Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crack width

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Crack width'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crack width"

1

Ge, Bao Zhen, Qi Jun Luo, Bin Ma, Yong Jie Wei, Bo Chen, and Sheng Zhao Jiang. "The Algorithm to Measure Crack Width with Incircle." Advanced Materials Research 684 (April 2013): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.481.

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Crack is a major defect of buildings. Digital image methods are often used to detect cracks. But incorrect or un-unique results may be inverted with an inappropriate algorithm. An image processing way is presented to obtain the sole width value. Meanwhile, the crack with several branches can be measured. In the processing, the crack skeleton is first calculated. Then each of the points on the skeleton is served as a center of a group of circles, one by one. The radius of the circles is increased step by step. The iterations will not stop until any point in the circle goes out of the crack. Thus the last circle in the iteration is served as an incircle of the crack. The diameter of the incircle is a crack width in a given skeleton point. The maximal and average width of the crack will be calculated after all the incircles with all the skeleton point are traversed. The experimental results show the proposed method can extract the width of cracks in a complex context.
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Zhu, Hongguang, Qingjie Huo, Jingchong Fan, Sen Pang, Hongyu Chen, and Cheng Yi. "The Depth–Width Correlation for Shrinkage-Induced Cracks and Its Influence on Chloride Diffusion into Concrete." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 2751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122751.

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This study examined the depth–width correlation of actual shrinkage-induced cracks and its influence on the diffusion properties of concrete. An experimental setup of restrained slabs was utilized to induce the shrinkage cracks, and the geometry characteristics were quantified with image analysis technology. The results indicated the depth–width scaling λ of shrinkage cracks increases with crack width and was almost constant when the crack width was approximately 0.3 mm or more, and the tip angle of shrinkage cracks is about 1–2 degrees. The diffusion coefficients of concretes were measured by a conductivity test method. A series-parallel composite model with λ was devised to evaluate the diffusivity of shrinking cracked concrete. It was shown that the equivalent diffusion coefficient depended greatly on the crack depth instead of the crack width, and it was found to be a nonlinear relationship versus the width combining with λ . The diffusion coefficient of the crack Dcr was correlated to both crack width and λ , and increased with crack width. When the crack width is higher than 0.2 mm Dcr becomes constant, where the value obtained was 87% of the diffusion coefficient in free solution.
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Li, Yue, Juhui Zhang, Zhongguo Guan, and Youliang Chen. "Experimental Study on the Correlation between Crack Width and Crack Depth of RC Beams." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 5950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205950.

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The depth of cracks propagating inside reinforcement concrete (RC) components is barely able to be detected by visual inspection. Without any help from facilities, crack width can provide us with a proper way to explore the depth of cracks developing. Therefore, this paper tried to explore the correlation between crack width on the surface and crack depth. A static loading test was conducted on eight RC beams, considering the variation of concrete strength, cover, and reinforcement ratio. The test results indicate that concrete strength has a certain impact on cracking load and the propagation of cracks is mainly related to reinforcement ratio. The linear changes in load and crack width can be found. Originally, crack depth markedly increased with loading, but when restricted by compression zone of concrete and the height of beams, crack depth stopped extending finally. The correlation between crack width and crack depth was analyzed by studying work phases of a cross-section and experimental data. The fitting function achieved in this paper was determined to be a good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental relationship.
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Shi, Nan Nan, and Da Hai Huang. "Experimental Study on Early-Age Crack of RC Using TSTM." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.119.

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Thermal stress is a major cause of early-age crack of massive concrete structures. In order to analyze the influencing factors of concrete crack under thermal loads, a series of tests were conducted using the improved Temperature Stress Testing Machine (TSTM). Effects of temperature on crack resistance of concrete were studied on different concrete placing temperatures and curing temperatures. Meanwhile, the roles of reinforcement on concrete crack resistance and crack-width limitation were quantitative analyzed, which compare cracks of plain concrete and reinforced concrete with the same mix proportion. The results indicate that reinforcement can improve the crack resistance of the structures by approximately twenty percents, which against the engineering experience. After concrete cracks, the cracks photos show that reinforcement can induce the smaller cracks formation, and the crack width of reinforced concrete is about 1/10 of the plain concrete crack width.
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Li, Xiaoke, Songwei Pei, Kunpeng Fan, Haibin Geng, and Fenglan Li. "Bending Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Based on Composite-Recycled Aggregate and Matched with 500 MPa Rebars." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040930.

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To promote the engineering application of recycled aggregate for concrete production with good adaptability and economic efficiency, this paper performed a campaign to investigate the flexural performance of steel fiber reinforced composite-recycled aggregate concrete (SFR-CRAC) beams matched with 500 MPa longitudinal rebars. The composite-recycled aggregate has features of the full use recycled fine aggregate and small particle recycled coarse aggregate, and the continuous grading of coarse aggregate ensured by admixing the large particle natural aggregate about 35% to 45% in mass of total coarse aggregate. The properties of SFR-CRAC have been comprehensively improved by using steel fibers. With a varying volume fraction of steel fiber from 0% to 2.0%, 10 beam specimens were produced. The flexural behaviors of the beams during the complete loading procedure were experimentally studied under a four-point bending test. Of which the concrete strain at mid-span section, the appearance of cracks, the crack distribution and crack width, the mid-span deflection, the tensile strain of longitudinal rebars, and the failure patterns of the beams were measured in detail. Results indicated that the assumption of plane cross-section held true approximately, the 500 MPa longitudinal rebars worked at a high stress level within the limit width of cracks on reinforced SFR-CRAC beams at the normal serviceability, and the typical failure occurred with the yield of 500 MPa longitudinal rebars followed by the crushed SFR-CRAC in compression. The cracking resistance, the flexural capacity, and the flexural ductility of the beams increased with the volume fraction of steel fiber, while the crack width and mid-span deflection obviously decreased. Finally, by linking to those for conventional reinforced concrete beams, formulas are suggested for predicting the cracking moment, crack width, and flexural stiffness at normal serviceability, and the ultimate moment at bearing capacity of reinforced SFR-CRAC beams.
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Yoon, In Seok, Erik Schlangen, Mario R. de Rooij, and Klaas van Breugel. "The Effect of Cracks on Chloride Penetration into Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.769.

