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Journal articles on the topic "CR 3000"
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Луковникова, Анна, Anna Lukovnikova, Виктор Алешков, Viktor Aleshkov, Алексей Лысак, and Aleksey Lysak. "Observing the neutron component during thunderstorm activity at a mountain CR station." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-53201906.
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During three summer months in 2015, the Cosmic Ray (CR) station Irkutsk-3000, located at 3000 m above sea level, measured the CR neutron component intensity with the 6NM64 neutron monitor, as well as the atmospheric electric field strength and the level of electromagnetic interference during lightning discharges. It is shown that the level of electromagnetic interference, when registered during lightning discharges, depends considerably on the fixed level of signal discrimination. During observations, we observed no effects of thunderstorm discharges at the neutron monitor count rate at the CR station Irkutsk-3000.
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Луковникова, Анна, Anna Lukovnikova, Виктор Алешков, Viktor Aleshkov, Алексей Лысак, and Aleksey Lysak. "Observing the neutron component during thunderstorm activity at a mountain CR station." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-53201906.
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During three summer months in 2015, the Cosmic Ray (CR) station Irkutsk-3000, located at 3000 m above sea level, measured the CR neutron component intensity with the 6NM64 neutron monitor, as well as the atmospheric electric field strength and the level of electromagnetic interference during lightning discharges. It is shown that the level of electromagnetic interference, when registered during lightning discharges, depends considerably on the fixed level of signal discrimination. During observations, we observed no effects of thunderstorm discharges at the neutron monitor count rate at the CR station Irkutsk-3000.
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Sprinkart, Alois, Christian Marx, Frank Träber, Wolfgang Block, Daniel Thomas, Hans Schild, Guido Kukuk, and Petra Mürtz. "Evaluation of Exponential ADC (eADC) and Computed DWI (cDWI) for the Detection of Prostate Cancer." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 190, no. 08 (July 25, 2018): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0637-9980.
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Purpose To directly compare different methods proposed for enhanced conspicuity and discriminability of prostate cancer on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and to compare the results to original DWI images and conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Materials and Methods Clinical routine prostate DWI datasets (b = 0, 50, 800 s/mm², acquired at a field strength of 3 T) of 104 consecutive patients with subsequent MR-guided prostate biopsy were included in this retrospective study. For each dataset exponential ADC maps (eADC), computed DWI images (cDWI), and additionally eADC maps for computed b-values of 2000 and 3000 s/mm² were generated (c_eADC). For each of 123 lesions, the contrast (CR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were determined. Differences in the CR and CNR of malignant lesions (n = 83) between the different image types and group differences between benign (n = 40), low-risk (n = 53) and high-risk (n = 30) lesions were assessed by repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests. The ability to differentiate between benign and malignant and between low-risk and high-risk lesions was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Results The CR and CNR were higher for computed DWI and related c_eADC at b = 3000 s/mm² and 2000 s/mm² compared to original DWI, conventional ADC and standard eADC. For differentiation of benign and malignant lesions, conventional ADC and CR of conventional ADC were best suited. For discrimination of low-risk from high-risk lesions, the CR of c_eADC was best suited followed by the CR of cDWI. Conclusion Computed cDWI or related c_eADC maps at b-values between 2000 and 3000 s/mm2 were superior to the original DWI, conventional ADC and eADC in the detection of prostate cancer. Key Points Citation Format
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Kokkinos, Evgenios, Aggeliki Banti, Ioanna Mintsouli, Aikaterini Touni, Sotiris Sotiropoulos, and Anastasios Zouboulis. "Combination of Thermal, Hydrometallurgical and Electrochemical Tannery Waste Treatment for Cr(III) Recovery." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020532.
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A combination of thermal (500–750 °C in air) and hydrometallurgical (acidic) treatments have been applied to dried tannery sludge, resulting in the initial conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and its subsequent leaching as wastewater with high Cr(VI) concentration content (3000–6000 mg/L), presenting an extraction efficiency over 90%. The optimal electrochemical conditions for the subsequent Cr(VI) reduction with respect to acid concentration and acid kind were established by applying appropriate rotating disc electrode (RDE) experiments, using a glassy carbon (GC) electrode, and found to be equal or higher than 0.5 M H2SO4 (for the respective Cr(III) concentration range studied). The result from leaching Cr(VI) wastewater was further treated in small electrochemical bench-scale reactor for its conversion back to Cr(III) form, potentially reusable in the tanning industry. Ti-based anodes and a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) cathode were used to treat small (350–800 mL) samples in batch, as well as in batch-recirculation prototype electrochemical reactors, under the application of constant current or appropriately applied potential to achieve Cr(VI) conversion/reduction efficiency over 95%.
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Kokkinos, Evgenios, Aggeliki Banti, Ioanna Mintsouli, Aikaterini Touni, Sotiris Sotiropoulos, and Anastasios Zouboulis. "Combination of Thermal, Hydrometallurgical and Electrochemical Tannery Waste Treatment for Cr(III) Recovery." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020532.
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A combination of thermal (500–750 °C in air) and hydrometallurgical (acidic) treatments have been applied to dried tannery sludge, resulting in the initial conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and its subsequent leaching as wastewater with high Cr(VI) concentration content (3000–6000 mg/L), presenting an extraction efficiency over 90%. The optimal electrochemical conditions for the subsequent Cr(VI) reduction with respect to acid concentration and acid kind were established by applying appropriate rotating disc electrode (RDE) experiments, using a glassy carbon (GC) electrode, and found to be equal or higher than 0.5 M H2SO4 (for the respective Cr(III) concentration range studied). The result from leaching Cr(VI) wastewater was further treated in small electrochemical bench-scale reactor for its conversion back to Cr(III) form, potentially reusable in the tanning industry. Ti-based anodes and a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) cathode were used to treat small (350–800 mL) samples in batch, as well as in batch-recirculation prototype electrochemical reactors, under the application of constant current or appropriately applied potential to achieve Cr(VI) conversion/reduction efficiency over 95%.
