Academic literature on the topic 'CQ 3000'

The turbulent mixing and dispersion of air pollutants is strongly dependent on the vertical structure of the wind, which constitutes one of the major challenges affecting the determination of boundary layer height (BLH). Here, an adaptive method is proposed to estimate BLH from measurements of radar wind profilers (RWPs) in Beijing (BJ), Nanjing (NJ), Chongqing (CQ), and Wulumuqi (WQ), China, during the summer of 2019. Validation against simultaneous BLH estimates from radiosondes (RSs) yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that the method can be used to derive BLH from RWPs. Diurnal variations of BLH and the ventilation coefficient (VC) at four sites were then examined. A distinct diurnal cycle of BLH was observed over all four cities; BLH gradually increased from sunset, reached a maximum in the afternoon, and then dropped sharply after sunset. The maximum hourly average BLH (1.426 ± 0.46 km) occurred in WQ, consistent with the maximum hourly mean VC larger than 5000 m2/s observed there. By comparison, the diurnal variation of VC was not strong, with values ranging between 2000 and 3000 m2/s, likely owing to the high-humidity environment. Furthermore, surface sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and dry mass of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations were found to somehow affect the vertical structure of wind and thermodynamic features, leading to a difference between RS and RWP BLH estimates. This indicates that the atmospheric environment can affect BLH estimates using RWP data. The BLH results from RWPs were better in some specific cases. These findings show great potential of RWP measurements in air quality research, and will provide key data references for policy-making toward emission reductions.

The structural behavior of zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) under reducing conditions at high temperature has been studied, mainly by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), but also with x-ray absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and electron paramagnetic resonance. The partial reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+, associated with a reducing atmosphere heat treatment, led to the initial formation of perovskite (CaTiO3) as a second phase. As the concentration of Ti3+ in the zirconolite increased, so did the amount of perovskite until the zirconolite was totally transformed into a fluorite structured phase. Analysis of the reduced zirconolites showed them to be consistently deficient in Ca and enriched in Zr, in proportion to the concentration of Ti3+. To determine how electroneutrality was preserved in these reduced zirconolites, a series of zirconolites were prepared in air using In3+ and Ga3+ as models for Ti3+. These samples were then investigated by neutron and x-ray diffraction, SEM, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). 71Ga MAS NMR studies of the Ga substituted zirconolite exhibited a narrow resonance at ˜13 ppm which was attributed to six-coordinate Ga incorporated in a trace perovskite phase. Broadline 71Ga NMR and 69/71Ga NQR were required to characterize the Ga incorporated in the zirconolite. The resultant quadrupolar parameters of CQ = 30.0 ± 0.05 MHz and η = 1.0 ± 0.03 indicate that the Ga site is in a highly distorted environment which would suggest that it is located on the five-coordinate Ti site within the zirconolite lattice. These results were complemented by Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data from the In-doped zirconolite sample, which was optimal when all the In was located on the five-coordinate Ti site with the excess Zr located on the Ca site. It would therefore appear that charge compensation for the presence of Ti3+ in zirconolite is effected via the substitution of an appropriate amount of Zr on the Ca site. The Ti3+-stabilized fluorite structure was readily oxidized back to a single phase zirconolite upon heating in air.

Abstract Background Tibet Orbivirus (TIBOV) is a recently discovered Orbivirus known to infect cattle, Asian buffalo and goats in south-western China. It was first isolated from mosquitoes and subsequently from biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in Yunnan, China, indicating that it is an arbovirus. Little is known of its potential to cause disease, but the economic importance of related viruses promoted an investigation of potential Culicoides spp. vectors of TIBOV. Methods Biting midges were collected approximately once per week between May and December 2020, at a cattle farm in Wulong village, Shizong County, Yunnan Province, China. Approximately 3000 specimens of nine species were subsequently used in attempts to isolate virus, and a further 2000 specimens of six species were tested for the presence of bluetongue virus (BTV) and TIBOV using a RT-qPCR test. Results Virus isolation attempts resulted in the isolation of three viruses. One isolate from a pool of Culicoidesjacobsoni was identified as TIBOV, while the other two viruses from C.orientalis and C.tainanus remain unidentified but are not BTV or TIBOV. RT-qPCR analysis did not detect BTV in any specimens, but a single pool containing five specimens of C. jacobsoni and another containing five specimens of C. tainanus produced PCR quantification cycle (Cq) values of around 28 that may indicate infection with TIBOV. Conclusions The isolation of TIBOV from C. jacobsoni satisfies one criterion required to prove its status as a vector of this virus. This isolation is supported by a low Cq value produced from a different pool of this species in the RT-qPCR test. The low Cq value obtained from a pool of C. tainanus suggests that this species may also be able to satisfy this criterion. Both of these species are widespread throughout Asia, with C. jacobsoni extending into the Pacific region, which raises the possibility that TIBOV may be more widespread than is currently known. Graphical abstract

