Academic literature on the topic 'Craniometry. Cephalometry'

Petrus Camper gained international repute among renaissance anthropologists, evolutionists and proponents of divisive scientific racism for his theory of the "facial angle" which they used as a vital cephalometric variable to validate their claim to racial and intellectual superiority. Standardized left lateral facial cephalograms of 1000 Urhobo subjects, between the ages of 18 – 60 years, were collected over a 3-year period and subjected to geometric angular analysis to determine the magnitude of their respective facial angles. The mean value of Campers facial angle among sampled Urhobo subjects, 100.27º±4.06 (males: 100.43º±4.34; females: 100.11º±3.78), was higher than that reported for European subjects (100º) by a numeric value of 0.27º. Analysis of obtained mean values of facial angle in this investigation showed that this craniometric variable was gender specific and may be show significant ethnic differences. These large numbers of cephalometric measurements provide a scientific basis for evaluation of physical variations in morphological human traits, not differences in human intelligence and brain complexity as was once proposed.Keywords: Petrus Campers, Facial Angle, Photogrammetric Analysis, Urhobo

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between certain morphologic features of the craniofacial skeleton and the presence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in young subjects with natural dentitions. Methods. The investigation was carried out on 80 lateral cephalometric radiographs of two groups of male and female subjects between 18 and 25 years of age with natural dentitions. The analysed group consisted of 30 subjects with symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, and the control group of 50 subjects without such symptoms. According to the values of the ANB angle (position of the maxilla with the mandible- Steiner cephalometric analysis) all subjects were classified in the skeletal class 1. The roentgen craniometric analysis of cephalometric radiographs included the evaluation of 25 linear dimensions which values were compared between the examined groups and with the values of the same dimensions in the Bolton standards for 18 years of age. Results. The results of this study confirmed the presence of significant differences between the examined linear dimensions in the Bolton standards and the same dimensions measured in the subjects of the analyzed and the control group. The comparative analysis of these values between the groups confirmed the presence of significant differences in following linear dimensions at the level of p<0,00: S - Cs(Go), Mol - PP, Mol - MP and Ar - Go. Conclusion. Significant differences between the examined linear dimensions measured in the subjects included in this study and the same dimensions in the Bolton standards can be explained by specific morphologic features of the craniofacial skeleton in people of our population. Within the limitation of this study, the minor differences in the values of the examined linear variables between the subjects of the experimental and the control group can not be accepted as indicators of disturbed function of the orofacial system.

Object The objective of this study was to evaluate and analyze morphometric and volumetric changes of the skull due to acromegaly in areas relevant for neurosurgical practice, focusing on the surgical implications. Methods On preoperatively acquired CT scans, cephalometric and volumetric measurements were performed on 45 patients with acromegaly (Group A) and 45 control patients (Group B). The authors determined thickness of the cranial vault, inner and outer diameters of the skull, and the diameter of sphenoidal and maxillary sinus, as well as frontal and maxillary sinus volumetry. The morphometric and volumetric CT data of the patients with acromegaly were compared with the data of a control group and correlated with clinical parameters. Results Cranial vault thickness differed significantly (p < 0.0001) between the 2 groups. A correlation of the vault thickness with preoperative human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor–I levels, and duration of clinical history in acromegaly could not be established. The outer anterior-posterior skull diameter of Group A (18.47 ± 0.94 cm) differed significantly (p = 0.0146) from Group B (17.98 ± 0.93 cm) and correlated significantly with preoperative human growth hormone (r = 0.3277; p = 0.0299) and insulin-like growth factor-–I serum levels (r = 0.3756; p = 0.0120). Measurements of the anterior-posterior diameter of the sphenoidal sinus differed significantly (p = 0.0074) between patients with acromegaly and controls. Volumetric analysis of the frontal sinus resulted in a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0382) between patients with acromegaly (14.89 ± 10.85 cm3) and controls (10.06 ± 6.93 cm3). Conclusions Significant craniometric changes and volumetric remodelling of the paranasal sinus occur in acromegaly. The bone alterations are of surgical importance for using the transsphenoidal approach. Detailed preoperative diagnostic examination and planning as well as selection of appropriate instruments are mandatory for safe and successful pituitary adenoma removal in patients with acromegaly.

Abstract. Many anthropological researches require identification and measurement of craniometric and cephalometric landmarks which provide valuable information about the shape of a head. This information is necessary for morphometric analysis, face approximation, craniafacial identification etc. Traditional techniques use special anthropological tools to perform required measurements, identification of landmarks usually being made by an expert-anthropologist. Modern techniques of optical 3D measurements such as photogrammetry, computer tomography, laser 3D scanning provide new possibilities for acquiring accurate 2D and 3D data of high resolution, thus creating new conditions for anthropological data analysis. Traditional anthropological manual point measurements can be substituted by analysis of accurate textured 3D models, which allow to retrieve more information about studied object and easily to share data for independent analysis. The paper presents the deep learning technique for anthropological landmarks identification and accurate 3D measurements. Photogrammetric methods and their practical implementation in the automatic system for accurate digital 3D reconstruction of anthropological objects are described.

Deep bite is the most common dental maxillary anomaly in the vertical plane, characterized by elongation of the dental alveolar part in the anterior segment and shortening in the lateral one. At the same time there are different, both the size of the jaws, and their ratio, as well as the position in the skull, which largely depends on the structure of the skull, which is congenital in each person from birth, that is genetically predetermined. The development and structure of the skull, as is known, affects not only genetic factors, but also teratogenic ones, that is, exogenous factors, namely: early loss of teeth, especially temporary, and untimely compensated defects of dentition; bad habits, general human health, the environment etc. All these should be taken into account when establishing the correct diagnosis, which is impossible to do without such objective x-ray methods as cephalometry.
 The analysis of cephalogram was carried out by A.M. Schwarz method, which included three main sections of the study: craniometric, gnatometric and prophylometric. In craniometric studies, the definition of the following parameters was defined, namely: N-Se length (distance from the bone "N" to "Se" - the middle of the entrance to the «Sella turcica»); the magnitude of the facial angle F (N-Se-N-A) formed by the plane N-Se and the faсial plane - NA; Inclination angle ∟І (∟Pn-SpP) formed by the nasal vertical - Pn and the palatal plane - SpP, which corresponds to the plane of the base of the upper jaw SpP; the corner of the Frankfurt line - ∟H; The angle of inclination of the occlusal plane - OcP to the nasal vertical - is Pn (∟Pn-Ocp) and the angle of the mandibular plane, that is, the plane of the base of the mandible - MP to the nasal vertical - ∟Pn (∟Pn-MP). The main task of craniometric measurements was to determine the individual genetically determined profile of the face in each particular patient with deep bite.
 Gnatometric measurements included determining the values of the following angles: basal ∟B (∟SpP-MP), that is, the angle of inclination of the plane of the body of the upper and lower jaw to each other; Lower jaw or gonial angle ∟Go (A-MP) Gnatometric studies also included the determination of jaw size: Mandible - the distance of the "OK" and the extension of the wingspan of the FrR; Maxilla - body "MT1" (in the plane of MP from the point "Go" to the intersection of the perpendicular, lowered from the most prominent point of the bone chin "Pgo", and the height of the branch - MT2. Profilometric studies included: determining the thickness of the soft tissues of the patient's face in the back area the nasal «n», the tray is «sna», the upper lip «ls», the lower lip «li» and the chin «pgo», the profile T, formed by the intersection of the tangent from the tray leather point «sna» to the most prominent leather point of the chin "Pgo" with the nose vertex "Pn", as well as the height of the part faccial - medium (from «n» - nasion to «sna» - pidnosovoyi) and lower (from «sna» to the lowest point of the chin «Me»).

According to the data of modern scientific literature, to determine the risk groups of vascular diseases of the brain at the stage before the development of the disease, it is necessary to study the dependence of cerebral functional indicators of the population on their constitutional status, age, region of residence. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of correlations of cerebral blood circulation with anthropo-somatotypological characteristics of practically healthy young women of the middle intermediate somatotype. On the base of the research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya conducted a comprehensive study of 30 practically healthy urban young women of the middle intermediate somatotype, in the third generation of residents of the Podillia region of Ukraine. All young women undergo rheoencephalography using a computer diagnostic complex; anthropometric research according to the scheme of V. V. Bunak; craniometry; determination of somatotype by J. Carter and B. Heath method and components of body mass index by J. Matiegka and American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) methods. The analysis of correlations of the obtained results was carried out using the Spearman method in the licensed statistical package “STATISTICA 6.1”. In practically healthy young women of the middle intermediate somatotype, the following multiple connections of indicators of cerebral circulation with anthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body are established: direct, mostly unreliable, average strength (r = 0.31 to 0.36) connections of most time indices with girth the thighs and time of rapid blood filling with one third of the indexes of the thickness of skin and fat folds (TSFF), the endomorphic component of the somatotype and fat component of the body mass using the Matiegka method; direct, mostly reliable, average strength (r = 0.36 to 0.51) connections of the index of tone of all arteries, tone of arteries of large diameter and tone of arteries of medium and small diameter with a third of the circumferential body sizes, most of the pelvic diameter and muscular component of the body mass by the AIN method, as well as the inverse, mostly reliable, mean strength (r = -0.37 to -0.41) connections of the artery tone ratio with the third of the indices of the TSFF and the endo- and mesomorphic components of the somatotype. Attention is drawn to the lack of reliable and average strength false correlations of amplitude indices with total body sizes, the parameters of the width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones and components of the somatotype; as well as time and derivative indicators - with total and longitudinal dimensions of the body. In the analysis of correlations of indices with rheoencephalogram with anthropo-somatotypological indicators in practically healthy young women of the middle intermediate somatotype among all groups of indicators of cerebral blood circulation for the derived indicators, the greatest number of reliable and average strength connections mainly found with body diameters (21.9%), components somatotype (16.7%), cephalometric indices (12.6%), girths of the body (11.6%), and components of the body composition (9.4%). For amplitudes indexes, the highest percentage of connections with cephalometric indices (14.3%), components of body composition (10.0%), body length (8.0%) and body diameters (7.5%) were established; and for time indicators - with TSFF (11.0%), with the circumferential dimensions of the body (10.7%), the width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones (10.0%).

The peculiarities of the relations of rheoencephalographic indices with anthropometric indices in the healthy domestic samples studied are an important diagnostic criterion and a marker of pathological states from the cerebral vessels in the studied somatotype. The purpose of the work is to determine the features of correlations of indicators of cerebral circulation with constitutional parameters of the body of practically healthy young men from Podillia with mesomorphic somatotype. On the base of the research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, conducted a comprehensive study of 62 practically healthy urban youths of mesomorphic somatotype, of inhabitants of the Podillia region of Ukraine in the third generation. All of them have undergone a rheoencephalography using a computer diagnostic complex; anthropometric study according to the scheme of V. V. Bunak; craniometry; determination of components and type of somatotype by J. Carter and B. Heath and components of body mass index by J. Matiegka and American Institute of Nutrition. The correlation analysis was performed using the Pearson method in the statistical package “Statistica 6.1”. In the practically healthy young men of the mesomorphic somatotype, the following multiple correlations of cerebral blood flow parameters with constitutional parameters of the body are established: direct of middle power (r = 0.36 to 0.38) correlations of the base impedance with indicators of the thickness of skin and fat folds on the lower extremity, the endomorphic component of the somatotype and the fat component of the body mass using the Matejko method; direct, predominantly average strength (r = 0.30 to 0.40), correlations of the rising part of the rheogram and time of rapid blood filling with all total and longitudinal body dimensions, distal epiphysis widths of the upper extremity, muscle mass component of the body by the Matiegka method, and the bone component of the body mass using the Matiegka method (only for the time of rapid blood filling), as well as the direct mean (r = 0.31 to 0.37) and weak strength (r = 0.26 in all cases), correlations of slow blood flow time with most longitudinal body sizes; inverse, mainly average strength (r = -0.30 to -0.44), correlations of the dicrotic index with all total, most of the longitudinal body sizes, most of the girth indices of the limbs, muscle and bone components of the mass of the body by the method of Matiegka and muscular by the method of the American Institute of Nutrition method, as well as direct, mostly average forces (r = from 0.30 to 0.47), correlations of indicators of tone of all arteries, tone of arteries of large caliber and tone of arteries of medium and small caliber with most longitudinal body sizes. Attention is drawn to the lack of reliable correlations of only the amplitude indicators with total body sizes. In the analysis of correlations of rheoencephalography indicators with constitutional parameters of the body in practically healthy young men of mesomorphic somatotype among all groups of indicators of cerebral circulation for time indicators, the largest number of reliable connections found, mostly with total body sizes (53.3%, here and thereafter from the total number of these indicators), longitudinal body dimensions (52.0%), body mass index components (20.0%), circumferential body dimensions (18.7%), width distal epiphyses long limb bone (15.0%) and cephalometric indexes (14.3%). The highest percentage of correlations with body diameters (14.3%), components of somatotype (13.3%), cephalometric indices (11.4%) and components of body composition (10.0%) were established for amplitude parameters; and for derivative indicators - with longitudinal body dimensions (45.0%), body total dimensions (29.2%), body sizes (16.7%), body composition components (15.6%), width distal epiphyses of long limb bones (12.5%) and diameters of the body (10.7%).

Cranial base flexion has been used extensively as a baseline or standard from which to interpret differences in craniofacial growth and morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 414 adults representing seven samples from around the world were compared for variation in cranial base and facial morphology. The samples represent Australian Aboriginal, New Zealand Maori ( Polynesian ), Thai, Chinese, white American, African Sotho / Xhosa / Zulu and African Khoi / San populations. Seven angles of cranial base flexion, five craniofacial angles and nine cranial base and facial dimensions were measured on tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Numerous significant correlations were found between cranial base flexion angles, craniofacial angles and dimensions of the cranial base and craniofacial skeleton. A positive correlation was found between the orientation of the foramen magnum, clivus and the anterior cranial base, with a negative correlation between these angles and the orientation of the hard palate. There was also a parallel relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and the anterior cranial base ( measured from pituitary point to nasion ). Cranial base flexion, craniofacial angles and dimensions differed significantly between some samples. Despite this, there was no evidence of distinct facial types between samples. Multivariate statistics revealed some discrimination between some samples for dimensions ; however, if angles were used alone, less than 50 % of individuals could be correctly assigned to their sample of origin. Most of the variation could be attributed to variation between individuals, rather than variation between samples. The range of variation in cranial base flexion is considerable, and needs to be taken into account when comparing samples. Flexion of the cranial base is generally insufficient to distinguish people from different geographic samples. The functional and evolutionary significance of the relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and cranial base flexion is discussed for its potential usefulness as a reference line for interpreting craniofacial morphology.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School and Dental School, 2005.

Orientador: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:46:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Villela_CarlosHenriqueSilveira_M.pdf: 3934697 bytes, checksum: 869a8ba8c0708636704583570f92eefd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: O diagnóstico das assimetrias faciais tem sido realizado por meio de exames físicos e complementares. As tomadas radiográficas convencionais ainda são os recursos mais difundidos como exames complementares para o diagnóstico das assimetrias faciais. Hoje, novas técnicas de obtenção de imagem podem fornecer visualizações tridimensionais do complexo craniofacial. Estas, por sua vez, podem eliminar magnificações e demagnificações quando da obtenção de mensurações. A imagem tridimensional, utilizando-se de soluções computacionais, pode ser movimentada em diversas direções. Este recurso favorece a cranioscopia, técnica pela quais grandes e médias assimetrias são reconhecidas em qualquer região do complexo craniofacial. A quantificação de assimetrias menores pode ser reconhecida por mensurações realizadas no biomodelo 3D virtual, ou seja, pela craniometria. Alguns protocolos 3D já foram propostos com a finalidade de qualificar e/ou quantificar a assimetria facial. Este trabalho propõe um novo protocolo 3D que faz uso das novas técnicas de aquisição e tratamento de imagens. Utiliza-se então da tomografia computadorizada e tendo como meta qualificar e quantificar a assimetria facial. Para isso, utiliza-se da marcação de pontos anatômicos verdadeiros, criando condições para que mensurações lineares e angulares sejam realizadas. Assim, assimetrias faciais poderão ser observadas, bem como as respostas individuais aos tratamentos propostos<br>Abstract: The diagnosis of facial asymmetry has been done using clinical and complementary examinations. The conventional radiographic images have still been the most spread resources as complementary examinations for facial asymmetry diagnosis. Nowadays, new image acquisition techniques can give three dimensional visualizations of the craniofacial complex. This way, it is possible to eliminate magnifications and demagnifications in measurements obtained using conventional radiographic techniques. The three dimensional image, using computational solutions, can be moved in different directions. This capability is favorable to cranioscopy, which is a technique used to recognize big and medium asymmetries in any part of the craniofacial complex. The qualification and quantification of small asymmetries can be done using measurements made in 3D virtual biomodel. Few 3D protocols have been proposed with the aim of qualify and quantify facial asymmetry. This work proposes a new 3D protocol which uses new image acquisition and treatment techniques based on computerized tomography, aimed to qualify and quantify facial asymmetry. To do that, it is used true anatomical landmarks marking process, which gives conditions to make linear, angular, area and volume measurements with positive recognitions and precision. Therefore, small facial asymmetries will be possible to be observer, as well as the individual responses to treatments, been them surgical, orthopedical or orthodontical<br>Mestrado<br>Materiais e Processos de Fabricação<br>Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a precisão e a acurácia de medidas maxilofaciais lineares e angulares obtidas por tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico (TCFC). A amostra consistiu de quinze crânios humanos secos submetidos à TCFC. Medidas lineares e angulares foram realizadas em imagens em terceira dimensão (3D) após a identificação de pontos craniométricos convencionais. As imagens em 3D-TCFC foram analisadas por dois radiologistas, duas vezes, independentemente. Medidas físicas foram realizadas por um terceiro examinador utilizando paquímetro e goniômetro digitais. Os resultados não demonstraram diferenças estatísticas significantes para as análises intra e interexaminadores. As comparações entre as medidas físicas e as obtidas em 3D-TCFC para ambos os examinadores também não foram estatisticamente significantes tanto para as medidas lineares quanto paras as angulares (p= 0,968 e 0,915, p= 0,844 e 0,700, respectivamente). As imagens em 3D-TCFC podem ser utilizadas com precisão e acurácia para a obtenção de medidas lineares e angulares a partir de estruturas anatômicas e pontos craniométricos.<br>The purpose of this research was to provide further evidence to demonstrate the precision and accuracy of maxillofacial linear and angular measurements obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The study population consisted of 15 dry human skulls that were submitted to a CBCT, and threedimensional (3D) images were generated. Linear and angular measurements based upon conventional craniometric anatomical landmarks, were identified in 3D-CBCT images by two radiologists twice each independently. Subsequently physical measurements were made by a third examiner using a digital caliper and a digital goniometer. The results demonstrated no statistically significant difference between inter and intra-examiner analysis. Regarding accuracy test, no statistically significant difference were found of the comparison between the physical and CBCT-based linear and angular for both examiners (p= 0.968 and 0.915, p= 0.844 and 0.700 respectively). 3D-CBCT images can be used to obtain dimensionally accurate linear and angular measurements from bony maxillofacial structures and landmarks.

Orientador: Krunislave Antonio Nobilo<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T03:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_DeiseLucianePaiva_M.pdf: 3669508 bytes, checksum: 7bfb9a84147c2aa0208a3c91c1d26d0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000<br>Resumo: Na construção de próteses totais e pistas deslizantes de Nóbilo são utilizados como referência para o plano Dclusal , o ponto anterior, ângulo entre os Incisivos Centrais Superiores e as papilas retromolares. Após mais de 20 anos de experiência clínica com excelentes resultados, esse trabalho objetiva determinar as correlações entre os planos de Camper e o plano oclusal de Nóbilo, entre o plano de Camper e o plano oclusal Natural, entre o plano de Nóbilo e o plano oclusal Natural verificando a validade da técnica utilizada. Selecionamos vinte e cinco pacientes dentados completamente, estando em dimensão vertical f.siológica, sem nunca terem se submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico. Os pacientes foram moldados. Os modelos foram confeccionados e analisados. Na arcada superior, colocou-se um dispositivo de resina acrflica ativada quimicamente com uma esfera de chumbo que guarda a localização do ângulo incisal entre os incisivos centrais superiores. Na arcada inferior também colocou-se um dispositivo com a mesma resina incluindo a esfera de chumbo que guarda a localização do centro, o ponto mais elevado da papila retromolar . Na face foram colocadas as esferas de chumbo sobre o ponto subnasal e tragus. Foram realizadas as teleradiografias, lado esquerdo e direito. Foram feitos os traçados cefalométricos e a análise entre o plano de Camper e o plano oclusal de Nóbilo; entre o plano de Camper e o plano oclusal Natural e entre o plano Nóbilo e o plano oclusal Natural, através de programa de Computação Gráfica Corei Draw. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a média de angulação encontrada entre o plano oclusal de Nóbilo e o Natural foi de 3,3297 o para o lado esquerdo e de 3,2742° para o lado direito; entre o plano de Camper e Nóbito foi de 5,2960° para o lado esquerdo e de 5,4013° para o lado direito; entre Camper e Natural foi de 1,9630° para o lado esquerdo e de 2,0127° para o lado direito, sendo que estatisticamente não houve diferença significativa entre os lados esquerdo e direito dos respectivos planos. O estudo da relação entre os planos de Camper e plano eclusal Natural nos permitiu a comparação com os valores da literatura que estão em média em torno de 5°, compatível com o tamanho das amostras. Dessa maneira, os valores obtidos nessa pesquisa estão mais próximos do paralelismo. O menor intervalo de confiança encontrado foi em relação ao plano de Nóbilo em relação ao Natural no valor de 0,77210 que determina uma menor variabilidade entre os indivíduos da amostra quando da análise desses planos. Verificou-se pelo teste Exato de Fisher a presença de 2% de plano oclusal reverso na análise entre o plano de Camper e Nóbilo, 4% em relação ao plano de Nóbilo e Natural e 30% em relação ao plano de Camper e Natural. O plano de Nóbilo pode ser adotado com segurança como referência, devido a sua menor variabilidade entre os indíviduos, pela baixa porcentagem de plano oclusal reverso, ou seja, pela sua reprodutibilidade<br>Abstract: The anterior mark, angle between the superior central incisors, and retromolar pad are used in the construction of total prostheses and NóbHo's gliding plates as reference to the occlusal plane. The aim of this work, after more than 20 years of clinical experience with excellents results, is to determine the correlation between Camper' plane and Nóbilo's occlusal plane, between Camper's plane and the Natural occlusal plane and between Natural occlusal plane and the Nóbilo's occlusal plane. Verifying then the validity of the technique that was used. We selected 25 pacients with complete dentition, in physiological vertical dimension, who had never submitted to an orthodontic treatment. The patients were molded. activated with a sphere of lead that keeps the incisal angle location between the The models were ma de and analysed. A device of Acrylic Resin chemically central superior incisors, was placed at the superior arcade. At the inferior arcade, a device with the same resin was also placed including the sphere of lead that keeps the central location the most elevated point of retromolar pad. On the face, spheres of lead were placed on the subnasal and tragus points. Radiographies were taken of both rtght and left sides. Also, cephatometric tracings and analysis were carried out between Camper's plane and Nóbilo's occfusal plane, between Camper's plane and the Natural ocelusal plane and between the Natural oeelusal plane and Nóbilo's oectusal plane by using Corei Draw, whieh is a graphie eomputer programo The results obtained after the statistical evaluation allowed us to eonelude that the mean angulation found was 3,3297° to left side and 3,2742° to rigth side between Nóbilo's occlusal plane and the Natural one; 5,2960° to left side and 5,4013° to right side between Camper's plane and Nóbilo's one and 1,9630° to left side and 2,0127° to right si de between Camper's plane and the Natural one, and there were no significant difference between lefi and right sides. This last one gave us the opportunity to compare values of the literature whieh are around 50' eompatible with the size of the samples. Thus, the values obtained in this researeh are eloser to parallelism. The lowest index of reliability found was 0,7721° in relaeion to the Natural plane and Nóbilo's one. This value determines a lower variability between the individuais of the sample when these planes are analysed. The presenee of 2% the reverse occlusal plane in the analysis between Camper's plane and Nóbilo's one , 4% in relation to Nóbilo's plane and Natural one, and 30% in relation to Camper's plane and the Natural one was verified by the Exact Test of Fisher. The Nóbilo's oeelusal plane can be accepted with seeurtty due your lower vartability between the individuais, a by lower percentage of the reverse occlusal plane, because your capable of being reproduced.<br>Mestrado<br>Fisiologia Oral<br>Mestre em Odontologia

Commonly used craniofacial reference planes such as Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and sella nasion (SN) have shortcomings including their variable inter-individual orientation when related to true horizontal (HOR). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of a range of craniofacial reference planes to HOR including those which have not been investigated before: Krogman-Walker line (KW line), neutral horizontal axis, foramen magnum line and posterior maxillary plane. A sample of 57 (38 female, 19 males) consecutive, pre-treatment orthodontic subjects aged 12 to 18 were photographically recorded in a standing mirror guided natural head position (NHP). Cephalograms taken at the same time were traced, oriented to a plumb line (true vertical) transferred from the photograph, and measured for statistical analysis. Thirty nine of these subjects were photographically recorded 2 months later to test the reproducibility of NHP. The results showed that the variability of the 11 selected craniofacial reference planes related to HOR was generally high. The planes illustrating lowest variability to HOR were FH and KW line with standard deviations of 4.6° and 4.7°, respectively. These, however, showed about double the variation in NHP reproducibility (Dahlberg 2.1°). The KW line and palatal plane were also oriented closest to HOR on average. Therefore, KW line and palatal plane are potential substitutes for the commonly used reference planes in the absence of a reliable NHP. However, NHP still represents a more valid craniofacial reference system than the investigated reference planes.<br>http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297323<br>Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - School of Dentistry, (Orthodonitics), 2007