Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crack spacing

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Crack spacing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crack spacing"

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Zhang, Yating, and Jeffery Roesler. "Improved Backcalculation Procedure for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 40 (2018): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758010.

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Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing is effective in evaluating the structural response of in-situ concrete pavements through the backcalculated pavement layer parameters. Specifically, the FWD data can be used to backcalculate the foundation layer and concrete stiffness or the soil layer stiffness, effective slab thickness, and slab–base interface condition. Since continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) has closely spaced transverse cracks, the traditional backcalculation assumption of an infinite slab can lead to significant errors in the backcalculated results. In this paper,
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Chen, G., and G. Baker. "One-Dimensional Nonlinear Model for Prediction of Crack Spacing in Concrete Pavements." Advances in Structural Engineering 8, no. 6 (2005): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/136943305776318338.

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This paper proposes a one-dimensional non-linear model to predict the minimum and maximum crack spacings due to shrinkage in concrete pavements. The proposed model consists of two cohesive cracks and an elastic bar restrained by distributed elastic springs. The cohesive crack is characterized by an exponential softening constitutive relation. A set of non-linear equilibrium conditions are obtained. By varying the length of the elastic bar of the proposed model, the tensile forces acting on the cohesive cracks and the energy profiles are investigated. It is demonstrated that the cracking patter
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Pittman, David W., and B. Frank McCullough. "Development of a Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement Crack and Joint Spacing Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1568, no. 1 (1997): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1568-07.

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The development of a mechanistically based model (CRACK) that predicts the spacing of cracks in roller-compacted concrete (RCC) pavements due to restraint of drying shrinkage and thermal contraction is presented. The model considers the RCC pavement thickness, paving lane length, base friction characteristics, climatic time-temperature regimes, as well as the RCC drying shrinkage, coefficient of thermal contraction, strength gain, and modulus of elasticity. The model also determines the tensile stresses and displacements of the RCC slab along its length, from which the crack width is predicted
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Guzina, B. B., D. H. Timm, and V. R. Voller. "Crack spacing in strained films." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120023.

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Consider a thin film resting on a relatively thick substrate. When the substrate is subjected to an axial strain transverse cracks, normal to the direction, of the applied strain may appear in the film. It is observed that, for a given strain, the spacing between such cracks is uniform, with a clearly identifiable characteristic length scale that can be used to provide bounds on the spacing. Further, as the strain is increased, there is a densification of the cracks up to a saturation limit. Beyond the saturation limit additional strain produces no further cracks and the characteristic crack l
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Li, Yong Hua, F. L. Meng, Wei Tao Zheng, and Y. M. Wang. "Cracking of NiTi Thin Films Deposited on Cu Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 716–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.716.

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This study has investigated the cracking of Ti-51.45at.%Ni thin films deposited on Cu substrate. An analysis is presented that relates the crack spacing and the Vickers microhardness values to the strain in the film. Tensile tests are carried out on CSS-44100 electron universal testing machine. The strain rate is 1.1 × 10-4 s-1. The average crack spacing is obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Vickers microhardness values are determined by Everone MH-6 microhardness tests. The results have showed that a series of parallel cracks grew in the film and the cracks are equally spa
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Wu, Jun Hua, and Song Yang. "Study on Crack Spacing and Width of Expansive Soil due to Evaporation." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.728.

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The expressions of crack spacing and width were deduced from the aspect of force-balance. The concept of maximum spacing and width of crack were put forward accordingly and they were verified and consistent with the site test results. Their relationships with soil parameters were discussed in detail. The new cracks do not appear until the spacing of adjacent cracks is greater than the maximum spacing, and the width of cracks will not be greater than the maximum width. The maximum spacing and width are judgments for describing and represent the final characteristic of cracks due to evaporation.
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Zhao, Wenbin, Chan Li, Xuexia Zhang, Hailing Xie, and Lujuan Yu. "An Analysis of Mode III Doubly Periodic Crack-Tip Field of Orthotropic Composite Materials." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/934124.

