Academic literature on the topic 'Crack (Drug)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Crack (Drug)"
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Ross, Michael W., Lu-Yu Hwang, Carolyn Zack, Lara Bull, and Mark L. Williams. "Sexual risk behaviours and STIs in drug abuse treatment populations whose drug of choice is crack cocaine." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202320753736.
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We investigated sexually transmissable infection (STI) prevalence in 407 drug users in three drug treatment programmes in two Texan cities and associated demographic and sexual behaviours. Data analysis focused on differences between those for whom crack cocaine was the drug of preference compared with other drugs, since crack is associated with sexual arousal and a sex for drugs economy. Data indicate that having crack as a drug of preference is significantly associated with increased levels of previous STIs, previous drug treatment, African–American race, selling or buying sex for drugs or money, and increased infection markers for syphilis, chlamydia and herpes simplex-2. Crack preference was also significantly associated with lower rates of injecting drugs or sharing injection equipment and hepatitis C infection markers. Crack preference in heterosexual respondents was significantly associated with increased partner numbers in the past four weeks, more female partners for men and more vaginal sex contacts for men. Analysis of sex differences comparing those for whom crack was the preferred versus non-preferred drug indicated that female crack users were significantly more likely to engage in oral sex. This supports previous ethnographic data suggesting that oral sex is a common mode of sex for drugs exchange in crack houses. In 7.4% of the total sample (14.4% of the crack-preferring sample), treatable STIs were detected. These data suggest that drug users generally, and crack-using populations in particular, in drug treatment programmes should be routinely screened for STIs as an integral part of drug treatment.
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Johnson, Bruce D., Mangai Natarajan, Eloise Dunlap, and Elsayed Elmoghazy. "Crack Abusers and Noncrack Abusers: Profiles of Drug Use, Drug Sales and Nondrug Criminality." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400107.
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Based on more than one thousand interviews with drug abusers in 1988 and 1989, the drug use patterns, selling behavior, and other crimes (robbery, burglary theft, etc.) of crack abusers are compared with those of heroin injectors, cocaine snorters, marijuana-only users, and nondrug users. Several striking differences in the frequency of crack use and dealing emerge among the various drug user types. Crack abusers were found to be using drugs at high rates and were receiving high incomes from drug sales and nondrug criminality. Among crack abusers, crack use greatly exceeded the cost and frequency of use of other specific drugs, which they were also consuming. For all user subgroups, crack selling was the most frequent crime and generated the largest cash income. Important patterns of polydrug use were found among most drug user groups. These findings have important implications for policies directed toward drug abusers.
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Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, and Jeffrey Fagan. "Careers in Crack, Drug Use, Drug Distribution, and Nondrug Criminality." Crime & Delinquency 41, no. 3 (July 1995): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128795041003001.
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The Careers in Crack Project examined the impact of crack cocaine on the lives of users and sellers of crack, heroin, and cocaine powder recruited in Manhattan in 1988-1989 (N = 1,003). This article summarizes findings that place in context and even debunk several myths about use of crack and the crack culture, presents insights into the crack epidemic and its impact on individuals, evaluates the vigorous public policy attempts to control use of crack, and suggests potentially more effective alternatives.
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GOLUB, ANDREW, and BRUCE D. JOHNSON. "Cohort Differences in Drug-Use Pathways to Crack among Current Crack Abusers in New York City." Criminal Justice and Behavior 21, no. 4 (December 1994): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854894021004002.
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Much prior literature has focused on substance use progression through alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana leading from a time of no drug use as a youth to the possibility of serious drug abuse. This article extends this literature by empirically examining retrospectively the sequence of hard drugs used as reported retrospectively by 994 hard drug abusers from New York City. The sequence was strongly mediated by birth year. Nearly all (81%) current crack abusers born prior to 1953 had previously injected heroin. At the other extreme, prior heroin injection was rare (10%) among crack abusers born since 1967. Many (37%) of these younger crack abusers initiated use of crack just after having used gateway drugs. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Rubio Gonçalves, Janaina, and Solange Aparecida Nappo. "Reasons for and Consequences of the Combined Use of Crack Cocaine and Alcohol in Brazil:." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss9.2597.
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The objective of this study was to investigate, through the speeches of crack cocaine users, the reasons that lead them to combine crack cocaine with alcohol and the consequences of this combination, in Brazil. The lack of public policies and effective treatments has led crack cocaine users in Brazil to seek alternatives to cope with problems related to drug addiction. One adopted alternative is the consumption of crack cocaine together with other psychotropic drug. This study used the principles and instruments of qualitative research. A purposeful sample was constructed using key informants and gatekeepers whose sample size (N = 30) was defined by the theoretical saturation point. The study participants were subjected to in-depth interviews, and the responses were subjected to content analysis for the identification of thematic units. Alcohol use played many roles, including increasing the courage of drug users to go to the point of sale for psychotropic drugs, reducing thirst, and prolonging the positive effects of crack cocaine. The combination of alcohol and crack cocaine is commonly used to modulate the effects of the latter. A vicious cycle is established in which the consumption of alcohol stimulates the consumption of cocaine and vice versa. The participants also reported cost savings but admitted an increase in aggressiveness. The combined use of crack cocaine and alcohol can become a strong conditioned stimulus for the consumption of the former. The formation of the active metabolite cocaethylene in this drug combination may explain the prolongation of the effects of crack cocaine. Moreover, both drugs act in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and consequently produce a synergistic effect. Severe outcomes such as cardiotoxicity, which can lead to death, in addition to aggression and the possibility of relapse to crack cocaine use, make this drug combination a public health problem that is greater than the individual consumption of these psychotropic drugs.
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Novak, Viveca. "The other Drug Lords." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/vt5v-1mtf-mfw0-q8ff.
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To gain an understanding of how hard it will be to control skyrocketing health care costs in the United States, consider one small part of the health care system: the pharmaceutical industry. Every time Congress threatens to crack down on drug costs or reduce government support for the industry, the pharmaceutical firms crank out PAC contributions and deploy their lobbyists. The upshot: drug companies get to charge what they want while holding onto millions of dollars' worth of government giveaways, including tax breaks and generous patent protection.
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Farhoudian, A., S. Sefatian, A. Rahimi Movaghar, and F. Mohammadi. "A Qualitative assessment of crack supply in tehran." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71749-7.
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Supplies of illegal drugs play determinant roles in developing new cases, relapse after treatment and some health criteria. Recently, Iran has encountered an illicit new comoing drug which belongs to opioids. This article presents the crack supply in retail market in Tehran.This is a qualitative study based on the grounded theory which was conducted in 2009 in Tehran. Deep interviews with drug dealers, drug users and key informants were performed by open questionnaires as well as some checklists.Crack accessiblity was expressed as “easily”. Lack of money and police presence are the problems of obtaining. Most of informants believed that the price, purity, and color had changed during time and the quality had decreased. The major impurity added to crack was pills. Crack dealing is more beneficial in comparison with other drugs and it was due to poverty and need of the users resulting from addiction. In general, there was a wide variety of controversial opinions regarding the method of production as well as quality of crack in respondants.Regarding the recent considerable increase in crack availablity in Iran, rapid changes in crack quality and production has happened. Considering the top priority for the battle against this hard drug supply in comparison with softer drugs like opium, providing proper information and teaching it to clinicians and mainstream is highly recommended.