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Carmona, A., R. Orozco-Cruz, E. Mejía-Sánchez, A. Contreras, and R. Galván-Martínez. "Electrochemical Kinetic of a Low Carbon Steel in Seawater at Different Flow Speed." MRS Proceedings 1766 (2015): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.414.
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ABSTRACTAn electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) corrosion study of API X70 steel was carried out in synthetic seawater with different rotation speeds using a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) to control the hydrodynamic conditions at room temperature, atmospheric pressure and 24 h of exposure time. A superficial analysis through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the corrosion type. The rotation speed used was 0 rpm (static condition), 1000, 3000 and 5000 rpm (turbulent flow). The results show that the turbulent flow conditions affect directly the corrosion rate (CR) of the steel, because all values of the CR under turbulent flow conditions are higher than the CR values at static conditions. In addition, it is important to point out that at turbulent flow conditions, the CR increased as the rotation speed also increased. The morphology of the corrosion in all experiments was localized corrosion.
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Ribas, A., S. Antonia, J. Sosman, J. M. Kirkwood, B. Redman, T. F. Gajewski, D. Pavlov, C. Bulanhagui, J. Gomez- Navarro, and L. H. Camacho. "Results of a phase II clinical trial of 2 doses and schedules of CP-675,206, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.3000.
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3000 Background: CP-675,206 has antitumor activity in pts with metastatic melanoma. A 2-stage, 2-arm phase II trial was conducted to choose the optimal dosing regimen for pivotal clinical trial testing. Methods: Eligible pts had measurable melanoma (stage IIIc or IV) progressing on or after prior therapy with ECOG PS = 1. In stage 1, 18 pts per arm were randomized to either 10 mg/kg monthly (10 Q1M) or 15 mg/kg every 3 months (15 Q3M). If 3 or more pts in either arm had CR or PR, then 25 more pts were entered to that arm. Primary endpoint was objective tumor response, and secondary endpoints were safety and survival. Results: 89 pts received at least 1 dose (44 at 10 Q1M, 45 at 15 Q3M), with both study arms moving to stage 2. 96% of pts had stage IV disease, and 57% had elevated LDH. There were no significant differences in age, sex, stage, or baseline LDH levels between study groups. A median of 3 doses (range, 1 to 26) at 10 Q1M and 1 dose (range, 1 to 9) at 15 Q3M were administered with 100% compliance. Dose delays occurred in 30% of pts treated at 10 Q1M and 16% at 15 Q3M. 2 pts at 10 Q1M and 5 pts at 15 Q3M continued on study beyond 12 months (mo). To date, 6 pts at 10 Q1M have been discontinued due to toxicity (3 diarrhea/colitis [1 requiring colectomy], Grave’s ophthalmopathy, pancreatitis, hypersensitivity reaction) and 2 pts at 15 Q3M (colitis and pancreatitis, diarrhea) (P = 0.14). There were no toxic deaths. 15 Q3M was associated with lower incidence of grade 3 or 4 AEs (31% vs 41% at 10 Q1M; P = 0.42). Responses by investigator assessment were 1 CR and 3 PRs at 10 Q1M, and 1 CR and 2 PRs at 15 mg/kg Q3M, including responses in skin, LN, bone, liver, lung, and adrenal glands. To date, only 1 pt with PR at 10 Q1M has relapsed, and the remaining responses are ongoing (18+ to 28+ mo). Median survival is 10.3 mo at 10 Q1M and 11.0 mo at 15 Q3M (P = NS). Conclusions: The 15 mg/kg Q3M regimen was chosen for further clinical testing based on comparable antitumor efficacy and a trend to improved feasibility and safety compared with 10 mg/kg Q1M. CP-675,206 at this dose and schedule is being examined in pivotal phase II and III clinical trials for pts with melanoma, and in early phase II trials in pts with CRC and NSCLC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Li, Guangbin, Yanhong Liu, Yingchun Zhang, Huailin Li, Xiaojing Wang, Mingmin Zheng, and Yusha Li. "High Temperature Anti-Oxidation Behavior and Mechanical Property of Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtered Cr Coating." Metals 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111509.
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A dense and uniform Cr coating was fabricated on the zirconium alloys fuel claddings by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering to improve the mechanical and anti-oxidation properties under 1200 °C steam environment. The phase composition and the micro and macro morphologies of the specimens were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical-microtopography (OM) analyses, and the high-temperature oxidation behavior was evaluated at 1200 °C steam environment for 3000 s. In this paper, there exists a positive correlation between thickness and Vickers hardness (HV), and a negative correlation between surface roughness and bonding force. Radial tensile was introduced to investigate the deformation-resistant performance, and the displacement of the Cr-coated specimen was as low as 2.32 mm, which was much lower than the uncoated zircaloy cladding (3.05 mm). Different thicknesses of Cr coatings were deposited to investigate the oxidation degrees of zircaloy cladding under a high-temperature steam environment. The optimal 6 μm Cr-coated zirconium alloys cladding exhibited an excellent anti-oxidation property, and the weight gain was as low as ~4.12 mg/cm2, which was almost one-third of the uncoated specimen.
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Łysoń-Sypień, B., K. Zakrzewska, M. Gajewska, and M. Radecka. "Hydrogen Sensor Of TiO2-Based Nanomaterials." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0233.
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Abstract The aim of this research was to examine gas sensing properties of TiO2 based nanomaterials. Nanopowders of Cr doped TiO2 with constant Specific Surface Area, SSA, were obtained using Flame Spray Synthesis technique, FSS. Nanomaterials were characterized by Brunauer – Emmett – Teller adsorption isotherms, BET, X – ray diffraction, XRD, Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM, optical spectrometry UV – vis with the use of an integrating sphere as well as impedance spectroscopy. Detection of hydrogen was carried out over the concentration range of 50 - 3000 ppm at the temperatures extending from 200 to 400°C and synthetic air working as a reference atmosphere. As a result of experiments it appeared that incorporation of 5 at.% of Cr into TiO2 improved hydrogen sensing features due to small crystallite size and predominance of rutile polymorphic phase.