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The mechanical behavior near the doubly periodic crack tips for orthotropic composite materials plate subjected to antiplane shear loading is studied. This is done by complex function theory and conformal mapping of the Jacobi elliptic function with the help of boundary conditions. The analytical solution of the crack-tips stress intensity factor and the expression of stress fields are obtained. Numerical examples are given to analyze the impact of the different transverse spacing, longitudinal spacing, and the ratio of cracks periods on stress intensity factors. The results show that the crac
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Perl, M., C. Levy, and J. Wang. "Interaction Effects in Combined Arrays of Radial and Longitudinal Semi-Elliptical Surface Cracks in Pressurized Thick-Walled Cylinder." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 119, no. 2 (1997): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842279.

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In two previous papers, the interaction effects for two separate cases of large arrays of semi-elliptical, internal, surface cracks in a thick-walled, cylindrical pressure vessel were studied. First, arrays of radial cracks were considered followed by the study of longitudinal-coplanar crack arrays. Circumferential crack density and longitudinal crack spacing were found to have opposing effects on the prevailing stress intensity factors (SIFs). Consequently, in the present paper, combined arrays of both radial and longitudinal cracks are considered, and their interaction effects are studied. T
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Zhang, Le Fei, Zi Lin Yi, and Yong Jun Deng. "The Crack Limit Analysis Based on the Fracture Mechanics of the Main Arch of the Stone Arch Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1155.

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This paper is based on fracture mechanics to calculate the arch bridge crack spacing circle and the stress intensity factor. Then the relation between the cracks spacing limit problem is calculated. And stress intensity factor relations under the same crack length and the same pull force is discussed. Finally the analysis shows that the height of the fracture cracks into the crack width as the impact factor is feasible.
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Moreira, Pedro M. G. P., and Paulo M. S. T. de Castro. "Fractographic analysis of fatigue crack growth in lightweight integral stiffened panels." International Journal of Structural Integrity 1, no. 3 (2010): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579861011092373.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to complement available macroscopic fatigue crack growth measurements in flat stiffened panels with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements of striation spacing.Design/methodology/approachThe paper's approach is fatigue testing of two‐stiffener flat panels manufactured using three different processes, with a central initial crack perpendicular to the stiffeners and load, in order to identify striation spacing during crack growth up to final fracture, using SEM.FindingsAn increase of striation spacing as cracks grow was quantified. Although when crack
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crack spacing"

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Piyasena, Ratnamudigedara, and n/a. "Crack Spacing, Crack Width and Tension Stiffening Effect in Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs." Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030606.165418.

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An analytical method for determining the crack spacing and crack width in reinforced concrete beams and one-way slabs is presented in this thesis. The locations and the distribution of cracks developed in a loaded member are predicted using the calculated concrete stress distributions near flexural cracks. To determine the stresses, a concrete block bounded by top and bottom faces and two transverse sections of the beam is isolated and analysed by the finite element method. Two types of blocks are analysed. They are: (i) block adjacent to the first flexural crack, and (ii) block in between suc
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Abdulla, Warda Ibrahim. "FATIGUE BEHAVIOR AND SCALE EFFECTS IN RIVETED JOINTS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron161651595564376.

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Ewang, Bruce Ekane. "Estudo de fissuração em concreto armado com fibras e armadura convencional." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-06122017-154223/.

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Devido à fragilidade do concreto, o controle e combate da fissuração são de importância fundamental em estruturas de concreto armado. Uma maneira de melhorar as propriedades do concreto à tração é pelo emprego de fibras. A presente pesquisa é uma tentativa de fornecer diretrizes para o dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto armado com fibras, e armadura convencional sob condições de serviço. Apresenta-se inicialmente, um estudo do comportamento do material à tração. Um modelo probabilístico/micro-mecânico fundamentado na mecânica de fratura, e capaz de prever o comportamento pós-fissuração
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Filho, Aristides Alves Messias. "Estimativa da razão de carga a partir da análise fratográfica da relação entre a altura e espaçamento inter-estrias de uma liga de Alumínio aeronáutica AMS 7475-T7351." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18150/tde-01022016-153904/.