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Castro Neto, Antonio Gomes de, Diego César Nunes da Silva, and Magda da Silva Figueiroa. "Main mental disorders in crack-cocaine users treated at Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs in the city of Recife, Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 38, no. 4 (December 2016): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0002.
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Abstract Introduction: Brazil's Northeast region has the highest crack-cocaine consumption in the country. Crack-cocaine has more intense effects than cocaine powder and can cause greater chemical dependence. Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) are public health services that provide treatment for drug dependence. It is common for drug users, and particularly crack-cocaine users, to develop mental disorders. Objective: To evaluate the most common mental disorders in crack-cocaine dependents in treatment at CAPSad in the city of Recife, Brazil. Methods: The research database "Between rocks and shots: user profiles, consumption strategies, and social impact of crack cocaine" (CEP/CCS/UFPE no. 206/11) was consulted to establish the areas of crack cocaine consumption in the city of Recife. Results: There were 885 patients in treatment for crack-cocaine use, with a mean age of 29.8±9.4 years. The mean duration of drug use was 6.1±4.6 years. Most of the patients were males (80.3%), had left school at some point between the 1st and 9th grades (45.6%), were unemployed and/or seeking employment (52%) and used drugs daily (56.4%). Cocaine chemical dependence was more significant when correlated with use of crack-cocaine and other drugs such as medications and hallucinogens (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Data from this study showed strong associations between crack-cocaine uses and development of mental disorders, particularly when abuse of multiple substances occurs. Based on these data, there is a clear need for coordination of related public policies for support and social reintegration to provide these people with comprehensive care.
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Djumalieva, D., W. Imamshah, U. Wagner, and O. Razum. "Drug use and HIV risk in Trinidad and Tobago: qualitative study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/09564620260216344.
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Crack use is an important risk factor for HIV infection because of its association with unsafe sexual practices. We investigated factors promoting the initiation of crack cocaine use; the sexual behaviour of crack users; and their rehabilitation care seeking behaviour in Trinidad and Tobago. We conducted 40 indepth interviews with drug users. Respondents frequently reported a history of parental desertion, alcohol abuse, and physical abuse within the family. They perceived peer pressure and drug use in the family as important factors promoting first drug use. Exchanging sex for drugs was common, and practising oral sex was considered safe. Female drug users rarely seek rehabilitative care because of stigmatization and lack of care for their children. In Trinidad, attitudes towards drugs in society and families need to be changed. Campaigns promoting safer sex should emphasize the risk of oral sex. Rehabilitation facilities caring for female drug users should offer child care.
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Warden, J. "Crack down on drug inducements." BMJ 315, no. 7103 (August 2, 1997): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7103.269i.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Crack (Drug)"
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Carpenter, Tracy R. "Beyond Crack Mother: Narratives of Drug Addiction and Recovery." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1418833307.
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Vedova, Gabriela Prioli Della. "A influência da repressão penal sobre o usuário de crack na busca pelo tratamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-20012015-154147/.
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O presente trabalho analisa o impacto do exercício da repressão penal sobre os usuários de crack na busca pelo tratamento, avaliando a coerência entre os fins declarados pela atual política de drogas e os meios previstos em lei para sua consecução. O estudo se desenvolveu por meio de pesquisa qualitativa com seres humanos operada através de entrevistas com usuários e ex-usuários de crack em tratamento, bem como com os profissionais da equipe multidisciplinar do local de tratamento.This paper analyzes the impact of criminal repression on crack users seeking treatment, evaluating the coherence between the purposes declared by the current drug policy and the means provided by law for its achievement. This paper was conducted by means of a qualitative research with humans beings, operated through interviews with crack users and former users in treatment, as well as with professionals in the multidisciplinary team from the treatment site.
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Melo, Paulo de Tarso Monteiro de Albuquerque. "O consumidor de crack: a influência das crenças familiares no tratamento." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=936.
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Introdução: A literatura considera que existe um conjunto de valores, crenças e práticas familiares que constituem o referencial cultural da família e que interfere na participação dos familiares no tratamento dos consumidores de crack e outras drogas. A Teoria Social Cognitiva, bem como reflexões teóricas mais contemporâneas sobre o tema, fundamentaram a presente investigação. Objetivo: Investigar as crenças familiares sobre consumo de crack e sua relação com a participação familiar no tratamento de seus membros em
Comunidade Terapêutica (CT). Método: Participaram dessa pesquisa qualitativa dez familiares de consumidores de crack que estavam em tratamento em uma Comunidade Terapêutica e um representante da instituição. Esta CT, apesar de ser particular, mantém convênio com o SUS para o tratamento de transtornos mentais e dependência química. Foram
aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: uma escala para avaliar o nível socioeconômico (ABIPEME) que identifica cinco estratos sociais (A, B, C, D e E) em termos de poder de consumo; uma versão resumida do questionário CEBRID/SAMSHA para avaliar a percepção de risco sobre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e dois roteiros de entrevista semiestruturada versões família e representante CT, para avaliar as crenças sobre o consumo de crack, participação familiar e eficácia do tratamento. Resultados: O perfil sociodemográfico e econômico revela que os familiares entrevistados tinham entre 24 e 62 anos de idade, sendo em sua maioria da classe E, mulheres e
mães de consumidores de crack, adultos jovens, que estavam em primeiro tratamento ou que já haviam passado por tratamentos anteriores. Na avaliação de risco, os familiares consideraram que o consumo de crack, desde a primeira
vez na vida, já apresentava um risco grave, em comparação com as outras substâncias. As crenças que mais sobressaíram foram: a influência dos amigos, a destruição da família, o envolvimento com atividades ilícitas e o risco de vida. Os familiares acreditam na importância da participação familiar e
consideram que contribuem nesse sentido. Discussão: Os resultados puderam fornecer subsídios para uma melhor compreensão das crenças familiares sobre o consumo de crack, contribuindo para fomentar uma intervenção que favoreça a participação familiar no tratamento.Introduction: Literature considers that a gathering of family values, beliefs and practices compose the cultural reference of the family and this interferes in the participation of relatives during the treatment for users of crack and other drugs. Social Cognitive Theory, as well as some other contemporary theoretical reflections about the subject, substantiates the following investigation. Objective: To investigate family beliefs about consumption of crack and its relation to the family participation during the treatment of a relative in the Therapeutic Communities (TC). Method: Ten families of crack users that were being treated in a Therapeutic Community and a representative of the institution participated in this research. That TC, even being private, has an agreement with UHS in order to treat mental disorders and chemical dependency. The following instruments were applied: a scale to measure socioeconomic status (ABIPEME) that identify five social strata (A, B, C, D and E) in terms of consumption power; an abridged version of the CEBRID/SAMSHA questionnaire in order to evaluate the perception of risks about the consumption of psychoactive substances and two scripts for semi-structured interviews family and CT representatives versions, in order to evaluate the beliefs about crack consumption, family participation and treatment effectiveness . Results: The socio-demographic and economic profile shows that the interviewed relatives were between 24 and 62 years of age, the majority being of economic status E, wives and mothers of crack users, young adults that were in their first treatment or had been treated before. In the evaluation of risks, the relatives said that crack, since the first use, already presented a serious risk, comparing to other substances. The most exceeded beliefs were: influence of friends, destruction of family, involvement in illicit activities and the risk of life. The relatives believed in the family participation and considered themselves as cooperators. Discussion: The results could provide material for a better comprehension of family beliefs about the consumption of crack, thus contributing to foment an intervention that promotes the family participation during the treatment.