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Lee, Dong Geun, Jun Won Baek, Jung Hyun Lee, Hyun Ju Lee, Yeong Hyun Seo, Junseong Lee, Chong Gu Lee, and Bun Yeoul Lee. "Replacement of the Common Chromium Source CrCl3(thf)3 with Well-Defined [CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041167.
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CrCl3(thf)3 is a common starting material in the synthesis of organometallic and coordination compounds of Cr. Deposited as an irregular solid with no possibility of recrystallization, it is not a purity guaranteed chemical, causing problems in some cases. In this work, we disclose a well-defined form of the THF adduct of CrCl3 ([CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2), a crystalline solid, that enables structure determination by X-ray crystallography. The EA data and XRD pattern of the bulk agreed with the revealed structure. Moreover, its preparation procedure is facile: evacuation of CrCl3·6H2O at 100 °C, treatment with 6 equivalents of Me3SiCl in a minimal amount of THF, and crystallization from CH2Cl2. The ethylene tetramerization catalyst [iPrN{P(C6H4-p-Si(nBu)3)2}2CrCl2]+[B(C6F5)4]− prepared using well-defined [CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2 as a starting material exhibited a reliably high activity (6600 kg/g-Cr/h; 1-octene selectivity at 40 °C, 75%), while that of the one prepared using the impure CrCl3(thf)3 was inconsistent and relatively low (~3000 kg/g-Cr/h). By using well-defined [CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2 as a Cr source, single crystals of [(CH3CN)4CrCl2]+[B(C6F5)4]− and [{Et(Cl)Al(N(iPr)2)2}Cr(μ-Cl)]2 were obtained, allowing structure determination by X-ray crystallography, which had been unsuccessful when the previously known CrCl3(thf)3 was used as the Cr source.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CR 3000"
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Ilinykh, Anastasiia. "Cross-cultural aspects of creativity." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17024.
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Kreativität – die Generierung und Verwertung von Ideen – und Psychopathologie werden schon seit langem miteinander in Verbindung gebracht. Jedoch wurde der Einfluss interkultureller Faktoren bisher weitgehend in der Fachliteratur ignoriert. Die vorliegende Dissertation zeigt, dass (1) Kreativität und Selbstverwirklichung kaum miteinander assoziiert sind, dass (2) Kreativität allerdings stark mit schizotyper Persönlichkeitsstörung verbunden ist, jedoch zeigen Menschen mit schöpferischen Leistungen verminderte Schizotypie-Symptome und es gibt einen Geschlechterunterschiede. Deshalb zeigt diese Dissertation (3), dass die Assoziation zwischen Kreativität und Schizotypie durch einen kulturellen Faktor (Deutsch, Russisch) moderiert wird. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert im Hinblick auf die kultur-unabhängige Validität der Konstrukte Kreativität, Schizotypie und Selbstverwirklichung, hinsichtlich psychometrischer Probleme bei der Erfassung dieser Konstrukte und hinsichtlich der Rolle für die allgemeine und spezifische mentale Gesundheit. Zukünftige Studien sollten eine wie hier vorgeschlagene Unterscheidung zwischen schöpferischen Leistungen und Kreativität als kognitives Konstrukt bzw. als Teil psychopathologischer oder persönlichkeitsrelevanter Aspekte vornehmen. Darüber hinaus sind die Hinzunahme von Aspekten, die Kultur, Geschlecht und Alter unterscheiden, sinnvoll. Unsere Resultate leisten einen Beitrag zur kulturellen Psychologie, indem sie das Wissen erweitern, wie die Kreativität-Schizotypie Assoziation durch kulturelle Faktoren beeinflusst wird und inwieweit schöpferische Leistungen und kognitive kreative Fähigkeiten diesbezüglich divergieren. Dies bedeutet, dass der humanistische Ansatz unterstützt wird, welcher zeigt, dass Selbstverwirklichung und kreative Fähigkeiten nicht unmittelbar auf ähnliche Persönlichkeitseigenschaften zurückzuführen sind.Creativity – the generation of novel and appropriate ideas – and psychopathology have been associated for a long time. However, the impact of cross-cultural influence has been somewhat neglected in the literature. The present dissertation demonstrates that (1) creativity is barely related with self-actualization and that, nevertheless, (2) creativity has a strong association with schizotypal personality disorder. However, people with real-life creative achievements showed decreased schizotypy and there are gender differences regarding creative capacities. (3) The creativity – schizotypy link is likely to be moderated by cultural differences between Russians and Germans. Results are discussed with regard to culture-independent validity of the constructs creativity, schizotypy, and self-actualization, with regard to the problem of psychometrical assessment of these constructs, and with regard to a role of creativity in good mental health. Future studies might account for how real-life creativity differs from cognitive creative abilities in other psychopathological and personality aspects, how culture influences the creativity – self-actualization association, and whether the association of creativity with schizotypy and self-actualization is consistent in other age groups. Conclusively, these results contribute to cultural psychology of creativity by extending how the creativity – schizotypy association varies between cultures, as well as by pointing out the differences between real-life creative achievements and cognitive creative abilities. Furthermore, the results extend the humanistic approach showing that self-actualization and creative abilities may not rely on similar personality characteristics.
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Horstmann, Kai Tobias. "The Interplay of Personality, Situations, Affect, and Behavior." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19327.
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Teil 1 dieser Dissertationsschrift fasst die Person-Situation Debatte zusammen und definiert stabile Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (Traits) sowie deren temporäre Expressionen (States). Zentrales Element der sogenannten Person-Situation Debatte war unter anderem das Konsistenzproblem, welches in der ersten empirischen Studie weiter beleuchtet wurde. Hierzu unterschieden wir Person- und Situation-Effekte auf Verhalten. Um diese Effekte zu differenzieren schlugen wir die Konzepte simple Konsistenz und residuale Konsistenz vor und zeigten, wie Verhalten in funktional äquivalenten Situationen auch nach Kontrolle des Einflusses von Persönlichkeit konsistent ist.