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Este trabalho visa determinar a razão de carga cíclica R através da medida, na superficie de fratura, da relação entre a largura inter-estrias (s) e a altura da estria (H). É de conhecimento que o espaçamento (s) se correlaciona com a taxa de crescimento da trinca da/dN, enquanto que a curva da/dN x &#916K depende da razão de carga R. Para esta avaliação, corpos de prova do tipo compacto C(T) foram extraídos na orientação LT do centro de uma placa laminada da liga de alumínio SAE-AMS 7475 T7351 para realização dos ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga. Estes ensaios foram realizados
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Ruchert, Cassius Olivio Figueiredo Terra. "Estudo da inferência de carregamento em histórias de vôos simulados na liga de Al aeronáutico SAE-AMS 7475 T7351." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-22092008-131854/.

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Este trabalho discutiu o estudo da inferência de carregamento e a reconstrução fratográfica da taxa de propagação da trinca por fadiga em histórias de vôos simulados do tipo Twist, mini-Twist, Falstaff e mini-Falstaff. O material estudado foi uma liga de alumínio de grau aeronáutico SAE-AMS 7475 T7351 na qual foram obtidas as propriedades mecânicas a partir dos ensaios de tração e dureza, análise química, metalográfica. Foram realizados ensaios de amplitude constante de carregamento em corpos de prova com geometria tipo C(T) extraídos de um bloco e ensaios de amplitude variável em corpos de pr
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Hartig, Jens. "Numerical investigations on the uniaxial tensile behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-66614.

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In the present work, the load-bearing behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), which is a composite of a fine-grained concrete matrix and a reinforcement of high-performance fibres processed to textiles, exposed to uniaxial tensile loading was investigated based on numerical simulations. The investigations are focussed on reinforcement of multi-filament yarns of alkali-resistant glass. When embedded in concrete, these yarns are not entirely penetrated with cementitious matrix, which leads associated with the heterogeneity of the concrete and the yarns to a complex load-bearing and failu
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Muhamad, Rahimah. "The tension stiffening in reinforced concrete beams and slabs." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/72863.

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In the design of reinforced concrete members, a well accepted full interaction moment curvature approach has been used for many years. This approach is only appropriate prior to cracking and once the cracks occur, it neglects the influence of slip between the concrete and the reinforcement. Hence, the pat1ial interaction moment rotation approach, which takes into account the occurrence of these phenomena, has been used in this thesis. Subsequently, a new structural mechanics based partial interaction approach has been developed for quantifying the behaviour of flexural members under the effec
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Kharal, Zahra. "Tension Stiffening and Cracking Behaviour of GFRP Reinforced Concrete." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/65566.

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Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars offer a feasible alternative in locations where steel is not the suitable reinforcement; namely locations that are sensitive to corrosion. In this study 60 specimens, 52 GFRP reinforced and 8 steel reinforced, were constructed and tested under direct tension in order to investigate the tension stiffening and cracking behaviour. The effects of different variables such as the bar type, the bar diameter, the reinforcement ratio and the concrete strength on tension stiffening and crack spacing were studied. The current code provisions for tension stiffeni
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ChunYu, Hsu, and 許鈞瑜. "The Crack Of The Memory Among Boby And Consciousness- By The Spacing Interweave And Penetration Of Garment Creation." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65597525127599859189.

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碩士<br>實踐大學<br>時尚與媒體設計研究所<br>100<br>This assay discusses the simultaneously prolong of self-consciousness and body maturation. Just like Aristotle once compared memory to the aggregation of experiences of perception, we search for the memory crack between the consciousness and the body through the process of contra permeation between inside mental space and outside world. The body may no longer presence, however, the memory continuously exist in an abstract way, which tangle strongly with the outer world. Kant once asserted that the mental feeling is a composition of time and space; in the same
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Hartig, Jens. "Numerical investigations on the uniaxial tensile behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25532.

