torg och Turebergs torg gjorts. Ilitteraturstudien har Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED),kameraövervakning, grönska och belysning undersökts och beskrivits och effektiviteten avdessa som brottsförebyggande åtgärder har analyserats. Fallstudierna utfördes i två delar där den första delen bestod av ett platsbesök på respektivetorg. Torgen analyserades utifrån hur väl den fysiska utformningen bidrar till att ökatryggheten och säkerheten på respektive torg. På de båda torgen var belysningen bristfälligoch avsaknaden av grönytor och växtlighet var märkbar. Vid Turebergs torg finns det gott ommötesplatser i nära anslutning till torget medan bristen på mötesplatser kring Skogås torg ären av torgets stora svagheter. Den andra delen bestod av en enkätundersökning där enkäter skickades ut till boende iområdet där de fick besvara frågor om sig själva och hur de upplever torget ur etttrygghetsperspektiv. De övergripande resultaten som erhållits för de båda undersökningarnavar att de allra flesta personer kände sig som mest otrygga under kvällar och nätter. Denstörsta bidragande orsaken till otrygghet var att det befinner sig för mycket gäng på torgenoch de flesta personer är mest rädda för att utsättas för personrån. Högre närvaro av poliseroch väktare var den åtgärd som flest personer ville se för att deras trygghet skulle öka mest.Vid Skogås torg tyckte även ett flertal personer att torget är för ödsligt och att flermötesplatser bör skapas kring torget för att tryggheten ska öka.<br>The purpose of this work is to investigate how safety and security are affected by the physicalplanning of public places with a focus on squares. To fulfill this purpose, a literature studyand two case studies, of Skogås square and Turebergs square, have been done. In theliterature study, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), camerasurveillance, greenery and illumination have all been investigated and described and theireffectiveness as crime prevention measures has been analyzed. The case studies were executed in two parts, where the first part consisted of a site visit oneach square. The squares were analyzed on the basis of how well the physical designcontributes to increasing the safety and security of each square. In both squares, theillumination was deficient and the lack of green spaces and vegetation was noticeable. AtTurebergs square, there are plenty of meeting places in close proximity to the square, whilethe lack of meeting places around Skogås torg is one of the square's major weaknesses. The second part consisted of a survey where questionnaires were sent out to residents in thearea where they had to answer questions about themselves and how they experience thesquare from a security perspective. The overall results obtained for the two surveys were thatthe vast majority of people felt most insecure during the evenings and nights. The biggestcontributing factor causing insecurity was that there were too many gangs occupying thesquares and most people were most afraid of being exposed to robbery. Increased presence ofpolice and security guards was the measure that most people wanted to see to increase theirsense of security. At Skogås square, several people also thought that the square was toodesolate and that more meeting places should be created around the square for security to beincreased.

Municipalities today have a great power to plan our future urban environment. With this great power comes an even greater responsibility. These new urban environments will become future generations habitats. The urban environment should be both safe and secure. But what do the municipalities today have for preparedness to plan safe and secure urban environments?  This dissertation has examined four municipalities in Stockholm County: Stockholm Municipality, Upplands Väsby Municipality, Nacka Municipality and Huddinge Municipality. The mapping concerns what regulatory documents and other work the municipalities have to support the safety and security planning. These regulatory documents have been verified against the CPTED's various principles. It was found that the municipalities' regulatory documents contain elements of the CPTED's different principles, but to varying degrees. In order to verify that the municipalities follow their regulatory documents and implement security and security planning, a case study was carried out at a selected location in each municipality. The case studies showed that the municipalities succeeded in implementing the CPTED principles to varying degrees in the selected projects. Then the dissertation analyzed if the use of the principles of the CPTED where purposely used or if it was purely common sense.  Further on, a discussion if today’s legal framework secures municipalities to plan urban environment secure and safe proved that this was not the case. At least in a broader perspective.  The dissertation then ended with stating which actions can be done legally and what shortcomings that could be included.<br>Kommuner har idag en stor makt att planera vår framtida stadsmiljö. Med den stora makten kommer även ett ännu större ansvar. Dessa stadsmiljöer kommer bli framtida generationers livsmiljöer. Stadsmiljön ska både upplevas som trygg och vara säker. Men vad har dagens kommuner för beredskap för att planera trygga och säkra stadsmiljöer?  Detta kandidatarbete har undersökt fyra kommuner i Stockholms län: Stockholms stad, Upplands Väsby kommun, Nacka kommun och Huddinge kommun. Kartläggningen rör vad för styrdokument och övrigt arbete kommunerna besitter som stöd i trygghets- och säkerhets planeringen. Dessa styrdokument har kontrollerats mot CPTED:s olika principer. Det visade sig att kommunernas arbetsunderlag innehåller inslag av CPTED:s olika principer, men i varierande grad. För att sedan kontrollera att kommunerna följer sina styrdokument och implementerar trygghet- och säkerhetsplanering gjordes en fallstudie på en utvald plats i varje kommun. Fallstudien visade att kommunerna lyckats implementerat CPTED:s principer i skiftande utsträckning i de utvalda projekten. Sedan analyserades om kommunerna använder CPTED:s principer medvetet eller om det enbart var sunt förnuft.  Vidare diskuterades om dagens juridiska ramar påbjuder kommuner att planera tryggt och säkert, samt i vilket avseende. Detta visade sig inte vara fallet.  Kandidatarbetet avslutade sedan med att redovisa vilka åtgärder som kan göras juridiskt och vilka brister som kan kandidatarbetet kan inrymma.