Teil 2 befasst sich dann mit der Definition und Erfassung von Situationen, da diese zentral sind um Konsistenz im Verhalten zu untersuchen. Im Rahmen von zwei Buchkapiteln beschrieben wir die bisherige Entwicklung der Situationsforschung und zeigten Herausforderungen auf, welche während der Entwicklung von Situationsmaßen zu meistern sind. Anschließend stellten wir sowohl eine neue Taxonomie zur Beschreibung von Situationen vor, die Situation Five, als auch ein Messinstrument zur Erfassung von Situationswahrnehmung vor.
Teil 3 adressiert die Validierung bestehender Situationsmaße und im Besonderen die mögliche Überschneidung von Situationswahrnehmung und Affekt. In zwei Studien wurde untersucht, ob beide Phänomene überlappen und dennoch jeweils Verhalten vorhersagen können. Hierbei konnten wir zeigen, dass dies nicht nur der Fall ist, sondern dass spezifische Verbindungen zwischen Verhalten und Situationswahrnehmung erst nach Berücksichtigung von Affekt sichtbar waren.
Teil 4 diskutiert die Implikationen der vorliegenden Arbeit und zeigt auf, wie insbesondere die Überlappung von Affekt und Situationswahrnehmung durch Einschätzungs-Theorien der Emotionsforschung erklärt werden können.
Teil 5 schlussendlich gibt einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung und zeigt die Bedeutung der vorliegen Arbeit auf.Part 1 of the current work briefly reviews the person-situation debate and addresses the definition of personality traits and states. Central to the person situation debate was the definition of consistency. In the first empirical study presented here, we examined consistency in more detail. We introduced the concepts of simple and residual consistency, and showed how functionally equivalent situations may influence behavior, even after controlling for effects of personality. Part 2 is concerned with the definition and measurement of situations. In two book chapters, we reviewed the past development of situation research and specific challenges that can be faced during the construction of measures for situation dimensions. We then present a new taxonomy for the description of situations, the Situation Five, as well as a measurement tool to assess situation perception, a person’s interpretation and perception of situations. Part 3 addresses the validation of existing situation measures and, more specifically, the potential overlap of affect and situation perception. I the first empirical study, we examined this overlap, which turned out to be substantial. In the second study, we investigated if this overlap threatened the validity of situation measures: Would measures of situation perception predict behavior in daily life after controlling for affect? As it turned out, they did – and more importantly, controlling for affect unveiled specific, logically coherent links between situation perception and behavior. Part 4 then discusses implications of the current work. A special focus is placed on explaining why affect and situation perception were correlated and yet contributed uniquely to the explanation of variance in behavior. To summarize, appraisal theories of emotion may serve well as a general framework for understanding the processes involved in situation perception. Part 5 then briefly discusses implications of the current work for future research.
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Biehl, Luciano Volcanoglo. "Estudo da carburização de tubos de ligas de Fe-Cr-Ni aplicadas em fornos de pirólise." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3003.
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Durante sua utilização, tubos que operam na pirólise de substâncias orgânicas sofrem degradação estrutural resultante dos mecanismos de carburização que, em geral, levam à falha dos tubos. A carburização decorre da quantidade de carbono disponível na pirólise, que chega a formar uma camada intensa de coque no interior dos tubos. Para a retirada do coque, é introduzido vapor no intuito de queimá-lo que, adicionalmente, deixa carbono na superfície para a carburização. Este trabalho analisa os aspectos metalúrgicos envolvidos no ataque das liga Fe-Cr- Ni através da carburização, onde falhas catastróficas podem ocorrer devido às tensões térmicas geradas nas paradas de retirada do coque formado. Os tubos usados são fabricados com as ligas HP40 e HPX. Ligas ricas em cromo e níquel são utilizados; no caso do níquel a estabilização da estrutura austenítica e do cromo pela formação de uma camada protetora de óxido. No entanto, tempos prolongados de emprego da liga pode gerar quebra da barreira protetora e, então, proporcionar a difusão do carbono para o material, causando mudanças microestuturais que irão afetar as propriedades metalúrgicas. Neste trabalho foram analisadas microestruturas de ligas com 25% Cr e 35% Ni que operaram por 20.000 e 37.000 horas, bem como a realização de uma série de tratamentos térmicos com ligas 25% Cr 35% Ni e 35% Cr 45% Ni sem uso, a fim de se estabelecer à relação existente entre a difusão do carbono e a microestrutura resultante. De posse destes dados, foram realizadas análises em microscopia, ensaios mecânicos, dilatometria e modelamento das tensões térmicas geradas nas paradas de decoking. Foi, também, desenvolvido uma metodologia capaz de relacionar a espessura da camada difundida de carbono com o magnetismo existente na superfície interna causada pela formação de precipitados magnéticos.
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Jansen, Malte. "Akademische Selbstkonzepte in den naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17105.
