Academic literature on the topic 'CR4749'

L’arrestation de l’ensemble des frères du Temple au matin du vendredi 13 octobre 1307 a été l’un des événements marquants du XIVe siècle européen. Véritable prouesse organisationnelle de la part du roi de France et de ses conseillers, l’arrestation des Templiers était également un empiétement du pouvoir temporel dans l’une des juridictions de l’Église. Bénéficiant de l’immunité ecclésiastique, l’ordre du Temple était en effet soustrait au pouvoir du roi. Cette arrestation s’inscrit plus largement dans un contexte de vives tensions entre l’Église et le royaume : avec l’aide de ses conseillers, dont Guillaume de Nogaret au premier plan, Philippe le Bel avait développé une rhétorique selon laquelle, à l’intérieur des limites du royaume, les pouvoirs temporel et spirituel devaient être entre ses mains. Conséquemment, et ce dès le début de son règne, le roi s’était adonné à une série de mesures visant à imposer son pouvoir sur celui de l’Église, notamment par le prélèvement d’impôts sur les terres ecclésiales et par l’interdiction aux églises du royaume de France d’envoyer des redevances à Rome. S’il s’agit ici essentiellement d’actions coercitives visant à détourner l’afflux de deniers dédié à l’Église au profit du Trésor royal, l’arrestation des Templiers s’inscrit quant à elle dans une escalade des pressions à l’endroit de la papauté. Accusant la milice armée de l’Église de pratiquer divers rites hérétiques tels que le reniement du Christ, le crachat sur la croix, le baiser obscène, la vénération d’une idole et la pratique de relations sexuelles contre nature, cette attaque à l’encontre du Temple, et par association à l’encontre de l’Église, visait à démontrer que l’institution ecclésiale hébergeait l’hérésie en son corps depuis des temps immémoriaux, qui nécessitait donc l’intervention du roi pour la chasser de l’Église au nom de la défense de la foi et de la chrétienté. À la lumière des remarques présentées plus haut, le présent mémoire a pour objectif d’expliquer le sens de cet événement et d’analyser sa logique. La problématique de ce mémoire ne s’inscrit pas dans le traditionnel débat historiographique qui tente, depuis la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, de déterminer si les Templiers étaient coupables ou innocents des accusations portées à leur encontre. Au contraire, nous désirons plutôt mettre en évidence un élément central de la logique de l’affaire des Templiers, c’est-à-dire le processus de diabolisation des Templiers ou, autrement dit, les mécanismes mis en place par la royauté capétienne pour transformer les Templiers de pieux chevaliers défendant la chrétienté en hérétiques.<br>The Templars' arrest at dawn of Friday the 13th 1307 was one of the important event of the 14th century. This arrest was, on the one hand, an organisational achievement and on the other an encroachment to the spirituel power. The Temple was indeed protected from the temporel power. This arrest must be understood in a much larger context. The beginning of the 14th century witnessed important tensions between Philip the Fair and the papacy. More specifically, Philip the Fair developed rhetoric, with the help of his advocates, and especially William of Nogaret, where inside the limits of his kingdom, both spirituel and temporal powers would be in his hands. Consequently, and since the beginning of his reign, Philip the Fair put forward actions in order to impose his power on the Church : those actions can be declined in imposing taxations on ecclesiastical lands and by the interdiction of churches inside the kingdom to pay their due to Rome. If those actions are essentially coercive means in order to divert money which was suppose to go to Rome to bring it to the Royal Treasure, the Templars' arrest can be put in relation with a series of measures in order to put pressure on the papacy. The Templars were charged of disowning Christ, of spitting on the cross, of practicing deviant kisses, of venerating an idol, and committing homosexual relations. The purpose of this arrest was to demonstrate that the Church was hosting heretics since immemorial times, and thus needed the intervention of the king to remove this heresy from the Church in order to defend faith and Christianity. This thesis has the objective to explain the meaning of this event and its logic. The argument of this thesis has no purpose to debate the traditional issue of whether the Templars were guilty or innocent of the charges brought against them: on the contrary, this thesis emphasises on understanding one important aspect of the trial's logic which is the process of demonization of the Templars. This process of demonization was put in place by Philip the Fair and his advocates in order to transform the Templars from a pious order dedicated to the defence of Christianity to perfidious heretics.