Den fysiska planeringen och utformningen av en plats påverkar hur den upplevs av besökaren. Att känna sig trygg i samhället är en demokratisk rättighet och en förutsättning för att kunna vara en aktiv individ, nyttja samhällets olika funktioner och kunna delta i olika aktiviteter. Utmaningen med att planera för trygga och säkra miljöer är att trygghet är en subjektiv känsla som innebär den individuella bedömningen av sin egna säkerhet. En säker plats betyder att brottsligheten är låg och risken för att bli utsatt för brott är liten. Trygghet och säkerhet är två begrepp som har en påtaglig skillnad då en säker plats inte nödvändigtvis behöver upplevas som trygg. Kandidatuppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur säkerhet och upplevd trygghet på offentliga platser påverkas av den fysiska utformningen. Studien undersöker även om det finns något samband mellan upplevd trygghet och den faktiska säkerheten. En fallstudie har genomförts på Göteborgs centralstation där stationens fysiska aspekter, den upplevda tryggheten på platsen och dess faktiska säkerhet har undersökts. Studien använde sig av metoden textanalys samt observationer baserade på teorin Defensible space. Teorin innehåller metoden CPTED, vilket är en metod baserad på principer i den fysiska miljön som bidrar till säkra och trygga miljöer. Metoderna kompletteras med intervjuer i syfte att få ett perspektiv på hur människor upplever Göteborgs centralstation i ett trygghetsperspektiv. Resultaten från studien har sedan ställts mot brottsstatistiken för Göteborgs centralstation, för att ser hur ett samband mellan upplevd trygghet i den fysiska miljön och säkerhet på en offentlig plats ser ut.  Fallstudien har lett fram till slutsatsen att fysisk planering och utformning av offentliga platser kan påverka den upplevda tryggheten. Platsens utformning och dess koppling till den faktiska säkerheten kan däremot inte fastställas. Säkerhet är ett komplext begrepp som påverkas av flera olika faktorer, inte bara fysisk planering. Studien visar att CPTED- principerna implementeras på Göteborgs centralstation i olika utsträckning på olika delar av stationsområdet. Kandidatuppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion gällande brottsprevention som planeringsideal och vikten av planerarens roll i utformningen av trygga miljöer på offentliga platser.

The aim of the thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the importance of parks for urban quality, particularly for safety. This is achieved in two ways; first, by assessing parks’ impact on the perceived quality of the urban environment (whether it is incorporated into housing prices or not) in Stockholm. Second, the study investigates whether safety in parks may be assessed using principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) using a high-crime park in Stockholm’s inner city. The thesis starts with an introduction to the theme, with a brief discussion of background theory, literature review, the study area and the methods. Then, it reports the results of the articles included in the thesis and discusses their main contributions to the field of research. A mixed methods approach utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Regression models and a Geographic Information System (GIS) were used in Paper I, which aims to clarify how park proximity affects housing prices and, when considering residential properties and park type, how crime rates in parks affect housing prices. Findings show that the further away an apartment is located from a park, the higher the discount on its price effect, but this effect (dependent on the park type), as an accumulated measure of parks, lowers prices or is negligible. Paper II assesses the use and adequacy of CPTED principles to guide the assessment of safety conditions of an urban park. The historical development of CPTED is presented followed by an analysis of a case study, Tantolunden, in Stockholm. Site observations, crime mapping, people count and interviews were conducted. Results show many entrances in this particular park defy the principles of access control and in turn impose limitations on park maintenance. Findings also show that interrupted sight lines create limited surveillance. The paper concludes by identifying the potentialities and challenges of CPTED principles when applied to safety in parks. Findings presented in this thesis are relevant for many stakeholders in society as results show the variation in crime and safety in urban parks, and the way they can be assessed and tackled.<br><p>QC 20151023</p><br>Safety for whom? Housing market, safety and distributive justice

De miljöer vi planerar för och bygger idag är de platser där kommande generationer kommer att bo och vistas. Det offentliga miljöerna fungerar som en plats för möten och socialisering, därför måste det vara säkert och tryggt för alla människor. Teorin om brottsförebyggande genom urbandesign (CPTED) har sitt ursprung på 1970-talet och har utvidgats till att bli en omfattande teori för att skapa säkra och säkra miljöer. I Sverige finns det varken nationella riktlinjer eller rättsliga krav på användning av CPTED i planeringsprocessen eller att skapa trygga offentliga miljöer bortsett från ett snävt perspektiv. Denna avhandling syftar till att mäta omfattningen av kunskap och användning av CPTED-principer i den offentliga och privata sfären inom planering - så kallad CPTED-beredskap. Detta görs genom en landsomfattande undersökning av kommuner och halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fem framstående privata utvecklare. Denna avhandling testar dessutom betydelsen av sex hypoteser för att bestämma sådan beredskap bland kommunerna genom att genomföra ett stratifierat urval av kommuner för statistiska analyser. Resultaten av denna studie visar att många kommuner inte är beredda att implementera CPTED- principer i sin planeringspraxis och att privata utvecklare i allmänhet saknar CPTED-kunskap men hade en positiv åsikt om ämnet och efterfrågade potentiell vägledning från den offentliga sektorn. Dessa resultat tyder på att för att säkerställa att svenska kommuner och privata utvecklare ska vara redo att planera för säkra och säkra offentliga platser, måste det utvecklas en nationell vägledning om användningen av CPTED i stadsplanering.<br>The environments we plan for and build today are the places where future generations will live. The public realm serves as a place for meeting and socialization, which is why it must be safe and secure for all people. The theory of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) originated in the 1970s and has expanded to become a comprehensive theory for creating safe and secure environments. In Sweden, there exists neither national guidelines nor legal requirements on the use of CPTED in the planning process. This thesis sets out to measure the extent of knowledge and use of CPTED principles in public and private sphere planning practice- called CPTED readiness. This is done through a nationwide survey of municipalities and semi-structured interviews with five prominent private developers. This thesis additionally tests the significance of six hypotheses in determining such readiness amongst municipalities by subjecting a stratified sample of municipalities to an ordinary least squares regression model. The results of this study show that many municipalities are not prepared to implement CPTED principles in their planning practice and that private developers generally lack CPTED knowledge but had a favorable opinion of the subject and whished more of potential guidance from the public sector. These results indicate that, in order to ensure that Swedish municipalities and private developers are ready to plan for safe and secure public places, there is a need for national guidance on the use of CPTED in urban planning.