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This study is focused on examining the effect of critical crack width in combination with crack depth on chloride penetration into concrete. Because concrete structures have to meet a minimum service-life, critical crack width has become an important parameter. Specimens with different crack width / crack length have been subjected to rapid chloride migration testing (RCM). The results of this study show a critical crack width of about 0.012 mm. Cracks smaller than this critical crack width are considered not to have a significant influence on the rate of chloride transport inwards, while chloride penetration does proceed faster above this critical crack width.
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Yang, Bin, Hua Tan, Jia Xi Deng, and Chan Pang. "Influences on the Axle Load Stress of the Cement-Concrete Pavement Structure Caused by the Crack or Cutting Crack of the Semi-Rigid Base." Advanced Materials Research 857 (December 2013): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.857.200.

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Some horizontal cracks will appear during the strength formation of the semi-rigid base, for the influences of dry shrinkage and temperature shrinkage exist, so the engineers often adopt the manual method of equidistant cutting crack to avoid the irregular cracks. In order to analyse the influences on the axle load stress of the cement-concrete pavement slab which caused by the width and position of the base cracks or cutting cracks, the 3D FEM was used to study them under the different working conditions considering the crack, width and position. By the above research, the results show the existing cracks affect the integrity and continuity of the pavement structure; The crack width has no large influence on the stress of the pavement slab, while the base stress decreases apparently with the increasing width, and it becomes stable finally; The stress of the pavement slab is maximum when the crack or cutting crack is located in the middle, while it's small when the crack or cutting crack is located in the one fourth of the pavement slab.
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Shen, Bei, Yinghua Ye, Bo Diao, and Xiaoning Zheng. "Mechanical Performance and Chloride Diffusivity of Cracked RC Specimens Exposed to Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Intermittent Immersion in Seawater." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973467.

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The effects of crack width on chloride ingress and mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) specimens were experimentally studied after exposure to 300 cycles of freeze-thaw and seawater immersion (75 times). Cracks were induced prior to exposure by an eccentric compression load which was sustained until the end of the exposure period. The maximum cracks widths induced in the four column specimens were 0, 0.06, 0.11, and 0.15 mm, respectively. Results show that when the crack width was less than 0.06 mm, the effect of cracks on chloride ingress could be neglected. However, when the crack width was more than 0.11 mm, chloride ingress was accelerated. Results of static loading tests show that both yield load and ultimate load of RC columns decreased as crack width increased. When the crack width was 0.15 mm, yield load and ultimate load of RC column specimen decreased by 17.0% and 18.9%, respectively, compared to a specimen without cracks. It was concluded that crack width significantly promoted local chloride ingress and mechanical performance degradation of RC structures in cold coastal regions or exposed to deicing salts.
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Shuang-rui, Chen, Shi Zheng, and Yan Quan-sheng. "Concrete Crack Width Detecting System for Android Platform." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (October 13, 2015): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010846.

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In order to measure crack width accurately and automatically, an Android-based Automatic Crack Width Measuring System (ACWMS) has been developed, taking advantage of the high portability of Android devices. After capturing the image using mobile phone camera, the image is processed by image processing techniques, including graying, binaryzation, denoising and edge recognition. A specified algorithm is executed to calculate the crack width according to the provided edge data. Measurements has been done to each of the 10 cracks in the same concrete beam, using Samsung Galaxy S3 mobile phone and WYSX-40X Crack detector, respectively. Test result shows that the maximum crack width accuracy reaches 95.26%, which satisfies the construction needs. Therefore, this system can greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy during crack width measurement.
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Carrasco, Miguel, Gerardo Araya-Letelier, Ramiro Velázquez, and Paolo Visconti. "Image-Based Automated Width Measurement of Surface Cracking." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227534.

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The detection of cracks is an important monitoring task in civil engineering infrastructure devoted to ensuring durability, structural safety, and integrity. It has been traditionally performed by visual inspection, and the measurement of crack width has been manually obtained with a crack-width comparator gauge (CWCG). Unfortunately, this technique is time-consuming, suffers from subjective judgement, and is error-prone due to the difficulty of ensuring a correct spatial measurement as the CWCG may not be correctly positioned in accordance with the crack orientation. Although algorithms for automatic crack detection have been developed, most of them have specifically focused on solving the segmentation problem through Deep Learning techniques failing to address the underlying problem: crack width evaluation, which is critical for the assessment of civil structures. This paper proposes a novel automated method for surface cracking width measurement based on digital image processing techniques. Our proposal consists of three stages: anisotropic smoothing, segmentation, and stabilized central points by k-means adjustment and allows the characterization of both crack width and curvature-related orientation. The method is validated by assessing the surface cracking of fiber-reinforced earthen construction materials. The preliminary results show that the proposal is robust, efficient, and highly accurate at estimating crack width in digital images. The method effectively discards false cracks and detects real ones as small as 0.15 mm width regardless of the lighting conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crack width"

1

Piyasena, Ratnamudigedara, and n/a. "Crack Spacing, Crack Width and Tension Stiffening Effect in Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs." Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030606.165418.

