Academic literature on the topic 'Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)"
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Schiller, Katharina, and Andrea Bräutigam. "Engineering of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-071720-104814.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has evolved from a C3 ground state to increase water use efficiency of photosynthesis. During CAM evolution, selective pressures altered the abundance and expression patterns of C3 genes and their regulators to enable the trait. The circadian pattern of CO2 fixation and the stomatal opening pattern observed in CAM can be explained largely with a regulatory architecture already present in C3 plants. The metabolic CAM cycle relies on enzymes and transporters that exist in C3 plants and requires tight regulatory control to avoid futile cycles between carboxylation and decarboxylation. Ecological observations and modeling point to mesophyll conductance as a major factor during CAM evolution. The present state of knowledge enables suggestions for genes for a minimal CAM cycle for proof-of-concept engineering, assuming altered regulation of starch synthesis and degradation are not critical elements of CAM photosynthesis and sufficient malic acid export from the vacuole is possible.
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LUTTGE, U. "Ecophysiology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)." Annals of Botany 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 629–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch087.
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Silvera, Katia, Kurt M. Neubig, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams, Klaus Winter, and John C. Cushman. "Evolution along the crassulacean acid metabolism continuum." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 11 (2010): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10084.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialised mode of photosynthesis that improves atmospheric CO2 assimilation in water-limited terrestrial and epiphytic habitats and in CO2-limited aquatic environments. In contrast with C3 and C4 plants, CAM plants take up CO2 from the atmosphere partially or predominantly at night. CAM is taxonomically widespread among vascular plants and is present in many succulent species that occupy semiarid regions, as well as in tropical epiphytes and in some aquatic macrophytes. This water-conserving photosynthetic pathway has evolved multiple times and is found in close to 6% of vascular plant species from at least 35 families. Although many aspects of CAM molecular biology, biochemistry and ecophysiology are well understood, relatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of CAM. This review focuses on five main topics: (1) the permutations and plasticity of CAM, (2) the requirements for CAM evolution, (3) the drivers of CAM evolution, (4) the prevalence and taxonomic distribution of CAM among vascular plants with emphasis on the Orchidaceae and (5) the molecular underpinnings of CAM evolution including circadian clock regulation of gene expression.
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Sage, Rowan F. "Are crassulacean acid metabolism and C4 photosynthesis incompatible?" Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 6 (2002): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01217.
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This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. Despite sharing a similar metabolism, crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C4 photosynthesis are not known to occur in identical species, with the exception of Portulaca spp. In Portulaca, C4 and weak CAM photosynthesis occur in distinct regions of the leaf, rather than in the same cells. This is in marked contrast to the situation in most CAM species where C3 and CAM photosynthesis are active in the same cell over the course of a day and growing season. The lack of CAM and C4 photosynthesis in identical cells of a plant indicates these photosynthetic pathways are incompatible. Incompatibilities between CAM and C4 photosynthesis could have a number of biochemical, anatomical and evolutionary explanations. Biochemical incompatibilities could result from the requirement for spatial separation of C3 and C4 phases in C4 plants versus temporal separation in CAM plants. In C4 plants, regulatory systems coordinate mesophyll and bundle sheath metabolism, with light intensity being the major environmental signal. In CAM plants, a circadian oscillator coordinates day and night phases of CAM. The requirement for rapid intercellular transport in C4 plants may be incompatible with the intracellular transport and storage needs of CAM. For example, the large vacuole required for malate storage in CAM could impede metabolite diffusion between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C4 plants. Anatomical barriers could also exist because both CAM and the C4 pathway require distinct leaf anatomies for efficient function. Efficient function of the C4 pathway generally requires an outer layer of cells specialized for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation and regeneration and an inner layer for CO2 accumulation and refixation, while CAM species require enlarged vacuoles and tight cell packing. In evolutionary terms, barriers preventing CAM and C4 photosynthesis in the same species may be the initial steps in the respective evolutionary pathways from C3 ancestors. The first steps in C4 photosynthesis are related to scavenging photorespiratory CO2 via localization of glycine decarboxylase in the bundle sheath cells. The initial steps in CAM evolution are associated with the scavenging of respiratory CO2 at night by PEP carboxylation. In each, simplified versions of the specialized anatomy may need to be present for the evolutionary sequence to begin. For C4 evolution, enhanced bundle sheath size may be required in C3 ancestors; for CAM evolution, succulence may be required. Thus, before CAM or C4 photosynthesis began to evolve, the outcome of the evolutionary experiment may have been predetermined.
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Winter, Klaus, and Joseph A. M. Holtum. "Cryptic crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Jatropha curcas." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 8 (2015): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15021.
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Jatropha curcas L. is a drought-tolerant shrub or small tree that is a candidate bioenergy feedstock. It is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae in which both CAM and C4 photosynthesis have evolved. Here, we report that J. curcas exhibits features diagnostic of low-level CAM. Small increases in nocturnal acid content were consistently observed in photosynthetic stems and occasionally in leaves. Acidification was associated with transient contractions in CO2 loss at night rather than with net CO2 dark fixation. Although the CAM-type nocturnal CO2 uptake signal was masked by background respiration, estimates of dark CO2 fixation based upon the 2 : 1 stoichiometric relationship between H+ accumulated and CO2 fixed indicated substantial carbon retention in the stems via the CAM cycle. It is proposed that under conditions of drought, low-level CAM in J. curcas stems serves primarily to conserve carbon rather than water.
