Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Craton Ouest Africain'
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Leprêtre, Rémi. "Evolution phanérozoïque du Craton Ouest Africain et de ses bordures Nord et Ouest." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112057/document.
Full textThe dynamic evolution of cratonic domains remains enigmatic as they are usually considered as stable through geological times. In this work, we unraveled the evolution of one of the largest cratonic area, the West African Craton (WAC), and its north and west boundaries (Anti-Atlas and Atlantic passive margin, respectively), through low-temperature thermochronology (apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He thermochronology) and structural geology. The WAC was studied since its boundaries witnessed many different geological settings (platform, distal foreland, passive margin) during the Phanerozoic, making it a good candidate to evaluate the various driving forces acting on the craton.First, after a continuous Paleozoic subsidence, the craton records the most important cooling event between Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, postdating the onset of the Central Atlantic Ocean spreading. This event is unrelated to the sole passive margin in itself and affected both the craton (up to 800 km inland) and the mobile boundary in the north (Anti-Atlas and High Atlas). It represents kilometer-scale erosion that led to the deposition of thick detrital formations, the red beds, across the whole Saharan platform. This event is not characterized by shortening and is better explained through a mantle-related thermal anomaly during this exhumation. The thermal hypothesis explains the subsequent thermal subsidence undergone by the craton and its north boundary during the Aptian-Albian and the early stages of the Late Cretaceous.Second, from Late Cretaceous onward, dominant cooling trend has imprinted the thermal histories of the studied region, coevally with the onset of the Africa/Europe convergence.The High Atlas belt in Morocco is an accurate witness of the deformations occurring during Cenozoic times. We determined the precise tectonic schedule in the southern foreland of the belt and compared this evolution with the cratonic one. We show that the first Eocene tectonic event echoes to a major craton-scale deformation and results probably from a significant geodynamic change in the convergence zone. The Pliocene-Quaternary phase, well known at the North African scale, is only recorded in the Atlas belt, but might be too recent to have significantly imprinted the thermochronological record inside the craton. Finally, another uplift specific to the Moroccan Atlas Belt during Early to Middle Miocene led to the emplacement of tectonic nappes. This event is not recorded by LTT on the craton and may be restricted to its mobile boundary.This work demonstrates that, despite the lack of Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediment record that may advocate for a stable geological history, the West African Craton suffered significant epeirogenies during this period. Deep seated processes as well as stress transmission prove to be good candidates to account for these cratonic motions, although further work is needed to unravel the exact contribution of these various processes
Block, Sylvain. "Evolution géodynamique du craton Ouest Africain au nord du Ghana." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30055/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the Paleoproterozoic geological evolution of the West African Craton in northern Ghana. New lithological, metamorphic and structural regional maps are built from the interpretation of field and airborne geophysical data. The crust in northern Ghana comprises greenstone belts gneissic terranes, and granitoids. The latter have a calc-alkaline affinity, or are analogue to Archean TTGs, and formed between 2.21 and 2.11 Ga. Lu-Hf isotope analyses show that the magmas are juvenile and derived from a source extracted from the mantle at 2.45-2.30 Ga. The Eburnean metamorphic record of northern Ghana reflects a diversity of thermal regimes. Metamorphic relics record conditions that correspond to a cold apparent geothermal gradient (BT-HP, ~15°C/km). They are overprinted by amphibolite- to high-P granulite-facies metamorphism (MP-MT, 20°C/km) starting at 2145 Ma, followed by another metamorphic phase in the amphibolite facies (25-30°C/km) between 2125 and 2105 Ma. The metamorphic evolution is interpreted to reflect the interplay between crustal thickening and gravitational flow of the orogeny. We suggest that a major magmatic event started at 2.45 Ga and produced fragments of juvenile crust, that formed the protolith of the West African Craton's crust. Northern Ghana may represent a suture zone between two distinct cratonic fragments that collided. Its geological record shares some similarities with modern orogenic belts, although it is not strictly identical. The Paleoproterozoic geodynamic settings may be unique in the history of the Earth, and represent a transitional regime in its secular evolution, between archaic geodynamics and modern plate tectonics