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Ziel des Dissertationsprojekts war eine differenzierte Betrachtung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts in den naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern. Unter anderen wurden die Abgrenzung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts von Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen, seine dimensionale Struktur, Geschlechtsunterschiede sowie seine Beeinflussung durch die Konzeption des Naturwissenschaftsunterrichts und durch dimensionale Vergleiche untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der ersten Teilstudie stand die Frage nach der empirischen Trennbarkeit von akademischem Selbstkonzept und Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung in den Naturwissenschaften. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die beiden Konstrukte messtheoretisch klar abgrenzbar sind und differentielle Zusammenhänge zu anderen Konstrukten aufweisen: Das Selbstkonzept wurde stärker durch soziale Vergleiche, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen stärker durch Unterrichtscharakteristika beeinflusst. In der zweiten Teilstudie wurde die fachspezifische Ausdifferenzierung naturwissenschaftlicher Selbstkonzepte untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Schüler zwischen den Selbstkonzeptfacetten in Biologie, Chemie und Physik unterscheiden und diese drei Facetten differentielle Zusammenhänge zu Leistungsmaßen und zum Geschlecht aufweisen. Die dritte Teilstudie beschäftigte sich mit interdisziplinärem Naturwissenschaftsunterricht als Einflussfaktor auf die Selbstkonzeptstruktur. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass Schüler, die interdisziplinär beschult werden, deutlich höhere Zusammenhänge zwischen den Selbstkonzeptfacetten in Biologie, Chemie und Physik aufweisen als Schüler, die getrennt in den drei Fächern unterrichtet werden. In der vierten Teilstudie wurde der Einfluss dimensionaler Leistungsvergleiche auf naturwissenschaftliche Selbstkonzepte sowie Mathematik und Deutsch untersucht. Es zeigten sich Kontrasteffekte zwischen Mathematik, Physik und Chemie auf der einen und Deutsch auf der anderen Seite. Die Befunde haben Implikationen für die Theorie dimensionaler Vergleiche.In this dissertation project, academic self-concept in the science subjects is scrutinized. Amongst others, its separability from self-efficacy, its dimensionality, and gender differences were examined. The dissertation includes four research articles. All are based on data from large-scale assessment studies. In the first research article, we examined whether academic self-concept and self-efficacy in the science subjects can be distinguished empirically. We found a moderate positive correlation between self-concept and self-efficacy in science, advocating distinguishable constructs. Furthermore, science self-concept was better predicted by the average peer achievement, whereas science self-efficacy was more strongly affected by inquiry-based learning opportunities. The second research article focused on the internal structure of academic self-concept in the sciences. It could be shown that students differentiate between their abilities in biology, chemistry and physics and that the subject-specific self-concept facets are differentially related to achievement and gender. For example, stereotypical gender differences in favor of boys were found for chemistry and physics. The effect of interdisciplinary science teaching on the structure of academic self-concept in the sciences was examined in the third research article. Students who were taught science as an interdisciplinary subject showed substantially higher relations between the self-concept facets in biology, chemistry, and physics than students who were taught these subjects separately. In the fourth research article, the effects of dimensional comparisons on academic self-concepts in the sciences as well as mathematics and German were scrutinized. We found contrast effects between the German and math, physics, and chemistry as well as assimilation effects between math, physics, and chemistry. The results further advance dimensional comparison theory.
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Winzig, Michael. "Die objektive Bestimmung der Farbe des Fettgewebes von Schweineschlachttierkörpern durch Farbmessung mit dem Minolta Chromameter CR 300 ein Beitrag zur Ikterusdiagnostik /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2002/290/index.html.
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Moura, Elvis Dion Domingues. "Os 300 espartanos de Frank Miller : tra?o, cor e nankin reinterpretam o mito na p?s-modernidade." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4430.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-25O presente trabalho discute as imagens de Frank Miller enquanto comunica??o. Tais imagens representam uma linguagem visual atrav?s da narrativa das hist?rias em quadrinhos contempor?neas, uma vez que percebemos a identifica??o da visualidade p?s-moderna no estilo de Frank Miller. A Hermen?utica de Profundidade referida por John Thompson foi a metodologia escolhida para possibilitar o desenvolvimento desta disserta??o. Inicialmente aborda-se a hist?ria em quadrinhos e suas principais caracter?sticas, estilos e g?neros. Apresenta-se seu quadro evolutivo durante as d?cadas e seus modos de produ??o e interpreta??o. Ap?s, tratam-se quest?es te?ricas relacionadas ? comunica??o visual e ? modernidade. Durante a classifica??o das eras da hist?ria em quadrinhos, aborda-se outros autores dos anos 1980 que evidenciam os marcos iniciais da visualidade p?s-moderna na arte sequencial. As imagens de Alan Moore e Neil Gaiman comparadas ?s de Frank Miller e o aprofundamento sobre Pop Art reiteram o contexto s?cio-hist?rico da p?s-modernidade. Assim, refere-se ? trajet?ria de Frank Miller na produ??o de hist?ria em quadrinhos, e suas contribui??es imag?sticas. A visualidade de Frank Miller ? analisada e interpretada ? luz da Hermen?utica de Profundidade de Thompson, revelando multiplicidades, hibrida??es e apropria??es contextualizadas na visualidade p?s-moderna. Essas no??es ligam a obra de Frank Miller ? comunica??o visual contempor?nea. Percebeu-se a sobreviv?ncia do mito na visualidade de Frank Miller e suas possibilidades de interpreta??o na comunica??o visual.
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Schwarb, F. P., E. W. Smith, J. M. Haigh, and C. Surber. "Comparison of visual CR-200 and CR-300 chromameter data obtained from the corticosteroid-induced skin-blanching assay." 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006611.
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In a recent Guidance document the American FDA recommended the use of a chromameterrather thanthe human eye for the assessment of the pharmacodynamic blanching response produced after topical application of corticosteroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of the human eye and two types of chromameter for the estimation of skin blanching.
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Preusser, Andrea. "Struktur-Eigenschaftskorrelationen in den silberionenleitenden Systemen AgI-AgMxOy (M=P,Cr,Mo)." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B6C8-3.
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Winzig, Michael [Verfasser]. "Die objektive Bestimmung der Farbe des Fettgewebes von Schweineschlachttierkörpern durch Farbmessung mit dem Minolta Chromameter CR 300 : ein Beitrag zur Ikterusdiagnostik / vorgelegt von Michael Winzig." 2002. http://d-nb.info/966152255/34.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "CR 3000"
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Pekguleryuz, Mihriban, Erol Ozbakir, and Amir Rezaei Farkoosh. "Diesel Engine: Applications of Aluminum Alloys." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000329.