Feedback, Trainingsplan und individuelle Unterschiede zwischen Lernern sind drei Faktoren die den motorischen Fertigkeitserwerb beeinflussen und wurden in der vorliegenden Dissertation untersucht. Ein besonderer Fokus lag auf den zugrundeliegenden Gehirnprozessen von Feedbackverarbeitung und Handlungsvorbereitung, die mittels ereigniskorrelierter Potenziale (EKPs) untersucht wurden. 120 Teilnehmer trainierten auf virtuelle Zielscheiben zu werfen und wurden in einer Folgesitzung auf Abruf und Transfer getestet. Der Trainingsplan verursachte entweder hohe contextual interference (CI) (randomisiert) oder niedrige CI (geblockt). In einer anschließenden Onlinestudie, bearbeiteten 80% der Teilnehmer eine Untermenge der Raven advanced progressive matrices, die schlussfolgerndes Denken (SD) erfassen. Unter hoher CI hängt besseres SD mit größerem Zuwachs im Training und höherer Performanz in Abruf und Transfer zusammen. Ähnliche Effekte von SD im späten Trainingsverlauf unter niedriger CI lassen darauf schließen, dass Variabilität eine notwendige Voraussetzung für positive Effekte von SD ist. Wir folgern, dass CI das Ausmaß an Praxisvariabilität über den Trainingsverlauf beeinflusst und darüber moduliert, ob Regeln abstrahiert werden (Studie 1). Diese Interpretation wird durch differenzielle Lerneffekte auf EKPs in der Vorbereitungsphase gestützt. Hohe CI führt zu einer stärkeren Abnahme von aufmerksamkeits- und kontrollbezogenen EKPs während der Vorbereitungsphase. Die CNV Amplitude, als Maß motorischer Vorbereitungsaktivität nimmt zu, wenn die Anforderungen in Training und Abruf gleich sind, wie bei niedriger CI. Das spricht für zwei parallele Mechanismen motorischen Lernens, die gemeinsam zur CNV Amplitude beitragen (Studie 2). Wir zeigten außerdem, dass sich graduelle Verarbeitung positiven Performanz-Feedbacks in der Variation der Amplitude der Reward Positivity widerspiegelt (Studie 3).
Feedback, training schedule and individual differences between learners influence the acquisition of motor skills and were investigated in the present thesis. A special focus was on brain processes underlying feedback processing and motor preparation, investigated using event related potentials (ERPs). 120 participants trained to throw at virtual targets and were tested for retention and transfer. Training schedule was manipulated with half of the participants practicing under high contextual interference (CI) (randomized training) and the other half under low CI (blocked training). In a follow-up online study, 80% of the participants completed a subset of the Raven advanced progressive matrices, testing reasoning ability. Under high CI, participants’ reasoning ability was related to higher performance increase during training and higher subsequent performance in retention and transfer. Similar effects in late stages of low CI training indicate, that variability is a necessary prerequisite for beneficial effects of reasoning ability. We conclude, that CI affects the amount of variability of practice across the course of training and the abstraction of rules (Study 1). Differential learning effects on ERPs in the preparatory phase foster this interpretation. High CI shows a larger decline in attention- and control-related ERPs than low CI. CNV amplitude, as a measure of motor preparatory activity, increases with learning only, when attention demands of training and retention are similar, as in low CI training. This points to two parallel mechanisms in motor learning, with a cognitive and a motor processor, mutually contributing to CNV amplitude (Study 2). In the framework of the “reinforcement learning theory of the error related negativity”, we showed, that positive performance feedback is processed gradually and that this processing is reflected in varying amplitudes of reward positivity (Study 3). Together these results provide new insights on motor learning.