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Matheus, Paula Daniele. "Cell proliferation rate in clinically healthy oral mucosa of crack cocaine users." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143365.
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Objetivo: Avaliar a taxa proliferativa de células esfoliadas da mucosa bucal clinicamente saudável de usuários de crack. Material e Métodos: esfregaços orais foram coletados de língua e assoalho bucal de 87 indivíduos, divididos em três grupos: os usuários de crack (CRCO), n = 26; fumantes / etilistas (SA), n = 26 e controles (C ), n = 35. Lâminas histológicas foram submetidas à técnica de impregnação pela prata para quantificação do número de AgNORs/núcleo. As imagens foram obtidas por um sistema de captura de imagem adaptado a um microscópio de luz em x1000 ampliação. A média AgNOR por núcleo (mAgnor) e a percentagem de células com mais de 1,2,3 e 4 AgNORs por núcleo (pAgNOR> 1,> 2> 3 um> 4) foram calculados. Resultados: As células esfoliadas de mucosa da língua SA (3,34 ± 0,51 AgNOR / núcleo) exibiram maior taxa de proliferação celular (p <0,05) quando comparado com C (2,81 ± 0,773 AgNORs / núcleo) e CRCO (2,87 ± 0,51 AgNORs / núcleo) . Um aumento (p <0,05) da mAgnor também foi observada nas células do assoalho bucal (3,55 ± 0,57) em comparação com SA C (3,18 ± 0,53) e CRCO (3,28 ± 0,39). Dados semelhantes foram encontrados usando pAgNOR>1,>2,>3 e > 4. Conclusão: usuários de crack não apresentaram alterações na taxa proliferativa celular da mucosa bucal. Diante dos dados apresentados, o consumo de cigarro, em combinação com o consumo de álcool, continua sendo o maior fator prejudicial à mucosa bucal.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate cell proliferation rate of cells exfoliated from clinically healthy mucosa of crack cocaine users. Material and Methods: Oral smears were collected from tongue and floor of the mouth mucosa of 87 individuals divided into three groups: crack cocaine users (CrCo), n=26; smokers/alcohol drinkers (SA), n=26 and controls (C), n=35. Histological slides were silver-stained using AgNOR technique to evaluate cell proliferation rate. Images were obtained by an image capturing system adapted to a light microscope at x1000 magnification. Quantification considered 50 cells by smear in which the number of AgNOR dots was visually counted. Mean AgNOR numbers per nucleus (mAgNOR) and the percentage of cells with more than 1,2,3 and 4 AgNORs per nucleus (pAgNOR>1,>2>3 an>4) were calculated. Results: Cells exfoliated from tongue mucosa of SA (3.34±0.51 AgNOR/nucleus) exhibit higher cell proliferation rate (p<0.05) when compared to C (2.81±0.773 AgNORs/nucleus) and to CrCo (2.87±0.51 AgNORs/nucleus). An increase (p<0.05) in mAgNOR was also observed in floor of the mouth cells (3.55±0.57) in SA when compared to C (3.18±0.53) and CrCo (3.28±0.39). Similar findings were found using pAgNOR>1,>2,>3 e >4. Conclusion: Crack cocaine users did not present changes in cell proliferation rate of oral mucosa. Between the expositions studied here, cigarette smoking in combination with alcohol consumption remain as the most harmful factors to oral mucosa.
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Gaus, Joseph Stelmach. "Adolescent substance use as mediated by self reporting of motivation and associated circumstances." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184588.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of crack use among adolescents living in a large southwestern city, and to study relationships between crack use and marijuana use. This included investigating reasons as well as associated circumstances for both crack use and marijuana use; and whether marijuana use would predict crack use. High school seniors (N = 269) were asked to disclose information about their marijuana (and hashish) use and non-use, and crack use and non-use. Preliminary computation of the results revealed only 2.6% of respondents indicating crack use; thus statistical analysis of that data was not warranted. Computation of the results indicated 34% of respondents reporting marijuana use; therefore, the focus of the study shifted to marijuana exclusively, resulting in a final sample size of n = 92. Two specific phenomena were investigated: crack use and marijuana use. Discriminant analysis of the data was performed to (1) measure differences in frequencies (indicated as "seldom" and "occasionally") of respondents' marijuana use a predicted by particular circumstances and reasons for its use; and (2) to measure whether students' marijuana use would predict crack use. Statistical significance using Chi square and canonical correlation was calculated for each set of variables. Chi square (5) = 46.10 yielded significance (p <.001) for five of nine circumstances as predictors of marijuana use: "At a party" was the best discriminating variable. Chi square (4) = 36.73 yielded significance (p <.001) for four of thirteen reasons as predictors of marijuana use; "To get high" was the best discriminating reasons variable. The study succeeded in determining several drug-related attributions: (1) there is one-third less prevalence of crack use among adolescents in the area being researched than is reported nationally; (2) there is about the same prevalence of marijuana use as nationally reported; (3) there are specific associated circumstances which predict frequency of marijuana use; and (4) there are specific associated reasons which predict frequency of marijuana use. Finally, although it is not data-based, marijuana appears to be a predictor of crack use, i.e., all seven crack users reported having used marijuana prior to crack use.
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Arruda, Marcel Segalla Bueno. "A cracolândia muito além do crack." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7141/tde-06112014-130632/.