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The Diesel engine, introduced by Rudolph Diesel in 1892, achieves a higher combustion ratio and fuel efficiency, has lower CO2 emissions per mile than the gasoline engine and is considered to be one of the most viable environmentally friendly technologies for vehicles. “Clean Diesel” using lower sulfur content fuel has become available since 2006. Currently, the Diesel engine and cylinder head are mostly cast iron to withstand the high compression pressures and temperatures of Diesel operation. Further weight reduction (40%–55%) via aluminum substitution in the Diesel engine would result in substantial fuel economy and increased environmental benefits. Current aluminum alloys cannot meet the requirements of the Diesel engine and a new research topic has emerged in aluminum materials technology to address these requirements. The main issue with aluminum alloys is the low resistance to thermal fatigue that results from the constrained expansion and contraction of the material in the interval regions leading to compressive creep deformation at 300°C during engine heat-up and to tensile deformation around 150°C during engine cooldown. This article discusses the performance requirements and the design principles for aluminum alloys for Diesel engine applications. Efforts on the modification of A356 and A319 alloys via Cu, Mg, Ni, Cr, V, Zr, Ti, and Mn addition are reviewed. Recent studies on Mn/Mo addition are presented and the related principles are introduced in designing high volume fraction, thermally stable, and uniform nanoscale dispersoids using solutes with opposite partitioning coefficients in aluminum.
Conference papers on the topic "CR 3000"
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Shemet, V., P. O. Santacreu, L. Singheiser, and W. J. Quadakkers. "Oxidation Behaviour of Fe-Cr Based Alloys in Simulated Anode Side Gases of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85249.
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One of the challenges in improving the performance and reducing the costs of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC’s) is the development of suitable interconnect materials. Recent research has shown that specially developed Fe-Cr based alloys possess the suitable combination of properties required for SOFC interconnect materials. Two commercial ferritic steels Crofer22APU (ThyssenKrupp VDM), F18TNb and F18TNbY (ArcelorMittal) were selected and evaluated in respect to oxidation behaviour under conditions relevant to the anode side of SOFC’s. Additionally, the electrical conductivity of the surface oxide scales at the SOFC service temperature of 800°C was determined. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were carried out in three types of gases simulating compositions prevailing at the anode side of an SOFC. The gases differed in water vapour content as well as additions of CO and CO2. The tests were carried out in the temperature range 800–900°C with exposure times up to 3000 h. The results showed that the minor alloying elements Al and Si exhibited a significant effect on oxide scale adherence and area specific resistance (ASR) of the surface oxide scales. The high chromium contents of the steel resulted in formation of oxide scales with excellent protective properties which resulted in excellent resistance against carburization in the CO/CO2-containing test gas. The high chromium content has, however, as disadvantage that the alloys may be prone to embrittlement by σ-phase formation at lower temperatures. If chromium contents are well above approximately 22%, this σ-phase formation may even occur during 800°C exposure. In general, all tested alloys exhibited acceptable performance for interconnect materials but a substantially decrease in oxidation rate could be achieved with an additionally applied Y2O3 coating.
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Kano, Ichiro, Takahiro Sato, and Naoki Okamoto. "Experimental Verification of Analytical Prediction of Pool Boiling CHF Incorporating the Effects of EHD and Contact Angle." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48661.
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Boiling heat transfer enhancement via compound effect of Electro-Hydro-Dynamic (EHD) and contact angle has been experimentally and analytically investigated. A fluorinated dielectric liquid (Asahi Glass Co. Ltd, AE-3000) was selected as the working fluid. Pool boiling heat transfer in the saturated liquid was measured at atmospheric pressure. In order to change the contact angle between the boiling surface and the dielectric liquid, the different materials Cu, Cr, NiB, Sn, and mixture of 5 and 1.5 micro meter diamond particles were electrically deposited on a boiling surface. The critical heat flux (CHF) for different contact angles showed 20.5 ∼ 26.9 W/cm2 which was −7 ∼ 25 % of that for a non-coated Cu surface (21.5 W/cm2). Upon application of a −5 kV/mm electric field to the micro structured surface (the mixture of 5 and 1.5 micro meter particles), a CHF of 99 W/cm2 at a superheat of 33.5 K was obtained. The previous theoretical equation of pool boiling predicted the CHF with the electric field and without the electrode.
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Childs, Dara W., and Joshua Bullock. "Static Performance of Smooth Liquid Annular Seals in the Transition and Turbulent Regimes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58543.
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Abstract Static test results are presented for smooth annular seals with a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.50, radius R = 51.00 mm, at the nominal radial clearance Cr = 0.2032 mm. Tests were conducted for angular shaft speeds; ω = 2, 4, 6, 8 krpm, axial pressure drops; ΔP = 2.1, 4.13, 6.21, 8.27 bars, and eccentricity ratios ϵ0 = e0/Cr = 0.00, 0.27, 0.53, 0.8 where e0 is the static eccentricity. Three pre-swirl inserts were used to target zero, medium, and high (0., 0.4, and 0.8) pre-swirl ratios for a set of pre-determined operating conditions with ISO VG 2 oil at 46.1°C. Pitot tubes measured the circumferential velocity at separate upstream and downstream seal locations and were used to calculate pre-swirl ratio, PSR = vinlet/Rω, and outlet-swirl ratio, OSR = voutlet/Rω. For all tested pre-swirl inserts, PSR tended to converge to 0.4∼0.5 as ω increased. PSR and OSR were poorly correlated. Volumetric leakage rate Q ˙ versus pressure differential ΔP was measured. The measured vector Reynolds number Re, combining the axial and circumferential Reynolds numbers ranged from ∼1000 to ∼3500. Based on Zirkelback and San Andrés 1996 publication, almost all of the flow regime is predicted to lie in the transition regime, with fewer points in the turbulent regime. Generally, the seals’ static centering properties were obtained by applying a static load Fs and measuring the resulting displacement vector e0. At many low-speed, low-ΔP test conditions, the seal would not remain in the desired centered or near-centered position and had to be forced into place with a centering force Fs. The authors believe that the observed de-centering effects resulted from test operations in the transition flow regime where the friction factor λ does not drop with increasing ΔP and increasing Re. A positive centering Lomakin effect requires that λ drop with increasing axial Reynolds number. The seals had positive centering effects over a large portion of the predicted transition flow regime, supporting the view that the shift from transition-to-turbulent flow regularly occurred at lower Re values than the Re = 3000 boundary used by Zirkleback and San Andrés.