Empathische Reaktionen auf emotionale Gesichtsausdrücke werden vom Alter beeinflusst. In Bezug auf die kognitive Komponente der Empathie wurde eine Einschränkung bei der Erkennung emotionaler Gesichtsausdrücke sowohl für ältere Beobachter als auch für ältere Gesichter berichtet. Manche Studien berichten auch einen Effekt der Alterskongruenz, d.h. eine bessere Erkennung von Emotionen bei der eigenen Altersgruppe. Das erste Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, Mechanismen, die diesen Effekten zugrunde liegen könnten, zu untersuchen. Das zweite Ziel war es, zu untersuchen, ob auch die affektive Komponente der Empathie vom Alter beeinflusst wird. Studie 1 gibt einen Überblick über frühere Forschungsarbeiten. Studie 2 beschäftigte sich mit der Rolle von altersbezogenen Antwortverzerrungen, d.h. Altersunterschieden bei der Attribuierung bestimmter Emotionen. Effekte des Alters der Beobachter und der Gesichter auf die Erkennung von Trauer waren auf Antwortverzerrungen zurückzuführen. Allerdings trat eine bessere Erkennung von Trauer bei der eigenen Altersgruppe auf, die unabhängig von Antwortverzerrungen war. Studie 3 untersuchte neuronale Prozesse, die diesem Effekt der Alterskongruenz zugrunde liegen könnten. Bei traurigen Gesichtern wurde ein Effekt der Alterskongruenz für späte Verarbeitungsstadien gefunden, der möglicherweise eine höhere Relevanz trauriger Gesichter der eigenen Altersgruppe widerspiegelt. Studie 4 untersuchte, ob auch affektive Reaktionen, gemessen mit Gesichtsmimikry, vom Alter beeinflusst werden. Ältere Beobachter zeigten eine Beeinträchtigung in der Emotionserkennung, nicht jedoch in den affektiven Reaktionen. Insgesamt weisen diese Ergebnisse auf altersbezogene Defizite bei kognitiven und neuronalen Reaktionen hin; allerdings gab es kaum Alterseffekte auf affektive Reaktionen. Also lassen die Ergebnisse insgesamt trotz Schwierigkeiten bei der Emotionserkennung Optimismus bezüglich der intergenerationalen Empathie zu.
Empathic reactions to emotional facial expressions differ according to age. Concerning the cognitive component of empathy, decoding of emotional facial expressions was reported to be impaired both for older observers and older faces. Some studies also reported an own-age advantage, i.e., higher decoding accuracy for the own compared with other age groups. The first aim of the present dissertation was to explore possible mechanisms underlying these age effects. The second aim was to explore whether the affective component of empathy is affected by age as well. Study 1 summarizes previous research. Study 2 explored the role of age-related response bias, that is, age differences in the attribution of specific emotions. It showed that effects of the observers'' and the faces'' ages on decoding sadness were due to age-related response bias. However, an own-age advantage on decoding sadness occurred, which was independent of response bias. Study 3 explored the neurofunctional processes underlying this own-age advantage. It revealed an own-age effect on late processing stages for sadness, which may be due to an enhanced relevance of sad own-age faces. Study 4 explored whether affective responding in terms of facial mimicry is affected by age as well. It revealed an age-related decline in decoding accuracy, but not in affective responding. Taken together, these results suggest age-related deficits in cognitive and neural responses to emotional facial expressions. However, age had little influence on affective responding. Thus, despite difficulties in emotion decoding, these results allow for some optimism regarding intergenerational empathy.

Die Psychologie der Lebensspanne und die Soziologie des Lebensverlaufs betonen die Bedeutung von Kontexten für den Erwerb individueller Fähigkeiten und die Entwicklung im Leben. In Übereinstimmung mit diesen konzeptionellen Annahmen zeigen Studien, dass verschiedene Kontexte die Entwicklung individueller Bereiche beeinflussen. Jedoch ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie kontextuelle Faktoren in der zweiten Lebenshälfte Wohlbefinden formen und wie Wohlbefinden in diesen Lebensphasen von sich schnell verändernden Kontexten beeinflusst wird. In dieser Dissertation werden unter Anwendung des Ökosystemischen Ansatzes von Bronfenbrenner drei Kontexte unterschiedlicher Proximität untersucht, in die die Entwicklung des individuellen Wohlbefindens eingebettet ist. Als erster Kontext wird die vielfältige Ökologie des Lebens und Sterbens in den ehemaligen Regionen Ost- und Westdeutschland herangezogen, um herauszufinden wie dieses Makrosystem Wohlbefinden in den letzten Lebensjahren gestaltet. Als zweiter Kontext wird die Bedeutung des Exosystems von Gesundheitseinrichtungen in Landkreisen (z.B. Anzahl stationärer Pflegereinrichtungen) auf Wohlbefindensverläufe am Lebensende beleuchtet. Als dritten Kontext untersuchen wir, wie das Mikrosystem sozialer Ökologien und Situationen momentanes, affektives Wohlbefinden gestaltet, sowie Altersunterschiede in diesen Assoziationen. Gemeinsam zeigen die drei Studien dieser Dissertation, dass Ökologien auf regionaler, dienstleistender und sozialer Kontextebene Entwicklung von Wohlbefinden in der zweiten Lebenshälfte beeinflussen. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Kontexte sowohl kognitives als auch affektives Wohlbefinden und innerhalb des letzteren sowohl Valenz und Aktivierung beeinflussen, und untersucht länger- und kurzfristige Kontext-Wohlbefindens-Assoziationen in späteren Lebensphasen. Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Vorschläge für Interventionen und veränderbare regionale Faktoren für die Erhaltung oder Verbesserung von Wohlbefinden.
Lifespan psychology and life course sociology have long acknowledged the role of context for individual functioning and development throughout life. Consistent with these conceptual notions, empirical studies show that various contextual factors influence development of individual-level outcomes. However, we know little about how contextual factors shape individual-level well-being and how well-being is influenced by fast changing contexts in the second half of life. Applying Bronfenbrenner’s model of human ecology as the overarching theoretical frame, this dissertation examines three sets of contexts that differ in the degree of proximity in which individual well-being and its development is embedded in. As a first context, the multifaceted ecology of living and dying in former regions of East and West Germany is used to investigate how the macrosystem shapes individual well-being in the last years of life. For a second context, the role of the exosystem of county-level health care features (e.g., number of inpatient care facilities) on late-life trajectories in well-being is examined. As a third context, we examine how the microsystem of social ecologies and situations influences momentary affective well-being and how these associations differ across age. Jointly, the three studies in this dissertation show that regional, service, and social ecologies profoundly shape development in well-being during the second half of life. To conclude, this dissertation shows that these contexts influence both cognitive and affective components of well-being, among the affective domain two facets (valence and arousal), and investigates long-term and short-term contextwell- being associations in later life phases. Results provide initial suggestions for interventions and malleable regional factors to maintain or improve well-being.