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An analytical method for determining the crack spacing and crack width in reinforced concrete beams and one-way slabs is presented in this thesis. The locations and the distribution of cracks developed in a loaded member are predicted using the calculated concrete stress distributions near flexural cracks. To determine the stresses, a concrete block bounded by top and bottom faces and two transverse sections of the beam is isolated and analysed by the finite element method. Two types of blocks are analysed. They are: (i) block adjacent to the first flexural crack, and (ii) block in between successive cracks. The calculated concrete stress distribution adjacent to the first flexural crack is used to predict the locations of primary cracks (cracks formed at sections where the stresses have not been influenced by nearby cracks). The concrete stress distributions in between successive cracks, calculated for various crack spacings and load levels, are used to predict the formation of secondary cracks in between existing cracks. The maximum, minimum and the average crack spacing at a given load level are determined using the particular crack spacing that would produce a concrete tensile stress equal to the flexural strength of concrete. The resulting crack width at reinforcement level is determined as the relative difference in elastic extensions of steel and surrounding concrete. The accuracy of the present method is verified by comparing the predicted spacing and width of cracks with those measured by others. The analytical method presented in this thesis is subsequently used to investigate the effects of various variables on the spacing and width of cracks, and the results are presented. These results are used to select the set of parameters that has the most significant effect. A parametric study is then carried out by re-calculating the spacing and width of cracks for the selected parameters. Based on the results of this parametric study, new formulas are developed for the prediction of spacing and width of cracks. The accuracy of these formulas is ascertained by comparing the predicted values and those measured by other investigators on various types of beams under different load levels. The calculated stress distributions between successive cracks are also used to develop a new method of incorporating the tension stiffening effect in deflection calculation. First, curvature values at sections between adjacent cracks are determined under different load levels, using the concrete and steel stresses. These results are used to develop an empirical formula to determine the curvature at any section between adjacent cracks. To verify the accuracy of the new method, short-term deflections are calculated using the curvature values evaluated by the proposed formula for a number of beams, and the results are compared with those measured by others.
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Piyasena, Ratnamudigedara. "Crack Spacing, Crack Width and Tension Stiffening Effect in Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366060.

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An analytical method for determining the crack spacing and crack width in reinforced concrete beams and one-way slabs is presented in this thesis. The locations and the distribution of cracks developed in a loaded member are predicted using the calculated concrete stress distributions near flexural cracks. To determine the stresses, a concrete block bounded by top and bottom faces and two transverse sections of the beam is isolated and analysed by the finite element method. Two types of blocks are analysed. They are: (i) block adjacent to the first flexural crack, and (ii) block in between successive cracks. The calculated concrete stress distribution adjacent to the first flexural crack is used to predict the locations of primary cracks (cracks formed at sections where the stresses have not been influenced by nearby cracks). The concrete stress distributions in between successive cracks, calculated for various crack spacings and load levels, are used to predict the formation of secondary cracks in between existing cracks. The maximum, minimum and the average crack spacing at a given load level are determined using the particular crack spacing that would produce a concrete tensile stress equal to the flexural strength of concrete. The resulting crack width at reinforcement level is determined as the relative difference in elastic extensions of steel and surrounding concrete. The accuracy of the present method is verified by comparing the predicted spacing and width of cracks with those measured by others. The analytical method presented in this thesis is subsequently used to investigate the effects of various variables on the spacing and width of cracks, and the results are presented. These results are used to select the set of parameters that has the most significant effect. A parametric study is then carried out by re-calculating the spacing and width of cracks for the selected parameters. Based on the results of this parametric study, new formulas are developed for the prediction of spacing and width of cracks. The accuracy of these formulas is ascertained by comparing the predicted values and those measured by other investigators on various types of beams under different load levels. The calculated stress distributions between successive cracks are also used to develop a new method of incorporating the tension stiffening effect in deflection calculation. First, curvature values at sections between adjacent cracks are determined under different load levels, using the concrete and steel stresses. These results are used to develop an empirical formula to determine the curvature at any section between adjacent cracks. To verify the accuracy of the new method, short-term deflections are calculated using the curvature values evaluated by the proposed formula for a number of beams, and the results are compared with those measured by others.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
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Yang, Shangtong. "Concrete crack width under combined reinforcement corrosion and applied load." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/7145/.

