Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crack opening and closing

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Crack opening and closing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crack opening and closing"

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Wu, He Len, Zhong Yi Cai, and Ke Qin Xiao. "An Experimental Study of Breathing Mechanism for the Transversely Cracked Shafts." Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.547.

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Shaft fatigue crack is one of the most common defects in rotating equipment, due to its extensive operation with continuous heavy loads. Finding an efficient way to evaluate the true stiffness variation due to the crack rotation is the key step to develop both on-line and off-line crack diagnostic techniques. This study analyzed time-variant bending stiffness of elastic shafts with experimentally-induced fatigue, welding and wire cut transverse cracks. It was found that crack gap has a significant effect on the opening and closing behaviour of the transverse crack. As in the case of a cut crac
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Lee, Chong-Won, Jong-Seop Yun, and Oh Sung Jun. "Modeling of a Simple Rotor With a Switching Crack and Its Experimental Verification." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 114, no. 2 (1992): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930251.

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The switching crack model having two different stiffnesses, depending upon the crack status, is developed. The necessary conditions for the crack opening/closing states are then analytically derived from a simple rotor with a switching crack. The validity of the switching crack model and the crack opening/closing conditions is proved through numerical simulations and experiments, and a crack identification scheme based on the analysis is also proposed.
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Liu, Bin, Zhiwei Luo, and Tie Gang. "Influence of low-frequency parameter changes on nonlinear vibro-acoustic wave modulations used for crack detection." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 2 (2017): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921716689385.

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The use of vibro-acoustic modulation is an effective nonlinear and nondestructive approach to the detection and monitoring of cracks in fatigued, defective, and fractured materials. However, the vibro-acoustic modulation results strongly depend on choice of the testing parameters. To implement this technique for additional applications, the effect of variation in the test parameters must be well understood. This study investigates the influence of variation in the amplitude and frequency of pumping (low-frequency vibration) signals on the modulation. We apply two kinds of probing excitations,
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Cai, Zhong Yi, He Len Wu, Xiao Li Zhao, and Jian Ping Zhang. "Bending Stiffness Analysis of Elastic Shafts with Three Types of Transverse Cracks." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2197.

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The breathing mechanism of a transverse crack in an elastic shaft has been extensively researched. Although many different crack models have been presented, little published research has explored experimentally how the shaft crack breathing mechanism interacts with the change of stiffness during each revolution. This study addressed static analysis of the stiffness of elastic shafts with experimentally-induced fatigue, welding or wire cut transverse cracks. Bending stiffness was measured from different angles under a three point bending fixture, to efficiently define the correct periodical sti
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Toyosada, Masahiro, and Koji Gotoh. "The Significance of Plastic Zone Growth under Cyclic Loading and Crack Opening/Closing Model in Fatigue Crack Propagation." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.95.

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Fatigue cracks remain closed at lower loading level during a part of load cycle even though a tension-to-tension loading is applied. The crack closure plays a role to obstruct the generation and growth of compressive plastic zone during unloading. Cyclic plastic work, which corresponds to an irreversible energy consumed in a cracked body is generated ahead of a crack, is required as a fatigue crack driving force. The amout of cyclic plasticity is reduced by a crack closure. The crack opening/closing model based on the Dugdale model under arbitrary stress distributions for a through thickness s
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HATANAKA, Kenji, Junji OHGI, Akio TOMIOKA, and Katsuhito KAJI. "Crack Opening and Closing Behaviors under Cyclic Loadings in Annealed Copper(Crack Growth)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Fracture and Strength and International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics 2.01.03 (2001): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatemapcfs.2.01.03.0_718.

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Chattopadhyay, J., A. K. S. Tomar, B. K. Dutta, and H. S. Kushwaha. "Closed-Form Collapse Moment Equations of Throughwall Circumferentially Cracked Elbows Subjected to In-Plane Bending Moment." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 3 (2004): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767177.