The purpose of this research activity was to determine the nature of in-service training as a mode of capacitating and developing teachers in public secondary schools serviced by the Matlosana Area Office (AO). The process of teacher in-service training is constantly faced by challenges, which derail and stall progress and sometimes negatively affect learners’ performance. Amongst others, these challenges include: changes in the curriculum, inconsistent monitoring and follow-up on in-service training programmes, the impact of teacher performance on learners’ attainment, the HIV/AIDS scourge, poor learner discipline, incorrect placement of teachers with regard to school and subjects taught, and the low participation of key role-players. The Department of Education (DoE) is divided into the Department of Basic Education and the Department of Higher Education. A literature study to look into the Department of Basic Education’s Acts, policies, strategies and other relevant documents aimed at skilling and developing teachers, was carried out. This assisted the researcher in understanding the legal parameters that guide teacher in-service training. Upon completion of the literature study, a brief explanation of the empirical research design, the administration and the use of the questionnaire as a research tool, are given. Data were collected from the respondents in the randomly selected secondary schools in the focus area – by means of a questionnaire. These data gave the researcher an idea of the situation with regard to teacher in-service training in the Matlosana Area Office’s responsibility area. To respond to the statements, respondents were required to indicate their views by ticking on a 5-step Likert scale. Respondents were given the opportunity of writing down their opinions; and these were summed up and indicated. Data collected were analysed and presented in the form of tables and histograms. This was followed by the interpretation of these data. Chapter 5 of the mini-dissertation presents a summary of the research activities. The findings, in accordance with the literature review, and the results of the empirical research with regard to the stated research objectives, are also presented. Finally, based on the findings, conclusions are drawn and recommendations subsequently formulated. Major findings include the need for more time to be dedicated to in-service training, thorough monitoring and prompt follow-up thereof. Data collected also indicated that the DoBE has a number of programmes in place to develop teachers and to put them on a par with curriculum requirements. Despite these efforts, some schools are still performing below the required standard.<br>Thesis (M Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

In the period between September 2010 and December 2011, Christchurch was shaken by a series of strong earthquakes including the MW7.1 4 September 2010, Mw 6.2 22 February 2011, MW6.2 13 June 2011 and MW6.0 23 December 2011 earthquakes. These earthquakes produced very strong ground motions throughout the city and surrounding areas that resulted in soil liquefaction and lateral spreading causing substantial damage to buildings, infrastructure and the community. The stopbank network along the Kaiapoi and Avon River suffered extensive damage with repairs projected to take several years to complete. This presented an opportunity to undertake a case-study on a regional scale of the effects of liquefaction on a stopbank system. Ultimately, this information can be used to determine simple performance-based concepts that can be applied in practice to improve the resilience of river protection works. The research presented in this thesis draws from data collected following the 4th September 2010 and 22nd February 2011 earthquakes. The stopbank damage is categorised into seven key deformation modes that were interpreted from aerial photographs, consultant reports, damage photographs and site visits. Each deformation mode provides an assessment of the observed mechanism of failure behind liquefaction-induced stopbank damage and the factors that influence a particular style of deformation. The deformation modes have been used to create a severity classification for the whole stopbank system, being ‘no or low damage’ and ‘major or severe damage’, in order to discriminate the indicators and factors that contribute to ‘major to severe damage’ from the factors that contribute to all levels of damage a number of calculated, land damage, stopbank damage and geomorphological parameters were analysed and compared at 178 locations along the Kaiapoi and Avon River stopbank systems. A critical liquefiable layer was present at every location with relatively consistent geotechnical parameters (cone resistance (qc), soil behaviour type (Ic) and Factor of Safety (FoS)) across the study site. In 95% of the cases the critical layer occurred within two times the Height of the Free Face (HFF,). A statistical analysis of the geotechnical factors relating to the critical layer was undertaken in order to find correlations between specific deformation modes and geotechnical factors. It was found that each individual deformation mode involves a complex interplay of factors that are difficult to represent through correlative analysis. There was, however, sufficient data to derive the key factors that have affected the severity of deformation. It was concluded that stopbank damage is directly related to the presence of liquefaction in the ground materials beneath the stopbanks, but is not critical in determining the type or severity of damage, instead it is merely the triggering mechanism. Once liquefaction is triggered it is the gravity-induced deformation that causes the damage rather than the shaking duration. Lateral spreading and specifically the depositional setting was found to be the key aspect in determining the severity and type of deformation along the stopbank system. The presence or absence of abandoned or old river channels and point bar deposits was found to significantly influence the severity and type of deformation. A review of digital elevation models and old maps along the Kaiapoi River found that all of the ‘major to severe’ damage observed occurred within or directly adjacent to an abandoned river channel. Whilst a review of the geomorphology along the Avon River showed that every location within a point bar deposit suffered some form of damage, due to the depositional environment creating a deposit highly susceptible to liquefaction.