Mcfarlane, Helen. "Evolution géodynamique et tectonique de la ceinture de roches vertes paléoprotérozoïque de Sefwi, craton Ouest-africain (Ghana)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30079/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the Palaeoproterozoic crust of the West African Craton in southwest Ghana, providing insight into its controversial geodynamic and tectonic evolution. Rocks of the study area comprise greenschist- to amphibolite facies, mafic to felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, high-grade paragneisses and low-grade volcano-sedimentary packages, all of which are extensively intruded by multiple generations of granitoids. New lithological, metamorphic and structural maps are constructed using integrated field mapping and interpretation of regional airborne geophysical datasets. This approach is used to constrain the deformation history of the sparsely exposed rocks of the NE- to NNE-striking Sefwi Greenstone Belt and the adjacent volcano-sedimentary domains deformed during the Eburnean Orogeny (2150-2070 Ma). Combined geochemical and geochronological analysis of the magmatic suites of the Sefwi Greenstone Belt reveal calc-alkaline, volcanic arc affinities, as well as a striking similarity to Neoarchean TTGs that require diverse magma sources and petrogenetic processes. Rare inherited zircon cores from the Palaeoproterozoic magmatic suite yield ages of ca. 2250 to 2270 Ma, with granitoid emplacement ages ranging between ca. 2189 and 2081 Ma. Zircon Lu-Hf analysis reveals consistently positive eHf(t) values and two-stage crustal model ages between 2650 and 2250 Ma, indicative of a radiogenic proto-crust and short crustal residence times. The magmatic evolution reveals the coeval generation of sodic, high-silica TTGs derived from partial melting of low-K mafic sources and dioritic magmas generated in a metasomatised, LILE-enriched mantle wedge at ca. 2155 Ma. Subsequent emplacement of high-K quartz monzonites at ca. 2136 Ma supports the interaction of mantle-derived magmas and remelting of existing TTGs. The final stage of magmatism is characterised by the emplacement of two-mica-granites and leucogranites along the NW margin of the Sefwi Greenstone Belt between ca. 2092 and 2081 Ma, interpreted as a terminal collisional event during the Eburnean Orogeny. Eburnean metamorphism and deformation is characterised in the study area by initial high-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism corresponding with low apparent geothermal gradients (HP-MT, ~15-17°C/km). D1 NNW-SSE shortening generated a ubiquitous bedding-parallel foliation (S1) and ~E-W striking thrust faults, resulting in the burial of supracrustal rocks and crustal thickening. In the high-grade terrane, subsequent amphibolite-granulite facies metamorphism is associated with anatexis. In-situ SHRIMP U-Pb monazite ages at ca. 2073 Ma, hosted within, D2 mineral assemblages, are interpreted as the initial timing of cooling and exhumation, significantly later than paroxysmal metamorphism in NW Ghana and central Ivory Coast (2150-2130 Ma). NNE-striking normal detachments and constrictional deformation structures formed during sinistral ENW-WSW transtension (D2), during which segments of the middle- and lower crust were juxtaposed with low-grade domains. Subsequent E-W directed shortening (D3) caused the dextral re- activation of NE-SW striking shear zones, associated with a localised greenschist facies metamorphic overprint. We propose that the juvenile crust of southwest Ghana was generated in an intra-oceanic arc setting, associated with diverse and intense subduction-related magmatism until subsequent terrane accretion and collision. The north-western margin of the Sefwi Greenstone Belt in interpreted as a suture between the separate arc terranes, diachronously accreted during the Eburnean Orogeny. The Palaeoproterozoic crust of the southern portion of the West African Craton represents a juvenile crustal growth event, recording the unique geodynamic and orogenic processes associated with nascent subduction-related plate tectonics in the early Earth
Le, Mignot Élodie. "Les gisements d'or comme témoins de l'histoire géologique du craton oues-africain : apports de la datation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0269/document.
Full textThe West African craton is a region enriched in gold deposits and occurrences which are hosted in Paleoproterozoic terrains. These Birimian terrains formed during the Eburnean orogeny which took place between 2.25 and 1.98 Ga. Six gold deposits situated in Burkina Faso and Ghana were studied in order to define a correlation between the different orogenic phases and the mineralizing event(s). The detailed study of the mineralization of the six deposits confirmed the importance of the orogenic gold deposits in the West African craton. Moreover, the existence of a Cu (±Au) porphyry deposit was revealed in the mining district of Gaoua, southwestern Burkina Faso. Our observations highlighted the polyphased character of gold mineralization within nearly all of the studied deposits. Re-Os dating performed on sulfides directly linked to the gold mineralization permitted two main metallogenic periods to be distinguished. The first period was coincident with the D1 and D2 orogenic phases, occurring between 2200 and 2120 Ma, and representing respectively magmatic accretion and transition towards a collisional regime. This period was characterized by low grade disseminated gold mineralization. The second metallogenic period took place during the later brittle deformational phases of the orogeny, ca. 2050-2040 Ma. This secondary mineralization contains visible gold concentrated in veins, breccias and shear zones, and displays higher gold grades. Geochronological evidence for the existence of early gold mineralization could have consequences for the understanding of paleoplacer-type deposits, observed primarily in Ghana. Indeed, this primary mineralization could represent a potential source for gold found in Tarkwaian paleoplacers, which formed after 2130 Ma, and for which the provenance of the gold remains unidentified
Henocque, Olivier. "Dynamiques de l'altération supergène du craton ouest africain : pétrologie et datation des latérites manganésifères de Tambao (Burkina-Faso)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30055.