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A large throughwall circumferential crack in an elbow subjected to in-plane bending moment can significantly reduce its collapse load. Therefore, it is very important to know the collapse moment of an elbow in the presence of a throughwall circumferential crack. The existing closed-form collapse moment equations of throughwall circumferentially cracked elbows are either too conservative or inadequate to correctly quantify the weakening effect due to the presence of the crack, especially for opening mode of bending moment. Therefore, the present study has been carried out to investigate through
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Guo, Z. K., A. S. Kobayashi, and N. M. Hawkins. "Mixed Modes I and II Concrete Fracture: An Experimental Analysis." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 4 (1994): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901562.

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The development of the fracture process zone associated with subcritical crack growth in a three-point bend concrete specimen with an off-centered, single-edged precrack was monitored with moire interferometry. The applied load and the crack opening and sliding displacements together with a finite element model of the concrete specimen were used to determine the crack closing stress due to aggregate bridging. Under this mixed-mode fracture, aggregate interlocking increased the crack closing stresses in the fracture process zone and hence the load carrying capacity of the concrete specimen. The
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Kida, Katsuyuki, Tatsurou Nakashima, and Masayuki Ishida. "Changes in Magnetic Flux Density Distributions of Chromium Molybdenum Steel (JIS, SCM440) by Slit Opening and Crack Growth." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.376.

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Non-destructive evaluation methods using magnetic measurement systems have been developed. However, there are a few approaches to the effect of cracks on magnetic fields during whole fatigue process. In the present work, slit samples of as-received chromium molybdenum steel material (JIS, SCM440) including no retained austenite was fatigue tested. Fatigue process was observed using a scanning Hall probe microscope in order to investigate the effect of cyclic slit opening and crack growth on residual magnetic fields. It is found that the cyclic opening-closing of the slit decreases the magnetic
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Hatanaka, Kenji, Jun Ji Ohgi, Fumihiro Fujiwara, and Hisashi Ogawa. "Crack Opening/Closing Behaviors under Biaxial Cyclic Loadings in Carbon Steel." Key Engineering Materials 243-244 (July 2003): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.243-244.309.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crack opening and closing"

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Ricardo, Luiz Carlos Hernandes. "Modelamento do fenômeno de abertura e fechamento de trincas em fadiga pelo método dos elementos finitos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-16122003-173903/.

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O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a simulação de abertura e fechamento de trinca, durante o processo de propagação, utilizando um programa comercial de elementos finitos. Este programa é utilizado para determinar os fatores de intensidade de tensão de abertura e fechamento de trinca. É apresentado o modelo de Newman que serve de embasamento para o desenvolvimento da metodologia de liberação de nós na carga mínima, utilizada no trabalho para a propagação da trinca. São avaliados quatro tipos de corpos de prova SE-(B) (corpo de prova de três pontos de apoio submetido a flexão), SE-(T)(co
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Giorgi, David Michael. "Light activated closing and opening switches /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9935442.

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Pellegatti, Samuele. "Motorized system for opening and closing a domestic dishwasher." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18651/.

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Study and prototyping of a motorized domestic dishwasher for opening and closing the door automatically. Work is split in 3 parts: mechanic, electronic, software. Mechanic deals with hinge kinematic analysis, concept development, simulation analysis, components sizing and construction. Electronic refers to components research, setup and displacement on the dishwasher. Software regards Arduino Mega (the used MCU) state programming. This thesis contains also intermediate trials with encoutered troubles and show how they've been solved. Many future implementations are finally presented.
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Ellertson, Carol Frogley. "Opening and Closing the Moral Judgment--Moral Action Gap." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3483.pdf.

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Gale, Emma Jane. "The hydrodynamics of intermittently closing and opening lakes and lagoons." University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0025.

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[Truncated abstract] Coastal lagoons play an important role in the transport of materials between the coastal zone and the ocean. Understanding the dynamics associated with the movement of waters between and within these systems is therefore significant in defining the ecological health of the system. An important sub category of lagoons is Intermittently Closing and Opening Lakes and Lagoons (ICOLLs). These systems lack any significant river inflow; have a restricted sill type inlet and experience intermittent exchange with the ocean, making them susceptible to the retention of nutrients and
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Mirshamsi, Ebrahim. "Performance of opening and closing switches for pulsed-power networks." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35586.