Ein gesundes Alter(n) ist sowohl auf individueller Ebene als auch auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene von großer Relevanz. So wächst die Bedeutung von Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung bis ins hohe Alter – einerseits, um die Autonomie, Selbstbestimmtheit, soziale Teilhabe und Lebensqualität des älteren Menschen aufrecht zu erhalten und andererseits, um den durch den demografischen Wandel bedingten gesundheitspolitischen Herausforderungen begegnen zu können. Dabei weist der gesundheitliche Status im Alter neben hoher Vulnerabilität eine Vielzahl an Ressourcen und somit Ansatzpunkte für präventive und gesundheitsförderliche Interventionen auf. Technische Innovationen bieten hier ein wachsendes Potenzial, um Maßnahmen dieser Art zu stützen. Zur Erschließung des neuartigen Themenfeldes werden die Ergebnisse dreier Einzeluntersuchungen berichtet, in welchen sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Methoden angewandt werden. Mit Hilfe der Durchführung von Expertinneninterviews werden Bedarf und Potenzial innovativer Technik in Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung für Ältere und erste Anforderungen an eine solche Technik erfasst. Eine innovative Möglichkeit zur Umsetzung präventiver und gesundheitsförderlicher Interventionen bieten digitale Bewegungsspiele. So werden darauffolgend im Rahmen einer quasi-experimentellen Kohortenstudie gesundheitsbezogene Veränderungen durch das Spielen sog. Serious Games im Setting (teil-)stationäres Pflegewohnen evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erste gesundheitsförderliche Tendenzen. Innerhalb einer Fokusgruppe werden abschließend drei digitale Bewegungsspielsysteme unter Beachtung zielgruppenspezifischer Bedarfe bewertet und notwendige Ressourcen für den erfolgreichen Einsatz im Anwendungskontext erarbeitet. Um die neugewonnenen Erkenntnisse in nachhaltiger Form nutzbar zu machen, werden diese in einem Anforderungskatalog für die erfolgreiche Implementierung eines digitalen Bewegungsspiels im Kontext der Pflege zusammengefasst.
Being healthy in old age and aging healthily is of great relevance at both the individual and societal level. Thus, the importance of prevention and health promotion even in an old age is growing - on the one hand, to maintain the autonomy, self-determination, social participation and quality of life of the elderly and, on the other hand, to be able to meet the health policy challenges caused by demographic change. Health in old age is not only highly vulnerable but also offers a multitude of resources and starting points for preventive and health-promoting interventions. Technical innovations offer a growing potential to support measures of this kind. In order to open up this new field of research, the results of three individual studies are reported, in which both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied. By conducting expert interviews, the need and potential of innovative technology in prevention and health promotion for the elderly as well as first requirements for such a technology are identified. Digital exercise games offer an innovative possibility for the implementation of preventive and health-promoting interventions. Subsequently, health-related changes caused by playing digital exercise games, so-called serious games, in the setting of nursing care are evaluated within the framework of a quasi-experimental cohort study. The results show first health-promoting tendencies through playing serious games. Last, three digital exercise game systems will be evaluated in a focus group on the basis of the needs of the target group. Additionally, the necessary resources for successful use of such systems in a real application context are developed in a participatory way. In order to make the newly gained knowledge usable in a way that is sustainable and relevant for practical use, it is then summarized in a catalogue of requirements for the successful implementation of a digital exercise game in the nursing environment.