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For reinforced concrete structures subjected to chlorides, carbon dioxide laden and other aggressive environments, corrosion of the reinforcing steel is seen as a global problem. Maintenance and repairs resulting primarily from premature concrete cracking and spalling have an estimated cost running to $100 billion per annum world-wide. The continual demands for greater load carrying capacity of existing infrastructure only exacerbate the problem. In practice, concrete crack width propagation is seen as one of the most important criteria for design and assessment of the long term serviceability of concrete structures. It is therefore economically beneficial to have a fundamental understanding of the growth of the crack width over time so that better informed decisions can be made regarding the carrying out of any repairs. This research attempts to examine the process of concrete cracking and determine the surface crack width of concrete structures under the combined effects of reinforcement corrosion and applied load in both an analytical and numerical manner. In the analytical method, a model for stiffness reduction of cracked concrete has been derived based on the concept of fracture energy and an analytical solution has been obtained. In the numerical method, an interfacial element has been developed to predict concrete crack width under combined effects based on a cohesive crack model in conjunction with finite element codes. To help accurate prediction of crack width in the numerical method, a realistic constitutive relationship for concrete under direct tension has been obtained from the laboratory experiments. It is concluded in this thesis that both the analytical and numerical methods are one of very few available theoretical methods that can predict with reasonable accuracy concrete crack width of reinforced concrete structures under the combined effects of reinforcement corrosion and applied load. This research focuses on concrete cracking caused by reinforcement corrosion and applied load without considering other factors, e.g., weathering, freeze-thaw and chemical attack. Both methods can be used as a tool to assess the serviceability of corrosion affected concrete infrastructure if reinforcement corrosion and applied load are the main causal factors of concrete cracking. For this type of concrete structures, therefore, scientific information can be provided for asset managers in decision making regarding possible interventions. Timely interventions have the potential to prolong the service life of reinforced concrete structures.
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KUNIEDA, Minoru, Keisuke KAWAMURA, Hikaru NAKAMURA, and Khoa K. TRAN. "QUANTITATIVELY EVALUATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION DUE TO REBAR CORROSION." 日本コンクリート工学会, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20926.

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Fredericks, Brandon. "Examination of flexural crack width prediction in concrete: comparison of analytical and numerical models." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32675.

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The reliability of crack prediction methods in concrete design plays a role in the degree of confidence with which durability can be ensured. Bond failure between concrete and the embedded reinforcing steel exposes the steel surface within a crack path. This relative slip results from differential tensile strain between concrete and steel that allows harmful ions to reach and then react along the rebar length. A reliable prediction method should therefore account for the loss of bond in crack propagation. Researchers question the significance of the role played by surface cracks in structural deterioration, therefore casting doubt on the need for exhaustive crack analysis. The applicable fundamental theory of cracking, namely non-slip or slip determines the steel exposure and therefore the likelihood of reduced structural service life attributable to crack behaviour. However, while cracks originate at the surface of reinforcement through bond failure, simultaneously a cover distance away no cracks could appear on the concrete tension surface or they could be twice to ten times the crack width at the rebar level. Due to the heterogeneous composition of concrete, some commentaries state it impossible to accurately predict crack widths. Design standards therefore provide estimates of maximum crack widths to a degree of probability. This study examines the methods available for predicting cracks on the tension surface and the degree to which this is indicative of weakened bond between concrete and reinforcement. In this examination, it will be seen that concrete has ductility due to tension softening behaviour. The addition of steel to the tension area transforms the fracture process zone problem to the definition of a bond-slip relationship. Bond stresses generated at the rebar perimeter define the analytical relationships in design codes. These stresses control crack width at the tension surface. Results from the analytical code-based models are compared for increasing section depths, bar sizes and maximum spacings in the tension zone. A significant variation in the predicted maximum crack width is observed for deeper members. For very large concrete sections, the analytical models appear to provide unreasonable crack width values. The analytical equations in design codes focus on the bond relationship and ignore the size effect of concrete inherent in its microstructure. The concentration of flaws increases in larger members; hence size effect would play a greater role. Numerical modelling for crack prediction is therefore recommended for crack analysis in larger concrete members.
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Malm, Richard. "Predicting shear type crack initiation and growth in concrete with non-linear finite element method." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10156.

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In this thesis, the possibility to numerically describing the behaviour that signifies shear type cracking in concrete is studied. Different means for describing cracking are evaluated where both methods proposed in design codes based on experiments and advanced finite element analyses with a non-linear material description are evaluated. It is shown that there is a large difference in the estimation of the crack width based on the calculation methods in design codes. The large difference occurs due to several of these methods do not account for shear friction in the crack face. The finite element method is an important tool for analysing the non-linear behaviour caused by cracking. It is especially of importance when combined with experimental investigations for evaluating load bearing capacity or establishing the structural health. It is shown that non-linear continuum material models can successfully be used to accurately describe the shear type cracking in concrete. A method based on plasticity and damage theory was shown to provide accurate estimations of the behaviour. The methods based on fracture mechanics with or without inclusion of damage theory, overestimated the stiffness after crack initiation considerably. The rotated crack approach of these methods gave less accurate descriptions of the crack pattern and underestimated the crack widths. After verification of the material model, realistic finite element models based on plasticity and damage theory are developed to analyse the cause for cracking in two large concrete structures. The Storfinnforsen hydropower buttress dam is evaluated where the seasonal temperature variation in combination with the water pressure have resulted in cracking. With the numerical model the cause for cracking can be explained and the crack pattern found in-situ is accurately simulated. The model is verified against measurements of variation in crest displacement and crack width with close agreement. The construction process of a balanced cantilever bridge, Gröndal Bridge, is numerically simulated and a rational explanation of the cause for cracking is presented. It is shown that large stresses and micro-cracks develop in the webs during construction, especially after tensioning the continuing tendons in the bottom flange. Further loads from temperature variation cause cracking in the webs that is in close agreement with the cracking found in-situ. The effect of strengthening performed on this bridge is also evaluated where the vertical Dywidag tendons so far seem to have been successful in stopping further crack propagation.
QC 20100730
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Ledvoňová, Monika. "Monitorování staveb v souvislosti s okolní stavební činností." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225735.