[EN] The first part of this work reviews the potential applications of satellite remote sensing to regional science research in urban settings. The availability of satellite remote sensing data has increased significantly in the last two decades. The increasing spatial resolution of commercial satellite imagery has influenced the emergence of new research and applications of regional science in urban settlements because it is now possible to identify individual objects of the urban fabric. The most common applications found in the literature are the detection of urban deprivation hot spots, quality of life index assessment, urban growth analysis, house value estimation, urban population estimation, urban social vulnerability assessment, and the variability of intra-urban crime rates. The satellite remote sensing imagery used in these applications has medium, high or very high spatial resolution (Landsat MSS, Landsat TM and ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos and QuickBird). Consistent relationships between socio-economic variables derived from censuses and field surveys and proxy variables of vegetation coverage measured from satellite remote sensing data have been found in several cities in the US. Different approaches and techniques have been applied successfully around the world, but local research is always needed to account for the unique elements of each place. Spectral mixture analysis, object-oriented classifications and image texture measures are some of the techniques of image processing that have been implemented with good results. This work contributes empirical evidence about the usefulness of remote sensing imagery to quantify the degree of poverty at the intra-urban scale. This concept is based on two premises: first, that the physical appearance of an urban settlement is a reflection of the society; and second, that the people who reside in urban areas with similar physical housing conditions have similar social and demo- graphic characteristics. We evaluate the potential of the image-derived urban fabric descriptors to explain a measure of poverty known as the Slum Index. We found that these variables explain up to 59% of the variability in the Slum Index. Similar approaches could be used to lower the cost of socioeconomic surveys by developing an econometric model from a sample and applying that model to the rest of the city and to perform intercensal or intersurvey estimates of intra-urban Slum Index maps. The last part of this work analyzes the relation between the urban layout and crime. The link between place and crime is at the base of social ecology theories of crime that focus in the relationship of the characteristics of geographical areas and crime rates. The broken windows theory states that visible cues of physical and social disorder in a neighborhood can lead to an increase in more serious crime. Based on the premise that a settlement's appearance is a reflection of the society, we ask whether a neighbor- hood's design has a quantifiable imprint when seen from space using urban fabric descriptors computed from VHR imagery. The percentage of impervious surfaces other than clay roofs, the fraction of clay roofs to impervious surfaces, two structure descriptors related to the homogeneity of the urban layout, and the uniformity texture descriptor were all statistically significant. Areas with higher homicide rates tended to have higher local variation and less general homogeneity; that is, the urban layouts were more crowded and cluttered, with small dwellings with different roofing materials located in close proximity to one another, and these regions often lacked other homogeneous surfaces such as open green spaces, wide roads, or large facilities. These results seem to be in agreement with the broken windows theory and CPTED in the sense that more heterogeneous and disordered urban layouts are associated with higher homicide rates.<br>[ES] La primera parte aporta una revisión de las aplicaciones de la teledetección satelital en la investigación de ciencia regional en entornos urbanos. La disponibilidad de imágenes satelitales se ha incrementado significativamente en las dos últimas décadas, al tiempo que la resolución espacial ha venido aumentando, lo que ha influenciado el surgimiento de investigaciones y aplicaciones de ciencia regional en zonas urbanas. Las aplicaciones más comunes son la detección de hot spots de pobreza urbana, la evaluación de índices de calidad de vida, el análisis del crecimiento urbano, la estimación de valores de vivienda, la estimación de población urbana, la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad social y las variaciones intra-urbanas en tasas de crimen. Las imágenes satelitales usadas tienen resolución espacial media, alta o muy alta (Landsat MSS, Landsat TM y ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos y Quickbird). Se han encontrado relaciones consistentes entre variables socio-económicas obtenidas de censos y encuestas y variables de la cobertura de vegetación en varias ciudades de Estados Unidos. Algunas de las técnicas que se han implementado y obtenido buenos resultados son el análisis de mezcla espectral, las clasificaciones orientadas a objetos y las medidas de textura de la imagen. Se aporta evidencia empírica acerca de la utilidad de las imágenes satelitales para cuantificar el grado de pobreza a escala intra-urbana. Se basa en dos premisas: primero, que la apariencia física de un asentamiento urbano es un reflejo de la sociedad que lo habita; y segundo, que la población de áreas urbanas con condiciones físicas de vivienda parecidas tiene características sociales y demográficas similares. Evaluamos el potencial de los descriptores del tejido urbano extraídos de la imagen para explicar una medida de pobreza conocida como el índice Slum. Encontramos que esas variables explican hasta un 59% de la variabilidad en el índice Slum. Aproximaciones similares a esta podrían usarse para disminuir el costo de encuestas socioeconómicas por