Full textSupergene weathering is one of the most important processes in modifying the Earth's surface Nevertheless, until now, the importance of time in determining the genesis and the evolution of the weathering mantels is poorly nown due to the absence of absolute chronometers. In tropical laterites, the occurrence of K-rich supergene manganese oxides,i. E. Cryptomelanes (k1-2Mn8 O16, nH2 O), allows the theoretical use of the 40 Ar/39 Ar dating method. The aim of this study is to understand and to date the laterite formation episodes in West Africa. The manganiferous lateritic ore of Tambao (Northern Burkina-Faso), well known to be a cryptomelane rich ore where the residual outcrops are representative of the regional lateritic morphogenesis, was studied. Firstly, we verified the range of the method through the study of two cryptomelane concretions carried out at the core of the formation. The quality of the results and their consistency proved that the method provides reliable and significant time control. .
Potrel, Alain. "Evolution tectono-métamorphique d'un segment de croûte continentale archéenne. Exemple de l'Amsaga (R.I. Mauritanie), Dorsale Réguibat (Craton Ouest Africain)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675134.
Full textPotrel, Alain. "Evolution tectono-métamorphique d'un segment de croûte continentale archéenne : exemple de l'Amsaga (RI Mauritanie), dorsale Réguibat (Craton ouest-africain) /." Rennes : Université de Rennes I, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35732798v.
Full textNaba, Séta. "Propriétés magnétiques et caractères structuraux des granites du Burkina Faso oriental (Craton Ouest Africain, 2,2 - 2,0 Ga) : implications géodynamique." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/814/.
Full textPaleoproterozoic terrains from eastern Burkina Faso are composed of plutons of biotite granites, emplaced in a basement of greenstone belts and gneiss-granitoid rocks with TTG affinities. Magnetic fabrics and microstructures allow us to propose three mechanisms of plutons emplacement. The pluton of Kouaré was the earliest (~2128 ± 6 Ma) to be emplaced in the pre-existing TTG crust that was softened by the presence of the granite and subjected to diapirism combined with a component of regional transcurrent shear. The granites of the alignment of Tenkodogo-Yamba (~2117 Ma) were then emplaced within tension gashes of an already brittle TTG crust subjected to localised dextral shearing. In the same rheological context and likely later, the small pluton of Naneni (not yet dated), which likely derives from the previous granites by fractional crystallization, was likely injected under pressure between the TTG basement and the metavolcanic belts
Wenmenga, Urbain. "Pétrologie des ensembles lithologiques du Protérozoïque inférieur au nord-est de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso-Craton ouest-africain) étude pétrographique, géochimique et géochronologique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601847g.
Full textWenmenga, Urbain. "Petrologie des ensembles lithologiques du proterozoique inferieur au nord-est de ouagadougou : etude petrographique, geochimique et geochronologique (burkina faso, craton ouest africain)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF21032.
Full textDaouda, Yao Bertin. "Lithostratigraphie et pétrologie des formations birimiennes du sillon de Toumodi-Fettekro (Côte-d’Ivoire) : implication pour l'évolution crustale du paléoprotérozoique du craton ouest-africain." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2034.
Full textTraoré, Yollande. "Etude métallogénique du district aurifère de Syama (Mali) : analyse comparative de gisements situés sur une même structure lithosphérique éburnéenne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30087/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a comparative study of the Syama, Tabakoroni and Tellem gold deposits, located in the N-S trending Bagoé greenstone belt of Mali. Mineralization is found preferentially along the edges of millimetre- to centimetre-sized quartz, quartz-albite, quartz-ankerite, dolomite-quartz veins developed in tension gaps that formed during brittle deformation. Gold mineralization is mostly associated with pyrite in the three deposits, and also with arsenopyrite at Tabakoroni and Tellem. These sulphides are zoned with (i) an arsenic-rich core containing several albite, ankerite and rutile inclusions (less commonly, pyrrhotite) and (ii) a clear border of finely alternating As-rich and As-poor bands. Gold occurs in the form of i) invisible gold included in their crystal lattices, ii) small individual grains bound to these sulphides, frequently accompanied by sulphoantimonides, mainly tetrahedrite and chalcostibite and iii) free gold associated with quartz. The arseniferous pyrites and arsenopyrites of the Bagoé belt deposits are among the richest in invisible gold in all gold deposits in West Africa and are quite comparable to those of the Ashanti Belt in Ghana
Berger, Julien. "Les associations de roches basiques-ultrabasiques néoprotérozoïques d'Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali), du Tassendjanet (Hoggar occidental, Algérie) et cénozoïques du Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Maroc) : témoins de l'évolution géodynamique de la ceinture péri-cratonique ouest-africaine." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS236.