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This thesis deals with the monitoring of buildings disorders caused by surrounding con-struction activity. The first section describes the methods of monitoring failures, from the detailed inspection to the result evaluation, there is also given an overview of measuring instruments. The second part describes the methodology of passports implementation and contains an example of the object repassport that was violated by tunneling. There is a comparison of passport and repassport. The third largest section describes a practical ex-ample of monitoring object cracks around which the building activity took place. There is a documentation of failures, a description of the measuring spots choise, installation of the bases, monitoring, processing of results and conclusion.
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Bowen, Galo Emilio. "Service and Ultimate Limit State Flexural Behavior of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcing Bars." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23205.

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This paper presents results of an experimental investigation to study the structural performance and deformability of a concrete bridge deck reinforced with corrosion resistant reinforcing (CRR) bars, i.e., bars that exhibit improved corrosion resistance when embedded in concrete as compared to traditional black steel. Flexural tests of one-way slabs were conducted to simulate negative transverse flexure over a bridge girder as assumed in the commonly employed strip design method. The bar types studied were Grade 60 (uncoated), epoxy-coated reinforcing (ECR, Grade 60), Enduramet 32 stainless steel, 2304 stainless steel, MMFX2, and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). The experimental program was designed to evaluate how a one-to-one replacement of the Grade 60 with CRR, a reduction of concrete top clear cover, and a reduction in bar quantities in the bridge deck top mat influences flexural performance at service and ultimate limit states. Moment-curvature predictions from the computer-based sectional analysis program Response 2000 were consistent with the tested results, demonstrating its viability for use with high strength and non-metallic bar without a defined yield plateau.    
    Deformability of the concrete slab-strip specimens was defined with ultimate-to-service level ratios of midspan deflection and curvature. The MMFX2 and Enduramet 32 one-to-one replacement specimens had deformability consistent with the Grade 60 controls, demonstrating that bridge deck slabs employing high strength reinforcement without a defined yield plateau can still provide sufficient ductility at an ultimate limit state. A reduction in bar quantity and cover provided acceptable levels of ductility for the 2304 specimens and MMFX2 reinforced slabs.

Master of Science
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Tang, Denglei, and Denglei Tang@gmail com. "Influence of Chloride-induced corrosion cracks on the strength of reinforced concrete." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080530.091350.

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In marine environments and where de-icing salts are applied, the degradation of reinforced concrete structures due to chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcement is a major problem. The expansive nature of the corrosion process results in cracking of the concrete and eventually spalling. In order to select suitable remedial measures it is necessary to make an assessment of the residual strength and the residual life. In order to investigate the effect of corrosion on bond strength of the reinforcement, specimens comprising square prismatic sections containing steel reinforcement in the four corners have been subjected to a wet-dry cycle and corrosion has been accelerated by polarising the bars. The research has studied the change of bond strength with level of corrosion for 12 mm and 16 mm bars with concrete cover of 1 and 3 times the bar size. The bond strength is assessed by means of pull out tests and the corresponding extent of corrosion has been assessed in terms of the mass loss. Observations and measurements of the form of the corrosion (pit dimensions and loss of bar diameter) are also presented. The relationship between bond strength and surface crack width has been investigated. Results show that the surface crack width may be a good indicator of residual bond strength. In addition, the influence on bond strength of concrete compressive strength, reinforcement cover, bar position and bar size on the change of bond strength has been explored. It should be noted that all conclusions drawn in this project are based on tests on specimens without shear reinforcement (unconfined) and that accelerated corrosion (by impressed current) has been adopted. Consequently, care should be exercised in applying these results directly to structures in the field. Additional research is needed to assess the influence of impressed current on crack patterns and the effect of shear reinforcement.
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Feizi, Sedige, and Fateha Yasmin Khan. "Study of crack width within a suspended concrete slab with different amount of cement clinker considering lower climate impact." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222024.

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This master thesis investigates the possibility of using a concrete recipe with only 70 % cement clinker for a building project named Gretas Glänta, regarding the demands of cracking for a suspended slab. The requirement to fulfill was a maximum crack width of 0.2 mm due to drying shrinkage and long- term loading. The purpose of using a lower amount of cement clinker in the concrete mix is to reduce the climate impact from the concrete. The thesis considers material testing and modelling of different concrete recipes with variation of the amount of cement clinker. Fly ash was used as the alternative binder. A total of five concrete mixes was tested. One mix with 100% cement clinker was through laboratory testing compared to mixes with 85 % and 70 % cement clinker content. A concrete mix with only 50 % cement clinker was also tested, but this mix is today not allowed according to the concrete standards, but was included in the study to test different material properties of the fresh and hardened concrete. All concrete mixes were tested with the effectivity factor 1, except for the recipe with 70 % cement clinker, which was tested for effectivity factors of 1 and 0.4. The performed study showed that the concrete mix 4 with 70 % cement clinker and with the effectivity factor 0.4 reached the strength class C35/45 after 28 days and also fulfilled the specified requirement of a maximum crack width of 0.2 mm due to drying shrinkage and long-term loading. Water permeability test showed that the concrete mix with 70 % cement clinker and an effectivity factor of 0.4 was waterproof. The concrete mix 3 with 70 % cement clinker and the effectivity factor 1 reached a strength class C30/37. The concrete mix 1 with 100 % cement clinker obtained the highest strength class C50/60 and the mix 2 with 85 % cement clinker reached strength class C45/55. The concrete mix 5 with 50 % cement clinker reached the strength class C20/25 which is the lowest strength class among the tested recipes. All the concrete recipes seemed to be waterproof according to the water permeability test. A background description of carbon dioxide emission from concrete and cement production is presented in the report. Research about ongoing methods to minimize the emission from concrete and cement industry is also summarized. FE-modelling with the software FEM-design and analytical calculations were performed to investigate the crack width due to drying shrinkage and long-term loading for the slab, for concrete mix 2 with 85 % cement clinker with effectivity factor 1 and mixes 3 and 4 with 70 % cement clinker and effectivity factors of 1 and 0.4. The properties obtained from the laboratory tests were used in the modelling and analytical calculations. Results from FEM-design and analytical calculations showed that concrete mixes 3 and 4 with 70 % cement clinker and effectivity factors of 1 and 0.4, and the concrete mix 2 with 85 % cement clinker with effectivity factor 1, fulfilled the demand on crack width. The calculation was not performed for concrete mixes 1 and 5 with 100 % and 50 % cement clinker, respectively, because they were not to be used in the building project. The results from the performed study showed that concrete mix 4 with 70 % cement clinker and an effectivity factor of 0.4 can be used in the building project Gretas Glänta in order to lower the climate impact from the concrete.
Examensarbetet undersöker möjligheten att använda ett betongrecept med endast 70 % cementklinker för ett husbyggnadsprojekt kallat Gretas Glänta med hänsyn till krav på sprickbildning i en fribärande platta. Kravet som ska uppfyllas är en sprickvidd på max 0.2 mm med hänsyn till krympning och långtidsbelastning. Syftet med att använda en lägre andel cementklinker i betongblandningen är att minska klimatpåverkan från betongen. Examensarbetet består av materialförsök och konstruktionsteknisk modellering för olika betongrecept, där andelen cementklinker varieras. Flygaska användes som alternativt bindemedel. Totalt undersöktes fem betongmixer. En mix med 100 % cementklinker jämfördes genom laboratorietestning med motsvarigheter med 85 % och 70 % cementklinkerinnehåll. Ett betongrecept med 50 % cementklinker undersöktes också i detta examensarbete, trots att detta idag inte tillåts enligt betongstandarderna, men inkluderades i studien för att testa olika materialegenskaper i färskt och hårdnat tillstånd. Alla betongmixerna testades med effektivitetsfaktorn 1 förutom receptet med 70 % cementklinkerandel som testades för både 1 och 0.4 i effektivitetsfaktor. Den genomförda studien visade att betongmix 4 med 70 % cementklinker och med effektiviseringsfaktor 0.4 uppnådde hållfasthetsklass C35/45 efter 28 dagar och uppfyllde också angivet krav på maximal sprickbredd 0,2 mm med hänsyn till krympning och långtidslast. Vattenpermeabilitetstest visade att betongmixen med 70 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktor 0.4 var vattentätt. Betongmix 3 med 70 % cementklinker och effektivitetsfaktor 1 uppnådde hållfasthetsklass C30/37. Betongmix 1 med 100 % cementklinker erhöll den högsta hållfasthetsklassen C50/60 och betongmix 2 med 85 % cementklinker gav hållfasthetsklass C45/55. Betongmix 5 med 50 % cementklinker uppnådde hållfasthetsklass C20/25 vilket var den lägsta av de testade betongrecepten. Alla betongrecepten verkade ge vattentät betong enligt vattenpermeabilitetstest. En bakgrundsbeskrivning av koldioxidutsläpp från betong- och cementproduktion genomförs i rapporten. Forskning om pågående metoder för att minimera utsläppen från betong- och cementindustrin sammanfattas också. FE-modellering med programmet FEM-design och analytiska beräkningar utfördes för att undersöka sprickbredden med hänsyn till krympning och långtidslast för betongplattan för betongmix 2 med 85 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktor 1 och betongmixerna 3 och 4 med 70 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktorerna 1 och 0.4. Egenskaperna som erhölls i laboratorietesterna användes i modellerings och de analytiska beräkningarna. Resultat från FEM-design och analytiska beräkningarna visade att betongmixerna 3 och 4 med 70 % cementklinker med effektiviseringsfaktorerna 1 och 0.4 och betongmix 2 med 85 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktor 1 uppfyllde kravet på sprickbredd. Beräkningen utfördes inte för betongmixerna 1 och 5 med 100 % cementklinker och 50 % cementklinker då de inte var aktuella för att användas i bostadsprojektet. Resultaten från den genomförda studien visade att betongmix 4 med 70% cementklinker och med en effektivitetsfaktor 0.4 kan användas i husbyggnadsprojektet Gretas Glänta för att sänka klimatpåverkan från betongen.
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Books on the topic "Crack width"

1

I married a crack head: Living with crack cocaine. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2012.

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Judi Dench: With a crack in her voice. Rearsby: W F Howes, 2007.

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Hoeven, W. van der. The effect of fatigue crack length on the residual strength of ARALL3 panels with fingertip doublers. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1994.

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Falling through the cracks: Psychodynamic practice with vulnerable and oppressed populations. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

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John, Miller. Judi Dench: With a crack in her voice : the biography. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998.

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Judi Dench: With a crack in her voice : the biography. London: Orion, 2003.

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Gairdner, William D. Constitutional crack-up: Canada and the coming showdown with Quebec. Toronto: Stoddart, 1994.

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Judi Dench: With a crack in her voice : the biography. 5th ed. London: Orion, 2000.

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T, Dominick Joseph, and Wecht Cyril H. 1931-, eds. Crime scene investigation: Crack the case with real-life experts. Pleasantville, N.Y: Reader's Digest, 2004.

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Camrud, Madelyn Roeder. This house is filled with cracks: Poems. Minneapolis, MN: New Rivers Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crack width"

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Cervenka, Vladimir, Jana Markova, Jan Mlcoch, Alejandro Perez Caldentey, Tereza Sajdlova, and Miroslav Sykora. "Uncertainties of Crack Width Models." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, 1653–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_190.

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Stang, Henrik. "Prediction of Crack Width in Conventionally Reinforced FRC." In Brittle Matrix Composites 3, 193–203. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3646-4_21.

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Markova, J., and M. Sykora. "Uncertainties in crack width verification of reinforced concrete structures." In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 2433–38. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-368.

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Terjesen, O., T. Kanstad, and R. Tan. "Application of NLFEA for crack width calculations in SLS." In Computational Modelling of Concrete and Concrete Structures, 246–54. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003316404-30.

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Takasago, Shugo, Toshiyuki Kanakubo, and Hiroya Kobayashi. "Crack Width Evaluation of DFRCC Members Reinforced with Braided AFRP Bar." In RILEM Bookseries, 156–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15805-6_17.

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Cai, Wei, Anguo Dong, and Xianyan Zhang. "Crack Width Detection of the Concrete Surfaced Based on Images." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 625–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25541-0_79.

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Ridley, I., M. Shehzad, J. Forth, N. Nikitas, A. Elwakeel, K. Elkhoury, R. Vollum, and B. Izzuddin. "Experimental assessment of crack width estimations in international design codes." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 1255–60. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-204.

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McLeod, C., C. Viljoen, and J. Retief. "Quantification of model uncertainty of EN1992 crack width prediction model." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 1349–54. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-221.

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Ridley, I., M. Shehzad, J. Forth, N. Nikitas, A. Elwakeel, K. Elkhoury, R. Vollum, and B. Izzuddin. "Experimental assessment of crack width estimations in international design codes." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 433–34. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-204.

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Zheng, Jia Jin, Xin Zhu Zhou, and Shi Lang Xu. "Prediction of Crack Width of Chloride Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures." In Environmental Ecology and Technology of Concrete, 610–17. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-983-0.610.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crack width"

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"Engineered Cementitious Composites for Improved Crack-Width Control of FRC Beams – A Review." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700856.

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"A Model to Predict the Crack Width of FRC Members Reinforced with Longitudinal Bars." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700851.

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"Effectiveness of Macro Synthetic Fibers to Control Cracking in Composite Metal Decks." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700852.

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"A Probabilistic Explicit Cracking Model for SFRC Structures." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700858.

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"Tailoring a New Restrained Shrinkage Test for Fiber Reinforced Concrete." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700854.

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"Toughening of Cement Composites with Wollastonite Micro-Fibers." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700859.

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"Reduction of Water Inflow by Controlling Cracks in FRC Tunnel Segments." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700855.

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"Reduction of Crack Widths in Steel Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks with Fiber Addition." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700850.

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"Conventional and Unconventional Approaches for the Evaluation of Crack Width in FRC Structures." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700853.

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"Repeatability of Self-Healing in Fiber Reinforced Concretes with and without Crystalline Admixtures: Preliminary Results." In SP-319: Reduction of Crack Width with Fiber. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700860.

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Reports on the topic "Crack width"

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BLACK, D. G. Crack Width Analysis of Floor Slabs from Hyster 550 FS Lift Truck with 55 Kip Pay Load. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/812310.

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Altan, B., and A. C. Eringen. Interactions of Four Edge Dislocations with Crack. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201408.

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Delwiche, Michael, Yael Edan, and Yoav Sarig. An Inspection System for Sorting Fruit with Machine Vision. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7612831.bard.

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Concepts for real-time grading of fruits and vegetables were developed, including multi-spectral imaging with structured illumination to detect and distinguish surface defects from concavities. Based on these concepts, a single-lane conveyor and inspection system were designed and evaluated. Image processing algorithms were developed to inspect and grade large quasi-spherical fruits (peaches and apples) and smaller dried fruits (dates). Adjusting defect pixel thresholds to achieve a 25% error rate on good apples, classification errors for bruise, crack, and cut classes were 51%, 42%, and 46%, respectively. Comparable results for bruise, scar, and cut peach clases were 48%, 22%, and 58%, respectively. Acquiring more than two images of each fruit and using more than six lines of structured illumination per fruit would reduce sorting errors. Doing so, potential sorting error rates for bruise, crack, and cut apple classes were estimated to be 38%, 38%, and 33%, respectively. Similarly, potential error rates for the bruitse, scar, and cut peach classes were 9%, 3%, and 30%, respectively. Date size classification results were good: 68% within one size class and 98% within two size classes. Date quality classification results were not adequate due to the problem of blistering. Improved features were discussed. The most significant contribution of this research was the on-going collaboration with producers and equipment manufacturers, and the resulting transfer of research ideas to expedite the commercial application of machine vision for postharvest inspection and grading of agricultural products.
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Roesler, Jeffery, Roberto Montemayor, John DeSantis, and Prakhar Gupta. Evaluation of Premature Cracking in Urban Concrete Pavement. Illinois Center for Transportation, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-001.

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This study investigated the causes for premature, transverse cracking on urban jointed plain concrete pavements in Illinois. A field survey of 67 sections throughout Illinois coupled with ultrasonic evaluation was completed to synthesize the extent of premature cracking on urban JPCP. The visual survey showed some transverse and longitudinal cracks were a result of improper slab geometry (excessive slab length and width). Ultrasonic tests over the contraction joints determined some notched joints had not activated and adjacent transverse cracks were likely formed as a result. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses confirmed that cracking would not develop as a result of normal environmental factors and slab-base frictional restraint. The concrete mixture also did not appear to be a contributing factor to the premature cracks. Finally, the lack of lubrication on dowel bars was determined to potentially be a primary mechanism that could restrain the transverse contraction joints, produce excessive tensile stresses in the slab, and cause premature transverse cracks to develop.
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Lippert, David, Marshall Thompson, and Charles Wienrank. Performance of Interstate Rubblization in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-005.

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In Illinois, hot-mix asphalt overlaid concrete pavements typically exhibit reflective cracking of joints and cracks from the pavement below, resulting in shortened life and maintenance issues. Over the years, various patching, fabric, and crack and seat techniques were attempted with few positive results. This led to more aggressive techniques to eliminate the slab action of the concrete pavement where the pavement would be broken or rubblized into pieces typically less than 12 inches. Since the first rubblizing project in 1990, policy, procedures, and specifications have evolved to the point that rubblization is the mainstream option in dealing with problematic concrete pavements. This report summarizes the performance of several interstate rubblizing projects in Illinois by analyzing available data in Illinois Department of Transportation’s pavement management system. Condition rating survey data allowed the serviceability of these projects to be evaluated by surface mix types and asphalt performance grades. Traffic in the form of 18,000 lb equivalent single axle loads was determined for the projects to evaluate fatigue and rutting as well as compare section performance to the design procedure. The research team reviewed plans, design procedures, and specifications to determine best practices and identify where improvements might be made. Data showed that the use of stone matrix asphalt surface mixtures and mixes using PGXX-28 asphalt binders provides improved performance. Overall, rubblizing has shown good to excellent performance. To provide additional life with improved performance, recommendations include adopting softer asphalt grades, increasing the use of stone matrix asphalt, and improving procedures for protecting culverts.
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Wu, Chien H. Eshelby Forces Associated with an Advancing Crack Surrounded by Vanishingly Small Inhomogeneity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238811.

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Kapp, J. A. Wide Range Stress Intensity Factor and Crack-Mouth-Opening Displacement Expressions Suitable for Short Crack Fracture Testing with Arc Bend-Chord Suppport Samples. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada218395.

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Kachanov, Mark. Stress Analysis in Elastic Solids with Many Cracks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada189015.

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Yan, Yujie, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Automated Damage Assessment and Structural Modeling of Bridges with Visual Sensing Technology. Northeastern University, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20410114.

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Recent advances in visual sensing technology have gained much attention in the field of bridge inspection and management. Coupled with advanced robotic systems, state-of-the-art visual sensors can be used to obtain accurate documentation of bridges without the need for any special equipment or traffic closure. The captured visual sensor data can be post-processed to gather meaningful information for the bridge structures and hence to support bridge inspection and management. However, state-of-the-practice data postprocessing approaches require substantial manual operations, which can be time-consuming and expensive. The main objective of this study is to develop methods and algorithms to automate the post-processing of the visual sensor data towards the extraction of three main categories of information: 1) object information such as object identity, shapes, and spatial relationships - a novel heuristic-based method is proposed to automate the detection and recognition of main structural elements of steel girder bridges in both terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based laser scanning data. Domain knowledge on the geometric and topological constraints of the structural elements is modeled and utilized as heuristics to guide the search as well as to reject erroneous detection results. 2) structural damage information, such as damage locations and quantities - to support the assessment of damage associated with small deformations, an advanced crack assessment method is proposed to enable automated detection and quantification of concrete cracks in critical structural elements based on UAV-based visual sensor data. In terms of damage associated with large deformations, based on the surface normal-based method proposed in Guldur et al. (2014), a new algorithm is developed to enhance the robustness of damage assessment for structural elements with curved surfaces. 3) three-dimensional volumetric models - the object information extracted from the laser scanning data is exploited to create a complete geometric representation for each structural element. In addition, mesh generation algorithms are developed to automatically convert the geometric representations into conformal all-hexahedron finite element meshes, which can be finally assembled to create a finite element model of the entire bridge. To validate the effectiveness of the developed methods and algorithms, several field data collections have been conducted to collect both the visual sensor data and the physical measurements from experimental specimens and in-service bridges. The data were collected using both terrestrial laser scanners combined with images, and laser scanners and cameras mounted to unmanned aerial vehicles.
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Wendelberger, James, Elizabeth Kelly, Kimberly Kaufeld, Michael Martinez-Rodriguez, and Emmanual Perez. Automatic Potential Crack Identification from Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) Data with Software Demonstration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1766954.

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