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Yeh, Szu-Ming, David Jui-Yang Feng, Yen-Chieh Huang, Tsong-Sheng Lay, Sheng-Lung Huang, and Wood-Hi Cheng. "Reduction of Multimode Interference in 300-nm Broadband Cr-Doped Fibers." In 2008 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication - OFC 2008 Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ofc.2008.4528752.
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Huang, Yi-Chung, Jau-Sheng Wang, Yu-Kuan Lu, Chun-Te Wu, Sheng-Lung Huang, and Wood-Hi Cheng. "Fabrication of 300-nm Cr-doped Fibers Using Fiber Drawing with Pressure Control." In 2008 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication - OFC 2008 Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ofc.2008.4528135.
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Hill, Michael R., Theresa E. Pistochini, and Adrian T. DeWald. "Fatigue Performance of Laser Peened Materials." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71793.
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Laser peening is an emerging technology for the surface treatment of metallic materials that is capable of enhancing resistance to fatigue failure. This paper describes some recent results from joint research programs conducted to generate data on residual stress and fatigue performance of laser peened materials. Specifically, we present data for residual stress imparted by laser peening and fatigue life improvement of laser peened coupons relative to as-machined coupons. These data are presented for a range of high-strength materials employed in aircraft and other demanding applications: BSTOA Ti-6A14V titanium alloy, 300M steel, MP35N Ni-Co-Cr-Mo alloy, and 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy. For each material, residual stress distributions were measured for treatment with different laser peening parameter sets. For particular laser peening parameter sets, stress versus life data were generated for as-machined and laser peened fatigue coupons, which quantifies fatigue life improvement attained by laser peening over a range of applied loads.
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Mittal, Sulbha. "Chemoradiation for the management of locally advanced carcinoma uterine cervix: Comparative evaluation of concomitant weekly versus three weekly cisplatin." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685285.
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Aims and Objectives: To determine and evaluate the difference/s, in terms of tumor control and side effects, between weekly and three weekly cisplatin concomitant with external beam radiotherapyfor locally advanced carcinoma of cervix. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Radiotherapy Department, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak (India), on sixty previously untreated, histopathologically proven patients of locally advanced carcinoma of uterine cervix. The patients were treated with External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) 50 Gy/25 fractions over 5 weeks and concomitant cisplatin, followed by intra-cavitary HDR brachytherapy (ICBT) 700 cGy to point A; three times, once in a week. The patients were assigned randomly either of two groups of 30 patients each. In Group I (Study Group) the patients received three weekly cisplatin 75 mg/m2 for 2 cycles whilein Group II (Control Group) the patients received weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 for 5 cycles. Evaluation of response and toxicity was done weekly during treatment and monthly thereafter up to six months. The data thus obtained was assessed and analysed using LaMorte statistical tool. The study was approved by Ethical Committee of the institute and quality was periodically monitored by senior consultant and guide. Results: Stage wise disease response in study and control respectively at the end of treatment was as follows: Stage IIA - CR (80% vs 100%), PR (20% vs 0%); Stage IIB - CR (80% vs 76.47%), PR (20% vs 23.53%); Stage IIIA - CR (60% vs 100%), PR (40% vs 0%); Stage IIIB - CR (60% vs 60%), PR (40% vs 20%), NR(0% vs 20%). Stage wise disease status at the end of sixth month follow up was as follows: Stage IIA – NED (80% vs 100%), RD (20% vs 0%); Stage IIB - NED (80% vs 76.67%), RD (20% vs 23.53%); Stage IIIA - NED (60% vs 100%), RD (40% vs 0%); Stage IIIB - NED (60% vs 60%), RD (40% vs 40%). Tumor response was not significantly different in the two groups with respect to age distribution, rural/urban distribution, histopathological distribution and treatment interruption. Maximum level of hematological toxicity (WHO criteria) observed in study and control group respectively at the end of treatment was as follows: Anaemia; Grade II - 4 (13.33%) in both the groups, leukopenia; Grade II – 1 (3.33%) vs 0 (0%). The worst acute skin reactions observed by the end of treatment in Group I and II respectively were Grade II – 2 (6.67%) vs 0 (0%). The worst acute mucosal reactions were Grade II - 5(16.66%) vs 0 (0%). Upper gastrointestinal toxicity (Grade II & III) was 16.7% versus 13.3% respectively. Lower gastrointestinal toxicity (Grade II & III) was 30.0% versus 36.7%. No significant weight loss was observed in either of the groups. Though, all the patients completed the intended treatment, treatment interruption for more than a week was observed in 10 (33.33%) vs 8 (26.67%) patients respectively, due to acute toxicities. Conclusion: Three weekly cisplatin, concomitant with radiation seems to be the potential, effective and acceptable alternate as standard of treatment for locally advanced carcinoma cervix; especially for increased work load and limited resource setups.
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Mittal, Sulbha, Ashok Chauhan, Parajeet Kaur, and Yash Pal Verma. "Chemoradiation for the management of locally advanced carcinoma uterine cervix: Comparative evaluation of concomitant weekly versus three weekly cisplatin." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685271.