Full textThis study focuses on the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the eastern and northern border of the West African Craton. Four massifs, characterised by a basic-ultrabasic association located in Gourma (Mali), Western Hoggar (Algeria) and Anti-Atlas (Morocco) are investigated in order to constrain the evolution of the peri-cratonic suture from the Neoproterozoic to the Cenozoic. The Amalaoulaou massif (Gourma, Mali) represents the root of a Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic island arc. Its evolution begun with the emplacement (800-790 Ma) of tholeiitic basic magmas (now recrystallised in metagabbros) that have a source only slightly enriched by slab-derived components. This event corresponds to the beginning of the subduction, when the arc is still immature. Quartz and hornblende gabbros from the upper unit (~720 Ma) represent chilled melts that have a more pronounced arc signature, thus reflecting a higher degree of enrichment by slab-derived components in the mantle source. The syn- to late-magmatic evolution is marked by recrystallisation and localised melting in the deep arc crust, forming anorthositic to tonalitic melts (660 Ma) and garnet-clinopyroxene-rutile residues. The arc root is exhumed at low T conditions (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probably at the same time as the UHP eclogite exhumation. Oceanic slab subduction is rapidly followed by continental subduction. The Tiléouine/Tin Zebbane eclogites/amphibolites are intracontinetal tholeiitic metabasalts recrystallised under HP conditions (600°C, 17 kbar) during subduction of the Tassendjanet terrane. The eclogites were subject to chemical differentiation during HP recrystallisation due to interaction with fluids derived from the dehydration of continental sediments. Eclogites were subject to thermal reequilibration during the first steps of exhumation (750°C, ~10 kbar) and these conditions were progressively overprinted by low-T conditions (660°C, 7-8 kbar) just before the collision stage. The basic-ultrabasic intrusion of Tiléouine (Western Hoggar) is emplaced just after the collision stage (600-590 Ma). The parental magma of the series is most probably a continental tholeiitic basalt having a lithospheric mantle source. It has crystallised ultramafic cumulates dominated by olivine, spinel and pyroxenes and progressively followed by plagioclase-rich gabbros. Magma emplacement at 10-20 km depth is coeval with transtensional tectonics that probably induced lithospheric thinning. Reactivation of the peri-cratonic suture in intraplate anorogenic setting is marked by the emplacement of Cenozoic alkaline lavas in the Anti-Atlas (Saghro volcanic field, Morocco). The mantle-derived nephelinites are low degree partial melts products of a HIMU-bearing mantle source that was probably located close the asthenosphere/lithosphere boundary. Fractional crystallisation of K-feldspar, nepheline, apatite and titanite lead the parental magma towards phonolitic composition. Late-stage magmatic evolution of the phonolites is responsible for the development of accessory minerals that are usually found in agpaitic systems (hainite and lorenzenite). The magmas were emplaced along tension gashes or open fractures that have the same orientation as the principal stress in the southern Atlas system during Mio-Pliocene times
Amponsah, Prince Ofori. "Etude comparative des structures et des altérations associées aux minéralisations aurifères de la région de Wa-Lawra, NW Ghana." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30012/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to perform a detailed structural, mineralization and associated alteration studies of three gold deposits located in northwest Ghana, on the eastern margin of the West African Craton. Thus, the Kunche and Bepkong deposits, located in the Wa-Lawra belt and Julie deposit located in the Julie belt. These three deposits have multiple differences interms of geological, structural, tectonic and geochemical characteristics but gold mineralization in these deposits are all associated with a green schist facies metamorphism. In Julie, the gold mineralization is hosted in granitoids with its composition akin to tonalite-granodiorite-trondhjemite (TTG) where as in the Kunche and Bepkong deposits, the gold mineralization are localized within volcaniclastic sedimentary formations and strongly silicified graphitic schists. The gold mineralization is associated with a network of quartz veins often boudinaged and formed in connection with a shear zones, oriented E-W in the Julie deposit and N to NNW at Kunche and Bepkong deposits. The dominant alteration in the mineralized zone is sericite, quartz, carbonate and sulfides with influences from the host rock. For example, the granitoid is influenced by tourmaline and chlorite in the schists or in themetavolcanic rocks. At Julie, gold is closely associated with pyrite whereas Kunche and Bepkong gold is associated with arsenopyrite. Two generations of gold are distinguished; the first corresponds to the invisible gold associated with primary growth areas in the pyrite crystals in Julie and arsenopyrite in Kunche and Bepkong, and late visible gold inclusions which are frequently found in fracture fillings. In Julie, the mineralizing fluid is rich in CO2, and has low to moderate salinity (NaCl-H2O-CO2 system), trapped in P / T conditions around 220 ° C and <1 kbar; whilst in Bepkong, the mineralizing fluid is associated with quartz are rich in CH4, with a low salinity (CH4-CO2-SO2-H2O system) which indicates that the visible trapping temperatures is around 320°C
Wane, Ousmane. "Étude géologique du Birimien de la région de Massigui (Paléoprotérozoïque du Mali méridional) : la zone de cisaillement du Banifing, structure majeure du craton ouest-africain." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10093.