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Introdução: Este estudo examina o sujeito social que constitui a Cracolândia, território na área de Luz, cidade de São Paulo. Assume-se que o fenômeno da Cracolândia é parte da questão social e, portanto, não pode ser atribuída ao uso de drogas, ou ao efeito do crack. A análise dos trabalhos científicos levantados na revisão da literatura, indexados na base de dados Scopus, permitiu perceber a conformidade da maior parte da produção científica com os fundamentos da moderna saúde pública, que busca identificar os grupos vulneráveis ao consumo de crack, deixando de fora da equação a dimensão estrutural que conforma a questão social e as dimensões da produção e da circulação do crack, como uma droga ilícita. O objetivo geral é o compreender o sujeito social que constitui a Cracolândia e os objetivos específicos são: identificar a reprodução social dos indivíduos que frequentam ou que vivem na Cracolândia; analisar as trajetórias de vida desses sujeitos e levantar a presença de consumo de crack e a percepção do papel do consumo em suas vidas e nas vidas dos usuários em geral. O objetivo político é o de propor uma nova base para políticas públicas na região da Cracolândia, a partir da compreensão da realidade de quem frequenta ou vive na região. Método: Este é um estudo de caso, uma pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida sob os fundamentos teóricos do materialismo histórico e dialético, no campo da Saúde Coletiva, que se pauta pela explicação social a respeito do fenômeno do uso de drogas. Utilizou-se entrevistas, desenvolvendo-se um instrumento de coleta de dados com duas partes: a) variáveis para a composição do Índice de Reprodução Social das famílias dos participantes e b) questões abertas sobre a trajetória de vida dos indivíduos, o lugar que a Cracolândia e o crack ocupam nessas trajetórias. O trabalho de campo foi realizado na Cracolândia, usando a técnica de bola de neve. Foram entrevistados dez participantes, nove homens e uma mulher. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que quase todos os entrevistados vieram de outros estados do Brasil, tendo imigrado por diversos motivos: ameaças à vida, para escapar de penas de prisão, perseguição política e, especialmente, para buscar melhores condições sociais. Viver na Cracolândia para todos parece ter uma dimensão de proteção forte, procurada por conta da marginalização, atributo da questão social, um processo histórico inerente às sociedades capitalistas. Assim, o grupo chegou à Cracolândia pela ausência de proteção social, processo agravado pelo modelo capitalista neoliberal. Com relação ao uso de drogas, sete relataram o uso de crack e de drogas lícitas. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a categoria central para a compreensão do sujeito social que constitui a Cracolândia é a questão social e não a questão do uso de drogas ou crack particularmente. As pessoas que frequentam ou moram na Cracolândia estão essencialmente expostas a processos de empobrecimento e marginalização resultantes da reestruturação produtiva do capitalismo e da desproteção social, que reduziu empregos formais e brutalmente expandiu o exército de reserva, que é parcialmente representado pelo grupo social que constitui a Cracolândia de São Paulo.Introduction: This study examines the social subject (group) that constitutes the Cracolândia, territory in the Luz area, city of São Paulo. We assume that the phenomenon of the São Paulos Cracolândia is part of the social question and therefore cannot be attributed to the drug use, or to the crack itself. The scientific papers raised in the literature review indexed in the Scopus database allowed realizing their compliance with the foundations of the modern public health, which is seeking to identify vulnerable groups to the crack consumption, leaving out of the equation the structural dimension of the social problem, and the dimension of the production and circulation of the crack. The overall objective is to understand the social subject that constitutes the Cracolândia, and the specific objectives are: to identify the social reproduction of individuals staying or living in Cracolândia; to analyze the life histories of these subjects and to raise the existence of crack use and perception of the role of consumption in their lives and the lives of users in general. The political purpose is to propose a new basis for public policy in the Cracolândia region, from understanding the reality of who stays or lives in that region. Method: This is a qualitative research case study developed under the theoretical foundations of Dialectical and Historical Materialism, in the field of Collective Heath which outlines the social explanation of the phenomenon of drug use. We used the interviews and developed an instrument to collect data with two parts formed by: a) variables for composition of the Social Reproduction Index of the participants families, and b) opened questions about the life trajectory of the individuals, the place which Cracolândia and crack use occupy in these trajectories. Fieldwork was conducted in Cracolândia using the snowball technique. Ten participants were interviewed, nine men and one woman. Results: The results show that: almost all respondents came from other states of Brazil, having immigrated for different reasons: threats to life, to escape imprisonment, political persecution and especially searching for better social conditions. Living in Cracolândia for all seems to have a strong protective dimension, sought because of the marginalization, occasioned by the social question, an inherent historical process of capitalist societies. The interviewed also came to the Cracolândia for the lack of social protection, aggravated by the neoliberal capitalist model. With respect to drug use, seven reported using crack and all used licit drugs. Conclusion: we conclude that the central category for understanding the social group that constitutes Cracolândia lies in the social issue and not in the issue of drug use itself. People are primarily exposed to processes of impoverishment andmarginalization resulting from the productive restructuring of capitalism that has reduced formal jobs and mechanisms of social protection and brutally expanded the reserve army, which is partially represented by the social group that constitutes the São Paulo´s Cracolândia
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SILVA, Anna Katarina Barbosa da. "No meio do caminho tinha uma pedra...: um estudo de caso sobre o discurso do sujeito usuário de crack em sua relação com o corpo no uso abusivo da substância." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17451.
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A presente tese de doutorado teve como proposta investigar os discursos do sujeito sobre si mesmo, bem como de sua família e profissional assistente, a partir das mudanças corporais que advém da experiência do abuso do crack. Se e como o sujeito usuário de crack em uso abusivo percebe seu corpo. Fisicamente, os ‘noiados’, como são chamados os usuários de crack, tem os dedos e lábios queimados por causa do consumo da substância, falta ou apodrecimento dos dentes e magreza, na maioria das vezes, excessiva. O estudo tem como escopo teórico a Psicanálise, que fornece subsídios para a discussão sobre as toxicomanias, o movimento repetitivo de consumo, o autoerotismo e busca de um gozo mortífero, além de reflexões sobre a metáfora paterna e o nó borromeu lacaniano. O local de realização da pesquisa foi o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas Recanto dos Guararapes, situado em Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que aborda a história de um usuário de crack, a partir de entrevistas realizadas com o mesmo, fora do momento de consumo, na referida instituição, bem como com os demais participantes. Ele recebe o nome de Sísifo, com sua pequena pedra de crack, uma metáfora ao mito em que o sujeito empurra uma enorme pedra até o topo de uma montanha para vê-la rolar e voltar a seguir e, assim, repetindo o mesmo ato. Os resultados e discussões partem da exposição do caso de Sífifo que iniciou o consumo de crack há cerca de 10 anos, ainda faz uso da substância e está há um ano em tratamento no CAPS. Os trechos de fala dos participantes, em destaque as de Sísifo, debatem o autoerotismo presente no consumo e a noção de busca por um gozo absoluto, conduzido pela pulsão de morte, que apagaria a percepção da automutilação e do masoquismo visíveis no corpo depreciado após o consumo. Ainda, algumas falas deixam escapar uma relação muito próxima do sujeito que “tem medo de crescer” e sua mãe, o que pode contribuir para a recorrência do corpo fragilizado nesta relação com a figura materna, o que permite reflexões sobre uma fragilidade na inscrição do Nome-do-Pai e o corpo necessitando de cuidados, assim como o corpo infantil. Por fim, partindo da ideia do afrouxamento do nó borromeu e sobressalência do Real, o sujeito, após o uso abusivo, traz em seu discurso a proximidade com a temática da morte e se auto denomina pelo que chamo de Nomes-do-Morrer, utilizando significantes próximos da morte e ligados a própria morte. Sugere–se, então, uma clínica borromeana e intervenções que envolvam reflexões sobre o corpo do sujeito usuário de crack e que convoque cada vez mais o Outro, dando espaço de fala aos mesmos, partindo da noção de sujeito como constituído pela linguagem.