This thesis seeks to illuminate the nature, extent and complexity of Templar interactions with their associates, particularly non-Christians, women and Mozarabs, by examining these interactions where the most evidence exists for them---northeastern Spain. Evidence for Temple associations with both Christians and non-Christians is strongest and most prolonged here. The overall nature of these interactions was friendlier than expected in a crusading group. In fact, Templars actively competed with the secular Church, nobility and the king in the Crown of Aragon for lordship over non-Christians because non-Christians were a lucrative tax base. Some non-Christians also sought association with the Templars because the Templars were a strong, international group with friendly ties to the Aragonese kings. The Temple could therefore offer protection from other lords against excessive taxation and exploitation, and physical attack. Documentary evidence shows mutually beneficial interactions as the Temple's (and its non-Christian associates') ongoing preference over time and space. Chapter one examines Templar interactions in general, both with associates and non-associates. Chapter two looks at Templar associations in Novillas, the first Templar house founded in the Crown of Aragon. Chapter three deals with the Tortosa and the lower Ebro Valley, which has the most varied surviving Templar documentation in the areas studied. Chapter four deals with Gardeny (in Lleida/Lerida), which has the largest number of surviving documents for all of the areas in the study. Chapter five looks at Monzon and Barcelona, the main Templar houses for Aragon and Catalonia respectively. The last chapter deals with Huesca, the northernmost house in the study.

碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>企業管理學系<br>105<br>The use of Animals’ Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber in Taiwan is still not popular in recent years. This study uses veterinarian and consumer (owner) as research entities and integrates theory of reasoned action (TRA) and technology acceptance model (TAM), to investigate the impacts of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and subjective norm on purchase intention. After questionnaire design and survey, 37 samples are collected. Data analysis includes ANOVA analysis for testing the constructs differences between veterinarian and consumers. Regression analysis for testing the impacts of three perceived demands on purchase intention. Stepwise regression is adapted for detecting the significant impacts of 16 individual variables on purchase intention. The results might provide useful information for making marketing strategic planning. The empirical findings are summarized as follows: (1) There is significant difference on perceived ease of use between veterinarian and consumers, and the score of veterinarian is greater than consumer’s. (2) For the users of Animals’ Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber, there are statistically significant impacts of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and subjective norm on purchase intention. (3) Three individual variables, i.e., “easy to learn”, “enhance medical confidence”, and “the purchase of certified equipment,” demonstrate significant impacts on purchase intention. Keywords: Animal Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber, Theory of Reasoned Action, Technology Acceptance Model, Purchasing Intention

碩士<br>國立高雄海洋科技大學<br>水產食品科學研究所<br>104<br>The traditional method of pidan production was using alkaline mud and rice bran wrapping on duck eggs. Nowadays, alkaline solution such as NaOH solution with metal ions is using for pidan production. However, using chemical solution presently causes consumer concern. Eggshell is the major waste of egg industry but the powder generated after cineration could produce a highly alkaline solution, which was demonstrated to possess antibacterial ability and has the potential for pidan making. In addition, electrolyzed water (EO water) is a new product in recently years. Acidic EO water was used as an antimicrobial agent and alkaline EO water currently used as a cleaning agent could be used for pidan production. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to eggshell powder and alkaline EO water for pidan production and determine the optimal combination of metal ions to obtain the optimal physiochemical and sensory qualities of pidan. One, two, three, four, or five % of the eggshell powder solution or alkaline electrolyzed water was used as the basic pickling solution. Different combinations of ZnSO4 (0.175%), MgCl2 (0.08%), and CuSO4 (0.16%) was added. Duck eggs were pickled for 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 or 30 days at 25~27°C with observation intervals at 3 days. Results showed that the optimal characteristics was obtained with EO alkaline water with 5% eggshell powder and pickled for 24~27 days. Because the commercial process usually includes 14 days ripening, the ripening process was added to the 25 days picking for following process with the combinations of ions and eggshell powder or EO water. The optimal combinations of metal ions was studied to reduce the use of ions. The basic solution containing 4.2% NaOH and 5% NaCl was used and the combinations of ZnSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2 were tested. The basic solution with all four metal ions was used as a positive control. The process of 25 day pickling plus 14 day ripening at 25~27°C was used. Results showed there was no significant difference (p >0.05) for physio-chemical properties between the positive control, 0.65% ZnSO4 only, and the combination of 0.35% ZnSO4 and 0.33% CaCl2. Thus, Zn was determined as the critical ion for pidan production. Therefore, two types of picking solutions were used. The first one was the basic solution containing 1, 2, or 3% eggshell powder with 0.175 % ZnSO4. The second was the basic solution containing 0.175% ZnSO4, 0.165% CaCl2 and 0.5% or 1% eggshell powder. In addition, pickling 25 day with 14 day ripening and 39 day pickling without ripening were also tested. Results showed that adding 3% eggshell power and 0.175 % ZnSO4 has the best physio-chemical characteristics. For process, the 25 day pickling with 14 day ripening showed the best properties. Five percent eggshell powder as basic solution containing 0.175% ZnSO4 or alkaline EO water containing 3% eggshell powder show no significant difference (p >0.05) between the positive control. Results of sensory evaluation showed that 5% eggshell powder as basic solution containing 0.175% ZnSO4 had the most close characteristics with the commercial pidan. We successfully used the major waste of egg industry, eggshell, to produce high quality pidan. Thus, a new material being useful for pidan production and meanwhile reducing the negative environmental impact.