Full textThe Massigui degree sheet (South Mali) is composed of metavolcano sedimentary rocks and large masses of plutonic rocks of Paleoproterozoic age. It is crossed by a shear zone of crustal scale, which is set up in the interface of the batholith and metavolcano sedimentary sequences. The shear zone is littered with bodies of dioritic and granitoid rocks. The understanding and studying of such matter have become a regional issue.Paleoproterozoic rocks don’t crop out well and the area is covered by abundant lateritic formations, which prevent us from seeing the contacts between different units and few academic geological studies have been done on the region despite its high mineral potential. The understanding of the geology of the region required a multidisciplinary approach combining both field work and laboratory, (e.g. petrostructural study, microscopic observations, geochemistry of rocks and minerals) which were undertaken in this thesis.The data collected as part of this thesis, indicate a fundamental link between dioritic rocks and granitoid that line the shear zone Banifing. This establishment is to support the functioning of the occurrence of shearing Banifing along magmatic suite implements, which shows a complete evolution from diorites to the granites through the monzodiorites and granodiorites. This suite has been called magmatic plutonic suite of Banifing
Labou, Ibrahima. "Les complexes mafiques et ultramafiques birimiens de la ceinture de Mako (Sénégal oriental) témoins d'une évolution d'un domaine intra-océanique vers un domaine d'arc insulaire." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30306.
Full textThe isotopic and trace element data on rocks and minerals in the Birimian Mako region of Senegal reveal the existence of variously differentiated magmatic rocks (from ultramafic to rhyolite cumulates) from three perfectly identified magmatic sources: a more juvenile depleted source at the origin of the tholeiitic series 1; a weakly enriched source at the origin of the tholeiitic series 2 and a highly enriched source from which the calc-alkaline series originates. We can thus propose for the Mako group the following geodynamic evolution: i) opening of an ocean resulting in the emplacement of the rocks of the tholeiitic series 1 in the setting of an oceanic ridge, the rocks having characteristics close to the MORB ; ii) intra-oceanic subduction inducing magmatism leading to the formation of an immature insular arc which is characterized by a tholeiitic magmatism represented by the tholeiitic series 2; iii) Maturation of the insular arc and emplacement of rocks of the calc-alkaline series related to the subduction of the plate and thickening of the crustal portion of the arc
Abouchami, Wafa. "Un événement magmatique majeur à 2,1 ga en Afrique de l'Ouest : un stade précoce de croissance crustale." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10050.
Full textOuattara, Yacouba. "Structure sismique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest par tomographie d'ondes de surface." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH006/document.
Full textThis thesis allowed us to produce group velocity maps of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves, using both earthquakes and seismic ambient noise correlation. In this study, in addition to the damped least squares method, we adapted for the very first time a new inversion method, called SOLA-Backus-Gilbert in regional context. At short periods, the group velocities maps exhibit fast velocities for the oceanic crust and slow velocities for the continental crust. For the intermediate periods, the Taoudeni Basin is characterized by low velocities compared to the rest of the west african craton due to the thickness of the sedimentary layer. Over long periods, the roots of the Man-Leo and Reguibat shields are characterized by fast velocities, showing a cold and thick lithosphere under the craton, while we found slow group velocities under the Pan-African orogenic belts zones indicating a thin lithosphere
Feng, Xiaojun. "Modélisation numérique des failles décrochantes et des effets de compression à grande échelle : cas d'étude en Afrique de l'Ouest et Nouvelle Zélande." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30311.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to explore the role shear zones play in localization of deformation and exhumation of the lower crust by using a series of 2D and 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models using the West African Craton (WAC) and the Alpine Fault zones as study areas. With respect to the localization of deformation in the upper crust, different orientations of a system of branched strike-slip faults were studied. Under compression boundary conditions, the results show that the internal fault zones as well as the host rocks in between the faults behave as relatively weaker domains than the external regions. Under simple shear boundary conditions, we explored the process of self-organization of the Australian-Pacific plate boundary fault in southern New Zealand. The models show that deformation is focused along narrow high-strain shear zones in the centre of the model when the softening coefficients are high, whereas the strain is more diffuse with many shear zones spread over the model and possibly some high-strain shear zones focused near one border at lower softening coefficients. Regarding the role pre-existing faults and basins play in exhumation of the partially molten lower crust, 2D and 3D models with different boundary conditions were tested (including extension, transtension and compression). * Under extension, in the Eastern and Western parts of the high grade rock corridors in NW Ghana, partially molten rocks exhumed from the lower into middle-upper crustal levels are interpreted to have been dominantly facilitated by the km-scale high-strain corridors. In the central part of the Bole-Bulenga domain, the high grade rocks are interpreted to have been exhumed as a result of a coupling between two mechanisms: (1) the concentration of partially molten rocks between the Jirapa and Bole-Nangodi faults increases due to the reduction in space from north to south; (2) the concentration of lower partially molten rocks in the central part, as a result of inherited orthogonal (E-W) faults. * Under transtension, in the Sefwi terrane of SW Ghana, the Kukuom-Juaboso domain (KJD) composed of up to amphibolite-migmatite facies could result from the concentration of upwelling partially molten rocks in the relay zone between the Ketesso and Kenyase shear zones during transtension. The two shear zones probably underwent two main stages for growth and maturation from the D1 to D2 deformation phases. The regional exhumation of the high grade rocks in the Sefwi terrane probably occurred within a duration of less than 5 Ma. * Under compression, the role of volcano-sedimentary basin on spatial-temporal evolution of the lower crust exhumation was tested. The models suggest that a series of sheet-like granitoids possibly derived from either subducted mélanges, lower crust and/or mantle melting accumulated at depths of the subcontinental mantle would channel along diapirs before feeding the upper crust. When the granitoids arrive at the solidified lids of the diapirs, they would favour migrating horizontally and intruding into the upper crust through weakening zones between the diapirs. This model also suggests an asymmetry of structures between the upper and middle-lower crust, with the dome-like granitoids overlying high-grade sedimentary synforms and high-grade diapirs underlying low-grade greenstone belts
Robert, Boris. "Paléogéographie à l'Ediacarien, dynamique du manteau et grande dérive du pôle de rotation." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC078.