medio del desarrollo de un modelo econométrico usando una muestra y luego aplicando el modelo al resto de la ciudad, y para elaborar estimaciones inter-censales o inter-encuestas de mapas intra-urbanos del índice Slum. La última parte analiza la relación entre el trazado urbano y crimen. El enlace entre el lugar y el crimen está en la base de las teorías socio-ecológicas de crimen que se enfocan en la relación de las características de las áreas geográficas y las tasas de crimen. La teoría de las ventanas rotas afirma que las evidencias visibles de desorden físico y social en un barrio pueden llevar al incremento de crímenes más serios. Con base en la premisa de que la apariencia de un asentamiento es un reflejo de la sociedad, nos preguntamos si el diseño del barrio tiene un impacto cuantificable cuando se observa desde el espacio usando descriptores del tejido urbano obtenidos de imágenes de muy alta resolución. El porcentaje de superficies impermeables diferentes a los techos de arcilla, la fracción de techos de arcilla sobre las superficies impermeables, dos variables de estructura relacionadas con la homogeneidad del trazado urbano y la variable de textura uniformidad resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Las áreas con tasas de homicidio más altas tienden a tener mayor variación local y menor homogeneidad general; esto es, los trazados urbanos son más desordenados y hacinados, con pequeñas viviendas que tienen materiales diferentes en sus techos localizadas muy cerca unas de otras, y estas áreas carecen a menudo de otras superficies homogéneas tales como espacios verdes abiertos, vías amplias y grandes construcciones industriales o institucionales. Estos resultados parecen estar en acuerdo con la teoría de las ventanas rotas y CPTED en el sentido de que los trazados urbanos más desordenados y heterogéneos están asociados con tasas de homicid<br>[CAT] La primera part aporta una revisió de les potencials aplicacions de la teledetecció espacial a la investigació en ciència regional en entorns urbans. La disponibilitat de dades de percepció remota des de satèl·lits s'ha incrementat significativament a les dues últimes dècades. La resolució espacial de les imatges de satèl·lit comercials també han anat augmentant i això, ha influït en l'aparició de investigacions i aplicacions a la ciència regional en assentaments urbans. Les aplicacions més comunes trobades a la literatura són la detecció de punts calents de pobresa urbana, l'avaluació dels índex de qualitat de vida, les anàlisis de creixement urbà, l'avaluació de la vulnerabilitat social i les variacions intraurbanes de les taxes de crims. Les imatges de satèl·lit emprades tenen resolució espacial mitjana, alta o molt alta (Landsat MSS, Landsat TM i ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos y Quickbird). S'han torbat relacions consistents entre variables socioeconòmiques obtingudes de censos i enquestes i variables de la cobertura de vegetació en varies ciutats del Estats Units. Algunes de les tècniques que s'han implementat i han donat bons resultats són l'anàlisi de mescla espectral, les classificacions orientades a objecte i les mesures de textura de les imatges. Es aporta evidència empírica sobre la utilitat de les imatges de satèl·lit per quantificar el grau de pobresa a escala intraurbana. Es bassa en dues premisses: primer, que l'aparença física d'un assentament urbà n'és un reflex de la societat que l'habita; i segon, que les persones que resideixen en àrees urbanes amb condicions físiques de vivenda paregudes tenen també característiques socials i demogràfiques similars. Avaluem el potencial dels descriptors del teixit urbà extrets de la imatge per explicar una mesura de pobresa coneguda com index Slum. Trobem que aquestes variables expliquen fins un 59% de la variabilitat de l'índex Slum. Aproximacions semblants a aquesta es podrien emprar per a disminuir el cost de les enquestes socioeconòmiques mitjançant el desenvolupament d'un model economètric utilitzant una mostra i després aplicant el model a la resta de la ciutat, i per elaborar estimacions inter-censals o inter-enquestes de mapes intraurbans de l'índex Slum. La darrera part analitza la relació entre el traçat urbà i el crim. L'enllaç entre el lloc i el crim està a la base de les teories socio-ecològiques del crim que es centren en la relació de les característiques de les àrees geogràfiques i les taxes de crims. La teoria de les finestres trencades afirma que les evidències visibles de desordre físic i social d'un barri pot portar a l'augment de crims més greus. Basant-se en la premissa de que l'aparença d'un assentament n'és el reflex de la societat, ens hi preguntem si el disseny del barri té un impacte quantificable quan s'observa des de el espai, utilitzant descriptors del teixit urbà obtinguts de imatges de molt alta resolució. Han resultat estadísticament significatius el percentatge de superfícies impermeables diferents a les teulades de argila, la fracció de teulades d'argila sobre les superfícies impermeables, dues variables d'estructura relacionades amb la homogeneïtat del traçat urbà i la variable de textura de uniformitat. Les àrees amb taxes d'homicidi més altes tendeixen a presentar una major variació local i una menor homogeneïtat general; és a dir, el traçats urbans són més desordenats i amuntonats, amb petites vivendes que tenen materials diferents a les seues teulades localitzades molt prop unes d'altres, i aquestes àrees manquen sovint d'altres superfícies homogènies, com ara espais verds oberts, vies amplies i grans construccions industrials o institucionals. Aquests resultats pareixen estar-hi d'acord amb la teoria de les finestres trencades i CPTED en el sentit de que els traçats urbans més desordenats i heterogenis estan associats amb taxes d'homicides m<br>Patiño Quinchía, JE. (2015). Cityscape, poverty and crime: a quantitative assessment using VHR imagery [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59453<br>TESIS