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This thesis describes a study into the performance of both opening and closing switches, as used in pulsed-power networks. It also discusses the important energy storage and compression techniques that are used in the generation of high-energy pulsed power. Various different types of switches are involved in these applications, and particular consideration is paid to the performance of the MESS (Magnetic Energy Switching System) switch, used both in isolation and as part of a pulse-forming network. Exploding wires and foils are also investigated in some detail, since important features from th
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Stamps, Dennis Lee. "A literary-rhetorical reading of the opening and closing of 1 Corinthians." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/960/.

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Nicholson, James. "Opening and closing function of the anal canal assessed by acoustic reflectometry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/opening-and-closing-function-of-the-anal-canal-assessed-by-acoustic-reflectometry(ad4d4725-f7c3-46ba-9d24-f83c3d4f5eb5).html.

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Anal acoustic reflectometry (AAR) is a technique that is currently under investigation for the assessment of faecal incontinence. It uses reflected sounds waves to measure cross sectional area at different pressures leading to a profile of the anal canal, and in particular the high pressure zone of the anal sphincters. The cross sectional area from the high pressure zone is then plotted on a graph to give seven characteristic parameters. AAR has been shown to be reproducible and reliable, able to distinguish between continence and incontinence, correlate with the severity of incontinence and a
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Alam, Syed Yasir. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CRACK OPENING IN CONCRETE." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669877.

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Il est communément admis l'existence d'un effet d'échelle sur les résistances nominales des matériaux quasi-fragiles tels que les matériaux cimentaires. Cet effet doit être pris en compte dans le dimensionnement vis-à-vis du comportement ultime des structures en béton afin de limiter les dommages et les ouvertures de fissures. Celles-ci sont de plus en plus utilisées pour étudier le comportement du béton et caractériser la durabilité des structures. Différentes théories existent dans la littérature pour décrire l'effet d'échelle. Parmi celles-ci on trouve la théorie déterministe de Bazant où l
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Medina, Velarde Jose Luis. "Fast ductile crack growth in panels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343563.

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Books on the topic "Crack opening and closing"

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Anne, Charles, ed. Opening & closing: Closures. Eric's Press, 1996.

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Hall, Martha Deborah. The closing, the opening. Word Poetry, 2014.

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Matlon, Ronald J. Opening statements, closing arguments. Stuart Allen Books, 1993.

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150 opening and closing prayers. Saint Mary's Press, 1999.

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Berger, Marilyn J. Opening statement and closing argument. Bureau of National Affairs, 2013.

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Frank, Rothman, ed. Persuasive opening statements & closing arguments. California Continuing Education of the Bar, 1988.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar. Strategies for success: Opening, cross-examination, closing. Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2005.

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Weiss, Wendy. Cold calling for women: Opening doors & closing sales. D.F.D. Publications, 2000.

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Opening and closing prayers for the liturgical year. Saint Mary's Press, 2014.

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Haydock, Roger S. Opening and closing: How to present a case. West, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crack opening and closing"

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Toyosada, Masahiro, and Koji Gotoh. "The Significance of Plastic Zone Growth under Cyclic Loading and Crack Opening/Closing Model in Fatigue Crack Propagation." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-964-4.95.

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Soille, Pierre. "Opening and Closing." In Morphological Image Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05088-0_4.

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Hughes, Vera. "Opening and Closing." In People Skills. Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12527-2_3.

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Soille, Pierre. "Opening and Closing." In Morphological Image Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03939-7_4.

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Wolfe, Michael. "Opening Towns, Closing Frontiers." In Walled Towns and the Shaping of France. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230101128_8.

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Gdoutos, E. E. "Critical Crack Opening Displacement." In Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2774-7_55.

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Owusu, Adobea Yaa, Martin Oteng-Ababio, George Owusu, Charlotte Wrigley-Asante, and Martin Wiredu Agyekum. "Opening up or closing off." In Reducing Urban Violence in the Global South. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351254649-3.

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Gdoutos, E. E. "Crack Opening Displacement Design Methodology." In Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2774-7_56.

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Ralston, Andrew G. "Punishment, reformation and prevention." In Opening Schools and Closing Prisons. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315409733-ch-1.

