Academic literature on the topic 'Craving'

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Journal articles on the topic "Craving"

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Kramer, Thea, Georg Groh, Nathalie Stüben, and Michael Soyka. "Analysis of addiction craving onset through natural language processing of the online forum Reddit." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0301682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301682.

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Aims Alcohol cravings are considered a major factor in relapse among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study aims to investigate the frequency and triggers of cravings in the daily lives of people with alcohol-related issues. Large amounts of data are analyzed with Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods to identify possible groupings and patterns. Methods For the analysis, posts from the online forum “stopdrinking” on the Reddit platform were used as the dataset from April 2017 to April 2022. The posts were filtered for craving content and processed using the word2vec method to m
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Bashar, Mohammad Abul, Farida Yesmin, Shaila Sharmin Rafa, and Rahnuma Rahman. "Pattern of Food Cravings in Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care in a Community Setting." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 19, no. 1 (2024): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v19i1.68449.

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Introduction: Food cravings are a sudden desire to eat certain types of foods during pregnancy. Worldwide, it is a common phenomenon. Objectives: To find out the pattern of craving foods and examine to what extent the craving desires were fulfilled. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 pregnant women in a community setting. Data were collected during January to March 2020 by face-to-face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Sample women were selected purposively. Results: Mean age of the sample women was 23.59 (±4.36) years. 78% (117) of the respondents had cr
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Hill, Andrew J. "The psychology of food craving." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 2 (2007): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005502.

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Cravings are hedonic responses to food, characterised by their intensity and their specificity. Food cravings are extremely common, reported by the majority of young adults. They are closely associated with liking but not synonymous with increased intake. Structured interviews and prospective incident accounts of food cravings have succeeded in revealing a richness of information about their character, their antecedents and their consequences. In addition, laboratory investigations are adding to what is being learned from field and clinical studies. Taking dieting as an example of an assumed i
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Dalton, M., G. Finlayson, B. Walsh, A. E. Halseth, C. Duarte, and J. E. Blundell. "Early improvement in food cravings are associated with long-term weight loss success in a large clinical sample." International Journal of Obesity 41, no. 8 (2017): 1232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.89.

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Abstract Background: Food cravings are associated with dysregulated eating behaviour and obesity, and may impede successful weight loss attempts. Gaining control over food craving is therefore a component in the management of obesity. The current paper examined whether early changes in control over food craving (assessed using the Craving Control subscale on the Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ)) was predictive of weight loss in four phase 3 clinical trials investigating a sustained-release combination of naltrexone/bupropion (NB) in obese adults. The underlying component structure of the
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Kemps, Eva, and Marika Tiggemann. "A Cognitive Experimental Approach to Understanding and Reducing Food Cravings." Current Directions in Psychological Science 19, no. 2 (2010): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721410364494.

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Food cravings are a common everyday experience. Yet, they can pose significant health risks for some people. Following initial investigations into the phenomenology, antecedents, and consequences of food cravings, recent scientific interest has turned to the underpinnings of the actual craving experience. In this article, we outline a conceptual framework for studying food cravings that is grounded in cognitive experimental psychology and describe our corresponding program of research. In particular, we present converging evidence from a number of seemingly disparate lines of research into the
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Shahriari, Elmira, Ivonne M. Torres, Miguel Angel Zúñiga, and Nourah Alfayez. "Picture this: the role of mental imagery in induction of food craving – a theoretical framework based on the elaborated intrusion theory." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 1 (2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-02-2018-2553.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the influence of four types of imagery stimuli (i.e. visual, olfactory, gustatory and auditory) on food craving intensity based on the Elaborated Intrusion theory and the central role of mental imagery in the food craving experience. The roles of overall perception of sensory imagery attributes and perceived availability in moderating this process were also tested. The aim is to extract the positive aspects of food cravings by increasing them and shifting them toward healthy foods. Design/methodology/approach In an online experiment, 314 participants were ran
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Stapleton, Peta, Terri Sheldon, Brett Porter, and Jennifer Whitty. "A Randomised Clinical Trial of a Meridian-Based Intervention for Food Cravings With Six-Month Follow-Up." Behaviour Change 28, no. 1 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.28.1.1.

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AbstractThis randomised, clinical trial tested whether The Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) reduced food cravings. This study involved 96 overweight or obese adults who were allocated to the EFT treatment or 4-week waitlist condition. Degree of food craving, perceived power of food, restraint capabilities and psychological symptoms were assessed pre- and post- a 4-week treatment program (mixed method ANOVA comparative analysis), and at 6-month follow-up (repeated measure ANOVA with group data collapsed). EFT was associated with a significantly greater improvement in food cravings, the subject
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Wu, Yu-Ting, Chien-Ming Yang, Ya-Chuan Huang, Tsai-Ching Yu, Chih-Shan Huang, and Jia-Ying Sung. "0418 A Day-by-Day Prospective Analysis of Stress and Hypnotic Craving During Hypnotic Tapering in Insomnia." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (2024): A179—A180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0418.