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Aims and Objectives: To determine and evaluate the difference/s, in terms of tumor control and side effects, between weekly and three weekly cisplatin concomitant with external beam radiotherapyfor locally advanced carcinoma of cervix. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Radiotherapy Department, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak (India), on sixty previously untreated, histopathologically proven patients of locally advanced carcinoma of uterine cervix. The patients were treated with External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) 50 Gy/25 fractions over 5 weeks and concomitant cisplatin, followed by intra-cavitary HDR brachytherapy (ICBT) 700 cGy to point A; three times, once in a week. The patients were assigned randomly either of two groups of 30 patients each. In Group I (Study Group) the patients received three weekly cisplatin 75 mg/m2 for 2 cycles whilein Group II (Control Group) the patients received weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 for 5 cycles. Evaluation of response and toxicity was done weekly during treatment and monthly thereafter up to six months. The data thus obtained was assessed and analysed using La Morte statistical tool. The study was approved by Ethical committee of the institute and quality was periodically monitored by senior consultant and guide. Results: Stage wise disease response in study and control respectively at the end of treatment was as follows: Stage IIA-CR (80% vs 100%), PR (20% vs 0%); Stage IIB-CR (80% vs 76.47%), PR (20% vs 23.53%); Stage IIIA-CR (60% vs 100%), PR (40% vs 0%); Stage IIIB-CR (60% vs 60%), PR (40% vs 20%), NR (0% vs 20%). Stage wise disease status at the end of sixth month follow up was as follows: Stage IIA – NED (80% vs 100%), RD (20% vs 0%); Stage IIB – NED (80% vs 76.67%), RD (20% vs 23.53%); Stage IIIA – NED (60% vs 100%), RD (40% vs 0%); Stage IIIB - NED (60% vs 60%), RD (40% vs 40%). Tumor response was not significantly different in the two groups with respect to age distribution, rural/urban distribution, histopathological distribution and treatment interruption. Maximum level of hematological toxicity (WHO criteria) observed in study and control group respectively at the end of treatment was as follows: Anaemia; Grade II - 4 (13.33%) in both the groups, Leukopenia; Grade II - 1 (3.33%) vs 0 (0%). The worst acute skin reactions observed by the end of treatment in Group I and II respectively were grade II - 2 (6.67%) vs 0 (0%). The worst acute mucosal reactions were grade II - 5 (16.66%) vs 0 (0%). Upper Gastrointestinal toxicity (Grade II & III) was 16.7% versus 13.3% respectively. Lower gastrointestinal toxicity (Grade II & III) was 30.0% versus 36.7%. No significant weight loss was observed in either of the groups. Though, all the patients completed the intended treatment, treatment interruption for more than a week was observed in 10 (33.33%) vs 8 (26.67%) patients respectively, due to acute toxicities. Conclusion: Three weekly cisplatin, concomitant with radiation seems to be the potential, effective and acceptable alternate as standard of treatment for locally advanced carcinoma cervix; especially for increased work load and limited resource setups.
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Miura, Yasufumi, Takashi Sawabe, Kiyoshi Betsuyaku, and Taku Arai. "Thermal Aging Behavior of Grade CF3M Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65959.
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In this study, CASSs which were thermally aged at 275–400°C for up to 30000 hrs were investigated using atom probe tomography, Charpy impact test, hardness test, and fracture toughness test in order to evaluate the effects of chemical composition and ferrite content on thermal aging embrittlement. Test materials were 4 types of statically casted grade CF3M stainless steels which are used in Japanese BWR plants. As a result of the tests, Charpy absorbed energy at room temperature of all thermal aging conditions were obtained. We also obtained the microstructural evolution in ferrite phase, hardness of ferrite phase, and J–R curves of several aging conditions. The fracture toughness and the Charpy absorbed energy of all materials aged at 275°C for up to 15000 hrs were approximately same as those of unaged materials. On the other hand, reduction of the fracture toughness and the Charpy absorbed energy were observed in the materials aged at 300°C, 320°C, 350°C and 400°C. For the Charpy impact test in this study, the absorbed energy of the material with highest molybdenum was lower than that of the material with highest ferrite content. After the tests, the fracture toughness estimation model for grade CF8M in NUREG/CR-4513 and the method in PVP2005-71528 (H3T model) were discussed in order to confirm the applicability of the prediction methods to CF3M.
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Daniel, T., M. Smaga, T. Beck, T. Schopf, L. Stumpfrock, S. Weihe, and J. Rudolph. "Investigation of the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Their Welds for Reactor Internals at Ambient Temperature and 300°C." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21460.
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Abstract The fatigue assessment of safety relevant components is of importance for ageing management with regard to safety and reliability of nuclear power plants. For reactor internals, austenitic stainless steels are often used due to their excellent mechanical and technological properties as well as their corrosion resistance. During operation the material is subject to loadings in the Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) regime due to start up and shut down procedures as well as high frequency loadings in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) regime induced e.g. by stresses due to fast cyclic thermal fluctuations triggered by fluid dynamic processes. While the LCF behavior of austenitic steels is already well investigated the fatigue behavior in the VHCF regime has not been characterized in detail so far. Accordingly, the fatigue curves in the applicable international design codes have been extended by extrapolation to the range of highest load cycles (Fig. 1). The aim of the cooperative project of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK), Materials Testing Institute (MPA) Stuttgart and Framatome GmbH, Germany is to create a comprehensive database up to the highest load cycles N = 2·109 for austenitic stainless steels. For this fatigue tests on metastable austenitic steel AISI 347 / 1.4550 / X6CrNiNb1810 as well as austenitic welds (Fox SAS 2-A) were performed at an ultrasonic testing system at a test frequency of 20 000 Hz to realize acceptable testing times. In addition, an induction generator was implemented in the test system to investigate the influence of operation relevant temperature of 300 °C on the fatigue behavior. The ultrasonic testing system works under displacement control. Therefore, for reliable statements on fatigue life according NUREG/CR-6909 and using of S-N-curve (total-strain amplitude vs. cycle to failure) a fictitious-elastic and elastically-plastic numerical material model was used for calculation of total-strain amplitudes based on experimental data. The results shown, that at ambient temperature (AT) and 300 °C no specimen failure occurred in the VHCF regime for the base material as well as for the welds. Consequently, for these materials a real endurance limit exists. Additionally, in a continuative test a specimen with a pre-autoclaving period in high temperature water (HTW) of 2500 hours was tested in air at a total strain amplitude of 0.1 % in the VHCF-regime up to number of cycle N = 109 using an ultrasonic fatigue testing system. The chemical composition of the HTW for the pre-autoclaving period is comparable to near operation conditions. Afterwards by using of scanning electron microscope no defects or cracks were detected in the oxide layer.
Reports on the topic "CR 3000"
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Natesan, K., and M. Uz. Oxidation kinetics and microstructure of V-(4-5) Wt.%Cr-(4-5) Wt.%Ti alloys exposed to air at 300-650{degrees}C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/415830.
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