Full textThe paleogeographic evolution during the Ediacaran is dominated by the dispersion of Rodinia and the assembly of Gondwana. Paleogeographic reconstructions for this epoch are still highly debated due the low amount of reliable paleomagnetic data. The most documented but also the most problematic database cornes from the continent Laurentia which displays fast large oscillations of the paleomagnetic poles from high to low latitudes between 615 and 565 Ma. Such oscillations, if interpreted as plate drift, imply extremely high plate velocities which are inconsistent with plate tectonics. Less conventional hypothesis have been proposed in literature such as the oscillation of a magnetic field dominated by an equatorial and an axial dipole or True Polar Wander episodes, the latter implying large tumbling of the bulk Earth with respect to its spin axis. If one of these two mechanisms occurred, the rapid and large oscillations observed for Laurentia should be recorded in any other rocks of the same age from other continents. In this study, we tested these hypotheses by bringing new paleomagnetic data on Ediacaran and Cambrian volcanic series from another continent, the West African Craton (WAC). We identified a Hercynian remagnetization and two paleomagnetic components which could be of Ediacaran/Cambrian age. By comparing these results with those from literature, we constructed an apparent polar wander path for the WAC where we identified a large oscillation from 615 to 565 Ma, comparable to one of those observed for Laurentia. This oscillation is also observed in other continents and is consistent with geological constraints on the relative position of these continents. Therefore, it seems that this oscillation is a global feature and implies velocities compatible with the TPW hypothesis or with the oscillation of an Earth magnetic field dominated by an equatorial and axial dipole. We tested the True Polar Wander hypothesis by integrating the paleogeographic reconstructions we propose in this study into simple mantle dynamics models. These results seem compatible with such a mechanism even if we cannot exclude that perturbations of the Earth magnetic field could have occurred during the Ediacaran
Diallo, Mahamadou. "Evolution tectonique de la partie Malienne de la boutonnière de Kédougou-Kéniéba (BKK) : implication pour la minéralisation en or." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30319.
Full textPaleoproterozoic formations of the West African Craton are recognized for their significant mineral potential. The Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (KKI) contains several world-class deposits in a complex litho-tectonic context. The deciphering of the litho-tectonic context of these formations led us to improve our understanding of the evolution of this part of the craton. This work outlines the litho-tectonic evolution of the KKI based on the integration of multiple data including airborne magnetics, ground gravity, geochronological and field data associated with the metallogenic analysis of deposits within the Malian part of the KKI. The results of this integration led us to produce a new litho-structural map of the Malian part of the KKI. Firstly, the regional structure of the KKI was investigated based on the interpretation of aeromagnetic and gravimetric data. These interpretations and the characterization of the first phase of deformation within the Mako belt indicate that the Mako metavolcanic formations predate the metasediments by and provide better constrain the limits of formations. The interpretation of the aeromagnetic and gravimetric data highlight several new structures which have never been identified in the KKI. These structures were confirmed using the “gravimetric worms” method and their dip has been determined. It is also demonstrated from the analyses of geophysical data that the KKI extends to the east, underneath the Taoudeni basin, but not to the west, where it is limited by the Mauritanides belt. The eastward extension of the KKI was deduced from the continuation of anomalies with similar orientation and characteristics at both sides of the KKI-Taoudeni basin boundary. Subsequently, the confirmation of the interpretation of aeromagnetic and gravimetric data was discussed on the basis of field campaigns. These field works were carried out in the Malian part of the KKI and a lithological and structural database was built. These field data combined with geophysical interpretation enabled us to control, validate and provide the final new litho-tectonic map of the Malian part of the BKK. The 2D spatio-temporal relationship of the different lithologies and structures of the new map was defined from the analysis of geological sections made on the produced map. The volcano-plutonic Mako belt outcrops to the west and the sedimentary series of Dialé-Daléma and Kofi to the east. The volcano-plutonic and sedimentary rocks are affected by polyphased deformation events with a subvertical S2 schistosity of axial plane of isoclinic folds transposing the S0-1 foliation. This polyphase deformation transposes the lithological contacts and impedes the characterization of the nature of the initial contact between the volcano-plutonic and the sedimentary rocks
Chardon, Dominique. "Les Déformations Continentales Archéennes : Exemples naturels et modélisation thermomécanique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619433.
Full textLécorché, Jean-Paul. "Les Mauritanides face au craton Ouest-africains : structure d'un secteur-clé, la région d'Ijibiten, Est d'Akjoujt, R.I. de Mauritanie /." Marseille : Laboratoire de géologie dynamique, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34835014t.