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Abstract Introduction Craving plays a crucial role in the persistence and relapse of substance use. While hypnotic usage may differ from that of addictive substances, previous research has indicated that long-term use of hypnotics is associated with a craving for hypnotics among patients with insomnia. Stress, which is commonly linked to sleep disturbances, has also been shown to enhance cravings for substance use. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between stress and craving for hypnotics using day-to-day assessments. Methods Twenty-seven participants with insomnia disorde
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Zhang, Tingran, Kun Wang, Ning Li, Chansol Hurr, and Jiong Luo. "The Relationship between Different Amounts of Physical Exercise, Internal Inhibition, and Drug Craving in Individuals with Substance-Use Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (2021): 12436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312436.

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Purpose: To explore the relationship between different amounts of physical exercise and drug craving in individuals with substance-use disorders (SUD), and to reveal the mediating role of internal inhibition between physical activity and drug craving. Method: This study adopted the Physical Activity Rating Scale, Internal Inhibition Scale, and Drug Craving Scale to assess 438 cases of SUD in a compulsory isolation detoxification center in southwest China. Results: (1) The amount of physical exercise individuals with SUD engaged in was positively correlated with internal inhibition and negative
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Gong, Hua, Chuyin Xie, Chengfu Yu, Nan Sun, Hong Lu, and Ying Xie. "Psychosocial Factors Predict the Level of Substance Craving of People with Drug Addiction: A Machine Learning Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (2021): 12175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212175.

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This study aimed to explore which factors had a greater impact on substance craving in people with substance use and the direction of the impact. A total of 895 male substance users completed questionnaires regarding substance craving, psychological security, positive psychological capital, interpersonal trust, alexithymia, impulsivity, parental conflict, aggression behavior, life events, family intimacy, and deviant peers. Calculating the factor importance by gradient boosting method (GBM), found that the psychosocial factors that had a greater impact on substance craving were, in order, life
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Craving"

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Reinhardt, Volker. "Craving im Benzodiazepinentzug /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/346735912.pdf.

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Bartlett, Claire. "Depression, craving, mindfulness and alcohol misuse." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604551.

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A growing body of evidence suggests that mindfulness is a useful treatment for reducing alcohol use, yet little is known about the relationship between trait mindfulness and alcohol misuse. Furthermore, the variation in the measurement of mindfulness means that the existing evidence is difficult to interpret and the prevalent use of student samples greatly limits generalisability. It has been proposed that mindfulness may bring more awareness and acceptance to depression symptoms and craving leading to reduced alcohol use. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the individ
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Massey, Anna Rachel. "The relationship between dieting and food craving." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415605.

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Berry, Lisa-Marie. "Intrusive thoughts in craving: Cognition and coping." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489366.

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Five studies tested a key tenet of the Elaborated Intrusion theory (EI theory; Kavanagh, Andrade & May, 2005), that intrusive thoughts play an active role in craving, as well as the predicted adverse effects of thought suppression and beneficial effects of mindfulness for coping with intrusive thoughts
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Upton, Brian T. "Development of a Measure of Craving Suppression." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/71.

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While there is evidence to support the efficacy of mindfulness-based treatment for substance use, the mechanisms through which they lead to therapeutic outcomes have received less attention. A growing body of literature suggests that the ways in which people respond to cravings may be an important mediator of change. Individuals with substance use problems may use them to cope with or avoid negative experiences, which could include the experience of craving itself. Thought suppression in particular has been investigated as a specific form of experiential avoidance, and findings suggest that th
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Litvin, Erika B. "Responding to Tobacco Craving: Acceptance Versus Suppression." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3209.

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Most treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs) are based on a model that craving is a primary cause of relapse, and therefore they emphasize skills for preventing and reducing craving. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) provides a theoretical rationale for "acceptance" of drug-related thoughts and cravings, and proscribes suppression, a more intuitive and commonly used coping strategy. However, it remains largely unknown whether various coping strategies differentially affect craving intensity, drug use behavior, or other relevant outcomes during a craving episode. Using a randomiz
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Panabokke, Nathalie. "The role of visual imagery in craving." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14866/.

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This thesis tests a new theory of craving: The Elaborated-Intrusion Theory of Desire. The theory incorporates aspects of current conditioning, neurophysiological and cognitive theories and expands on existing knowledge of craving. The theory suggests that human desire involves intrusive thoughts and elaborated cognitions and also introduces mental imagery as a key aspect of the craving episode. There are two broad areas of research conducted in this thesis. The first explored the subjective experience of craving using two questionnaire studies. The results from these questionnaire studies ackn
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Versland, Amelia S. "Efficacy of Imagery and Cognitive Tasks Used to Reduce Craving and Implications for the Elaborated Intrusion Theory of Craving." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1124990680.