Till följd av att cannabisförsäljningen tillfört konflikter och varit en grundläggande orsak till ökat antal dödsskjutningar i Sverige de senaste åren, råder det därmed ingen tvekan om att det krävs satsningar för att minska cannabisförsäljningen och dess skadliga konsekvenser. Dessutom handlar en del av de globala hållbarhetsmålen i FN:s Agenda 2030 om att främja den sociala hållbarheten genom att bland annat öka tryggheten och säkerheten i den byggda stadsmiljön. Denna studie syftar på att undersöka de platser som attraherar cannabisöverlåtelse, dvs. langning, i stadsmiljön, för att kartlägga när, var och vid vilken situation som brottet förekommer. Detta för att sedan kunna ge förslag till förbättringar för utformandet av platsen för att förhindra cannabisöverlåtelse och skapa en trygg miljö för alla. I och med detta syftar arbetet till att få en ökad förståelse kring sambandet mellan säkerhet och den fysiskt utformade stadsmiljön. För att kunna uppnå syftet med studien grundar sig den kvalitativa formen av studien på data från svenska polismyndigheten där ett urval på 25 brottsplatser i Stockholms län undersöktes under kvällstid. Väl på plats fylldes en mall i löpande, kallad Trygga Platser Mallen, samtidigt som områdena fotograferades. Vidare sammanställdes och analyserades resultatet från fallstudien med underlag av olika trygghets- och säkerhets principer samt teorier. Denna studie är avgränsad och berör endast 25 brottsplatser inom Stockholmsregionen där samtliga cannabisöverlåtelser skett under kvälls-och nattetid mellan klockan 18–01.  Resultatet av studien visar att det är många miljöfaktorer som samspelar på en miljö där cannabislangning sker. Den visar att de omständigheterna på kvällstid som möjliggör cannabisöverlåtelse är i huvudsak att det blir svårare att synas, vilket gör det lättare att sälja cannabis på en del platser. Dessutom stänger de flesta verksamheter under kvällen, vilket minskar flödet kraftigt och den naturliga övervakningen försämras. På mikronivå, visar resultatet att de fysiska egenskaper som underlättar utförandet av cannabislangning är vägar, gångvägar och grönska. Vägarna kan öka tillgängligheten och mobiliteten till platsen. Dessutom ger gångvägar även en möjlighet för möte mellan potentiella kunder och cannabisförsäljare. Vidare blir grönskan ett hinder för den formella och naturliga övervakningen. Dock finns det förbättringar som kan tillämpas på den fysiska miljön för att förhindra cannabislangning. Men i huvudsak skulle det krävas en kombination mellan brottsprevention genom urban design och specifika lösningar som riktas mot en förbättring av den sociala sammanhållningen i olika områden, vilket kan vara att fler offentliga mötes-och aktivitetsplatser skapas under dagens alla timmar. I grund och botten krävs det djupare kunskap av dessa platser som är särskilt utsatta för droghandling för att kunna skapa säkrare miljöer för samtliga medborgare i dagsläget och framöver. Kandidatarbetet avslutas med en kritisk diskussion av metoden och rekommendationer för framtida studier presenteras.<br>In the past few years, dealing cannabis has led to conflicts, and had a significant role in the increased numbers of fatal shootings in Sweden. Hence, measures to solve the issue are undoubtedly needed to prevent these consequences. Additionally, part of the global sustainability goals in the UN's Agenda 2030 is about promoting social sustainability by, among other things, increasing the safety and security of the urban environment. The aim of this study is to examine the places in the urban environment that attract the dealing of cannabis to map when, where, and in what situation the crime occurs. Consequently, the possibility of identifying different changes to the environmental design enables the prevention of crime and promotion of safety.  To achieve the purpose of the study, a sample of 25 crime scenes in Stockholm County were examined during the evening and night, based on data from the Swedish police authority. Once in place, a template, called “Trygga Platser Mallen” (Safe Places Template), was filled in on an ongoing basis, while the physical environment was photographed at the same time. The results were then compiled and analyzed based on various safety and security principles, as well as theories. The study is delimited and therefore only contains 25 crime scenes in the Stockholm region. Also, the cannabis exchange at those places occurred during the evening between 6 pm and 1 am.  The results of the study show that there are many environmental factors that interact in a setting where dealing cannabis takes place. In essence, cannabis crime is strongly linked to the social interaction between people. However, the physical aspect facilitates the execution of the crime. The results show that the conditions of the environment in the evenings enable cannabis dealing because dealers are less likely to be seen, making it easier to sell. Additionally, most businesses close during the evening, which greatly reduces the flow of people, and the natural surveillance deteriorates. At a micro level, the results show that the physical properties that facilitate cannabis dealing are streets, walking paths, and greenery. The reason is most likely due to the streets increasing the accessibility and flow to these places. Moreover, walking paths provide an opportunity for cross paths between potential customers and dealers. Furthermore, the greenery obstructs formal and informal surveillance.  However, there are approaches to prevent the dealing of cannabis, such as combining methods for crime prevention through urban design and focusing on the improvement of social cohesion in different areas. An example would be to create spaces that encourage social interactions and activities at all hours of the day. Essentially, it is necessary to gain a deeper knowledge of the places that attract the dealing in cannabis to create safer spaces that discourages crime. Lastly, this project ends with a critical discussion of the methods and mentions recommendations for future studies.