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Taybi, Tahar, John C. Cushman, and Anne M. Borland. "Environmental, hormonal and circadian regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism expression." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 6 (2002): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01244.
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This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. Expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is characterized by the extreme plasticity observed within and between species. Switches between C3 photosynthesis and CAM, and subsequent 24-h patterns of day/night CO2 uptake, are tightly controlled by a variety of environmental and metabolic factors that optimize the response of CAM plants to the most challenging environments over seasonal and daily time scales. Regulation of the genes and enzymes involved in CAM and connected metabolic pathways occurs at a number of levels (transcriptional through to post-translational). Such multiple levels of control are considered to be the key to the photosynthetic plasticity of CAM. Here, we review some of the primary environmental and hormonal factors controlling CAM plasticity in different CAM-inducible species, with emphasis on the regulatory signalling circuits responsible for this control. We also examine the inherent circadian regulation of the pathway, mainly in the context of the diel regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and the dedicated kinase that modulates its activity. We then consider the role of secondary signals, with emphasis on changes in cytosolic [Ca2+]i and the downstream signalling pathways, based on studies conducted on Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Besides representing an important metabolic adaptation, CAM provides an intriguing paradigm for studying the complex signalling mechanisms that control and coordinate the expression of genes under a variety of short- and long-term environmental perturbations.
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Barkla, Bronwyn J., and Timothy Rhodes. "Use of infrared thermography for monitoring crassulacean acid metabolism." Functional Plant Biology 44, no. 1 (2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16210.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an alternative carbon fixation pathway that imparts high water-use efficiency in plants adapted to warm, semiarid climates. With concerns that global warming will negatively influence crop production, turning agricultural focus towards CAM plants may provide a solution to increase productivity using either unconventional crops on marginal land or incorporating CAM molecular mechanisms into conventional crops and improving water-use efficiency. For this to be feasible, deeper insights into CAM pathway regulation are essential. To facilitate this research new tools which simplify procedures for detecting and measuring CAM are needed. Here we describe a non-invasive, non-destructive, simplified method using infrared thermography for monitoring CAM in the annual desert succulent Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. via detection of changes in leaf temperature brought about by the absence of transpiration due to daytime reduction in stomatal conductance. This method is sensitive, measuring temperature differences of ± 1°C, can be used in both the field and green house and is not restricted by leaf architecture. It offers an alternative to the commonly used gas exchange methods to measure CAM that are technically difficult to acquire and require the use of expensive and cumbersome equipment.
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Nelson, Elizabeth A., Tammy L. Sage, and Rowan F. Sage. "Functional leaf anatomy of plants with crassulacean acid metabolism." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 5 (2005): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04195.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has evolved independently on dozens of occasions and is now found in over 7% of plant species. In this study, the leaf structure of a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of 18 CAM plants was compared with six C3 plants and four C4 plants to assess whether consistent anatomical patterns that may reflect functional constraints are present. CAM plants exhibited increased cell size and increased leaf and mesophyll thickness relative to C3 and C4 species. CAM species also exhibited reduced intercellular air space (IAS) and reduced length of mesophyll surface exposed to IAS per unit area (Lmes / area). The low volume of IAS and low exposure of mesophyll surface to IAS likely increases internal resistance to CO2 in CAM tissues. While this diffusional barrier may limit uptake of CO2 during Phases II and IV, carbon economy could be enhanced through the reduced loss of internal CO2 during all four phases of CAM.
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Winter, Klaus, Rowan F. Sage, Erika J. Edwards, Aurelio Virgo, and Joseph A. M. Holtum. "Facultative crassulacean acid metabolism in a C3–C4 intermediate." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 22 (March 1, 2019): 6571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz085.
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Winter, Klaus. "Ecophysiology of constitutive and facultative CAM photosynthesis." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 22 (February 27, 2019): 6495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz002.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)"
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Beltran, Juan David. "Ecological and evolutionary significance of crassulacean acid metabolism in the montane genus Puya (Bromeliaceae)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fe892c6e-df4e-4900-9a11-6d5b7ca73f22.
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Little is known about the evolution and ecology of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the genus Puya Molina. CAM is a photosynthetic pathway typified by nocturnal CO2 fixation and is regarded as a water-saving mechanism. Puya is one of the largest genera in the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), with 226 species distributed across the Andes to Costa Rica and the Guiana Shield, and from sea level to 5000 m. About 21% of Puya species are CAM and at least 10 of these CAM species occur above 3000 m. The main aim of this thesis was to uncover new evidence to understand the ecophysiology and evolution of CAM in the montane genus Puya. The prevalence of CAM and C3 species in Puya was estimated from carbon isotope values of 161 species. The climatic niche of constitutive CAM species and C3 species of Puya was modelled using georeferenced herbarium records and climatic variables to evaluate the differences between their niches. The evolution of CAM in Puya was investigated by reconstructing the ancestral photosynthetic pathway on an AFLP phylogeny and by studying positive selection in the genes encoding the key enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). The coldresistance and the thermal lability of PEPC was investigated for high- and low- elevation CAM species of Puya to explore the potential molecular adaptations of CAM plants in high-elevation environments. The present study concludes that the common ancestor of Puya was a cold-resistant plant. This is suggested to explain the prevalence of Puya at highelevations. The evolution of CAM was correlated with changes in the climatic niche, and occurred multiple times in Puya. These multiple origins were not independent because the common ancestor of Puya was likely to be a weak CAM plant (based on a diagnostic Arg679 residue in the PEPC sequence). It is likely that populations of P. chilensis gained CAM by introgression with P. alpestris ssp. zoellneri. Weak CAM photosynthesis and coldxv resistance allowed Puya to colonise the Andes from the south to the north; and, in the process, constitutive CAM and C3 evolved. The later-evolving species in the genus are suggested to have lost their capacity for CAM as they radiated into more mesic habitats during their colonisation of the northern Andes.
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Bartholomew, Dolores Marie. "Isolation and characterization of genes encoding vacuolar membrane proteins from the CAM plant Kalanchoe daigremontiana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388961.
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Mioto, Paulo Tamaso. "Sinalização do óxido nítrico sobre a regulação do Metabolismo Ácido das Crassuláceas (CAM) em Guzmania monostachia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-02122016-095125/.
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Guzmania monostachia é uma bromélia-tanque epífita que apresenta uma alta plasticidade fotossintética, sendo capaz de regular positivamente o metabolismo ácido das crassuláceas (CAM) em resposta ao déficit hídrico. Também foi visto para essa espécie que o incremento do CAM se dá de forma diferente ao longo do comprimento da folha, sendo mais intenso na região apical do que na basal. Trabalhos anteriores indicaram que o óxido nítrico (NO) parece estar envolvido na regulação do CAM, mas nada se sabe dos mecanismos pelos quais isso ocorre. Uma vez que parecem não existir receptores específicos de NO, acredita-se que ele seja capaz de se ligar diretamente às proteínas, através de um processo conhecido como nitrosilação. O presente trabalho visou determinar se o NO estaria atuando na regulação do CAM em G. monostachia através da nitrosilação de proteínas relacionadas a esse metabolismo. Para tanto, foram feitos três desenhos experimentais. No primeiro, folhas destacadas de G. monostachia foram mantidas por 7 dias em água (controle) ou em uma solução contendo 30% de PEG (déficit hídrico). Durante esse período, foram monitorados parâmetros indicativos de estresse (porcentagem de água, potencial hídrico, além dos teores de clorofilas, carotenoides e proteínas), CAM (atividade da fosfoenolpiruvato carboxilase - PEPC - e acúmulo noturno de malato e citrato) e emissão de NO. Todas as análises foram feitas nas porções basal e apical das folhas. Ao final dos 7 dias de escassez hídrica, também foram feitas dosagens de nitrosotióis totais e a visualização em gel de proteínas nitrosiladas na porção apical. O segundo experimento visou verificar a modulação da atividade de enzimas pela nitrosilação. Para tanto, extratos proteicos de folhas de G. monostachia foram incubados com glutationa reduzida (GSH) ou S-nitrosoglutationa (GSNO) para, em seguida,verificar diferenças nas atividades das enzimas PEPC, malato desidrogenase (MDH), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) e isocitrato desidrogenase dependente de NADP+ (NADP-ICDH). No terceiro experimento foi feita a aplicação do sequestrador de NO 2-(4-carboxifenil)-4,4,5,5-tetrametilimidazolina-1-oxil-3-óxido (cPTIO) ou de NO gasoso em folhas destacadas mantidas em PEG ou água, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do CAM se dá seis dias após o início do tratamento de déficit hídrico, concomitantemente com o aumento na produção de NO. Esses dois fenômenos ocorreram somente na porção apical da folha. A quantidade de proteínas nitrosiladas, no entanto, diminuiu em resposta ao déficit hídrico nesta porção, indicando que o aumento na emissão de NO pode ser oriundo de uma desnitrosilação de proteínas. De fato, a atividade de três (PEPC, APX e NADP-ICDH) das cinco enzimas analisadas mostraram uma diminuição em resposta ao tratamento com GSNO. Dessa forma, o NO parece não se ligar diretamente às enzimas do CAM para regular sua atividade. Mesmo assim, a aplicação de NO gasoso causou um aumento em todos os parâmetros relacionados ao CAM após 5 dias, sugerindo algum tipo de controle transcricional sobre genes relacionados a esse tipo de fotossínteseGuzmania monstachia is an epiphytic tank-bromeliad capable of up-regulating CAM under water deficit. Moreover, the increase in CAM is stronger in the apical portion of the leaf, when compared to the base. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in the regulation of CAM, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still largely unknown. NO is capable of interacting with proteins through a process known as nitrosylation. Here, we investigated whether NO could regulate CAM by protein nitrosylation. In order to do so, we performed three experiments. In the first one, detached leaves were maintained for 7 days in water or in a solution containing 30% of poliethylene glycol 6000 (PEG). During this period, the water percentage, water potential, contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity, nocturnal malate and citrate accumulation, and NO emission were monitored daily in the basal and apical portions of the leaf. At the seventh day of the water shortage, quantification of total nitrosothiols and in-gel visualization of nitrosylated proteins were also performed in the apical portion. The second experiment consisted in incubating proteic extracts of G. monostachia with reducedglutathione (GSH) or S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to assess the impact of nitrosylation in enzymatic activity. The enzymes selected to this step were PEPC, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), ascorbate peroxydase (APX), catalase (CAT) and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH). The third experiment consisted in the application of the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxifenil)-4,4,5,5-tetrametilimidazolina-1-oxil-3-óxido (cPTIO) or gaseous NO to leaves maintained in water or in PEG 30%, respectively. The results show that there was an increase of both CAM and NO in the leaf apex at the sixth day of water deficit. The level of nitrosylated proteins, however, decreased in this portion, indicating that the emission of NO may be the result of a de-nitrosylation process. In fact, the activity of three (PEPC, APX and NADP-ICDH) out of five enzymes analyzed decreased with nitrosylation. Therefore, NO does not regulate directly the activity of CAM enzymes. Nevertheless, exogenous NO increased all of the assayed CAM parameters after 5 days, indicating transcriptional control of CAM-related genes
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Fox, Andrew J. "Physiological Response of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Agave Americana to Water and Nitrogen." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1559122951997819.
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Mioto, Paulo Tamaso. "Sinalização da indução do metabolismo ácido das crassuláceas (CAM) por ácido abscísico e óxido nítrico em Guzmania monostachia (Bromeliaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-11072012-094636/.
Full textAbstract:
Guzmania monostachia é uma bromélia tanque epífita C3-CAM facultativa, constituindo-se em um modelo muito interessante para estudar a sinalização que ocorre na transição da fotossíntese C3 para CAM. Baseado em resultados obtidos pelo Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal do IBUSP, constatou-se que a mudança em questão se dá de forma diferente ao longo do comprimento das folhas dessa espécie, sendo muito mais pronunciada na região apical do que na basal. Outra pesquisa, desenvolvida anteriormente no mesmo laboratório, sugere fortemente que na indução ao CAM, em plantas jovens de abacaxizeiro C3, o óxido nítrico (NO) e o ácido abscísico (ABA) atuam como mediadores dessa resposta. Levando em conta esses fatos, o presente trabalho visou caracterizar a participação do NO e do ABA como sinalizadores do CAM em uma bromélia que é reconhecidamente C3-CAM facultativa na natureza. Além disso, suas folhas apresentam diferentes níveis de expressão do CAM ao longo do comprimento, podendo, assim, constituir-se em um ótimo modelo para estudos de sinalização. Também se buscou, nesta pesquisa,saber se seria possível reduzir o modelo de estudo para folhas destacadas, não necessitando empregar a planta inteira nos experimentais. Após a comparação da fotossíntese entre folhas pertencentes a plantas inteiras e folhas destacadas, concluiu-se que é viável trabalhar com as folhas isoladas.Essas foram induzidas ao CAM por déficit hídrico, proporcionado por uma solução de polietilenoglicol (PEG) na concentração de 30%. O acúmulo noturno de acidez e a atividade das enzimas fosfoenolpiruvato carboxilase (PEPC) e malato desidrogenase (MDH) em três porções foliares (porção basal, mediana e apical) foram usadas para caracterizar o grau de expressão do CAM. O conteúdo d\'água (expresso em porcentagem)foi usado como um indicativo da perda d\'água pelo tecido foliar.A participação do NO no processo de indução ao CAM foi avaliado por meio de dosagens por quimioluminescência, espectrofluorimetria e localização in situ por microscopia de fluorescência. Também foi usado um doador desse radical livre, o nitroprissiato de sódio (SNP). O ABA foi quantificado pela técnica de cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (GC-MS). As folhas mudaram seu metabolismo fotossintético de C3 para CAM no sexto dia de incubação com PEG (segundo o acúmulo noturno de ácidos e a atividade da enzima PEPC), mas a primeira queda detectável no teor d\'água ocorreu logo nas 12 primeiras horas, aumentando até 24ª hora. Nos dias seguintes (até o 7º), o menor teor de água foi encontrado na região basal da folha, enquanto que o CAM se expressou com maior intensidade na porção apical, sugerindo a existência de uma sinalização da redução hídrica entre a parte basal e a apical da folha. De fato, foram detectados maiores quantidades de ABA, em resposta ao déficit hídrico imposto pelo PEG, ao longo de todo o comprimento foliar, com maior quantidade na região apical. Teores significativamente maiores de NO foram detectados por espectrofluorimetria nos últimos três dias de experimento, apenas na região apical. A citolocalização do NO corroborou a quantificação por espectrofluorimetria, mostrando um aumento a partir do sexto dia nos ápices foliares. Conclui-se, portanto, que tanto o NO quanto o ABA parecem participar da sinalização do CAM. Possivelmente, o ABA desempenha um papel decisivo quanto à sinalização da diminuição do teor d\'água, devido ao seu aumento em todo o comprimento da folha,enquanto que o NO parece atuar como um mensageiro secundário, importante à indução do CAM na porção apical foliar.Guzmania monostachia is a C3-CAM facultative epiphyte tank bromeliad and a very promising model to study the C3 to CAM transition. Results obtained on the Laboratory of Plant Physiology on IBUSP showed that this transition occurs differently along the leaf blade o this species, as it is much stronger on the apical portion of the leaf, when compared to the basal one. Another research, from the same group, strongly suggests that on the induction of CAM in young pineapple plants is mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO). Based on both of these results, this work intends to characterize the role of NO and ABA in CAM signaling, using as a model of study a species which is generally accepted to be a facultative CAM on natural conditions. Besides that, G. Monostachia shows different degrees of CAM along the leaf blade, which makes an interesting model of it for signaling studies. It was also attempted to use detached leaves as a valid model of study for this species. Since no remarkable differences were detected between an experiment performed with whole plants or detached leaves alone, it was chosen to carry over the work using only detached leaves. The induction of CAM was performed by drought, using a 30% polyethyleneglycol (PEG) solution. The nocturnal acid accumulation and the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes were measured in three portions of the leaf (basal, middle and apical). The water amount was indicative of the water loss on foliar tissues. NO participation was assessed through chemioluminescence, spectrofluorimetry and in situ localization by fluorescence microscopy. A NO donor was also used. ABA was quantified by gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaves changed the photosynthetic metabolism from C3 to CAM on the sixth day after the beginning of PEG exposure (as stated by the nocturnal acid accumulation and PEPC activity), but the decrease in water amount values started soon, after 12 hours of exposure, and stabilizing after 24 hours. The major loss of water percentage was detected on the basal portion, persisting until the seventh day, while on the apical portion, after two days the control and PEG-treated leaves remained similar. Since the C3-CAM change occurred in the apical portion, it is possible to suggest a signal transport from the base to the apex of the leaf in response to water loss. Indeed, the ABA levels remained higher with the water loss along the whole leaf, but with greater intensity on the apical portion. Higher NO levels were also detected on PEG-treated leaves, but only on the apical portion. The in situ localization of NO corroborates the spectrofluorimetry, showing an increase on the sixth day after PEG exposure on the leaf apex. In conclusion, both NO and ABA seem to participate on the signaling of CAM. Possibly, ABA plays a decisive role on indicating drought, because it increases on the whole leaf subjected to PEG, while NO is, maybe, a secondary signal, specific to processes that occur only on the apical portion, such as the CAM induction.
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Maleckova, Eva [Verfasser], Andreas P. M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber, and Matias [Gutachter] Zurbriggen. "Regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the facultative CAM species Talinum triangulare / Eva Maleckova ; Gutachter: Matias Zurbriggen ; Betreuer: Andreas P. M. Weber." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220503487/34.
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Nascimento, Davi Roncoletta. "Respostas de CAM às variações ambientais na bromélia Dyckia tuberosa (Vellozo) Beer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-21012013-143339/.
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Plantas com o tipo fotossintético CAM podem suportar condições de baixa disponibilidade de água através de um sistema de concentração de gás carbônico que aumenta a eficiência de uso da água através de uma fixação inicial do CO2 durante a noite, em condições de baixo déficit de pressão de vapor entre a folha e a atmosfera. Esse processo favorece a ocupação de regiões áridas e de sítios onde a água pode se tornar rapidamente indisponível. A ocorrência desse tipo fotossintético abrange uma grande amplitude de táxons, incluindo a família Bromeliaceae. Entre as espécies de Bromeliaceae que apresentam CAM encontra-se Dickya tuberosa, uma espécie que apresenta uma grande abundancia nos afloramentos rochosos associados ao monumento natural da Pedra Grande - Atibaia - SP. Nesse local, D. tuberose apresenta um papel relevante na vegetação associada à superfície de rocha exposta como componente essencial das comunidades denominadas \"ilhas de vegetação\". As condições predominantes no afloramento rochoso da Pedra Grande são de grande escassez de solo e água, além de extrema exposição. As variações na disponibilidade de água no afloramento rochoso seriam devidas, entre outras causas, ao tamanho das ilhas de solo onde D. tuberose ocorre e as características de declividade e orientação da vertente da superfície rochosa onde a ilha esta instalada. A partir das observações no ambiente natural, pergunta-se se os padrões de assimilação em D. tuberose relacionados ao CAM apresenta variações associadas as características das ilhas de solo onde ocorre. Para investigar esta relação, plantas de D. tuberose foram estudadas em campo e em condições semi-controladas em casa de vegetação. A técnica utilizada para caracterização dos padrões de CAM foi a de titulação da acidez do mesofilo. Tanto em grupos experimentais submetidos a períodos distintos de suspensão da rega como em amostras obtidas diretamente do campo, observam-se padrões de variação da acidez que podem ser associados a variações no suprimento hídrico. As variações foram caracterizadas através da diferença na acidez entre o inicio da manha e o final da tarde. A redução na amplitude da variação coincidiu com a intensidade da restrição no suprimento hídrico. Entretanto, a variação foi associada a redução do valor da acidez no final do dia, o que estaria associado a uma redução na recaptura do CO2 durante o período de iluminação. A maior influencia detectada nas plantas em campo foi a umidade relativa do ar. Conjectura-se um papel da assimilação de água através das folhas de D. tuberose como um atributo essencial a ocupação do substrato rochoso na Pedra Grande - AtibaiaPlants with crassulacean acid metabolism are able to support conditions of low availability of water through a carbon dioxide concentration system which increases the efficiency of use of water through an overnight CO2 fixture under low deficit of vapor pressure between the leaf and the atmosphere. This process favors the occupation of arid regions and places where water can quickly become unavailable. The occurrence of this type photosynthetic covers a wide range of taxa, including the Bromeliaceae family. Among the species of Bromeliaceae presenting CAM is Dickya tuberose, a species that has a great abundance on rocky outcrops associated with natural monument of Pedra Grande - Atibaia - SP. At this site, D. tuberose has a role in vegetation associated with surface rock exposed as an essential component of communities called \"vegetation islands\". The conditions prevailing in the rocky outcrop of Pedra Grande are of great scarcity of land and water, and extreme exposure. The variations in water availability in rocky outcrop would be due, among other reasons, the size of the islands where vegetation D. tuberose occurs and the characteristics of inclination and orientation of the slope of the rocky surface where the island is installed. From the observations in the natural environment, wonders whether the patterns of assimilation in D. tuberose related to CAM presents variations associated characteristics of vegetation islands where it occurs. To investigate this relationship, plants of D. tuberose were studied in field and semi-controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The technique used to characterize patterns of CAM was the titration acidity of the mesophyll. In both experimental groups undergoing different periods of suspension of irrigation as in samples obtained directly from the field, there are patterns of variation in acidity that may be associated with variations in water supply. The changes were characterized by the difference in acidity between the early morning and late afternoon. The reduction in amplitude of the variation coincided with the intensity of the restriction in water supply. However, the variation was associated with reduced acidity value at the end of the day, which would be associated with a reduction in the recapture of CO2 during the illumination period. The major influence detected on plants in the field was the relative humidity. It is conjectured a part of the assimilation of water through the leaves of D. tuberose as an essential attribute of the occupation of substrate in Pedra Grande - Atibaia
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Fondom, Nicolas Yebit. "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS IN SOME CAM SPECIES UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS: THE IMPORTANCE OF LEAF ANATOMY." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1260552594.
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Pereira, Paula Natália. "Divisão espacial da atividade das enzimas PEPC e da NR e sua regulação por citocininas em folhas de Guzmania monostachia induzidas ao CAM." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-19122012-215637/.
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Estudos anteriores realizados no Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal do IBUSP com Guzmania monostachia demonstraram que quando essas plantas são submetidas ao déficit hídrico ocorre a indução do CAM, com maior expressão desse metabolismo na porção foliar apical. Para outra espécie (Vriesea gigantea), foi verificada a maior atividade da enzima nitrato redutase (NR) na porção basal durante o período diurno. Em uma bromélia terrestre (Ananas comosus) foi observada a sinalização por citocininas tanto na indução da expressão gênica, quanto na ativação da NR. Outros laboratórios evidenciaram que plantas de Mesembryanthemum crystallinum induzidas ao CAM apresentaram uma provável regulação negativa da fosfoenolpiruvato carboxilase (PEPC) por citocininas. Em decorrência desses conhecimentos acumulados, surgiram novos questionamentos: haveria variações diuturnas da atividade das enzimas PEPC e NR nas diferentes porções das folhas de G. monostachia induzidas ao CAM? A maior disponibilidade de esqueletos carbônicos à noite (acúmulo de acidez) influenciaria positivamente a atividade da NR, deslocando seu pico de atividade para o período noturno? As variações dos teores endógenos de citocininas acompanhariam as possíveis mudanças da atividade da PEPC e da NR, indicando, assim, a participação dessa classe hormonal na regulação dessas enzimas? O presente trabalho teve por objetivo principal investigar uma possível regulação da atividade das enzimas PEPC e NR por citocininas em folhas destacadas da bromélia epífita com tanque, Guzmania monostachia (Bromeliaceae) induzidas ao CAM. Foi esperado com esta pesquisa aprofundar os estudos sobre a inter-relação entre o comportamento fotossintético, a capacidade de assimilação de nitrogênio e a possível regulação das atividades da PEPC e da NR por citocininas endógenas. Análises de acidez titulável, ácidos orgânicos, amido endógeno e da atividade da enzima malato desidrogenase (MDH) foram realizadas, confirmando a indução do CAM nas folhas isoladas de G. monostachia mantidas em polietilenoglicol (PEG) a uma concentração de 30%. O uso desse composto foi eficiente na redução do conteúdo relativo de água e na imposição da deficiência hídrica foliar. Além disso, pôde-se verificar a maior expressão do CAM na porção apical das folhas mantidas em PEG 30%, quando comparada à porção basal. Análises da atividade da PEPC e da NR permitiram verificar a separação espacial dessas enzimas. A primeira apresentou maior atividade no ápice foliar, enquanto a segunda mostrou a maior atividade na porção basal. Apesar disso, não foi observada a separação temporal dessas enzimas, uma vez que ambas apresentaram picos de atividade noturna. A maior atividade da NR durante o período escuro (01 hora) foi verificada nas folhas-controle ou sob deficiência hídrica. Esse resultado sugere que outros fatores, diferentes do metabolismo CAM, influenciaram para a ocorrência da maior atividade dessa enzima durante o período noturno. Os resultados obtidos ainda sugerem que as citocininas possivelmente atuaram como um regulador negativo para a atividade da PEPC durante o dia, uma vez que os maiores níveis endógenos desse hormônio foram observados durante esse período, enquanto a maior atividade dessa enzima foi verificada durante a noite, quando os teores de Z+iP decaíram significativamente. A aplicação de Z ou iP resultou também num decréscimo da atividade dessa enzima. Por outro lado, as citocininas atuaram como um provável regulador positivo para a atividade da NR, uma vez que a maior atividade noturna dessa enzima foi antecedida em 3 ou 6 horas pelos maiores níveis endógenos de citocininas na porção basal das folhas mantidas em água ou PEG 30%, respectivamente. A aplicação de citocininas-livres aumentou significativamente a atividade da NR na base das folhas destacadas mantidas em água ou PEG 30%Prior studies undertaken in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology on IBUSP with Guzmania monostachia have shown that during water shortage, CAM induction occurs with greater expression in the apical portion of the leaf. In the case of another species (Vriesea gigantean), more intense nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme activity was observed in the basal portion during the daytime. In a certain terrestrial bromeliad (Ananas comosus), signaling by cytokinins, both in the induction of gene expression as well as NR activation, was observed. According to other laboratories, the cytokinins seem to play a negative regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in CAM induced Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants. As a result of accumulated knowledge, new questions have arisen, such as: Are there daily variations in PEPC and NR enzymes activity in the different portions of CAM induced leaves of G. monostachia? Would the more pronounced nocturnal availability of carbon skeletons (accumulation of acidity) positively influence NR activity, with consequential displacement of its peak of activity to this period? Would variations in endogenous cytokinins concentration accompany possible changes in PEPC and NR activity, thereby indicating the participation of this hormonal class in their regulation? The main aim in the present study was to investigate the possible regulation of PEPC and NR activity by cytokinins in detached CAM-induced leaves of the epiphyte tank bromeliad Guzmania monostachia (Bromeliaceae). The expectations with this research were to study more deeply the inter-relationship between photosynthetic behavior, the capacity for nitrogen assimilation and the possible regulation of PEPC and NR activity by endogenous cytokinins. Analyses of titratable acidity, organic acids, endogenous starch and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme activity confirmed CAM induction in isolated leaves of G. monostachia kept in polyethylene glycol (PEG) at a concentration of 30%. The use of this compound was efficient in reducing relative water content and imposing leaf water deficiency. Furthermore, compared to the basal portion, greater CAM expression could be observed in the apical portion of leaves kept in PEG 30%. Analyses of PEPC and NR activity allowed detecting their mutual spatial separation, seeing that, in the first greater activity was concentrated in the leaf apex, while in the second this was more pronounced in the basal portion. Even so, no temporal separation could be observed, since peak of activity for both occurred at night. The peak of nocturnal NR activity (1 hour) was observed in control leaves or those undergoing water deficiency, thereby implying that factors, other than CAM metabolism, exerted an influence on the occurrence of more intense activity of this enzyme at this time. Furthermore, there were indications that cytokinins possibly act as a negative regulator of PEPC activity during the daytime, when the highest endogenous levels of this hormone were observed, whereas it was apparent that the most intense activity of this enzyme actually occurred at night, when Z+iP rates decreased significantly. Z or iP application also induced a decrease in the activity of this enzyme. On the other hand, the cytokinins acted as a positive regulator of NR activity, since the nocturnal peak of activity of this enzyme was preceded by 3 or 6 hours by higher endogenous levels of cytokinins in the basal portion of leaves maintained in water or PEG 30%, respectively. The application of free cytokinins induced a significant increase in NR activity in the base of detached leaves kept in water or PEG 30%
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Bispo, Simone Mesquita. "Variação na composição isotópica do carbono e nitrogênio da matéria orgânica e biomassa da coroa foliar de Aechmea aquilega (Salisb.) griseb bromeliaceae em caatinga, agreste e mata atlântica de Sergipe." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4447.
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The bromeliads are conspicuous elements of the landscape and vegetation of Brazil, in the state of Sergipe occurs in the Atlantic forest ecosystems in the ecotone and caatinga. Bromeliads have an semiarid environment in adaptive capacity to occupy various habitats both on the ground, rocks and trees is partly attributed to its CAM photosynthetic response type obligatory and/or facultative. Isotopic studies to determine the leaf carbon isotope values show that these range from -10 to -28 of PDB standard. This study analyzed the isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen organic matter and leaf in the crown of Aechmea aquilega at three habitats: Caatinga (white forest sclerophilous), Atlantic forest (Pirambu) and a transition area between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, an exception area of white sand-quartizose. In each habitat were collected 4 bromeliads that live in isolated bush and four plants in the ground substrates with the objective of evaluating the hypothesis of facilitation of bromeliad-tank as accumulator of organic matter. The leaves and organic matter of the crown leaves were dried in a ventilated oven, crushed, sieved and made isotopic analysis of carbon-13, nitrogen-15, and total C:N on CENA-USP laboratories. The results of analysis of content C: N and isotope ratios showed significant variations of carbon and nitrogen in the crown of leaves, as well as the total abundance in both leaf biomass and particulate organic matter. Plants of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest obligatory assimilate carbon, while the ecotone of the bromeliads, the National Park of Serra de Itabaiana responded as much as in CAM binding to isolated bushes just as the composition of bromeliads is probably of autoctone origin-open grassy areas. The isotope ratio of the 15N is 22 times more enriched in the bromeliad leaf biomass of scrub plants in relation to the white sands and 2.6 higher than in the Atlantic forest habitat, while the particulate organic matter was enriched in all habitats, but the source this organic matter require explanation, however, the study supported the hypothesis on the functional role of facilitation in the three bromeliad habitats. According to the study, we observed that the adaptive success of higher plants associated with scrub bushes when the same was not observed in other habitats. In white sands bromeliads-tank, the substrate is sandy-quartzes hot, highly permeable, facilitating evaporation and drought in the summer suggesting that there is a condition of great stress, which these tank bromeliads are well adapted to soil and not on trees.Estudos isotópicos para determinar os valores dos isótopos do carbono foliar mostram que estes variam -10 a -28 do padrão PDB. Este estudo analisou a composição isotópica do Carbono e Nitrogênio foliar e a matéria orgânica acumulada na coroa foliar de Aechmea aquilega de três habitats: Caatinga (Poço Verde), Mata Atlântica (Pirambu) e em um área de transição Mata Atlântica Caatinga (Areia Branca). Em cada habitat foi coletado quatro bromélias que vivem em moitas e quatro plantas isoladas em substratos do chão com o objetivo de avaliar a hipótese de facilitação da bromélia-tanque como acumuladora de matéria orgânica. As folhas e a matéria orgânica da coroa foliar foram secas em estufa ventilada, trituradas, peneiradas e as análises isotópicas do carbono, nitrogênio, teor de carbono e nitrogênio total foram realizadas no CENA-USP. Os resultados das analises de teor C:N e razões isotópicas mostraram variações significativas do carbono e nitrogênio na coroa foliar, assim como na abundância total tanto na biomassa foliar como na matéria orgânica particulada. As plantas da Caatinga e Mata Atlântica assimilam carbono facultativamente, enquanto as bromélias do ecótono, Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana responderam como CAM obrigatórias tanto quando em moitas como isoladas, assim como estas bromélias tem composição de origem autóctone provavelmente de áreas abertas-graminosa. A razão isotópica do N15 é 22 vezes mais enriquecido na biomassa foliar das bromélias da Caatinga em relação às plantas das Areias Branca e 2,6 maiores que em habitat de Mata Atlântica, enquanto a matéria orgânica particulada em todos habitats foi enriquecida, porém a origem desta matéria orgânica necessita de explicações, todavia, o estudo apoiou a hipótese de facilitação no papel funcional da bromélia nos três habitats. De acordo com o estudo, foi observado que o sucesso adaptativo maior das plantas da Caatinga quando associada a moitas o mesmo não foi verificado nos outros habitats. Nas Areias Brancas, o substrato arenoso-quartizoso é quente, altamente permeável, favorecendo a evaporação e déficit hídrico no verão o que sugere que haja uma condição de grande estresse, a qual essas bromélias-tanque estão bem adaptadas no solo e não nas árvores.
Books on the topic "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)"
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Winter, Klaus, and J. Andrew C. Smith, eds. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7.
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Balsamo, Ronald A. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of Kalanchoe daigremontiana: The relationship to biochemical and physiological aspects of CAM. 1986.
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Winter, Klaus, and J. Andrew C. Smith. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Springer, 2011.
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(Editor), Klaus Winter, and J. Andrew C. Smith (Editor), eds. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Springer, 1996.
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1949-, Winter Klaus, Smith J. A. C, and International Workshop on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (1993 : Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), eds. Crassulacean acid metabolism: Biochemistry, ecophysiology, and evolution. Berlin: Springer, 1996.
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Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Analysis of an Ecological Adaptation. Springer, 2011.
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(Editor), K. Winter, and J. A. C. Smith (Editor), eds. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution (Ecological Studies). Springer, 1996.
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Miller, Micha Werner. Isolation and biochemical characterization of intact vacuoles from the crassulacean acid metabolism plant: Kalanchöe Daigremontiana. 1988, 1988.
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Clusia: A Woody Neotropical Genus of Remarkable Plasticity and Diversity (Ecological Studies). Springer, 2007.
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Nelson, Elizabeth Amber. Functional convergence of crassulacean acid metabolism: A study of functional anatomy in a convergent photosynthetic pathway. 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)"
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Keeley, J. E. "Aquatic CAM Photosynthesis." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 281–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_19.
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Nobel, P. S., and G. B. North. "Features of Roots of CAM Plants." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 266–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_18.
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Nobel, P. S. "High Productivity of Certain Agronomic CAM Species." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 255–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_17.
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Smith, J. A. C., J. Ingram, M. S. Tsiantis, B. J. Barkla, D. M. Bartholomew, M. Bettey, O. Pantoja, and A. J. Pennington. "Transport Across the Vacuolar Membrane in CAM Plants." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 53–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_5.
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Adams, W. W., and B. Demmig-Adams. "Energy Dissipation and the Xanthophyll Cycle in CAM Plants." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 97–114. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_8.
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Cushman, J. C., and H. J. Bohnert. "Transcriptional Activation of CAM Genes During Development and Environmental Stress." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 135–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_10.
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Osmond, C. B., M. Popp, and S. A. Robinson. "Stoichiometric Nightmares: Studies of Photosynthetic O2 and CO2 Exchanges in CAM Plants." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 19–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_2.
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Lüttge, U. "Clusia: Plasticity and Diversity in a Genus of C3/CAM Intermediate Tropical Trees." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 296–311. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_20.
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Smirnoff, N. "Regulation of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism by Water Status in the C3/CAM Intermediate Sedum telephium." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 176–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_12.
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Schmitt, J. M., B. Fißlthaler, A. Sheriff, B. Lenz, M. Bäßler, and G. Meyer. "Environmental Control of CAM Induction in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum - a Role for Cytokinin, Abscisic Acid and Jasmonate?" In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 159–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)"
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Oka, Masayuki, Nodoka Goto, Haruo Suemitsu, and Takami Matsuo. "Adaptive Estimator for Biological Clock of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism." In 2006 SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sice.2006.315107.
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Goto, Akira, Yusuke Totoki, Haruo Suemitsu, and Takami Matsuo. "Control of biological clock in crassulacean acid metabolism using nullcline design." In 2011 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sii.2011.6147600.
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Oka, Masayuki, Yusuke Totoki, Haruo Suemitsu, and Takami Matsuo. "Adaptive Observer for Biological Clock of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism with Partial States." In Second International Conference on Innovative Computing, Informatio and Control (ICICIC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicic.2007.113.
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Kawasaki, Keisuke, Haruo Suemitsu, Shohei Ueno, Takami Matsuo, and Tadashi Konishi. "Modeling and Identification of CO2 Uptakes of Multi-Cells in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Using Momentum Optimization Method." In 2019 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icamechs.2019.8861661.
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