Full textGbele, Ouattara. "STRUCTURE DU BATHOLITE DE FERKESSEDOUGOU (SECTEUR DE ZUENOULA, CÔTE D'IVOIRE) : IMPLICATIONS SUR L'INTERPRETATION DE LA GEODYNAMIQUE DU PALEOPROTEROZOÏQUE D'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST A 2.1 Ga." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834040.
Full textLuu, Viet Hung. "Étude du champ électromagnétique et interprétation de données magnétotelluriques au Vietnam." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112350.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of the electrical structure of the Earth’s crust in two regions of Vietnam (the Red River Delta in the north and the region of the Saigon River fault in the south) and in West Africa. The data were those acquired during the International Year of the Equatorial Electrojet (IYEE). The technique used is the magnetotelluric (MT) sounding method. Two of the regions studied (southern Vietnam and West Africa) are located near the magnetic equator. Due to the presence of the equatorial electrojet in these regions, the assumption of plane wave, on which MT relies, is valid for a limited range of periods. Modeling of the induction by a Gaussian electrojet allowed us to characterize the source effect associated with the equatorial electrojet, and to determine for each studied region the period ranges for which the source effect is negligible. We have also shown that the source effect associated with the equatorial electrojet depends on the main features of the electrical structure of the basement, and the distance between the center of the equatorial electrojet and the location of the considered station. In the Red River Delta at the north, the MT profile is oriented SW-NE. It is about 32 km long, and goes across the major faults of the Red River fault system. MT data were applied 2-D inversion to obtain a electrical cross-section for the first three kilometers of the crust. This electrical cross-section, a density cross-section obtained by modeling of gravity data collected along the same profile, and information derived from holes drilled in the vicinity of the profile, both were used to construct a geological section of the study area. In the region of the Saigon River fault, the magnetotelluric profile is about 15 km long. It goes across the supposed location of the fault. The electrical structure of the first three kilometers of the crust was determined by 2-D inversion of data for periods which are not affected by the equatorial electrojet (< 0.7 s). The electrical cross-section obtained allowed us to propose a new location for the Saigon River fault; it corresponds to the boundary between a resistant domain, the block of Da Lat in the north-east, and a less resistant domain, the block of Can Tho in the south-west. This new location is about 2.2 km southwest of the location currently assumed for this fault. In West Africa, we have shown that electromagnetic impedances derived using day time data are affected by the equatorial electrojet for the whole range of period studied (> 120 s), so these data have not been used to determine the electrical structure of the crust and the upper mantle. The 2-D inversion of nighttime data shows the presence of a subvertical structure, relatively conductive, which separates the West African Craton which is very resistant from the geological structures beneath the Senegal River basin
Isseini, Moussa. "Croissance et différenciation crustales au Néoprotérozoique : exemple du domaine panafricain du Mayo Kebbi au Sud-Ouest du Tchad." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10035/document.
Full textThe Mayo Kebbi massif (south-western Chad) is located between the Congo craton, the West African craton and the Saharan Metacraton. It consists of two greenstone belts (Zalbi and Goueygoudoum), three magmatic complexes (Gauthiot falls, Lere, Figuil) and post-tectonic intrusions distinguished on the basis of their structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological characteristics. The geodynamic evolution of this massif includes the following phases:Phase 1: Emplacement of a Mafic to Intermediate Plutonic (MIP) complex. Boloro metadiorite, which belongs to this complex, is dated at 748 ± 4 Ma (U-Pb zircon age). This metadiorite is enriched in REE and characterized by LaN/YbN ~ 12, Sr/Y > 32, high LILE, Cr and Ni contents but negative anomalies in Nb-Ta. These features are attributed to partial melting of the slab followed by interaction of the produced magmas with the mantle wedge during their ascent.Phase 2: Emplacement of metagabbros and metabasalts (700 ± 10 Ma: U-Pb zircon age) of the Zalbi metavolcanic-sedimentary group. These rocks are characterized by a decoupling of LILE and HFSE, negative Nb-Ta anomalies, weak to moderate LREE fractionation relative to HREE. In particular, their geochemical characteristics are similar to modern back-arc basins. The isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd of these rocks preclude contamination by old continental crust of the related magmas during their emplacement. Accordingly, the MIP complex and the Zalbi metavolcanic-sedimentary group are associated to juvenile accretion in an island arc/back-arc basin tectonic setting.Phase 3: The syntectonic quartz metadiorite of Gauthiot Falls magmatic complex (665 ± 1 Ma: U-Pb zircon age, Penaye et al., 2006) is emplaced during a first collision event, which involves the Mayo Kebbi massif and the Adamaoua-Yade domain to the east. This event marks the beginning of the closure of the Zalbi back-arc basin and crustal thickening.Phase 4: The thickening is responsible of intra-crustal differentiation by partial melting of rocks accreted during the previous phases at the base of the arc. During this phase, several tonalitic intrusions are emplaced, including hornblende-biotite tonalites of Gauthiot Falls and Guegou tonalite (Lere magmatic complex). The latter is dated at 647 ± 5 Ma (U-Pb zircon age). The produced magmas have typical features of TTG magmas, leaving a garnet bearing residue at the base of the continental crust.Phase 5: The syntectonic tonalite of Figuil magmatic complex dated at 618 ± 6 Ma (U-Pb zircon age), is characterized by initial ?Nd = -3 and initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7073 attesting for the involvement of pre-Neoproterozoic crust on its origin. It marks a second collision event between the Mayo Kebbi massif and the Western domain of the Central African Orogenic Belt to the west.Phase 6: The Zabili A-type granite emplaced at 567 ± 10 Ma (U-Pb zircon age) and is related to the last magmatic events of the Pan-African orogenic cycle (post-tectonic intrusions). The geochemical (low Sr, Eu, Ca, Mg, Ni) and isotopic compositions (initial ?Nd = +3 à +7) of this granite point to an origin involving extreme fractionation of mantle-derived magmas which interacted with an old crustal component during their emplacement in the upper continental crust
Berger, Julien. "Les associations de roches basiques - ultrabasiques néoprotérozoïques d'Amalaoulou (Gourma, Mali), du Tassendjanet (Hoggar occidental, Algérie) et cénozoïques du Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Maroc): témoins de l'évolution géodynamique de la ceinture péri-cratonique ouest-africaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210499.