This paper deals with the determination of the capillary pore-size distribution (CPSD) and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of untreated and thermally modified (TM) Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] by means of the pressure plate technique (PPT). Desorption experiments were conducted at very high values of relative humidity (RH) in the range between 99.2% and 100%. The thermal modification of spruce results in an alteration of the CPSD, owing to the formation of intercellular cracks in the middle lamella, as a result of cell-wall compression. The desorption curves for both untreated and TM spruce show an extremely upward bend at 99.97% RH. This step reflects an EMC of 38.1% for untreated spruce and 33.8% for TM spruce. None of the samples shrunk during the PPT measurements. Following desorption experiments at 97.4% RH, all samples shrunk. This step reflects an EMC of 27.9% for untreated spruce and 21.7% for TM spruce.

Det pågår många brottsförebyggande arbeten idag i Sverige och dessa sker oftast genom sociala insatser, men det är allt för få satsningar som avser den fysiska miljön. Den påverkar oss människor mer än vad vi tror. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en systematisk analys av den fysiska miljön i tre särskilt utsatta områden och undersöka hur dessa miljöer kan skapa brottsmöjligheter. Områdena Bergsjön, Rinkeby och Vivalla undersöks i denna rapport, dessa är valda till särskilt utsatta områden och där finns en rådande problematik och även en högre koncentration av kriminella (Polisen, 2017). Fakta och teorier som bland annat rutinaktivitetsteorin, CPTED och Jane Jacobs stadsplaneringsidéer behandlas i studiens bakgrund. Likheterna mellan områdenas fysiska miljöer sammanställs genom kartjämförelser, platsanalyser och intervjuer.    Metoden visade att trafiksepareringen hade skapat många mörka gångtunnlar in till områdena som skapade oattraktiva och otrygga inträden. Att områdena var bilfria ledde ytterligare till att många ställen blev ödsliga, obevakade och otrygga. Områdenas byggnader var vidare inte varierade och det kunde förekomma flera likadana hus bredvid varandra, till och med över hela områden. För en brottsling är det enklare att begå brott i en enkel detaljfattig miljö, eftersom det då är färre saker att hålla koll på och det blir mycket enklare att begå brottet när övriga människor inte ser sig omkring sig. En annan likhet var gatustrukturen, till exempel hade de tre områdena återvändsgator som inte sammanvävde vägarna med varandra. Detta bidrog till segregerade områden och svårigheter för polisen att komma fram och utföra sina insatser på ett effektivt sätt. Även byggnadernas placering mot gatan påverkade huruvida det skapades naturlig övervakning som kunde motverka brottslighet. Därmed blev slutsatsen att likheterna i den fysiska miljön mellan de tre områdena kan underlätta möjligheterna för att begå brott.<br>There is many jobs today in Sweden for crime prevention and these happen often through social efforts, but there is way too few of these for the physical environment that actually affects us more than we think they do. The purpose with this study is to make a systematical analysis of the physical environment in three deprives areas and examine if these environments can create crime opportunities. The chosen places are Bergsjön, Rinkeby and Vivalla with current problematic and high crime concentration (Polisen, 2017). Fact and theories such as the Routine Activity Theory, CPTED and Jane Jacobs’s urban ideas is treated in the study’s background. Similarities between the areas physical environment is compiled through map comparisons, place analysis and interviews.   The methods result showed that the traffic separation created many dark tunnels into the areas, which caused unattractive and insecure entries. The buildings in the areas were also not varied and there could be a several of similar houses next to each other or over the whole field. It can be easier for a criminal to commit crimes in a simple surrounding without details, because it is fewer things to keep track of and it becomes much easier to commit the crime when people doesn’t look around themselves. Another similarity was the street structures, for example the three areas had blind alleys that didn't interweave the streets with each other. This contributed to segregated areas and difficulties for the police to arrive and perform their efforts effectively. Even the buildings placement to the street affected whether they had a natural surveillance that could prevent crime. This concluded that the physical environment in these three deprived areas can affect the emergence of crime.

The creation of sustainable and safe environments nowadays moves more and more into focus for urban planners and architects. Cities should be designed in a way to contribute to social cohesion, shaping an inclusive environment and focusing on the wellbeing of its citizens. Nevertheless, these processes can be undermined by public crime and the fear of crime, which is not only affecting aspects of personal safety but also affecting the people’s behaviour. Reasons why criminality occurs are manifold, impacted by a dynamic set of socioeconomic, demographic, personal but also environmental aspects. In recent years especially the impact of factors related to urban and environmental design respectively planning received rising attention in the field of crime prevention. However, the implementation of strategies regarding ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ or ‘designing out crime’ is still in its early stage in Sweden.   This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of public crime for the case of Umeå in order to identify potential risk areas, which could receive particular attention regarding crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In this sense a GIS based spatial analysis had the aim to detect statistically significant hotspots of crime and furthermore to assess the development of these hotspots over time. In order to understand the nature of public crime and criminal behaviour in Umeå in a more holistic way, also temporal aspects regarding the occurrence of crime were analysed. One particularly vulnerable neighbourhood was examined with a qualitative field observation regarding the principles of crime prevention through environmental design in order to assess in which way the built environment is designed and suited to prevent and deter criminality.   Umeå displays rather clear patterns of higher crime activity, assigned to seasonal, weakly and daily periods, which are connected to higher activity in the public space. Also from a spatial perspective certain patterns are detectable with a higher vulnerability for crime at spots which generate higher activity such as shopping areas or neighbourhoods with nightlife and transport hub functions, and in general neighbourhoods with a higher building density. The neighbourhood of Ålidhem displayed thereby a high concentration of criminality, marked as a constant or even intensifying hotspot for the entire period of investigation. The results of the field observation regarding principles of CPTED are especially indicating a lack of maintenance and furthermore the street and building layout is contributing to disorientation. On the other hand, the area is in most cases well equipped for natural surveillance and provides a high amount of locations for leisure and recreation in order strengthen social cohesion.