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In the present work, the load-bearing behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), which is a composite of a fine-grained concrete matrix and a reinforcement of high-performance fibres processed to textiles, exposed to uniaxial tensile loading was investigated based on numerical simulations. The investigations are focussed on reinforcement of multi-filament yarns of alkali-resistant glass. When embedded in concrete, these yarns are not entirely penetrated with cementitious matrix, which leads associated with the heterogeneity of the concrete and the yarns to a complex load-bearing and failu
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Books on the topic "Crack spacing"

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J, Herrmann D., Hillberry B. M та Langley Research Center, ред. Fatigue-life behavior and matrix fatigue crack spacing in unnotched SCS-6/Timetal℗ʾ 21A metal matrix composites. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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J, Herrmann D., Hillberry B. M, and Langley Research Center, eds. Fatigue-life behavior and matrix fatigue crack spacing in unnotched SCS-6/Timetal® 21A metal matrix composites. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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J, Herrmann D., Hillberry B. M, and Langley Research Center, eds. Fatigue-life behavior and matrix fatigue crack spacing in unnotched SCS-6/Timetal® 21A metal matrix composites. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crack spacing"

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Bezuidenhout, S. R., and G. P. A. G. van Zijl. "Influence of Crack Spacing on Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_241.

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Kišiček, Tomislav, Tvrtko Renić, Ivan Hafner, and Mislav Stepinac. "Maximum FRP Bar Diameter and Bar Spacing for Crack Control in Flexural Reinforced Concrete Members." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88166-5_53.

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Hoover, C., and Z. Ba_ant. "Consequences of fracture mechanics for size effect, crack spacing and crack width in concrete pavements." In Pavement Cracking. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203882191.ch14.

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Anand, Lallit, Ken Kamrin, and Sanjay Govindjee. "Introduction to fracture mechanics." In Introduction to Mechanics of Solid Materials. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866073.003.0015.

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Abstract This chapter introduces the important topic of fracture of materials and discusses the difference between brittle and ductile mechanisms of fracture; this distinction is discussed at both the local level in a process zone at a crack tip, and at the structural level. A criterion for the brittle fracture of a component which fractures by a locally brittle cleavage mechanism is derived by considering the locally elevated level of tensile stress at a crack tip in relation to the ideal cleavage strength of the material. A derivation of the ideal cleavage strength in terms of the Young’s modulus, the surface energy, and the interatomic lattice spacing of a crystalline material is provided. As a prelude to a discussion of modern fracture mechanics, this fracture criterion is recast in terms of an applied stress intensity factor and a critical stress intensity factor, or fracture toughness, of the material.
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Zhang, D., Y. Zhao, S. Li, and T. Ueda. "Crack spacing of CFRP laminates strengthened RC beams with coupled mechanical and environmental damages." In Life-Cycle of Civil Engineering Systems. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17618-192.

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Bai, Xuejiao, and Haijiang Zhu. "Research on Finite Element Analysis Method of Laser Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement." In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Smart Manufacturing and Material Processing (SMMP2022). IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220833.

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As a new nondestructive testing method, the accurate measurement of laser ultrasonic velocity is of great significance for judging the internal crack defects of composites, calculating the elastic modulus, residual stress and grain size. Based on the finite element analysis method, the thermoelastic effect of laser induced ultrasonic vibration, the time-of-flight method and laser grating method for measuring ultrasonic velocity are studied in this paper. Firstly, the waveforms of laser point source, line source and laser grating are compared and analyzed. Secondly, the error analysis of the wave velocity under different radius laser point source, different half width laser line source and different grating spacing is carried out. The simulation results show that the laser grating method has higher stability and smaller measurement error. In addition, this method is less affected by other waves and the external environment. This paper provides a basis for improving the measurement accuracy of laser ultrasonic velocity and further applying laser ultrasonic velocity to nondestructive testing and measurement of related physical quantities.
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"SION STIFFENING, CRACK SPACINGS, CRACK WIDTHS AND BOND-SLIP." In Protection of Concrete. CRC Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482267037-182.