Full textLe massif d’Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali) est interprété comme la racine d’un arc intra-océanique ayant enregistré la mise en place de magmas basiques (unité des métagabbros) à un stade immature de l’évolution de l’arc (subduction naissante) vers 800-790 Ma. Les gabbros quartziques (~720 Ma) et les gabbros à hornblende de l’unité supérieure ont des signatures de magmas d’arc plus franche, témoins d’une source mantellique plus enrichie par l’apport de la plaque océanique plongeante. Les métagabbros sont ensuite affectés par une recristallisation et localement par une anatexie en conditions du faciès granulitique. De nombreuses veines leucocrates se développent à ce stade, ce sont principalement des anorthosites et des tonalites (mises en place vers 660 Ma) provenant de la fusion partielle des métagabbros (850°C-1000°C, P>10 kbar). Cette fusion génère également des résidus denses à grenat-clinopyroxène-rutile, associations fréquemment présentes dans les racines d’arcs plus récents et reflétant la maturation de l’arc. L’arc d’Amalaoulaou est ensuite exhumé et charrié sur le craton ouest-africain dans des conditions de basse température et moyenne pression (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probablement au même moment que l’exhumation des éclogites du Gourma (~620 Ma).
L ‘épisode de subduction océanique est suivi par la subduction continentale dans le Gourma et le Hoggar occidental. Les éclogites/amphibolites de Tiléouine et Tin Zebbane (Hoggar occidental) sont des métabasaltes tholéiitiques enrichis et alcalins intracontinentaux ayant plongé à 60 km de profondeur (600°C, 17 kbar) lors de la subduction d’une partie du terrane du Tassendjanet. Même si la nature géochimique du protolithe est encore reconnaissable, ces métabasaltes ont subi une différenciation chimique lors de la recristallisation à haute pression par interaction avec les fluides issus de la déshydratation des métasédiments. L’exhumation (615-600 Ma) se fait relativement lentement, ce qui induit un rééquilibrage thermique (750°C, ~10 kbar) avant l’exhumation à basse température (660 °C, 7-8 kbar) précédant de peu voire synchrone à la phase collisionnelle.
L’intrusion basique-ultrabasique de Tiléouine marque la fin de la collision panafricaine dans le Hoggar occidental (600-590 Ma). C’est une ancienne chambre magmatique différenciée, mise en place entre 10 et 20 km de profondeur, et montrant une évolution magmatique depuis des cumulats ultramafiques riches en olivine, spinelle et pyroxène vers des gabbros riches en plagioclase. Le magma parental est d’affinité tholéiitique enrichie et tire probablement sa source de la lithosphère sous-continentale. La mise en place de cette intrusion est contemporaine d’un contexte tectonique transtensif induisant un amincissement lithosphérique au niveau du Tassendjanet.
Cette suture péri-cratonique est réactivée au Cénozoïque, lors de la convergence Afrique-Europe, ce qui se marque par la mise en place de laves alcalines, notamment dans l'Est de l’Anti-Atlas marocain (Saghro :10-3 Ma). Les néphélinites du Saghro sont issues de faibles taux de fusion partielle d’une source mantellique contenant un composant HIMU et localisée à la limite asthénosphère/lithosphère (70-100 km sous l’Anti-Atlas). La cristallisation fractionnée de ces magmas génère des phonolites, par fractionnement de feldspath, néphéline, apatite et sphène, principalement. L’étape finale de différenciation se marque par la formation de phases peu communes comme la hainite et la lorenzenite. Ces magmas se sont mis en place à la faveur de fentes de tension et de fractures ouvertes ayant la même orientation que la contrainte principale au Mio-Pliocène.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished