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Abdullayev, Anar. "The Correlation Between the Foramen Magnum Dimensions and the Main Craniometric Data of the Skull." Traumatology and Orthopаedics of Kazakhstan 72, no. 2 (2024): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52889/1684-9280-2024-2-72-25-32.
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The purpose of the study was to study the correlation between the length and width of the foramen magnum and the craniometric data of the skull. Methods. The research material consisted of 200 skulls. There were 20 skulls of adolescence age, I adulthood age 68, II adulthood age 72, and elderly age 40. In total, there were 86 male skulls and 114 female skulls. Foramen magnum length is measured as the mid-sagittal distance from the most anterior point on the foramen magnum to opisthion. Foramen magnum breadth is gauged between the lateral margins of the foramen magnum at the point of greatest lateral curvature. A non-parametric ρ-Spearman's rank correlation was used in the study. Results. A correlation between the foramen magnum length and foramen magnum breadth is identified (r=0.479, P<0.001).The foramen magnum length positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital height, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, frontal chord, biasterionic breadth, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. The foramen magnum breadth positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, maxilla-alveolar breadth, maxilla-alveolar length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, nasal height, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital heights, biorbital breadth, frontal chord, parietal chord, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. Conclusion. The fact that the length and breadth of the foramen magnum positively correlate with many basic craniometric indicators allows us to regard the foramen itself, or rather, the structures limiting it, as quite stable.
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Chijioke Mmadueke Okeke and Ukoha Ukoha. "Analysis of craniofacial indices of dry crania in Southeast and Southsouth Nigeria." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 27, no. 1 (2024): 035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.27.1.0111.
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Objective: To determine the cranial index, upper facial index and frontal index of dry human crania in Nigeria. Methods: A total of 150 dry adult male crania were studied in two geopolitical zones (Southeast and Southsouth) in Nigeria. Measurements were taken with spreading caliper and Vernier caliper. The following variables were measured: Maximum cranial length (MCL, g-op), Maximum cranial breadth (MCB, eu-eu), Minimum frontal breadth (MFB, ft–ft), Upper facial height (UFH, n-pr) and Bizygomatic breadth (BZB, zy-zy). From these variables, cranial index (CI), frontal index (FI) and upper facial index (UFI) were calculated. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Result: In the Southeast group, the values of MCL, MCB, BZB, UFH and MFB (in mm) were 181.4 (±10.3), 135.3 (±6.7), 135.3 (±6.0), 68.0 (±4.1) and 97.9 (±7.4) respectively. In the Southsouth group, the values of MCL, MCB, BZB, UFH and MFB (in mm) were 180.0 (±7.8), 133.9 (±6.7), 135.0 (±7.2), 67.5 (±6.6), and 98.1 (±4.9) respectively. There was no significant difference in these means between the Southeast and Southsouth groups. In the Southeast group, the mean values of CI, FI and UFI (in %) were 75.1 (±5.9), 72.7 (±5.9), and 50.5 (±3.4) respectively. In the Southsouth group the mean values of CI, FI and UFI (in %) were 74.5 (±4.0), 73.3 (±3.6) and 50.0 (±4.4) respectively. There was no significant difference in the means of the cranial indices among the two groups. Conclusion: The crania in the southern part of Nigeria are dolichocephalic, eurymetopia and mesene type.
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Chijioke, Mmadueke Okeke, and Ukoha Ukoha. "Analysis of craniofacial indices of dry crania in Southeast and Southsouth Nigeria." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 27, no. 1 (2024): 035–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11955147.
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<strong>Objective</strong>: To determine the cranial index, upper facial index and frontal index of dry human crania in Nigeria. <strong>Methods</strong>: A total of 150 dry adult male crania were studied in two geopolitical zones (Southeast and Southsouth) in Nigeria. Measurements were taken with spreading caliper and Vernier caliper. The following variables were measured: Maximum cranial length (MCL, g-op), Maximum cranial breadth (MCB, eu-eu), Minimum frontal breadth (MFB, ft–ft), Upper facial height (UFH, n-pr) and Bizygomatic breadth (BZB, zy-zy). From these variables, cranial index (CI), frontal index (FI) and upper facial index (UFI) were calculated. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). <strong>Result</strong>: In the Southeast group, the values of MCL, MCB, BZB, UFH and MFB (in mm) were 181.4 (±10.3), 135.3 (±6.7), 135.3 (±6.0), 68.0 (±4.1) and 97.9 (±7.4) respectively. In the Southsouth group, the values of MCL, MCB, BZB, UFH and MFB (in mm) were 180.0 (±7.8), 133.9 (±6.7), 135.0 (±7.2), 67.5 (±6.6), and 98.1 (±4.9) respectively. There was no significant difference in these means between the Southeast and Southsouth groups. In the Southeast group, the mean values of CI, FI and UFI (in %) were 75.1 (±5.9), 72.7 (±5.9), and 50.5 (±3.4) respectively. In the Southsouth group the mean values of CI, FI and UFI (in %) were 74.5 (±4.0), 73.3 (±3.6) and 50.0 (±4.4) respectively. There was no significant difference in the means of the cranial indices among the two groups. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The crania in the southern part of Nigeria are dolichocephalic, eurymetopia and mesene type.
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Kumar, Pankaj, and Sadakat Ali. "A study on morphometry of cranium and its index in dry human skulls of north India." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 11, no. 2 (2024): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.020.
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Cranial indices, derived from skull measurements, are fundamental tools in cranial anthropometry. Establishing standard values for these indices is crucial for anatomists and craniofacial surgeons performing cranial reconstructions. This study aimed to establish baseline data on cranial morphology and calculate cranial indices. One hundred dry skulls of unknown sex were measured in the Department of Anatomy at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun. Cranial length and breadth were measured, and the cranial index was calculated. Cranial types were also classified. The mean cranial length was 190.90 mm, with a mean breadth of 139.40 mm. The cranial index was 73.03. Mesocranic (48%) and dolichocranic (42%) skulls were the most prevalent, while brachycranic (8%) and hyper-brachycranic (2%) skulls were less common. This study provides baseline data on cranial morphometry in an unknown population sample. The results suggest a predominance of mesocranic and dolichocranic head shapes.
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Lopez Capp, Thais Torralbo, Luiz Airton Saavedra de Paiva, Marcio Yara Buscatti, Edgard Michel Crosato, and Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic. "Sex estimation of Brazilian skulls using discriminant analysis of cranial measurements." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (2021): e266101018760. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18760.
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The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cranial measurements for estimation of sex in the Brazilian population and develop discriminant formulas with a reference table to be used as a reference on Brazilian Forensic Anthropology studies. The total sample was comprised of 100 skulls from an osteological collection and 200 computed tomography. The measure’s protocol comprised 51 cranial measurements and it was based on 29 cranial landmarks. The results of the univariate comparison of cranial measurements showed a higher mean for male skulls, except for the following variables: zygoorbital breadth (diff=-2.21), interorbital breadth (diff=-0.72), nasal breadth (diff=-0.19) and palatal breadth (diff=-0.01). The paired test t analysis showed that the variables with the highest sexual dimorphism were maximum cranial length (p<0.001), Basion-Bregma height (p<0.001), cranial base length (p<0.001), nasal height (p<0.001), bizigomatic breadth (p<0.001), left Porion-Mastoidale length (p<0.001), right Asterion-Mastoidale length (p<0.001), right (p<0.001) and left (p<0.001) mastoid length. The multivariate discriminant analysis of the cranial measurements of the Brazilian sample showed a percentage of accuracy between 82-90%. The analysis of the metric variables showed that there is sexual dimorphism between skulls in the sample. The regression formulas and the reference table presented satisfactory results for sex estimation in a Brazilian population. The validation process of the discriminant functions and the reference table showed a percentage of accuracy between-74.2-85.7% The analysis of the metric variables showed that there is sexual dimorphism between skulls of the analyzed sample.
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Gollapalli, Shashi Bhushan. "A study to estimate the cranial capacity in 100 dry human skull bones." Medpulse International Journal of Anatomy 19, no. 1 (2021): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10011914.
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Background: Craniometry is the scientific measurement of the skull useful for anthropometry and forensic practice. Cranial index variations between and within population have been attributed to a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The morphometric and non-morphometric studies of human skulls are very helpful for identification of the sex and age by anthropologist and forensic practice. Cranial dimensions and Cranial indices are considered as simplest and most efficient way to indicate facial differences. Materials and Methods: The present study will constitute 100 dried adult skulls belonging to both sexes available in the department of anatomy and forensic medicine RRMC and H, MS Ramaiah medical college and Sapthagiri medical college, Bangalore. Results: The mean cranial index of the skulls were 76.989 which classifies them under mesocephalic type and we find a significant correlation between the cranial index and the length height and breadth height index with the p value coming below 0.001. Conclusion: The mean, SD of all the parameters to calculate is mentioned in table 1. The mean cranial index is 76.989 with the standard deviation of 5.8775, that of length height index was 76.991 with SD of 4.4615 And that of breadth height index was 100.268 with SD of 5.4350. There is a significant correlation between the cranial index, the length height and breadth height indices. With a correlation value of 0.681 for length height index and -0.635 for breadth height index. Both had a p value <0.001.
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Baláž, Ivan, Filip Tulis, and Michal Ševčík. "Biometric Analysis of Cranial and Somatic Features in the Pannonian Root Vole." Animals 11, no. 2 (2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020576.
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The Pannonian root vole Alexandromys oeconomus ssp. mehelyi represents a rare glacial relict, whose occurrence is nowadays bound to several areas in Europe. Four somatic and 25 craniological features were analysed, based on 355 measured specimens. Sex is a significant factor affecting the average value of all four somatic features, where all of them achieve higher values in males than in females. While body length and tail length were also affected by seasons, body weight and the length of the hind foot were stable features present across the seasons. In cranial features, the largest variability in the adult population is characterised by neurocranium breadth (LaN), total length of the cranial base (LB), and skull (LCr); whereas the smallest variability of the cranial dimensions is reflected in the values of the greatest palatal breadth (PS) and postorbital breadth (Io). Calculating the weight from cranial remains may be used to estimate the size of the prey and to determine vole biomass consumed by predators, such as raptors, highlighting the utility of studying feeding ecology.
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Waltenberger, Lukas, Stefan Lettner, Anton Dobsak, Martin Dockner, Lena Hirtler, and Stefan Tangl. "Sexual Dimorphism of the Lateral Angle of the Petrous Bone in Children: Growth Patterns and the Influence of Cranial Width." Biology 14, no. 6 (2025): 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14060628.
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Background: The lateral angle of the internal acoustic meatus of the petrous bone is a sexually dimorphic feature used for sex determination, particularly in fragmented or cremated remains. However, studies show conflicting results regarding its accuracy, and the reasons for its dimorphism remain unclear. The aim of this study is to analyze sexual dimorphism in subadult individuals and to examine the association of the lateral angle with cranial breadth as an explanation for its sexual dimorphism, as well as interpopulation differences. Methods: We measured the lateral angle and biauricular breadth in 204 individuals (birth to 30 years) using CT scans from Austrian 19th-century anatomical collections and data from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database. Results: This study revealed that the sexual dimorphism of the lateral angle and cranial dimensions manifests during puberty, along with a strong association between the lateral angle and the biauricular breadth. Additionally, this study noted interpopulation variability in cranial breadth, with different levels of sexual dimorphism observed across diverse populations. Conclusions: The findings offer a potential explanation for the observed variability in lateral angle measurements across studies and the limitations of universal cut-off points as a sex-determination method in osteology.
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Khan, Mohammad Afzal, Muhammad Naeem Chaudhry, and Faris Mohammed Nour Altaf. "CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 08 (2015): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.08.1151.
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Human body exhibits regular age, sex and race dependent proportions amongstits various segments relative to its height. Knowledge of the cranial morphometry is importantfrom clinical and forensic view point. The stature of a person being genetically predeterminedis an inherent characteristic, the estimation of which is considered to be important assessmentin identification of human remains. Norms of regression formulae for calculation of height arerequired for different populations. Objectives: To document norms for cranial dimensions andpresent linear regression formulae for stature prediction in adult male and female populationof Southern Punjab. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted at the MultanMedical and Dental College, Multan and took about fourteen months to complete. Materialand methods: The study was conducted on 672 adult individuals (430 males and 242 females)from in and around the city of Multan in Punjab. Measurements of the head including maximumcranial length (glabella-inion length), maximum cranial breadth (maximum bi-parietal diameter)and maximum auricular head height were taken. Results were expressed as mean ± SD.Height was measured in standing anatomical position. Correlation coefficient of Pearsonwas used to find the relationship between various cranial dimensions using which the linearregression formulae to predict the stature were derived. Results: The mean height of the studypopulation was found to be significantly different between genders. The males appeared tobe considerably taller than females. The mean cranial length, cranial breadth and auricularhead height the measurements were larger significantly in the males as compared to females.Pearson’s correlation coefficient between stature and cranial measurements was found to behighly positive for both sexes. Linear regression formulae to predict the stature from the cranialdimensions were derived. Conclusion: The study is conducted to document norms for cranialdimensions and it presented gender specific linear regression models for stature prediction inadult South Punjab population.
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Prabha J, Ratna, and Uday Kumar. "Correlative Study of Length and Breadth of Mastoid Process with Cranial Index in North Karnataka Crania." Indian Journal of Anatomy 8, no. 2 (2019): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.8219.7.
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Demuth, J., M. Hromada, A. Krawczyk, A. Malecha, M. Tobolka, and P. Tryjanowski. "Cranial lesions caused by helminth parasites and morphological traits in the European polecat Mustela putorius." Helminthologia 46, no. 2 (2009): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0017-8.
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AbstractWe investigated the occurrence of cranial lesions caused by helminth parasites in the European polecat Mustela putorius in a museum collection in Slovakia. Selected traits of polecat body morphology and condition were studied with respect to the prevalence of the parasites, and number and extent of helminth-caused lesions in crania of 183 adult polecats. The trematode Troglotrema acutum was identified as the parasitic agent (prevalence 62.6 %), with a strong relationship between number of lesions and extent of cranial damage (surface of cranium). Prevalence of infection did not differ significantly between sexes (68.9 % in females, 51.1 % in males). Females with lesions by Troglotrema acutum have significantly greater braincase breadth than uninfected ones. Among males, infected individuals were generally significantly heavier and larger than uninfected individuals. Therefore, contrary to assumptions, it seems that parasites did not influence significantly body measurements of the animals, and differences are probably rather a result of an intra-sample age variation among infected polecats (older individuals are bigger, more probably infected and damage is more pronounced).
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Abdullayev, Anar. "The sphenofrontal suture: Age, gender characteristics, and correlation with craniometric parameters." Traumatology and Orthopаedics of Kazakhstan 75, no. 4 (2024): 4–11. https://doi.org/10.52889/1684-9280-2024-4-75.
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The purpose of the study was to study the length of the sphenofrontal suture in age and gender aspects, as well as its correlation with craniometric parameters. Methods. The research material consisted of 200 skulls. There were 20 skulls of adolescence age, I adulthood age 68, II adulthood age 72, and elderly age 40. In total, there were 86 male skulls and 114 female skulls. The statistical significance of the difference between the groups' indicators was assessed by the Student-Bonferroni t-test, F-Fisher tests, nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test, and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H-test. A non-parametric ρ-Spearman's rank correlation was used in the study. Results. Analysis of male skulls by age did not reveal a statistically significant difference for the length of the left sphenofrontal suture (PF = 0.177; PH = 0.142). Also, on male skulls, the length of the right sphenofrontal suture values did not have a statistically significant difference (PF = 0.916; PH = 0.936). On female skulls, the value of the studied parameter also did not differ statistically across age periods: for the left sphenofrontal suture (PF = 0.643; PH = 0.688) and for the right sphenofrontal suture (PF = 0.956; PH = 0.880). The left sphenofrontal suture’s length differed statistically significantly between male and female skulls only in adulthood age II (PF < 0.001; PU < 0.001). The length of the left sphenofrontal suture had a statistically significant direct correlation with a large number of craniometric parameters (maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, maximum cranial breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, maxilla-alveolar breadth, minimum frontal breadth, upper facial breadth, nasal height, nasal breadth, left orbital height, right orbital height, parietal chord, mastoid height and biasterionic breadth). The length of the right sphenofrontal suture was statistically significantly directly correlated with cranial base length, left orbital height, right orbital height, parietal chord, and biasterionic breadth. Conclusion. Considering that isolated premature synostosis of the sphenofrontal suture has been increasingly identified in clinical practice in recent years, study is of not only theoretical but also practical interest. Key words: sphenofrontal suture, a non-parametric ρ-Spearman's rank correlation, male skulls, female skulls, craniometric parameters
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Dutta, Kanta Sree, Md Ashrafuzzaman, Pratik Chowdhury, and Sharmista Bhattacharjee. "Comparative Study of Cranial Measurement between Bengali and Manipuri Adult Male." Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 19, no. 2 (2021): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.3329/bja.v19i2.78338.
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Background: Present research work focuses to identify the differences of cranial measurements among two ethnic groups, Bengali and Manipuri male, based on different cranial parameters. This study can provide the basic framework for formulating standards of the cranial dimensions and indices for Bengali and Manipuri male. Materials and methods: The study was cross sectional in nature with some analytical component, carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, from July 2016 to June 2017. Two cranial variables were measured by physical procedure and one index was calculated from the measured values on 100 Bengali male and 100 Manipuri male, aged between18 to 50 years. All collecting data were analyzed by SPSS-20 using unpaired student ‘t’ test. Results: This study showed that mean maximum cranial length of Bengali and Manipuri were 19.09 ±1.05cm and 19.08 ±.92cm respectively; mean maximum cranial breadth were 15.08±.61cm and 15.82±.57cm respectively, and mean cephalic indices were 79.20 ± 4.64 and 83.01± 2.67 respectively. Bengali (44%) and Manipuri (42%) had very long type of head based on maximum cranial length. Based on maximum cranial breadth 71% of Bengali had medium head and 65% of Manipuri had broad type of head. Bengali had dolichocephalic (37%) and mesocephalic head (37%) whereas Manipuri had brachycephalic head (66%). Conclusion: This study provided some base line data for comparative evaluation of cranial measurements between Bengali and Manipuri adult male. Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2021, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 43-48
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Hartová-Nentvichová, Martina, Miloš Anděra, and Vlastimil Hart. "Cranial ontogenetic variability, sex ratio and age structure of the Red fox." Open Life Sciences 5, no. 6 (2010): 894–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0093-2.
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AbstractDescribing the sex ratio, age structure of the population and ontogenetic variability of Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Canidae, Carnivora) skull parameters, this study is based on 416 male and 289 female skulls collected in the Czech Republic. The skulls analysed came from feral individuals, that were shot by hunters. The male to female ratio was 1:0.69 regarding the whole population. Individuals younger than one year prevailed in the population (54% males, 48% females were in their first year of life). Four growth patterns of skull dimensions were described. The first group included mainly skull length dimensions (e.g. condylobasal length). They grew rapidly until the sixth month of life, becoming stabilised afterwards. The second group comprised parameters that were stable throughout the life (e.g. cheek tooth rows). Measurements representing the third growth pattern showed continual growth (mainly width dimensions, e.g. zygomatic breadth). Conversely, smaller dimensions of postorbital breadth were observed after the sixth month of life. Postorbital breadth represented the fourth growth pattern. It was concluded, that male and female Red foxes had similar ontogenetic skull development, even though there were some differences, e.g. in jugular breadth, which increased after the age of six months in males unlike in females.
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Kaithackal, Jameskutty Baby Jacob, Anne George, and Renju Raveendran. "Study on Human Cranial Index with its Sex Difference from Central Kerala." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 4 (2021): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v12i4.33136.
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Background: Cranial index, primarily used as an indicator of race had been studied by various workers in view of its morphometric difference in sex prediliction. Hence it would be useful to identify sex of an individual from skeletal remains. Similar studies from our geographic region, if at all present might be very few.
 Aims and Objective: Based on maximum breadth and length of skull the study aimed at whether there was any statistically significant difference in the cranial index of male and female.
 Materials and Methods: We used 96 dry,intact skulls preserved in the departments of Forensic Medicine and Anatomy of various Medical Colleges in Kottayam, Ernakulam, Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala state, India. Skull typed as male or female by observation method was measured for its maximum breadth andlength, cranial index derived and the data was entered against corresponding serial number. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software.
 Results: The mean percentage values of cranial index for female and male were respectively 77.68±4.53 and 73.71±4.05 with the p-value noted as 0.0001from their ranks determined by Mann- Whitney U test whichshowed statistically significant difference in cranial index of the two sexes. Literature could reveal similar results in studies conducted by other authors.
 Conclusion: Hence this morphometric study proved that it is valuable to include the application of cranial index in the identification procedure of skeletal remains. Further metric studies in this field are needed with a wider usage of other indices.
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Cheronet, Olivia, John A. Finarelli, and Ron Pinhasi. "Morphological change in cranial shape following the transition to agriculture across western Eurasia." Scientific Reports 6 (September 13, 2016): 33316. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33316.
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The Neolithic transition brought about fundamental social, dietary and behavioural changes in human populations, which, in turn, impacted skeletal morphology. Crania are shaped through diverse genetic, ontogenetic and environmental factors, reflecting various elements of an individual’s life. To determine the transition’s effect on cranial morphology, we investigated its potential impact on the face and vault, two elements potentially responding to different influences. Three datasets from geographically distant regions (Ukraine, Iberia, and the Levant plus Anatolia) were analysed. Craniometric measurements were used to compare the morphology of pre-transition populations with that of agricultural populations. The Neolithic transition corresponds to a statistically significant increase only in cranial breadth of the Ukrainian vaults, while facial morphology shows no consistent transformations, despite expected changes related to the modification of masticatory behaviour. The broadening of Ukrainian vaults may be attributable to dietary and/or social changes. However, the lack of change observed in the other geographical regions and the lack of consistent change in facial morphology are surprising. Although the transition from foraging to farming is a process that took place repeatedly across the globe, different characteristics of transitions seem responsible for idiosyncratic responses in cranial morphology.
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Campus, Guglielmo, Giuliana Solinas, Marco Dettori, Antonella Arghittu, and Paolo Castiglia. "Cranial Affinity among Chronological Populations in Sardinia, Italy: Biometric Insights for Orthodontic Purposes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (2023): 11418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011418.
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Since human skulls may be used as a benchmark of the evolutionary process, the aim of the present study is to assess the cranial affinity of Sardinian populations from different chronological periods, with a standard index to evaluate its benefits for orthodontic purposes. Craniometric variables from four throughout cephalograms (anterior and lateral) of 72 units from historical Sardinian populations, two prehistoric, one medieval, and one modern were compared to the Bolton standard. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for means comparison. A hierarchical cluster analysis and the bootstrap technique for the reliability of the dendrogram were used. Length data revealed statistically significant results (p < 0.01). Usually, the medieval population showed higher mean values compared to the other groups; the prehistoric population presented the highest value of Euclidean distance when compared to the medieval; the modern showed no affinity to prehistoric populations nor to the Bolton standard. The length and the breadth of the neurocranium, maxillary–alveolar length, orbital height, maximum cranial breadth, and external palate breadth contributed to the dissimilarity among populations. The dissimilarities in the craniometric measurements of Sardinian populations are remarkable. Therefore, the main outcome showed that the craniometric standards of the Bolton standard are not applicable across the Sardinian population.
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Khan, Mohammad Afzal, Muhammad Naeem Chaudhry, and Faris Mohammed Nour Altaf. "A CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 09 (2015): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.09.1137.
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Background: Morphological characteristics of various races and populationgroups usually appear in geographical knots and clusters. Standardized cephalometricrecordsare immensely valuable for clinical and forensic purposes.In spite of its clinical significance nodata is available about the cephalic indices and prevalence of cephalic phenotypes in SouthernPunjab. Objectives: This study was undertaken to record baseline cephalometric data, cephalicindices and craniotypes. Study design: A cross-sectional population study. Place and durationof study: The study was carried out at the Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan and tookabout fourteen months to complete. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 672adult individuals (430 males and 242 females) from in and around the city of Multan in SouthernPunjab. Linear measurements of the head including maximum cranial length (glabella-inionlength), maximum cranial breadth (maximum bi-parietal diameter) and maximum auricularhead height were recorded using a digital spreading caliper. Results of measurements wereexpressed as mean ± SD. Comparison of the mean values and various proportions betweensexes was performed. The horizontal, vertical and transverse cranial indices were calculatedusing these measurements. Craniotyping was based on the ranges in various cephalic indices.Results: Differences regarding the mean of cranial length, cranial breadth and height weresignificantly larger in males as compared to females (P<0.001). The mean vertical, horizontaland transverse cephalic indices in the males and females were 79.13 ± 5.56, 78.31 ± 5.19,103 ± 7.78 and 78.32 ± 6.40, 78.32 ± 4.67, 100 ± 8.67 respectively.Most of the samplesdepicted craniotypes as mesocephalic and dolichocephalic both in the males and the females.Conclusion: The study provides baseline cephalometric data from a population of SouthernPunjab that may have its potential in clinical application and future research.
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Staley, Robert N., Samir E. Bishara, James W. Hanson, and Arthur J. Nowak. "Craniofacial Development in Myotonic Dystrophy." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 29, no. 5 (1992): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0456_cdimd_2.3.co_2.
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Anthropometric, cephalometric, and dental data from 23 subjects (12 males and 11 females) afflicted with myotonic dystrophy were compared to similar data from normal subjects who participated in the Iowa Facial Growth Study. A two by two analysis of variance showed that myotonic subjects differed from normal subjects in headlength, head breadth, cephalic index, bizygomatic face width, nosebreadth, maxillary arch widths, palatal depth, anterior and posterior face heights, cranial base lengths, cranial base angles, and other cephalometric measures. Sex differences were observed for many of the variables. It is hoped that these findings will assist clinicians who treat patients having this disorder.
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Felice, Ryan N., Joseph A. Tobias, Alex L. Pigot, and Anjali Goswami. "Dietary niche and the evolution of cranial morphology in birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1897 (2019): 20182677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2677.
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Cranial morphology in birds is thought to be shaped by adaptive evolution for foraging performance. This understanding of ecomorphological evolution is supported by observations of avian island radiations, such as Darwin's finches, which display rapid evolution of skull shape in response to food resource availability and a strong fit between cranial phenotype and trophic ecology. However, a recent analysis of larger clades has suggested that diet is not necessarily a primary driver of cranial shape and that phylogeny and allometry are more significant factors in skull evolution. We use phenome-scale morphometric data across the breadth of extant bird diversity to test the influence of diet and foraging behaviour in shaping cranial evolution. We demonstrate that these trophic characters are significant but very weak predictors of cranial form at this scale. However, dietary groups exhibit significantly different rates of morphological evolution across multiple cranial regions. Granivores and nectarivores exhibit the highest rates of evolution in the face and cranial vault, whereas terrestrial carnivores evolve the slowest. The basisphenoid, occipital, and jaw joint regions have less extreme differences among dietary groups. These patterns demonstrate that dietary niche shapes the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution in deep time, despite a weaker than expected form–function relationship across large clades.
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Kumar, Abhimanu. "Investigating the relationship between foramen magnum dimensions and cranial morphology in central Indian skulls." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 11, no. 2 (2024): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.021.
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The foramen magnum is a critical anatomical landmark at the skull base, facilitating the passage of the brainstem, spinal cord, and associated blood vessels. Its dimensions and shape are known to vary across populations. Cranial morphology, encompassing the overall form and size of the skull, can also exhibit population-specific characteristics. This study aims to explore the potential correlation between foramen magnum size and shape with cranial morphology in a sample of dry human skulls from Central India. A defined sample size of dry 56 human skulls of known Central Indian origin will be obtained. Ethical considerations regarding informed consent will be addressed if applicable. 1. Foramen magnum: Anteroposterior and transverse diameters will be measured using standard osteometric instruments (e.g., calipers). The foramen magnum shape will be categorized based on established criteria (e.g., oval, round, pentagonal). 2. Cranial morphology: Standard cranial measurements will be taken following established protocols to capture overall cranial size and shape (e.g., cranial base length, breadth, cranial vault measurements). The collected data will be subjected to appropriate statistical tests to assess potential correlations between foramen magnum dimensions/shape and cranial morphology.: The analysis revealed the average size and shape of the foramen magnum in the North Indian population sample. The study explored correlations between foramen magnum dimensions (area, index) and cranial measurements. The results shed light on potential variations in foramen magnum morphology and its connection to overall skull form in this specific population group.
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Lalwani, Murli, Jayanthi Yadav, Arneet Arora, and B. P. Dubey. "Sexual Dimorphism in Cranial length, breadth and Cephalic Index." Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 34, no. 3 (2012): 213–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971097320120308.
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Sánchez-Hernández, Cornelio, María De Lourdes Romero-Almaraz, and Loren K. Ammerman. "REDESCRIPTION OF STURNIRA LILIUM LILIUM AND STURNIRA LILIUM PARVIDENS (CHIROPTERA: PHYLLOSTOMIDAE)." Southwestern Naturalist 48, no. 3 (2003): 437–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14817324.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The original descriptions of the bats Sturnira lilium lilium and S. l. parvidens are general and fragmented. Therefore, we provide standardized redescriptions of the type specimens, as well as external and cranial measurements, to clarify differences between the types and to provide information that will allow for better recognition of specimens of S. l. parvidens and S. l. lilium. The skulls of both type specimens are partially broken and incomplete. In S. l. parvidens the skull and braincase are smaller than in S. l. lilium, and the inner upper incisors are bilobed with the internal lobule larger, while in S. l. lilium the upper incisors are pointed with a single lobe. The measurements of the forearm, tibia, maxillary toothrow, greatest breadth across the upper molars, least postorbital breadth, and greatest breadth across the canines are smaller in the specimen of S. l. parvidens.
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Olusanya, Adeola A., Timothy O. Aladelusi, Foluso A. Atiba, and Juwon T. Arotiba. "Craniometry of Nigerian skulls: A cadaveric study and review of the literature." East and Central African Journal of Surgery 26, no. 4 (2021): 168–72. https://doi.org/10.4314/ecajs.v26i4.5.
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Background There have been several studies on clinical craniometry, particularly cephalic indices. However, published reports on the anatomical cranial indices of Nigerian anatomical specimens are scarce. This work aimed to add to the body of knowledge on the cranial indices of Nigerian skulls as well as review the literature on both Nigerian cranial and cephalic indices. Methods Sixty-eight adult skulls of unidentified gender were assessed, 61 of which had intact craniums and were included in the analysis. The skull specimens were placed in the Frankfurt plane, and standard craniometric measurements were obtained to the nearest millimetre using digital spreading and sliding callipers. The cranial index was calculated from the maximum cranial length and breadth, which was measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Results The mean cranial index was 74.1±5.6 mm, and the most common skull type was dolichocephalic. Twenty-three Nigerian articles were identified from the literature search, and only 3 were on anatomical specimens. The mesocephalic skull type was the most commonly documented in both the northern and southern parts of Nigeria, while the least common were the brachycephalic skull type in southern Nigeria and the dolichocephalic skull type in northern Nigeria. Conclusions The skull types of Nigerians appear to be more mesocephalic than dolichocephalic, and in regions where dolichocephalic values were obtained, more recent values show a tendency towards brachycephalization.
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Somshekhar, Sharma, and Bhaumik Meghna. "Gender and Stature Determination from Measurements of Biacromial Breadth Measurements Among Adults in Southern Rajasthan." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 12, no. 3 (2022): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12509130.
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Stature and gender determination and identification play an important role in establishing the identity of a deceased person. The forensic specialist is often mandated to partake in these exercises for effective identification of the deceased. The present study was conducted to ascertain the viability of a specific post cranial measurement, Biacromial breadth (BAB) in determining gender and estimating stature. The study revealed that though BAB can be used as an effective and significant marker for stature and gender determination, its efficacy in the selected population was not as significant as long bones.
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Lopez-Capp, Thais Torralbo, Christopher Rynn, Caroline Wilkinson, Luiz Airton Saavedra de Paiva, Edgard Michel-Crosato, and Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic. "Craniometric variation among Brazilian and Scottish populations: a physical anthropology approach." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 17 (April 3, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v17i0.8651900.
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Aim: The present investigation intended to compare the craniometric variations of two samples of different nationalities (Brazilian and Scottish). Materials and methods: The Brazilian sample consisted of 100 modern complete skulls, including 53 female skulls and 47 male skulls, and the Scottish sample consisted of 100 historical skulls (61 males, 39 females) and 36 mandibles (24 males, 12 females). The cranial measurement protocol was composed of 40 measurements, 11 bilateral and 29 unilateral, and the measurement protocol of the mandible was composed of 15 measurements, with six that were bilateral and nine that were unique. The comparative analysis of the metric variability between the two samples was performed using the means and medians analysis, the t-test, the Wilcoxon test, and the coefficient of variance, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The results showed that, among the 72 analysed variables, 44 measurements (61.11%) presented statistical differences between the samples. The Scottish skull tends to have a cranial length (GOL diff=5.53), breadth (XCB diff=3.78) and height (NPH diff=5.33) greater than the Brazilian skulls, and the Scottish mandibles tend to show a higher mandibular ramus height (MRH diff=9.25), a higher mandibular body height (HMB diff=6.37) and a larger bigonial breadth (BGB diff=5.29) than the Brazilians. The discriminant analysis of the 51 cranial measurements and 21 mandibular measurements showed a variation of the percentage of accuracy between 46.3-83.8%. Conclusion: The metric analysis demonstrated that there is variability between the two samples studied (61,11%), but a concrete cause cannot be determined considering the multifactorial aspects of the variations of form and size.
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Lovvorn, Marjorie Brooks, George W. Gill, Gayle F. Carlson, John R. Bozell, and Terry L. Steinacher. "Microevolution and the Skeletal Traits of a Middle Archaic Burial: Metric and Multivariate Comparison to Paleoindians and Modern Amerindians." American Antiquity 64, no. 3 (1999): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694150.
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Skeletal remains recovered and analyzed from Archaic and Paleoindian periods demonstrate less pronounced Asiatic/Sinodont features that distinguish them from present day Amerindians. This paper describes the metric and nonmetric traits that link a Middle Plains Archaic male (radiocarbon dated to 2220-2500 B. C.), found near Sidney, Nebraska, to Sinodonts, Sundadonts, and Paleoindians. Metrically, the Sidney male differs from Late Prehistoric and Historic Mandan and Arikara males (1500 to 1830 A.D.) from the same region in cranial vault height (auricular height p ≤ .02 basion-porion height p ≤ .07). His cranium is longer and higher (acrocranic Cranial Breadth-Height Index) than that of the more highly derived Mandan and Arikara males. Several of the Sidney male’s cranial and femoral traits show a blend of Amerindian and earlier protomongoloid traits, distinguishable from recent Amerindian populations. These traits suggest affiliation to a common Eurasian progenitor for Sinodonts, Sundadonts, and Paleoindians, and support the hypothesis that Plains Amerindians descended from the earliest wave of Paleoindians who crossed the Bering Straits. Tracing microevolutionary changes across time is a challenging, incremental process, not yet resolved by the limited Paleoindian and Archaic skeletal remains discovered to date. However, the intermediate skeletal characteristics of the Sidney male indicate gradual adaptation and suggest that natural selection most strongly influenced the adaptation of Plains peoples. Information presented here increases the database needed for future investigations of microevolution, gene flow patterns and the cultural history that may someday link early Archaic populations and Paleoindians to specific tribes among the modern Plains Amerindians.
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Rahman, F. U., F. Perveen, T. Rauf, et al. "Occurrence of Rhinopoma microphyllum (Brunnich, 1782) in Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan." J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25, no. 3 Supp. 2 (2015): 450–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422590.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The present study was conducted to explore the bats of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. During the present study 52 bats were collected through the mist nets from FR, Peshawar in District Peshawar and Mazdurabad and Ghanu Deri from District Mardan for a period of two years from July 2011 to May 2013. They were identified on the basis of morphological and cranial measurements. Mean (±SD) of the body mass (BM), head and body length (HBL), forearm length (FA) and wingspan (WS) were identified as 19.09±1.36mm, 65.29±2.20 mm, 68.71±1.05 mm and 197±9.7 mm, respectively.The tail is shorter than the forearm proportionally. While the skull is sagittal and measured ascondylocanine length (CCL) 18.61±0.21mm, greater skull length (GTL) 19.64±0.21 mm and Zygomatic breadth (ZB)12.13±0.15 mm.There were no significant (P<0.05) morphological and cranial variations among all the samples collected from the study area. On the basis of morphological and cranial measurements the species was identified as R. microphyllumfor the first time and after 27 years from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Rahman, F. U., F. Perveen, T. Rauf, et al. "Occurrence of Rhinopoma microphyllum (Brunnich, 1782) in Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan." J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25, no. 3 Supp. 2 (2015): 450–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422590.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The present study was conducted to explore the bats of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. During the present study 52 bats were collected through the mist nets from FR, Peshawar in District Peshawar and Mazdurabad and Ghanu Deri from District Mardan for a period of two years from July 2011 to May 2013. They were identified on the basis of morphological and cranial measurements. Mean (±SD) of the body mass (BM), head and body length (HBL), forearm length (FA) and wingspan (WS) were identified as 19.09±1.36mm, 65.29±2.20 mm, 68.71±1.05 mm and 197±9.7 mm, respectively.The tail is shorter than the forearm proportionally. While the skull is sagittal and measured ascondylocanine length (CCL) 18.61±0.21mm, greater skull length (GTL) 19.64±0.21 mm and Zygomatic breadth (ZB)12.13±0.15 mm.There were no significant (P<0.05) morphological and cranial variations among all the samples collected from the study area. On the basis of morphological and cranial measurements the species was identified as R. microphyllumfor the first time and after 27 years from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Rahman, F. U., F. Perveen, T. Rauf, et al. "Occurrence of Rhinopoma microphyllum (Brunnich, 1782) in Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan." J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25, no. 3 Supp. 2 (2015): 450–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422590.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The present study was conducted to explore the bats of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. During the present study 52 bats were collected through the mist nets from FR, Peshawar in District Peshawar and Mazdurabad and Ghanu Deri from District Mardan for a period of two years from July 2011 to May 2013. They were identified on the basis of morphological and cranial measurements. Mean (±SD) of the body mass (BM), head and body length (HBL), forearm length (FA) and wingspan (WS) were identified as 19.09±1.36mm, 65.29±2.20 mm, 68.71±1.05 mm and 197±9.7 mm, respectively.The tail is shorter than the forearm proportionally. While the skull is sagittal and measured ascondylocanine length (CCL) 18.61±0.21mm, greater skull length (GTL) 19.64±0.21 mm and Zygomatic breadth (ZB)12.13±0.15 mm.There were no significant (P<0.05) morphological and cranial variations among all the samples collected from the study area. On the basis of morphological and cranial measurements the species was identified as R. microphyllumfor the first time and after 27 years from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Divyesh, Patel, Umarvanshi Bharati, Patel Dhaval, and Patel Satyen. "Estimation of Stature from Cranial Parameters in Gujarat Population." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 12 (2022): 458–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13881004.
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<strong>Background:</strong> The height of humans has been a symbol of status and dominion over different residing beings, whether human or animal kingdoms, for all time. Estimation of stature has been defined as a fundamental examination for the identification of unknown individuals and consequently, an essential tool in forensic examination especially, while anonymous, putrid, dispersed, and disfigured human remains are worried. <strong>Aim:</strong> This study aimed to determine data on cranial dimensions of Gujarat adolescents and to acknowledge the applied significance of the current study to forensic, plastic, and reconstructive surgery. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> At the Govt. Medical College in Surat, Gujarat, 400 undergraduate medical students—200 men and 200 women—were included in the study. Each individual was healthy and free of any visible deformities. Maximum head length, maximum head breadth, horizontal circumference of the head, and stature were the measurements used in the study. All data were recorded, and using the regression coefficients, a fictitious regression equation was created. <strong>Results:</strong> Each of the three cranial factors for both genders is positively and significantly connected with stature, according to the study’s findings. Once we see the finding of males and females separately, all the three cranial parameters for females are positively and significantly correlated with stature, but in males, only MHL and HHC are positively and significantly correlated with stature. The outcomes suggest you’ll be able to successfully estimate stature from various cranial parameters in situations where cephalo-facial is the only viable element remaining for identification. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study has shown that cranial measurements for estimating stature are reliable and worthwhile to pursue. This can be helpful to practitioners in cases of solitary cranioids or situations in which the skull is the only remaining viable piece, giving shaky information for the identification of anonymous people.
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Rachmawati, Emma, Nani Murniati, and Amreeta Kaur Xavier. "Description of Cephalic Index in Female Indian and Chinese Malaysian." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical invention 7, no. 01 (2020): 4681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v7i01.02.
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Cephalic index is an important parameter in evaluating racial and sexual differences, is measured by establishing a ratio between the breadth and the length of the head calculated as 100 times the maximum breadth of the head measured at the greatest diameter of the cranial vault above the supramastoid crest divided by the maximum length of the head measured from the most prominent point on the glabella to the opisthocranion. The aim of the research was to differentiate the cephalic index between female Indian and Chinese Malaysian studying in Padjadjaran University. This research was a descriptive study with total samples are 35 comprise of 13 females Indian and 22 females Chinese. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. The subjects were measured for head length and head breadth by using a spreading caliper. The result of the research shows that 22 female Chinese surveyed has an average cephalic index of 85.861(hyperbrachycephalic) with a standard deviation of 3.717. Meanwhile, the 13 female Indian surveyed has an average of 81.768 (brachycephalic), with a standard deviation of 3.205. The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant difference of cephalic index between females Indian and Chinese Malaysian.
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García‐Herrera, Leidy Viviana, Leidy Azucena Ramírez‐Fráncel, Giovany Guevara, et al. "Foraging strategies, craniodental traits, and interaction in the bite force of Neotropical frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae)." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 20 (2021): 13756–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13468313.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract Bats in the family Phyllostomidae exhibit great diversity in skull size and morphology that reflects the degree of resource division and ecological overlap in the group. In particular, the subfamily Stenodermatinae has high morphological diversification associated with cranial and mandibular traits that are associated with the ability to consume the full range of available fruits (soft and hard). We analyzed craniodental traits and their relationship to the bite force in 343 specimens distributed in seven species of stenodermatine bats with two foraging strategies: nomadic and sedentary frugivory. We evaluated 19 traits related to feeding and bite force in live animals by correcting bite force with body size. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) and post hoc tests to determine possible relationships and differences between cranial traits, species, and sex. We also used Blomberg's K to measure the phylogenetic signal and phylogenetic generalized least‐squares (PGLS) to ensure the phylogenetic independence of the traits. We found that smaller nomadic species, A. anderseni and A. phaeotis , have a similar bite force to the large species A. planirostris and A. lituratus ; furthermore, P. helleri registered a bite force similar to that of the sedentary bat, S. giannae . Our study determined that all the features of the mandible and most of the traits of the skull have a low phylogenetic signal. Through the PGLS, we found that the diet and several cranial features (mandibular toothrow length, dentary length, braincase breadth, mastoid breadth, greatest length of skull, condylo‐incisive length, and condylo‐canine length) determined bite force performance among Stenodermatiane. Our results reinforce that skull size is a determining factor in the bite force, but also emphasize the importance of its relationships with morphology, ecology, and phylogeny of the species, which gives us a better understanding of the evolutionary adaptions of this highly diverse Neotropical bat group.
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García‐Herrera, Leidy Viviana, Leidy Azucena Ramírez‐Fráncel, Giovany Guevara, et al. "Foraging strategies, craniodental traits, and interaction in the bite force of Neotropical frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae)." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 20 (2021): 13756–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13468313.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract Bats in the family Phyllostomidae exhibit great diversity in skull size and morphology that reflects the degree of resource division and ecological overlap in the group. In particular, the subfamily Stenodermatinae has high morphological diversification associated with cranial and mandibular traits that are associated with the ability to consume the full range of available fruits (soft and hard). We analyzed craniodental traits and their relationship to the bite force in 343 specimens distributed in seven species of stenodermatine bats with two foraging strategies: nomadic and sedentary frugivory. We evaluated 19 traits related to feeding and bite force in live animals by correcting bite force with body size. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) and post hoc tests to determine possible relationships and differences between cranial traits, species, and sex. We also used Blomberg's K to measure the phylogenetic signal and phylogenetic generalized least‐squares (PGLS) to ensure the phylogenetic independence of the traits. We found that smaller nomadic species, A. anderseni and A. phaeotis , have a similar bite force to the large species A. planirostris and A. lituratus ; furthermore, P. helleri registered a bite force similar to that of the sedentary bat, S. giannae . Our study determined that all the features of the mandible and most of the traits of the skull have a low phylogenetic signal. Through the PGLS, we found that the diet and several cranial features (mandibular toothrow length, dentary length, braincase breadth, mastoid breadth, greatest length of skull, condylo‐incisive length, and condylo‐canine length) determined bite force performance among Stenodermatiane. Our results reinforce that skull size is a determining factor in the bite force, but also emphasize the importance of its relationships with morphology, ecology, and phylogeny of the species, which gives us a better understanding of the evolutionary adaptions of this highly diverse Neotropical bat group.
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U, Erekosima, B., Robinson, E. D, Oparaodu, U. A, et al. "Radio-Anatomical Evaluation of Cephalic Index amongst Nigerians Using Computed Tomography (CT)." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 13, no. 02 (2025): 542–46. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2025.v13i02.042.
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Background: Cephalic Index (CI), also known as cranial index is the ratio of maximum breadth to length of the head multiplied by 100. It is a commonly used anthropometric parameter in determining the racial variation and sex differences. The aim of this study was to determine the cephalic index amongst Nigerians, using computed tomography (CT). Objectives: To measure the length and breadth of the skull, to determine the cephalic index of the skull, and to check for sexual dimorphism. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the Radiology department of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital Port Harcourt with ethical approval. One hundred and fifty CT images (2021-2022) of 150 patients (75 males and 75 females), 18 years and above were used in this study. The maximum length of the skull was measured as the distance between the glabella and the most projecting point at the back of the head (inion), and the maximum breadth of the skull was also measured as the distance between the most projecting points at the sides of the head (parietal tuber), both length and breadth were measured at the level of the lateral ventricle of the brain. Results: Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS IBM version 23.0) and Microsoft excel 2019 edition. The mean values for the measured parameters include length [male (185.64±6.40); female (179.60±6.54)], breadth [male (138.56±5.10); female (135.66±5.81)] and cephalic index [male (74.70±3.30); female (75.60±3.68)]. Cephalic index was not statistically significant (t-value = -1.57; P = 0.12). Conclusion: Three major head types were found in this study; doliocephalic (52.6%), mesocephalic (37.3%), and brachycephalic (10%), therefore doliocephalic head type (long head) is the most dominant in the sampled population. There was no sexual dimorphism in cephalic index.
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Vaddi, Karunasri, Supriya Botlagunta, Prashanth Babu Ankem, and T. Sai Urmila. "Gross Anatomical and Morphometry Studies on the Oscoxae of Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw 1800))." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 16, Feb, 2 (2025): 01–05. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2025.5788.
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The study was conducted during January, 2024 at the department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India to document the anatomical details of oscoxae in Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) that died due to natural causes. The bones were collected by fresh water maceration technique. The gross anatomy of bones of pelvic limb was studied after fresh water maceration and cleaning. The oscoxae of Indian fox was found to be similar in structure and number to other carnivores that have been studied. Oscoxae, the bone of pelvic girdle showed a prominent psoas tubercle on the on the caudal half of ventral border in ilium, a less conspicuous caudal ventral iliac spine cranial to the acetabulum, tuber ischii was single, incomplete acetabular rim. The mean weight and mean length of the bone were 7.41 g and 7.2 cm respectively. Cranio-dorsal to the sacropelvic surface in ilium a small eminence, the iliac tuberosity was observed. The mean length of the ilium was 4.1 cm. The greatest breadth across the coxal tuberosity was 4 cm. Pelvic symphysis contained pubis and ischium. The blunt ischiatic spine and joined with the acetabulum. The mean length of the ischium was 2.7 cm. The obturator foramen was relatively large and oval. The mean sagittal length and breadth of obturator foramen was 1.5 and 1.2 cm. The mean length and breadth of the acetabulum was 1.3 cm and 1 cm respectively. The tuber ischii was single.
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DK, Adak. "Metric Variation on Neurocranium among Some Ancient and Contemporary Human Populations (Adult Males) of Indian SubContinent." Journal of Human Anatomy 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000183.
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Background: It is always difficult to assess the inter-group relationships by utilizing data based on sample univariate populations. One usually faces the problem of biological taxonomy in this case. To understand such problem multivariate statistical analysis is necessary. This study deals with neurocranium characteristics of four population groups from Indian Sub-Continent. Methods: Skulls of the four populations (Harappa, Kumhar Tekri, Contai, 24 parganas) were studied. Altogether 60 adult male skulls (Harappa=10, Kumhar Tekri=10, Contai=20, 24 Parganas=20) were measured. Four length and four breadth measurements were taken. Cranial index was calculated. From the data obtained, size and shape factors were calculated. D2 P values were calculated and dendrogram was computed on the basis on D2 P values. Results: Highest value of maximum cranial length, glabella inion length, nasion inion length, glabella lambda length and minimum frontal breadth were recorded in Harappa and its lowest values were recorded in Contai skull. While Harappa, Kumhar Tekri and 24 Parganas skull were mainly orthocranial, Contai skull was mainly hypsicranial. Mean values for size and shape distance between 6 pairs were 1.14 and 1.92 respectively. This implies that the four population groups show a tendency to differ more in shape distance than size distance. Dendrogram depicts that Contai and 24 Parganas populations form a cluster. But other two are distantly placed with this cluster. However, the Harappa maintains a far distance with other three population groups. Conclusion: Higher means of shape values than the size is recoded. This implies that the four population groups show a tendency to differ more in shape distance than size distance. Finding of this study is indicative of interesting corroboration between neurocranium characteristics and inter-group relationships.
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Abdullayev, A. S. "KƏLLƏ ƏSASININ UZUNLUĞU VƏ ENİNİN YAŞ VƏ CİNSİ XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ VƏ ONLARIN KRANİOMETRİK PARAMETR GÖSTƏRİCİLƏRİLƏ KORRELYASİYASI." Azerbaijan Medical Journal, no. 4 (December 25, 2024): 134–39. https://doi.org/10.34921/amj.2024.4.021.
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Məqalədə kəllə əsasının uzunluq və en parametrlərinin yaş və cinsi xüsusiyyətlərini, eləcə də onların digər kraniometrik parametrlərlə korrelyasiyasını öyrənmək məqsədilə aparılmış tədqiqatın nəticələri şərh edilmişdir. Tədqiqatda 200 kişi və qadın kəlləsindən istifadə edilmişdir: gənclik dövrü – 20, I yetkinlik dövrü – 68, II yetkinlik dövrü – 72, ahıl dövrü – 40. Tədqiqatda parametrik və qeyri-parametrik statistika üsullarından istifadə edilmişdir. Kişi yaş dövrlərinə aid kranioloji materialda kəllə əsasının uzunluq parametrinin təhlili zamanı statistik etibarlı fərq müəyyən edilməmişdir. Qadın kəllələrində kəllə əsasının uzunluq göstəriciləri yaş dövrlərinə görə F – Fisher meyarı üzrə statistik dürüst fərqlənmişdir (PF=0,045). H-Kruskal-Uollis meyarının tətbiqi zamanı belə bir fərq müəyyən edilməmişdir (PH=0,210). F – Fişer və U – Mann-Uitni meyarlarının tətbiqi həm gənclik (PF=0,002; PU=0,003), həm də II yetkinlik (PF=0,001; PU=0,002) dövrlərində kişi və qadın kəllələri arasında kəllə əsası uzunluğu parametri üzrə statistik dürüst fərq aşkar edilmişdir. Qadın və kişi kəllələrinin kəllə əsasının eninə görə təhlili I yetkinlik dövründə U-Mann-Uitni meyarı üzrə (pU=0,034), II yetkinlik dövründə isə F – Fişer və U – Mann-Uitni meyarları üzrə (pF=0,050; pU=0,033) statistik etibarlı fərq aşkar edilmişdir. Kəllə əsasının uzunluğu və eni parametrlərinin yaş dövrləri və kişi və qadın kəllələri üzrə göstəriciləri cədvəllər şəklində təqdim edilmişdir. Tədqiq olunan parametrlərin 28 kraniometrik parametr ilə korrelyasiya münasibətləri öyrənilmişdir. В статье представлены результаты исследования, проведенного с целью изучения возрастных и половых особенностей, а также корреляции с показателями других краниометрических параметров длины и ширины основания черепа. В качестве материала для исследования были использованы 200 мужских и женских черепов: юношеский возраст – 20, первый зрелый возраст – 68, второй зрелый возраст – 72, пожилой возраст – 40. На краниологическом материале, относящемся к мужским возрастным периодам, при анализе параметра длины основания черепа статистически значимая разница не была выявлена (PF=0,075; PH=0,225). На женских черепах показатели параметра длины основания черепа статистически достоверно различались с применением критерия F-Фишера (PF=0,045). Применение H-критерия Краскела-Уоллиса такую разницу не выявила (PH=0,210). С применением критерия F-Фишера и Uкритерия Манна-Уитни выявлены разницы показателей длины основания черепа между мужскими и женскими черепами юношеского (PF=0,002; PU=0,003) и второго зрелого возрастов (PF=0,001; PU=0,002). Анализ мужских и женских черепов по параметру ширины основания черепа выявил статистическую достоверную разницу в первом зрелом возрасте U-критерием (PU=0,034), а во втором зрелом возрасте F-критерием и U-критерием (PF=0,050; PU=0,033). Показатели параметров длины и ширины основания черепа по возрастным периодам и по мужским и женским черепам приведены в виде таблиц. Изучена корреляция исследованных параметров с 28 краниометрическими показателями. The article presents the results of a study conducted to investigate age and gender characteristics, as well as correlations with indicators of other craniometric parameters of the length and breadth of the cranial base. 200 male and female skulls were used as material for the study: adolescence age: 20, 1st adulthood: 68, 2nd adulthood: 72, elderly age: 40. On craniological material relating to male age periods, when analyzing the parameter of the length of the cranial base, no statistically significant difference was revealed (PF = 0,075; PH = 0,225). On female skulls, the indicators of the skull base length parameter were statistically significantly different using the Fisher F test (PF = 0,045). Application of the Kruskal-Wallis H test did not reveal such a difference (PH = 0.210). Using the Fisher F test and the Mann-Whitney U test, differences in the length of the skull base were identified between male and female skulls of adolescence (PF = 0.002; PU = 0.003) and second adulthood (PF = 0.001; PU = 0.002). Analysis of male and female skulls in terms of the breadth of the cranial base revealed a statistically significant difference in the first adulthood age using the U-criterion (PU = 0.034), and in the second adulthood age using the F-criterion and U-criterion (PF = 0.050; PU = 0.033). Indicators of the parameters of the length and breadth of the cranial base by age periods and for male and female skulls are given in the form of tables. The correlation of the investigated parameters with 28 craniometric indicators was studied.
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Kufterin, Vladimir V., Taisiya A. Syutkina, and Nadezhda A. Dubova. "A 1500-year retrospective of intergroup craniometric variability in Central Asian population (7th c. BC – 8th c. AD)." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 3 (August 23, 2023): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2023.3.084-097.
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Introduction. The paper revisits the intergroup craniometric variability in the Early Iron Age, Antiquity and Early medieval Central Asian population. Some new cranial materials are considered within the hierarchical system of the regional populations. Materials and methods. The comparison included 61 cranial samples from all historical and cultural regions of Central Asia with a total of 1100 crania. 12 standard measurements of the facial skeleton were used. First, we conducted Canonical discriminant analysis. Second, the matrix of Mahalanobis D2 distances was obtained using the resulting group coordinates in the space of the canonical vectors. Finally, the distance matrix was subjected to Multidimensional scaling and the Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis. Results. The first three canonical variates reflect 53.4% of the total intergroup variation and differentiate samples based on bizygomatic breadth, orbit dimensions, nasal bridge height (and width to a lesser extent), horizontal profiling angles and nose protrusion angle. Upper facial height also contributes to intergroup craniometric variability but does not play a decisive role in differentiating among samples of European ancestry in the considered chronological period. Correlation coefficients between canonical variables and multidimensional scaling coordinates suggest similar relative positions of the groups in the scatterplots. Discussion. Considering the mixed nature of the Central Asian population and the difficulty of objective differentiation of morphological types, we caution against unreflective use of terms “East Mediterranean type” and “Pamir-Fergana race”. The results suggest that the Antiquity and Early medieval sedentary populations are difficult to distinguish from nomadic and semi-nomadic groups of the Wusun period. The new materials confirm the morphological similarity between Early medieval population of Sogdiana (ancient Panjakent) and Ushrusana (Kurkat dakhmaks). @ 2023. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license
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Kedia, Neal B., Sumit K. Yadav, Achla B. Yadav, Deepika Mishra, Prinka Shahi, and Nandini Bansal. "Anthropometric investigation of cephalic parameters for stature estimation: Through regression analysis." National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 15, no. 1 (2024): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njms.njms_101_22.
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ABSTRACT Background: Stature or body height is one of the most important and useful anthropometric parameters which determines the physical identity of an individual. Cranium encompasses hard tissue components with approximately immortal behavior, reason being cranial measurements were selected for the present study for estimation of stature. Objective: This investigation aimed to assess the stature of unknown using cephalometric parameters by creating equations through regression analysis. Materials and Methods: We selected 361 dental students for the present research; among them, 210 were females and 151 were males in the age range of 21–32 years. Stature and cephalic parameters, i.e., fronto-occipital circumference, head length, and head breadth were measured for each contributor following standard methods and techniques. Cephalic Index was calculated by using the formula: Cephalic Index (CI) = (Head width/Head length) ×100. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient of stature with cephalic parameters was calculated, and regression analysis was done to generate the formulae for stature estimation. Results: Results indicated that all cephalic measurements have strong correlation with stature, and among them, circumference of head was found to be the most reliable predictor. Conclusion: Stature of unknown or deceased can be identified using cephalic parameters as an auxiliary practice.
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Tso, Michael K., Ayoub Dakson, Syed Uzair Ahmed, et al. "Operative Landscape at Canadian Neurosurgery Residency Programs." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 44, no. 4 (2017): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2017.30.
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AbstractBackground Currently, the literature lacks reliable data regarding operative case volumes at Canadian neurosurgery residency programs. Our objective was to provide a snapshot of the operative landscape in Canadian neurosurgical training using the trainee-led Canadian Neurosurgery Research Collaborative. Methods: Anonymized administrative operative data were gathered from each neurosurgery residency program from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014. Procedures were broadly classified into cranial, spine, peripheral nerve, and miscellaneous procedures. A number of prespecified subspecialty procedures were recorded. We defined the resident case index as the ratio of the total number of operations to the total number of neurosurgery residents in that program. Resident number included both Canadian medical and international medical graduates, and included residents on the neurosurgery service, off-service, or on leave for research or other personal reasons. Results: Overall, there was an average of 1845 operative cases per neurosurgery residency program. The mean numbers of cranial, spine, peripheral nerve, and miscellaneous procedures were 725, 466, 48, and 193, respectively. The nationwide mean resident case indices for cranial, spine, peripheral nerve, and total procedures were 90, 58, 5, and 196, respectively. There was some variation in the resident case indices for specific subspecialty procedures, with some training programs not performing carotid endarterectomy or endoscopic transsphenoidal procedures. Conclusions: This study presents the breadth of neurosurgical training within Canadian neurosurgery residency programs. These results may help inform the implementation of neurosurgery training as the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons residency training transitions to a competence-by-design curriculum.
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Walulkar, S.M., M.S. Walulkar, and V. M. Paikrao. "Incidence and Morphometrics Analysis of Sutural, Inca and Epipteric Bones in Adult Human Skulls from Central India." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 11 (2023): 372–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11215118.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Sutural, Inca, and Epipteric bones are intrinsic components of the cranial structure in various mammals and reptiles. Additional ossification centres may occur in or near sutures, giving rise to isolated sutural bones. Usually irregular in size and shape, and most frequent in lambdoid suture, they sometime occur at fontanelles. There are often only two or three, but they appear in great numbers in hydrocephalic skull. <strong>Aims and Objectives: </strong>The study aims to investigate the prevalence, sexual dimorphism, morphological variations, and clinical implications of cranial sutural, Inca, and epipteric bones in adult human skulls from Vidarbha, India. <strong>Methodology: </strong>The 430 adult human skulls were collected from various medical colleges in the Vidarbha region, each skull and recording the presence, gross incidence, and distribution of sutural bones, inca, and epipteric bones. The observations were made regarding their occurrence in specific cranial sites, suture locations, and shapes. Anthropometric measurements were taken to determine the maximum length and breadth of each bone. The sexual dimorphism and conducted statistical analyses to identify patterns and trends in the collected data. <strong>Result:</strong> In our analysis, Wormian bones were present in 34.18% of the 430 examined skulls, with 38.76% incidence in males and 25.97% in females. These bones were most frequently located in the lambdoid suture and Lambda. Irregular-shaped Wormian bones were predominant. Inca bones were found in 2.33% of skulls, with variations in type, size, and shape. Epipteric bones appeared in 18.37% of skulls, demonstrating sexual dimorphism and a range of symmetry patterns. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In our comprehensive cranial bone study, Wormian bones were most frequent in the lambdoid suture, primarily on the left side, while Inca bones displayed variations in form and incidence, slightly higher in males. Epipteric bones at the pterion can complicate procedures.
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Sharma, K. "Sex Differences in Genetic Determinants of Craniofacial Variations - A Study Based on Twin Kinships." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 47, no. 1 (1998): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000000350.
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AbstractRace, sex, nutritional status and cultural factors affect craniofacial morphogenesis. Out of these, sex is a major factor in craniofacial differentiation, because it can be stronger in one ethnic group and weaker in another. In this study, sex differences in genetic variance and heritability of 13 craniofacial traits are investigated. The study is based on a sample of 45 MZ and 101 DZ twin pairs and their 125 singleton siblings, 104 fathers and 103 mothers in 146 families drawn from an urban population of Chandigarh. Results of t'-tests for equality of the means reveal association of zygosity with the mean value of bigonial diameter in female twins and for none in males. Heterogeneity of variance is observed in about 50% traits in females as compared to 15% in males. This invalidates conventional within-pair genetic variance estimates for these traits. The revised genetic variance ratios are higher on an average in males than in females. However, there is greater MZ environmental covariance in male twins than their female counterparts. Family data indicate higher maternal effect for ear height, nasal height and frontal breadth, while greater paternal effect is seen in cranial traits. Sex-wise midparent-child regression coefficients show greater heritability in daughters for nasal traits and bigonial breadth, while sons show higher genetic component for head size measures.
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Mizoguchi, Yuji. "Significant Association between Cranial Length and Sacral Breadth: Toward the Solution of the Brachycephalization Problem." Anthropological Science 106, Supplement (1998): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.106.supplement_147.
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Couldwell, William T., Martin H. Weiss, Craig Rabb, James K. Liu, Ronald I. Apfelbaum, and Takanori Fukushima. "Variations on the Standard Transsphenoidal Approach to the Sellar Region, with Emphasis on the Extended Approaches and Parasellar Approaches: Surgical Experience in 105 Cases." Neurosurgery 55, no. 3 (2004): 539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000134287.19377.a2.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE: The traditional boundaries of the transsphenoidal approach may be expanded to include the region from the cribriform plate of the anterior cranial base to the inferior clivus in the anteroposterior plane, and laterally to expose the cavernous cranial nerves and the optic canal. We review our combined experience with these variations on the transsphenoidal approach to various lesions of the sellar and parasellar region. METHODS: From 1982 to 2003, we used the extended and parasellar transsphenoidal approaches in 105 patients presenting with a variety of lesions of the parasellar region. This study specifically reviews the breadth of pathological lesions operated and the complications associated with the approaches. RESULTS: Variations of the standard transsphenoidal approach have been used in the following series: 30 cases of pituitary adenomas extending laterally to involve the cavernous sinus, 27 craniopharyngiomas, 11 tuberculum/diaphragma sellae meningiomas, 10 sphenoid sinus mucoceles, 18 clivus chordomas, 4 cases of carcinoma of the sphenoid sinus, 2 cases of breast carcinoma metastatic to the sella, and 3 cases of monostotic fibrous dysplasia involving the clivus. There was no mortality in the series. Permanent neurological complications included one case of monocular blindness, one case of permanent diabetes insipidus, and two permanent cavernous cranial neuropathies. There were four cases of internal carotid artery hemorrhage, one of which required ligation of the cervical internal carotid artery and resulted in hemiparesis. The incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid fistulae was 6% (6 of 105 cases). CONCLUSION: These modifications of the standard transsphenoidal approach are useful for lesions within the boundaries noted above, they offer excellent alternatives to transcranial approaches for these lesions, and they avoid prolonged exposure time and brain retraction. Technical details are discussed and illustrative cases presented.
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Butaric, Lauren N., Allison Richman, and Heather M. Garvin. "The Effects of Cranial Orientation on Forensic Frontal Sinus Identification as Assessed by Outline Analyses." Biology 11, no. 1 (2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010062.
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The utility of frontal sinuses for personal identification is widely recognized, but potential factors affecting its reliability remain uncertain. Deviations in cranial position between antemortem and postmortem radiographs may affect sinus appearance. This study investigates how slight deviations in orientations affect sinus size and outline shape and potentially impact identification. Frontal sinus models were created from CT scans of 21 individuals and digitally oriented to represent three clinically relevant radiographic views. From each standard view, model orientations were deviated at 5° intervals in horizontal, vertical, and diagonal (e.g., left-up) directions (27 orientations per individual). For each orientation, sinus dimensions were obtained, and outline shape was assessed by elliptical Fourier analyses and principal component (PC) analyses. Wilcoxon sign rank tests indicated that sinus breadth remained relatively stable (p > 0.05), while sinus height was significantly affected with vertical deviations (p < 0.006). Mann–Whitney U tests on Euclidean distances from the PC scores indicated consistently lower intra- versus inter-individual distances (p < 0.05). Two of the three orientations maintained perfect (100%) outline identification matches, while the third had a 98% match rate. Smaller and/or discontinuous sinuses were most problematic, and although match rates are high, practitioners should be aware of possible alterations in sinus variables when conducting frontal sinus identifications.
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Groves, Sabrina L., Carlos Mauricio Peredo, and Nicholas D. Pyenson. "What are the limits on whale ear bone size? Non-isometric scaling of the cetacean bulla." PeerJ 9 (February 5, 2021): e10882. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10882.
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The history of cetaceans demonstrates dramatic macroevolutionary changes that have aided their transformation from terrestrial to obligate aquatic mammals. Their fossil record shows extensive anatomical modifications that facilitate life in a marine environment. To better understand the constraints on this transition, we examined the physical dimensions of the bony auditory complex, in relation to body size, for both living and extinct cetaceans. We compared the dimensions of the tympanic bulla, a conch-shaped ear bone unique to cetaceans, with bizygomatic width—a proxy for cetacean body size. Our results demonstrate that cetacean ears scale non-isometrically with body size, with about 70% of variation explained by increases in bizygomatic width. Our results, which encompass the breadth of the whale fossil record, size diversity, and taxonomic distribution, suggest that functional auditory capacity is constrained by congruent factors related to cranial morphology, as opposed to allometrically scaling with body size.
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Din, Shahab-Ud, Shimee Shahzadi, Jamshed Khan, and Muhammad Junaid. "ANATOMIC AND MORPHOMETRIC VARIATIONS OF FORAMEN SPINOSUM IN ADULT HUMAN SKULL IN PESHWAR PAKISTAN AND ITS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE." Khyber Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 3 (2023): 140–46. https://doi.org/10.70520/kjms.v16i3.420.
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Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the current study is to evaluate various shapes of FS and differences in its number, size, and position related to the spine of sphenoid bone. Materials and Methods: 46 adult macerated dried skulls were used in this study. All measurements were made with a digital Vernier calipers and a screw-adjusted compass. Using the formula “A = (x L x B) /4)” = 3.14, L = length, B = breadth of FS, the area was measured. For each measurement, the mean (SD) was determined. The data was analyzed, using SPSS version 20 and a P value of 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The mean difference in foramen spinosum length (L) and breadth (B), between both sides was measured using an independent t-test. Results: On the right side, mean antero-posterior (AP) diameter of FS was 3.52 ± 1.33 mm, on left it was 3.26 ± 1.26 mm. the mean TD of the right FS was 3.3 ± 1.19 mm, whereas on the left it was 2.96 ± 1.90 mm. No significant difference was observed, through independent t-test between the AP and TD Diameters on both sides of skull. Conclusions: Various shapes of foramen spinosum were noted. In comparison to data from earlier research, the foramen spinosum mean diameter was larger. Therefore, for clinicians who work on the middle cranial fossa for various surgeries, it is essential to recognize different variations of the FS
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Grahnke, Kurt, Daniel Burkett, Daphne Li, Caroline Szujewski, John Leonetti, and Douglas Anderson. "Cranial Nerve Preservation Following Surgical Treatment for Epidermoid Cysts of the Posterior and Middle Fossae." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 79, no. 05 (2018): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617431.
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AbstractEpidermoid cysts are rare lesions, accounting for 0.2 to 1.8% of all intracranial tumors. They most commonly occur in the cerebellopontine angle where they may cause a breadth of neurologic complications due to mass effect on the nearby cranial nerves (CN), vascular structures, and the brain stem. Treatment of epidermoid cysts is surgical, with the goal of complete resection using microsurgical technique and even more importantly preservation of the involved CNs, vasculature, and brain parenchyma. Successful surgery can result in total resolution of symptoms, but, in certain situations, may not be advisable due to adherence, scarring, or inflammation making dissection of CN fascicles difficult and possibly hazardous. We conducted a retrospective review from 1998 to 2016 and compiled a series of 28 skull base epidermoid cysts operated on at our institution. Cases were evaluated for presenting symptoms, history of prior resection, and postoperative results including CN function, extent of resection, residual tumor, and need for reoperations. The average tumor size (largest diameter) was 3.9 cm with a range of 1 to 7cm. Eighteen of twenty-eight (64%) patients underwent a gross total resection and ten underwent subtotal resection. No patients, whether presenting with CN deficits or not, experienced permanent worsening of CN function following surgery. Complete resection of epidermoid cysts should remain a high priority of therapy, but, in our opinion, preservation of CN function should be a primary goal, determining the extent of resection to provide patients with the highest quality of life possible following surgery.
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Srikantaiah, Vidya, and Hemamalini Shetty. "Anthropometric Evaluation of Foramen Ovale in Adult Dry Skulls of the Mysuru-based Population." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 01 (2019): 014–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678754.
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Introduction The greater wing of sphenoid presents various foramina, of which the foramen ovale is one important foramen through which advanced surgical therapeutic and diagnostic procedures related to the middle cranial fossa are performed. Materials and Methods A total of 40 dried adult skulls of unknown gender and age, obtained from the Department of Anatomy of the JSS medical College, Mysuru, Kamakata, India. The length and the width of the foramen ovale were measured using digital sliding calipers (tiny deal 150 mm SS digital caliper with LCD display, Kristeel-Shimwa industries, Bombay, India). Results The mean length of the foramen ovale was 0.745 ± 0.31 cm on the right side (RS), and 0.68 ± 0.15 cm on the left side (LS). The mean width was 0.6 ± 0.17 cm on the RS, and 0.56 ± 0.14 cm on the LS. Conclusion The knowledge of variations in the length and breadth of the foramen ovale is of immense importance in neurosurgery during various invasive surgical procedures, such as percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy, and in the biopsy of cavernous sinus tumors and of Meckel cave lesions.