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Gao, Ying, Tao Li, Guigui Kou, and Zhuoli Ji. "Study on the Development Law of Downward Cracks with Multi Seam Superimposed Mining." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220899.

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Coal mining has produced a large number of shallow cracks (“downward cracks”), which cause water and soil loss and ecological degradation. Coal mining has a huge impact on the ecological environment. This phenomenon is further aggravated by the superimposed mining of multiple coal seams. This study takes the two geomorphic conditions of wind beach and loess ridge as the research background. Based on the selection of typical working faces, the development law of downward fractures in multi coal seam superimposed mining has been studied by means of field geological survey, statistical analysis, numerical simulation and borehole logging. The results show that the downward cracks development laws of wind beach landform and loess landform are different when a single coal seam is mined. The depth and width of downward cracks produced by coal mining in wind beach landform are smaller, the cracks spacing is more stable, and there is no hidden cracks development. As the downward cracks of coal mining under the loess landform is more complex, the development law of downward fissure of multi coal seam superimposed mining under the loess landform has been further studied. There is no significant change in surface cracks in multi seam superimposed mining compared with single seam mining, but the density of hidden cracks is higher in multi seam superimposed mining. After the superimposed mining of coal, the density of hidden cracks increased by 100%, and the average height of hidden cracks increased by 60.95%. The research results provide key parameters for the treatment of multi seam superimposed mining subsidence areas under different geomorphic conditions.
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Wang, Yu, Lida Qin, Yipu Guo, and Peng Zhang. "Frost Resistance Durability of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete Based on Mesoscopic Pore Structure Characteristics." In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Smart Manufacturing and Material Processing (SMMP2022). IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220830.

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In order to explore the frost resistance durability of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC), the freeze-thaw cycle tests of BFRC with different fiber contents were carried out from the microscopic point of view, and the macro-morphological deterioration characteristics and micro-morphological characteristics of BFRC with different freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed. By testing the hole structure parameters of BFRC with different freeze-thaw cycles, the effects of gas content, average bubble chord length, specific surface area, and bubble spacing coefficient on the frost resistance of BFRC were studied. The results show that: With the increase of fiber content, the damage degree of concrete specimens weakens, and the proportion of harmful pores in the pore size distribution increases significantly; It decreases with the increase of bubble spacing coefficient; The addition of basalt fiber can effectively inhibit the development of cracks and reduce the probability of large pores in the process of concrete freeze-thaw damage, thereby improving the frost resistance of concrete. Therefore, for the northern region, the research on the frost resistance of BFRC is very necessary and of great significance.
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Cantor, Brian. "Bragg’s Law." In The Equations of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851875.003.0002.

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The diffraction of X-rays is used as the main method for determining the atomic and molecular structures of inorganic and biological materials. The basic law of diffraction was discovered by Lawrence Bragg when he was a student at Cambridge University and he was just 22 years old. Bragg’s law explains how the angle of a diffracted X-ray beam varies with the wavelength of the X-rays and the spacing of the atoms and molecules in the material. This chapter examines the way X-rays are generated and scattered by electrons, atoms and crystals; the use of structure factors and Fourier transforms to calculate the intensity of the scattered X-rays; and the effect of using electrons or neutrons instead of X-rays. Bragg was born and brought up in Adelaide in Australia. He discovered Bragg’s law with the help of his father, William, after they had moved to England. Lawrence was a Professor at Manchester University, Cambridge University, and the Royal Institution; contributed to the development of range-finding, asdic, and sonar during the First and Second World Wars; and supervised Crick and Watson when they discovered the structure of DNA.
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Conference papers on the topic "Crack spacing"

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Frosch, Robert J. "Crack Control through Bar Spacing Requirements." In Structures Congress 2005. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40753(171)157.