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Ralston, Andrew G. "Schooling for all." In Opening Schools and Closing Prisons. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315409733-ch-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crack opening and closing"

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Chattopadhyay, J., W. V. Venkatramana, B. K. Dutta, and H. S. Kushwaha. "The Effect of Throughwall Axial Crack on In-Plane Collapse Moment of Pipe Bend." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26836.

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A throughwall axial crack may develop in an elbow or pipe bend due to service related degradation mechanism. It is very important to know the plastic collapse moment (PCM) of an elbow in the presence of a throughwall axial crack. The existing PCM equations of throughwall axially cracked (TAC) elbows are either too conservative or inadequate to correctly quantify the weakening effect due to the presence of the crack. Further, they do not differentiate between closing and opening modes of bending although deformation characteristics under these two modes are completely different. Therefore, the
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Salowitz, Nathan, Ameralys Correa, and Afsaneh Moghadam. "Mechanics of NiTi Reinforced Self-Healing Materials Producing Crack Closing Loads." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3939.

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Self-healing material structures with the inherent capability to mend damage will lead to a paradigm shift in design as fracture may no longer constitute a failure. Generally, there are two techniques of self-healing that operate at different scales, require different approaches and often are dealt with separately; geometric restoration and crack filling/bonding. Geometric restoration uses shape memory materials that can mechanically close fractures after they occur. Crack filling and bonding fills and chemically bonds fractured parts in place. Materials capable of recovering from complete fra
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Toyosada, Masahiro, Koji Gotoh, Keitaro Konuma, and Akira Sueda. "The Fatigue Life Estimation Method From the Stress Concentration Region With Zero Defect: An Application to the Fatigue Crack Growth Simulation Code “FLARP” for the In-Plane Gusset Welded Joint." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51087.

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In-plane gusset welded joints are very popular and used in many steel constructed structures. Fatigue life estimations for this type of joint have been performed by applying the fatigue crack growth simulation code “FLARP” developed by the authors. The fatigue crack shows the typical opening/closing behavior during fatigue crack growth. The plastic deformed layer in the crack wake, which represents the loading history indirectly, contributes to the behavior. The consideration of crack closure is essential in the estimation of the fatigue life. FLARP enables the quantitative simulation of the f
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Kulesza, Zbigniew, and Jerzy T. Sawicki. "Controlled Deflection Approach for Rotor Crack Detection." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68960.

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A transverse shaft crack is a serious malfunction that can occur due to cyclic loading, creep, stress corrosion, and other mechanisms to which rotating machines are subjected. Though studied for many years, the problems of early crack detection and warning are still in the limelight of many researchers. This is due to the fact that the crack has subtle influence on the dynamic response of the machine and still there are no widely accepted, reliable methods of its early detection. This paper presents a new approach to these problems. The method utilizes the coupling mechanism between the bendin
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EL-Bagory, Tarek M. A. A., Maher Y. A. Younan, Hossam E. M. Sallam, and Lotfi A. Abdel-Latif. "Limit Load of Pre-Cracked Polyethylene Miter Pipe Bends Subjected to In-Plane Bending Moment." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25397.

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The main purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effect of crack depth on the limit load of miter pipe bends (MPB) under in-plane bending moment. The experimental work is conducted to investigate multi miter pipe bends, with a bend angle 90°, pipe bend factor h = 0.844, standard dimension ratio SDR = 11, and three junctions under a crosshead speed 500 mm/min. The material of the investigated pipe is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which is used in natural gas piping systems. The welds in the miter pipe bends are produced by butt-fusion method. The crack depth varies from intrado
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Takagaki, Masakazu, and Toshiya Nakamura. "Fatigue Crack Modeling and Simulation Based on Continuum Damage Mechanics." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2993.

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Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation based on fracture mechanics and conventional finite element method requires huge amount of computational resources when cracked structure is subjected to complicated condition such as the cases of multiple site damage or thermal fatigue. The objective of the present study is to resolve this difficulty by employing the continuum damage mechanics (CDM). An anisotropic damage variable is defined to model a macroscopic fatigue crack and its validity is examined by comparing the stress distributions around the crack with those obtained by an ordinar
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EL-Bagory, Tarek M. A. A., Maher Y. A. Younan, Hossam E. M. Sallam, and Lotfi A. Abdel-Latif. "Effect of Load Angle on Limit Load of Polyethylene Miter Pipe Bends." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25491.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect crack depth a/W = 0 to 0.4 and load angle (30°,45°,and 60°) on the limit load of miter pipe bends (MPB) under out-of-plane bending moment with a crosshead speed 500 mm/min. The geometry of cracked and uncracked multi miter pipe bends are: bend angle, α = 90°, pipe bend factor, h = 0.844, standard dimension ratio, SDR = 11, and three junctions, m = 3. The material of the investigated pipe is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which is applied in natural gas piping systems. Butt-fusion welding is used to produce the welds in the miter pipe bend
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Preetam, Nagoor, and Michael C. Larson. "Micromechanical Crack Propagation in Nicalon Fiber Toughened Composites." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-376.

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Increasing the toughness of brittle ceramics with fibers has received much attention in the last five years. Many models have been put forth to describe the various facets of cracking in these materials. The intent here is to evaluate how well a relatively simple computational representation of the crack openings for a fracture in a fibrous material predicts the crack openings actually measured in an experimental specimen. The cracks are modeled as distributions of discontinuities within a surface integral representation. The influence of the fibers are accounted for through closing tractions
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Chattopadhyay, J., A. K. S. Tomar, B. K. Dutta, and H. S. Kushwaha. "J and COD Estimation for Throughwall Circumferentially Cracked Elbow Under Closing Moment: Analytical Scheme and Experimental Validation." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71212.

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Leak-before-break (LBB) assessment of primary heat transport piping of nuclear reactors involves detailed fracture assessment of pipes and elbows with postulated throughwall cracks. Fracture assessment requires the calculation of elastic-plastic J-integral and crack opening displacement (COD) for these piping components. Analytical estimation schemes to evaluate elastic-plastic J-integral and COD simplify the calculations. These types of estimation schemes are available for pipes with various crack configurations subjected to different types of loading. However, no such schemes are available f
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Shen, Yanfeng, and Victor Giurgiutiu. "Simulation of Interaction Between Lamb Waves and Cracks for Structural Health Monitoring With Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7917.

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In this paper, the detection for two kinds of cracks is studied: (1) linear notch crack; (2) nonlinear breathing crack. A pitch-catch method with piezoelectric wafer actives sensors (PWAS) is used to interrogate an aluminum plate with a linear notch crack and a nonlinear breathing crack respectively as two cases. The inspection Lamb waves generated by the transmitter PWAS, propagate into the structure, interact with the crack, acquire crack information and are picked up by the receiver PWAS. The linear notch crack case is investigated through: (1) analytical model developed for Lamb waves inte
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Reports on the topic "Crack opening and closing"

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Perdigão, Rui A. P. Information Physics: Closing Gaps, Opening Perspectives. Meteoceanics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/200801.

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McComas, D. J. Tongues, bottles, and disconnected loops: The opening and closing of the interplanetary magnetic field. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10158694.

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Katz, Jessica R., K. V. N. P. Kumar, Jaquelin M. Cochran, et al. Opening Markets, Designing Windows, and Closing Gates: India's Power System Transition - Insights on Gate Closure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1560123.

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Nishimaki, Kenta. Characteristics of Spoken and Written Communication in the Opening and Closing Sections of Instant Messaging. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1547.

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Rahman, S., F. Brust, N. Ghadiali, et al. Refinement and evaluation of crack-opening-area analyses for circumferential through-wall cracks in pipes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46620.

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Kapp, J. A. Wide Range Stress Intensity Factor and Crack-Mouth-Opening Displacement Expressions Suitable for Short Crack Fracture Testing with Arc Bend-Chord Suppport Samples. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada218395.

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Wijesinghe, A. M. Extended analysis of constant-height hydraulic fractures for the estimation of in-situ crack-opening modulus from bottomhole pressure records. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6746206.

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