The present doctoral thesis aimed to investigate the subject´s speeches about itself, as well as its family and professional assistants, from the body changes that come from the crack abuse experience. If and how does the subject who uses crack abusively perceive its own body? Physically, the “junkies”, as the crack cocaine users are called, have burnt fingers and lips due to the consumption of the substance, missing or rotten teeth and thinness, in the majority of cases, excessive. The study has as theoretical scope the psychoanalysis, which provides subsidies for a discussion about addictions, the movement of repetitive consumption, autoeroticism and the pursuit of adeadly jouissance, besides reflections on the paternal metaphor and the borromean knot of Lacan. The research was conducted at the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs Recanto dos Guararapes, located in Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brazil. This is a case study about the story of a crack cocaine user, through interviews made with the subject, during moments of non-consumption, at the above mentioned institution, as well as the other participants. He is known as Sísifo, with his small crack rock, a metaphor for the myth in which the subject pushes a huge stone until the top of a mountain, to watch it roll back and forth and, thus, repeating the same act. The results and discussions start from the display of Sísifo´s case, who started using crack for about 10 years, still uses the substance and has been in treatment for a year at CAPS (Psychossocial care center – PCC). The speech excerpts of the participants, highlighted the Sisyphus, debate the auto eroticismpresent consumption and the notion of search for an absolute joy, driven by the death drive, which erases the perception of visible self-mutilation and masochism depreciate body after consumption. Still, some lines let out a very close relationship of the subject who "are afraid to grow" and her mother, which may contribute to the recurrence of the frail body in this relationship with the mother figure, which allows reflections on a weakness in the application of name of the Father and the body in need of care as well as the child's body. Finally, based on the idea of loosening the knot Borromean and overjet of the real, the subject after the abuse, brings in his speech the proximity to the theme of death and calls himself by what I call Names-the-Dying using significant near death and linked her own death. It is suggested, therefore, a Borromean clinic and interventions involving reflections on the body of the subject crack user and to convene increasingly Other, giving speech to the same space, based on the notion of the subject as constituted by language.
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Smith, Christine Elizabeth. "SPLENDOR IN THE BLUEGRASS: THE POLICING OF DRUG RELATED CRIME IN LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/12.
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This project is designed as a case study investigating the relationship and practices between residents and police officers in the William Wells Brown neighborhood of Lexington, Kentucky toward the issue of drug-related crime. Employing Michel Foucault‘s work on governmentality and his concept of Splendor, I explore how governance is practiced within the daily negotiations of the WWB neighborhood. I approach this project through the lens of policing because some residents, especially those who comprise the William Wells Brown Neighborhood Association, form a limited partnership with the police department in combating the threat of drug crime in the neighborhood. Drug-related crime is defined as the purchasing, selling or using of illegal drugs. In my research, the illegal drug most commonly referred to is crack cocaine. Through my analysis, I explore the importance of visual appearances and spatial regulation in the policing of individuals.
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Lima, Armida Portela D. Albuquerque. "As múltiplas faces do crack : da experiência do usuário ao contexto sócio-político." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1010.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral pesquisar o sentido da experiência de usuários de crack no contexto político/social contemporâneo e como objetivos específicos: compreender os
sentidos produzidos pelos usuários de crack em suas experiências com essa droga e analisar o contexto político/social em que ocorre a experiência de uso do crack. A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, a partir da perspectiva fenomenológica existencial e política/social. Em um primeiro momento fizemos uma análise documental em textos produzidos pela imprensa escrita nos anos 2012/2013. Procuramos analisar a concepção de uso, dependência,
sentido/significado, além dos aspectos políticos/sociais implicados no uso de crack. Em outro momento, utilizando como instrumento a narrativa a partir de Walter Benjamin, com pergunta disparadora, entrevistamos seis usuários de crack, que discursaram livremente sobre sua experiência com essa substância. Os sujeitos participantes foram selecionados a partir de consultórios particulares de médicos e/ou psicólogos, além de agentes redutores de danos. A amostra foi, portanto, intencional, e não buscou generalizações das experiências. Foi solicitada aos profissionais que colaboraram na seleção da amostra a observação de vários modos de uso: ocasional, recreativo e dependência, que pode ser: leve, moderada e grave. Acreditamos que cada um desses modos implica na inserção social do usuário e, portanto traz questões políticas.
A pesquisadora tomou como postura, ao dirigir-se ao campo, a hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, de diálogo constante com os textos e sujeitos participantes. A análise dos dados foi
realizada a partir da obra de Arendt em seu aspecto político/social.This work aimed to study the meaning of the experience of crack/cocaine users in contemporary political/social context. We had planned our research in direction of the followed specific objectives: create an understanding of the meanings produced by crack/cocaine users on his/her experiences with this substance; analyze the political/social context in which their crack/cocaine experiences occurs; and propose perspectives of attention to the crack/cocaine user considering the meaning and the social/political context. The methodology was qualitative from the existential phenomenological perspective. At first, we made a documentary analysis of the newspaper texts produced in years 2012/2013. We analyzed the design of use, dependence, sense/meaning, beyond those involved in the political/social use of crack/cocaine aspects. Second, applying the narrative of Walter Benjamin and utilizing a prompt ask, we interviewed six crack/cocaine users who spoke freely about their experience with the substance. The subjects were selected from the private practices of physicians and/or psychologists, as well as harm reduction agents. Choose of the sample was therefore intentional, and not directed to generalizations of the experiences. Professionals collaborate in the selection observing the distinct modes of use: casual, recreational and dependence, this last that could be mild, moderate and severe. We considered that each of these modes implies the social integration of the user and therefore could emerge political issues. The researcher took as posture a constant dialogue with the texts and study subjects, to this, addressing the philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer. Data analysis were performed based on the work of Arendt in his political/social aspect.
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Rui, Taniele 1982. "Corpos abjetos : etnografia em cenários de uso e comércio de crack." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280382.
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Orientadores: Heloisa André Pontes, Simone Miziara FrangellaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Nesta tese, parte-se da figura do nóia, apreendida por mim como uma categoria, a um só tempo, de acusação e de assunção que agrupa apenas um segmento muito particular dos usuários de crack: aqueles que, por uma série de circunstâncias sociais e individuais, desenvolveram com a substância uma relação extrema e radical, produto e produtora de uma corporalidade em que ganha destaque a abjeção. Se da perspectiva das interações concretas trata-se de uma categoria bastante plástica; é instigante o fato de que tal plasticidade some quando se fala publicamente do uso de crack: imediatamente é essa figura que emerge e justifica todo o aparato repressivo, assistencial, religioso, midiático, sanitário e moral. Portanto, é o corpo do nóia que radicaliza a alteridade, na medida em que materializa um tipo social fundado a partir da exclusão. Uma vez nessa condição, evoca limites corporais, sociais, espaciais, simbólicos e morais, bem como impulsiona a criação de gestões assistenciais e policialescas que visam tanto recuperá-lo quanto eliminá-lo. Considerando a permeabilidade das fronteiras corporais e suas conexões com processos sociais e simbólicos, o objetivo central da tese é, portanto, mostrar empiricamente (a partir da etnografia realizada entre os anos de 2008-2010 nas cidades de Campinas e de São Paulo) a potencialidade deste definhamento corporal e da produção desses corpos abjetos. Argumento que tais corpos se constituem na necessária interface com a substância, os espaços de uso, as redes de solidariedade e prestação mútua, os objetos necessários para o consumo, os atores sociais envolvidos no comércio, no consumo e na prevenção de danos decorrentes desse abuso e as políticas urbanísticas, assistenciais, sanitárias e repressivas. Menos que focar nas experiências dos usuários, mas tendo-as em conta, os corpos abjetos aqui em destaque serão observados porque produzem gestões, territorialidades e alteridades
Abstract: The focus of this thesis is the noia, an endemic category of accusation and assumption that comprehends a particular segment of crack users: the ones that, because of several different social and individual circumstances, have kept a radical relationship with the substance - that results in an abject body. If in the domain of the concrete interaction, noia is a plastic category, such plasticity becomes very diffused in the public talks about crack. Around the abject body many agents and practices are created concerning the repression, assistance, religion, media, public health and moral judgment. Thus, the body of the noia radicalizes the otherness, because it creates a social type that is founded from the exclusion - that produces corporeal, social, spatial and symbolic borders. It also promotes the formation of welfare and repressive policies. Considering the permeability of corporal boundaries and its connection with social and symbolic processes, the main purpose of this thesis is to describe the potentiality of these abject bodies, through the ethnography carried out in the period of 2008-2010 in Campinas and São Paulo cities. I propose that these bodies are built from the interface with several factors: substance, drug scenes, networks of solidarity, artifacts, dealers, harm reduction workers and the public policies. The emphasis is not on the users' experiences, but on how these abject bodies produce managements, territorialities and otherness
Doutorado
Antropologia
Doutor em Antropologia Social
Books on the topic "Crack (Drug)"
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Police, Illinois State. What is crack? Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 1996.