Cannabis är den vanligaste illegala drogen i Sverige, och dess konsumtion är ständigt växande. De senaste årens massiva ökning av dödsskjutningar tros vara ett resultat av konflikter mellan kriminella nätverk i fråga om just cannabisförsäljning. För att ta itu med dessa problem måste vi först lära oss mer om de platser där hantering av cannabis sker, i synnerhet försäljning. Den här studien ämnar ge en inblick i hur de här platserna ser ut, vad som kännetecknar dem, och varför just dessa blir utvalda för drogrelaterade aktiviteter, med målet att formulera förslag på hur de kan utformas så att försäljningen av cannabis förebyggs. Studien utfördes genom fältarbete och tillämpandet av ett särskilt fältprotokoll där variabler avsedda att beskriva förhållanden i miljön bedömdes. Dataunderlaget kom från polisens register över arresteringar för misstanke om överlåtelse av cannabis under åren 2019–2020. Vad som kan sägas är att en typisk plats låg i ett bostadsområde med flervåningshus, avskild från stora folkmassor och trafik, öppen med god sikt, och med god tillgänglighet. De erhållna resultaten analyserades sedan i relation till kriminologiska teorier, i syfte att skapa en större förståelse om varför brotten inträffar just där. För att kunna förhindra cannabishandeln på dessa platser har lösningsförslag baserade på principer i CPTED-strategin framförts. Dessa gäller bland annat ökad övervakning från byggnader runtomkring samt att ta upp kampen om det sociala rummet genom att skapa en känsla av ökad territorialitet på platserna. Rapporten avslutas med en utvärdering av den nyttjade metoden samt en diskussion om komplexiteten i att lösa problemen enkom genom åtgärder i stadsmiljön, då det finns en rad andra faktorer som spelar in. Det vi samhällsplanerare kan erbjuda är lösningsalternativ som må stävja brottsligheten, men i slutändan är det individer som väljer att begå dessa kriminella handlingar.<br>Cannabis is the most common illegal drug in Sweden, and its consumption is constantly increasing. The massive rise in fatal shootings in recent years is believed to be a result of conflicts between criminal networks regarding cannabis sales. To address these issues, we must first learn more about the places in which cannabis occurs, particularly dealing. This study aims to provide an insight into what these places look like, what characterizes them, and why these are selected for drug-related activities, with the aim of offering suggestions on how they could be designed to prevent the dealing of cannabis. The study was carried out through fieldwork and the utilization of a special fieldwork protocol in which variables intended to describe conditions in the environment were assessed. The data came from police records of arrests for suspicions of selling cannabis during the years 2019– 2020. What can be said is that a typical place was in a residential area with multi-storey buildings, separated from large crowds and traffic, open with good visibility, and with good accessibility. The results obtained were then analyzed in relation to criminological theories, to create a greater understanding of why the crimes occur right there. In order to prevent the cannabis dealing in these places, proposed solutions have been put forward based on principles in the CPTED strategy. These include increased surveillance from surrounding buildings and taking up the fight about the social space by creating a sense of increased territoriality in the places. The report ends with an evaluation of the method used and a discussion about the complexity of solving the problems solely through measures in the urban environment, as there are a number of other factors that come into play. What we urban planners can offer are alternative solutions that may curb crime, but in the end, it is individuals who decide to commit these criminal acts.

Information and communication technology (ICT) has become part of education as it has, in many cases, become the mode of choice of communication with people in all spheres of life. It provides teachers with the opportunity to access information from a vast array of resources that assists them in their teaching practices. Education in South Africa is constantly transforming to new requirements from the National Department of Education (NDoE). The fundamentals of Outcomes Based Education are lifelong learning and the development of 21st century skills that allow learners to use information for different contexts. ICT enables teachers and learners to access computer systems to develop skills, interact with their peers, colleagues, and the global society. Even though teachers know the value of ICT in teaching and learning, the pedagogical use of ICT in South African schools remains limited. In the SITES 2006, South African teachers acknowledged that they were enthusiastic to explore new ways to make teaching and learning more interesting, but that they encountered many barriers that hinder the pedagogical use of ICT for mathematics. This research has determined that the teachers’ ICT pedagogical knowledge contributed towards more effective teaching and learning practices of mathematics in South African schools. The study also describes how insufficient ICT pedagogical knowledge affected teachers’ confidence to explore ICT tools. This study followed a secondary data analysis (SDA) of the Second International Information Technology in Education Study of 2006 (SITES 2006) data from the 640 participating mathematics teachers in South Africa. The correlated data describes the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) of mathematics teachers while making use of ICT. Continuous professional teacher development is required to focus on the attainment of information technology pedagogical knowledge to further the use of ICT on the teaching of Mathematics. The study also indicates that South Africa lags far behind the other 22 countries that participated in SITES 2006.<br>Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.