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Wang, Bo, Banglin Liu, Yong-Yi Wang, Alex Wang, and Steve Rapp. "Burst Pressure Prediction of Pipes With SCC Colonies: Development of Intelligent Flaw Interaction Rules." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9693.

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Abstract Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) often occurs in clusters or colonies containing anywhere from a few cracks to hundreds of individual cracks. Multiple closely spaced cracks may interact, resulting in a burst pressure lower than what might be expected from a single crack. Most existing flaw interaction rules account for these interactions by using a single interacting crack to represent multiple cracks when the separations between them are less than a critical spacing. The length of this interacting crack is usually the sum of the individual crack length plus the spacing between them. U
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Yu, Huaqiang, and Mingqiang Lin. "Analysis of Average Crack Spacing of UHTCC Reinforced Beams." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Civil, Transportation and Environmental Engineering (ICCTE 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccte-17.2017.27.

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Kaklauskas, Gintaris, P. L. Ng, and Aleksandr Sokolov. "Crack Spacing Model for FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams based on Stress-Transfer Approach." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0464.

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&lt;p&gt;The present study develops a mean crack spacing model for fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beams. The proposed model is based on stress-transfer approach and compatibility of mean strain in the FRP reinforcing bars, in order to predict the mean spacing of primary cracks in the stabilised cracking stage upon flexure. Typical concrete block element between adjacent cracks is demarcated into the debonding zone, the effective zone, and the central zone. The interactions between concrete and FRP reinforcement is reflected in the model by taking into account the s
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Levy, C., M. Perl, and S. Kotagiri. "The Influence of the Bauschinger Effect on the Combined Stress Intensity Factors of Multiple Longitudinally Coplanar Cracks in Autofrettaged Pressurized Cylinders." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93037.

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The influence of the Bauschinger Effect (BE) on the three dimensional, Mode I, Combined Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) distributions for arrays of longitudinal coplanar, surface cracks emanating from the bore of a fully or partially autofrettaged thick-walled cylinder is investigated. The combined SIFs, KIN, that depend on both the “realistic” - Bauschinger Effect Dependent Autofrettage (BEDA) and “ideal” - Bauschinger Effect Independent Autofrettage (BEIA) are obtained and compared for crack to wall thickness, a/t = 0.01–0.25; crack ellipticity, a/c = 0.5–1.5; crack spacing ratio, 2c/d = 0.25–
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6

Kaklauskas, G., R. Ramanauskas, R. Jakubovskis, V. Gribniak, and M. Juknys. "A new method for formulating crack spacing models of RC ties." In International Conference on Performance-based and Life-cycle Structural Engineering. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2016.1179.

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7

CHEN, G., and G. BAKER. "A SIMPLE MODEL FOR PREDICATION OF CRACK SPACING IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific and Engineering Computation (IC-SEC) 2002. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781860949524_0130.

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8

CHEN, G., and G. BAKER. "ENERGY APPROACH TO NUMERICAL MODELLING OF CRACK SPACING IN REINFORCED CONCRETE." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific and Engineering Computation (IC-SEC) 2002. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781860949524_0132.

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9

Wang, Jia-Ji, Mu-Xuan Tao, Jian-Guo Nie, and Meng Zhou. "Fracture Energy Method in Predicting Crack Spacing of Reinforced Concrete Structures." In 9th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. IA-FraMCoS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21012/fc9.144.

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10

Ma, Q., C. Levy, and M. Perl. "Stress Intensity Factors for Closely and Densely Packed Cracks in Partially Autofrettaged Pressurized Thick-Walled Cylinders." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77541.

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Abstract:
Due to acute temperature gradients and repetitive high-pressure impulses, extremely dense internal surface cracks can be practically developed in highly pressurized thick-walled vessels, typically in gun barrels. In our previous studies, networks of typical radial and longitudinal-coplanar, semi-elliptical, internal surface cracks have been investigated with an ideal or realistic autofrettage level of 100 percent. We have shown that the combined SIFs are considerably influenced by the three-dimensionality of the problem and the Bauschinger effect (BE) along with dependence on other parameters,
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