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Hecht, Alan. Cocaine and crack. Edited by Triggle D. J. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Crack (Drug)"
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Pearson, Geoffrey, Heidi Safia Mirza, and Stewart Phillips. "Cocaine in Context: Findings from a South London Inner-City Drug Survey." In Cocaine and Crack, 99–129. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22773-0_6.
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Wallace, Barbara C. "Relapse Prevention for the Cocaine and Crack Dependent." In Drug Abuse Treatment, 175–203. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0359-9_9.
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Brain, Kevin, Howard Parker, and Tim Bottomley. "Untreatable? Hidden Crack Cocaine and Poly Drug Users." In UK Drugs Unlimited, 128–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403919861_7.
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Clutterbuck, Richard. "Crack." In Drugs, Crime and Corruption, 70–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376472_9.
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Bowser, Benjamin P., and Carl O. Word. "Comparison of African-American adolescent crack cocaine users and nonusers: Background factors in drug use and HIV sexual risk behaviors." In Addictive behaviors: Readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment., 829–40. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10248-031.
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Gootenberg, Paul. "Cocaine Powder and Crack Cocaine." In The Handbook of Drugs and Society, 90–108. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118726761.ch5.
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Ferguson, Kevin L. "The Crack Baby: Children Fight the War on Drugs." In Eighties People, 37–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137584342_3.
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French, Sarah. "Queer Femme Drag and Female Narcissism in Yana Alana’s Between the Cracks." In Staging Queer Feminisms, 59–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46543-6_3.
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Stroeken, Koen. "Prologue." In Simplex Society, 1–21. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41115-1_1.
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AbstractThe prologue situates this book within the epoch of post-truth, when society and humanity have grown apart, and ‘reality’ and ‘feeling’ have become one. The broader context is the Anthropocene, marked by a series of lifeways systematically exploiting the sources of production. In communication and technology, one-directional signals or ‘simplexes’ block off the contradicting input in parallel that could humanize. The result is, among others, polarization, populism, dehumanization, racism, conspiracy hypes, memetic escalation, a-historicism, dogmatic positivism, emo-cracy and identity politics, but also technologies of automation, massification, human resources formatism, algorithmic preprocessing, surveillance and remote-controlled warfare. Simplex phenomena dissociate feeling from meaning whereafter emotions can be manipulated.The diagnosis of Part I (Simplex Frames) comes with a remedy in Part II (Tensors of the Undertow). We have reason for optimism. In a knowledge society, whose currency is language instead of capital, altered vocabulary can end discrimination and injustice. The media-savvy generations are destined to drag us out of post-truth. They know about ‘tensors’ that stretch the simplex back to life. They cultivate intuition, the missing link between spirituality and knowledge.
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"Crackdown: The Politics and Laws of Drug Enforcement." In Crack, 129–62. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108349055.006.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Crack (Drug)"
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Senousy, Mohamed S., Tamer M. Khattab, Mohamed Al-Qaradawi, and Mohamed S. Gadala. "Identifying Crack Parameters in Slow Rotating Machinery Using Vibration Measurements and Hybrid Neuro-Particle Swarm Technique." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39084.
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Low-cycle fatigue-initiated cracks may result in failure in slow-rotating equipments. Online monitoring to identify such fault/crack parameters, namely crack size and crack location, would be critical in providing an early warning signal to the operator and would be used in calculating estimate about the remaining safe life of the equipment in operation. In an earlier study, a scaled-down slow-rotating washer drum was constructed to experimentally investigate the vibrations of a cracked rotor and/or drums. Cracks were simulated using the bolt removal method (BRM), and the vibration signals identifying signatures of certain cracks were measured. Thereafter, a 3D finite element model was used to solve the forward analysis of the inverse problem of crack identification. In this paper, the scaled-down experimental setup is introduced to cracks at different locations of the drum/rotor. Vibration signals identifying signatures of such cracks are measured. Since noisy signals, similar patterns of faults, and similar vibration fault signals create particular challenges for feature extraction systems, two techniques for feature extraction are considered and compared in this work. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the vibration signals showing variation in amplitude of the harmonics as time progresses are presented for comparison with the full time signal feature extraction. A hybrid particle-swarm artificial Neural Networks (neuro-particle swarm) is used to identify both the crack size and crack location. The hybrid neuro-particle swarm technique is compared with the previously investigated fuzzy genetic algorithms.
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Chadda, Tej, and Umakanthan Anand. "Fatigue Life and Reliability Consideration During Field Repair of Coke Drum and Piping." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65264.
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Aging coke drums and their connected overhead piping in delayed coking units experience fatigue cracks which most commonly occur at the skirt junction and high stress pipe welds. This paper presents 2-case studies of this new cost-effective repair methodology with fatigue resistant design upgrade. The first case study applies to coke drum weld build-up solid skirt crack repair and the second for overhead vapor line weld crack repair. This paper presents new field repair methodology which could also improve long term fatigue resistance. It also suggests optimizing the thermal operation & thermal gradients of coke drums for further reliability improvement. Based on FEA, successful field execution and our experience, these case studies demonstrate a long term improvement in reliability and fatigue life of the order of 2.5 to 3 or higher especially if combined with thermal operation optimization.
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Romo, S. A., D. Barborak, J. Bedoya, J. Penso, and A. J. Ramirez. "Microstructural Characterization of Base Material and Welded Joints of Serviced and Non-Serviced Coke Drums." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84859.
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Coke drums are massive pressure vessels used in the oil and gas industry, which are subjected to demanding cyclic thermomechanical loading. Such conditions generate severe plastic deformation that leads to bulging and cracking during service due to low-cycle fatigue. The cracks are often repaired in programed maintenance shutdowns, and the repair procedures can be significantly different depending on the organization and failure characteristics. In this work, two types of weld repairs are evaluated after six months of service: (1) a full-excavation crack weld repair, and (2) a partial-excavation crack weld overlay repair. The repair welds were executed on a 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel coke drum after 20 years of service. This work evaluates the microstructure of the base material, the fabrication circumferential welds, and the weld repairs. The results show that, after prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, the originally normalized and tempered heat-treated steel microstructure has undergone severe aging. Thermodynamic equilibrium and para-equilibrium calculations were used to determine the carbide formation sequence, and SEM analysis was used to characterize the carbides present on the as-fabricated and aged microstructures. Analysis of the repaired regions did not reveal new cracks.
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Oka, Masaaki, Himsar Ambarita, Masashi Daimaruya, Hiroyuki Fujiki, and Hidetoshi Kobayashi. "A Remaining Life Assessment for Shell-to-Skirt Juncture of Coke Drum With Crack-Like Flaws." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57305.
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Coke drums are subjected to severe cyclic thermal and mechanical loads, thus their operational life is much shorter than other the conventional pressure equipments in oil refineries. Information developed from surveys indicates that one of major typical locations of failure due to thermal fatigue in coke drums is the shell-to-skirt juncture area. At the outer surface of the upper part of the skirt, there are two peak strains in every cycle which are tensile in the beginning of the filling stage and compressive in the cooling stage. The objective of the present paper is to develop a remaining life assessment method for shell-to-skirt juncture of coke drum with cracks propagated during cyclic operation. A coke drum currently in service with inside diameter of 8.55 m, height of 34.9 m, shell thickness varies from 28.5 mm to 34 mm, and skirt thickness of 24 mm is taken into analyses. In order to get the actual operational characteristics of the coke drum, temperatures and strains on the coke drum have been measured for 100 cycles. The selected operational temperatures will be employed as thermal boundary conditions for analyses. Propagations of 2 mm initial cracks depth at the inner surface of the upper part of the skirt, underneath the juncture as shown in Fig-3, is simulated on the basis of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The relations of crack size with the number of operation cycles are plotted.
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McMillan, John. "Coke Drum Weld Inspection." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26109.
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Conventional Ultrasonic Inspection of Coke Drums may require the use of Automated Pulse Echo or Time of Flight Diffraction Techniques (TOFD). The more recent application of Phased Array ultrasonic technology enables a faster and more accurate location and depth discrimination of the cracks detected in the welds. Pulse Echo ultrasonic inspection requires the use of three transducers from each side of the weld. A zero degree compression transducer and two angle transducers, most likely 60° or 70°. The advantage of this techniques is that it provides positional information as to the location of the crack in the weld and accurate length measurement. The problem is that additional techniques have to be used to determine the depth of any cracks detected. An alternative to Pulse Echo inspection is the Time of Flight Diffraction technique. The TOFD technique uses multimode transducers to insonify the weld region with Lateral, Compression and Shear Wave ultrasound. The technique accurately detects and determines the length and depth of reflectors in the weld region. The technique was initially developed for the Nuclear Industry as a sizing technique. More recently it has become used for detection and sizing of flaws. The TOFD technique does not place the flaw in the cross section of the weld in order to achieve this another technique such as Pulse Echo Ultrasound is required. The TOFD technique is not sensitive to small flaws which are open to either surface. In order to detect small flaws such as “Toe Cracks” a supplementary technique such as ACFM or Eddy Current inspection may be required. The illustration shows the format of the sound generated from a TOFD transducer arrangement. The advantage for welds < 1.50" in thickness is that careful selection of the transducers and appropriate spacing may allow the weld to be inspected in a single pass. The illustration below shows two displays, an unrectified “RF” display which corresponds to which ever cursor is active and a grey scale display adjacent. The Grey Scale Display is a stacked “RF” display where each vertical line correspond to a single location along the line of the weld non-conforming perturbations in the display indicate areas of concern which can be identified by length and depth as shown in the boxes at the lower left of the illustration. The first significant amplitude group on the grey scale display corresponds to the Lateral Wave, the second the Compression and the third the Shear Wave. Flaws detected between the Lateral and the Compression Wave are often repeated between the Compression and the Shear Waves. Phased Array technology has been available for some time, however only recently has the software been able to display the data in a format which provides clear data which can be used to locate and size of the flaws in a variety of weld configurations. Coke Drums have several significant areas of concern, Weld Seams which may be Shell to Shell, Shell to Head or Shell to Skirt format. We will consider the Circumferential Shell weld and the Skirt weld at this time. The photographs show a shell seam which reduces in section for this example the weld was inspected from one side only. The signals were corrected for Beam Path Length and the amplitudes of the signals were equalized for angle. The following data were collected: Two Notches were machined in the plate one either side of the weld on the underside. The plate was then scanned from one, the thicker, side using the Phased Array probe. The reflectors which were the same depth are depicted with a similar amplitude at their correct relative positions, one on the near and the other on the far side of the weld root. With the signals equalized all the reflector were detected from a single scan location and with similar amplitudes. The Skirt to Shell weld was simulated in a solid piece of carbon steel. EDM notch reflectors were machined in the samples at critical locations. The critical angles were calculated which would produce reflections from each of the potential crack areas and the Phased Array inspection was performed to verify the calculations. A single plot is shown as an example, containing the reflector on the Shell side near the crotch on the inside of the weld. The illustration shows the sound path of the Phased Array which detects a reflector close to the crotch on the inside between the Skirt and the Shell. Discriminating this flaw with conventional ultrasonic inspection would be extremely difficult. It is the ability of the Phased Array Sector Scan to use multiple angles on a single pass which enables flaws at multiple locations and angles to be detected by a line scan and imaged at their relative location.
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Zhang, Lei, Kaiming Lin, Yang Fu, and Bingjun Gao. "CCG of PE100 and Life Prediction of PE Pipe With Axial Semi-Elliptical Crack." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93556.
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Abstract High density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used in city water and gas piping system and even in nuclear engineering for its excellent properties in flexibility, impact resistance, aging and corrosion resistance, reliable connection, long service life. It is generally believed that the typical failure mode of PE pipe under long-term static pressure load is the slow crack growth (SCG) caused by creep crack initiation (CCI) and creep crack growth (CCG), which is a kind of quasi-brittle failure. Scratching often occurs during PE pipe installation due to the drag of pipe without any protection, which would leave axial cracks as the initial defect. This would harm the long term performance of pressurized HDPE pipe. In the present work, the creep crack kinetics was experimentally determined in term of C* integral, and then CCG behavior of PE pipe with axial semi-elliptical crack was discussed. With the help of a CARE electronic universal testing machine and DIC displacement measuring system, creep tests are performed with smooth bar specimen of PE100 pipe parent material. And the stationary creep law parameters were determined. The crack opening displacement (COD) rates were determined by creep cracking test with cracked round bar specimen. With the help of compliance calibration tests, the COD curves were changed into crack propagation curves and the creep crack kinetics was eventually determined in term of C* integral. By assuming an semi-elliptical crack front with nearly the same C* integral, the creep crack propagation was predicted with the determined crack kinetics. And the allowable initial crack size was also determined for the PE pipe discussed. Compared with that determined in terms of SIF, current study yields much margin for the allowable initial crack.
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Gao, Huidong, Jorge Penso, David Dewees, and Everett Chatham. "A Case Study of a Challenging Coke Drum Skirt Repair: A Through Wall Crack Extended 360 Degrees Around Circumference." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-62435.
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Abstract An unusual finding of a through wall crack was discovered along the skirt to bottom head weldment. The crack extended nearly 360-degrees along the circumferential weld seam. This flaw resulted in the drum level dropping approximately 2.5 inches onto the skirt resulting in a visible lean of the drum relative to the adjoining support structure. This paper describes the inspection, engineering analysis, and repair performed after discovery of this challenging situation. Initial inspection included quantitative measurement of the drum displacement and skirt cracking. Engineering analyses included stability analysis of the coke drum, development of a robust and technical viable repair plan, design of a lifting & rigging system to enable repair in the field, controlled deposition welding (CDW) approach, and detailed description of non-destructive examination (NDE) techniques to assure repair quality control. A skirt crack monitoring program and operation cycle optimization were also implemented following the successful repair of the severe cracking along the drum skirt.
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Akseki, Ilgaz, Christopher F. Libordi, and Cetin Cetinkaya. "Non-Contact Acoustic Techniques for Drug Tablet Monitoring." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13940.
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Quality assurance monitoring and material characterization is of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. If the tablet coating and/or core are defective, the desired dose delivery and bioavailability can be compromised. Tablet coatings serve a wide variety of purposes such as regulating controlled release of active ingredients in the body, contributing to the bioavailability of a particular drug or combination of drugs, during certain times and locations within the body, protecting the stomach from high concentrations of active ingredients, extending the shelf life by protecting the ingredients from degradation from moisture and oxygen, and improving the tablet's visual appeal. If a coating layer is non-uniform and/or contains surface or sub-surface defects, the desired dose delivery and bioavailability can be compromised. The Food and Drug Administration has initiated a program named the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) in order to ensure efficient quality monitoring at each stage of the manufacturing process by the integration of analytical systems into the procedure. Improving consistency and predictability of tablet action by improving quality and uniformity of tablets is required. An ideal technique for quality monitoring would be non-invasive, non-destructive, rapid, intrinsically safe and cost-effective. The objective of the current investigation was to develop, non-contact/non-destructive techniques for monitoring and evaluating drug tablets for mechanical defects such as coating layer irregularities, internal cracks and delamination using a laser-acoustic approach. In the proposed system, a pulsed laser is utilized to generate non-contact mechanical excitations and interferometric detection of transient vibrations of the drug tablets. Three novel methods to excite vibration in drug tablets are developed and employed: (i) a vibration plate excited by a pulsed-laser, (ii) pulsed laser-induced plasma expansion, and (iii) an air-coupled acoustic transducer. Nanometer-scale transient surface displacements of the drug tablets are measured using the laser interferometer. Signal processing techniques are then applied to these transient displacement responses to differentiate the defective tablets from the nominal ones. From the analysis of frequency spectra and the time-frequency spectrograms obtained under both mechanisms, it can be concluded that defective tablets can be effectively differentiated from the nominal ones.
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Garcia Garcia, Irene, and Radoslav Stefanovic. "Determination of Critical Crack Size Utilizing a Fracture Mechanics Test in Equipment Under Fatigue." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77937.
Full textAbstract:
Equipment that is exposed to severe operational pressure and thermal cycling, like coke drums, usually suffer fatigue. As a result, equipment of this sort develop defects such as cracking in the circumferential welds. Operating companies are faced with the challenges of deciding what is the best way to prevent these defects, as well as determining how long they could operate if a defect is discovered. This paper discusses a methodology for fracture mechanics testing of coke drum welds, and calculations of the critical crack size. Representative samples are taken from production materials, and are welded employing production welding procedures. The material of construction is 1.25Cr-0.5Mo low alloy steel conforming to ASME SA-387 Gr 11 Class 2 in the normalized and tempered condition (N&T). Samples from three welding procedures (WPS) are tested: one for production, one for a repair with heat treatment, and one for repair without heat treatment. The position and orientation of test specimen are chosen based on previous surveys and operational experience on similar vessels that exhibited cracks during service. Fracture mechanics toughness testing is performed. Crack finite element analysis (FEA) model is used to determine the path-independed JI-integral driving force. Methodology for the determination of critical crack size is developed.
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Fernando, John, Enzo Falo, Henry Kwok, Millar Iverson, Leanne Wong, Simon Yuen, and Luke Chan. "Coke Drum Keyhole Optimization With Alloy Weld Overlay." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-78705.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Coke drums are subjected to severe cyclic thermal and structural loading, and have therefore become canonical examples of thermo-mechanical fatigue failure. One of the most common locations of fatigue failure is at the skirt-to-shell attachment weld. To increase the fatigue life of the attachment weld, vertical slots and keyholes are often machined in a circumferential pattern near the top of the skirt to increase local flexibility near the weld. While this methodology provides a cost-effective means to improve the fatigue life of the attachment weld, stress concentrations that form at the keyholes result in crack initiation and propagation. As such, frequent repairs are necessary to prevent crack growth at the keyhole locations. In the present investigation, a new keyhole design consisting of N06625 overlay at the keyhole locations as a means of delaying crack initiation has been studied using FEA simulations. To further optimize the new design, a sensitivity study involving keyholes with and without fillets was also performed to determine the effect of fillet size on fatigue life. The results presented herein indicate that increasing the keyhole fillet radii mitigates the effect of stress concentrations on the corners of the keyholes, which delays crack initiation. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that adding N06625 overlay at the keyhole protects the base metal from excessive plastic strain. In particular, the proposed design has been shown to improve the fatigue life of the keyhole by at least an order of magnitude when compared to analogous keyhole designs with no overlay, which has the potential to improve the overall cost-effectiveness of keyhole implementation by a significant margin.
Reports on the topic "Crack (Drug)"
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Gunasingham, Amresh. Sri Lanka cracks down on drugs in the name of ‘justice’. East Asia Forum, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1714860000.
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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Ross Lieblappen, Susan Taylor, Reed Winter, Terry Melendy, Robert Moser, and Robert Haehnel. Observation of crack arrest in ice by high aspect ratio particles during uniaxial compression. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43145.
Full textAbstract:
In nature, ice frequently contains dissolved solutes or entrapped particles, which modify the microstructure and mechanical properties of ice. Seeking to understand the effect of particle shape and geometry on the mechanical properties of ice, we performed experiments on ice containing 15 wt% silica spheres or rods. Unique to this work was the use of 3-D microstructural imaging in a -10ºC cold room during compressive loading of the sample. The silica particles were present in the ice microstructure as randomly dispersed aggregates within grains and at grain boundaries. While cracks originated in particle-free regions in both sphere- and rod-containing samples, the propagation of cracks was quite different in each type of sample. Cracks propagated uninhibited through aggregates of spherical particles but were observed to arrest at and propagate around aggregates of rods. These results imply that spherical particles do not inhibit grain boundary sliding or increase viscous drag. On the other hand, silica rods were found to span grains, thereby pinning together the microstructure of ice during loading. These results provide insights into mechanisms that can be leveraged to strengthen ice.