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Domingos, Josélia Benedita Carneiro. "Fatores associados ao uso de cocaína e/ou crack em clientes de um CAPSad." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22131/tde-15012013-144828/.

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O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o us o de c ocaína e/ou de crack e suas possíveis relações com os aspectos biológicos, psicológicos e sociais. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal, de ab ordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido no CAPSad de Ribeirão Preto, SP, por meio de uma amostra de conveniência composta por 95 clientes do serviço, sendo 42 (44,2%) usuários de cocaína e 53 (55,8%) de crack. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: Informações sociodemográficas, Escala de Severidade da D ependência de Drogas (SDS), Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-B), Sever
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Freiin, Von Hammerstein-Equord Cora Fee. "Mindfulness et addictions : évaluation du programme MBRP (Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention) chez des patients présentant une addiction avec ou sans substance." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100131.

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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’évaluer la faisabilité, l’acceptabilité et de fournir des résultats préliminaires du programme MBRP (Mindfulness Based relapse prevention) pour le traitement des addictions. Dans un premier lieu ce travail nous a permis de démontrer que ce programme représentait un type de prise en charge thérapeutique acceptable et faisable pour le traitement du trouble de l’usage de l’alcool. La participation au programme augmentait le niveau de pleine conscience et de flexibilité psychologique et réduisait le craving. Ensuite, nous avons pu identifier que la pratiqu
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Books on the topic "Craving"

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Hontiveros, David. Craving. Visual Print Enterprises, 2005.

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McKevett, G. A. Wicked craving. Kennebec Large Print, 2010.

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McKevett, G. A. Wicked craving. Kensington Books, 2010.

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Singh, Nalini. Craving Beauty. Silhouette, 2009.

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Singh, Nalini. Craving beauty. Silhouette Books, 2005.

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Hardt, Helen. Craving. Waterhouse Press LLC, 2018.

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Alden, Jen. Craving. AuthorHouse, 2009.

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Hardt, Helen. Craving. Waterhouse Press LLC, 2017.

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Hudgins, Steve. Craving. Independently Published, 2019.

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Craving. Badger Publishing, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Craving"

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Anālayo, Bhikkhu. "Craving." In Buddhism and Jainism. Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_95.

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Hoyer, Daniel, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, et al. "Craving." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_447.

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Grimm, Jeffrey W. "Craving." In Animal Models of Drug Addiction. Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-934-5_12.

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Timár, Andrea. "Craving for Novelties — Craving for Novels." In A Modern Coleridge. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137531469_7.

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Peter, Helga. "Nikotin-Craving." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_698-1.

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Peter, Helga. "Nikotin-Craving." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_698.

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Maremmani, I., O. Zolesi, L. Daini, M. R. Capone, M. Aglietti, and P. Castrogiovanni. "Pharmacotherapy for Craving." In Drug Addiction and Related Clinical Problems. Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6901-8_7.

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Adams, Tony E. "Craving Bigger Bodies." In Consuming Bodies. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003325970-8.

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Gilbert, Geoff. "Smoke: Craving History." In Before Modernism Was. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510210_6.

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Cottrell, Stella. "Wanting, craving, grasping." In Mindfulness for Students. Macmillan Education UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00236-2_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Craving"

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Abbaraju, Vikram, Syed Khairul Bashar, Afra Nawar, et al. "Investigating Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of Craving in Recently Treated Patients with Opioid Use Disorder*." In 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782795.

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Parnes, Jamie, Ethan Mereish, Samuel Meisel, and Hayley Treloar Padovano. "Parental Rejection, Cannabis Craving, and Alcohol Craving among Sexual Minority Youth." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.24.

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Parental rejection is associated with poor mental health and addiction liability outcomes for sexual minority youth (SMY; e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual). Theoretical models purport that SMY who experience greater parental rejection and non-acceptance related to their sexual orientation may have greater risk for substance use, including cannabis and alcohol use. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies provide initial support for this contention by showing that SMY who perceive heterosexist rejection from their parents have greater substance use as young adults. However, research has yet to exam
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"ARIPPRIPAZOLE AND ITS POTENTIAL EFFECT IN REDUCING COCAINE CRAVING IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS WITH COCAINE-DEPENDENCE." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p062s.

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Goals: Non-systematic literature review of the role of aripiprazole in alleviating cocaine craving in schizophrenic patients with cocaine-dependence (CD). Material and methods: From the review performed, 2 studies outstand: In one study, 6 schizophrenic patients with CD completed 8 weeks of treatment with aripiprazole at a maximum dose of 15 mg/d. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS) were used to measure psychosis and subjective cocaine and alcohol cravings and urine tests for cocaine were performed. In another study, 44 CD patients with schizophrenia
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"NALMEFENO EN EL "CRAVING"." In PATOLOGIA_DUAL_2023. SEPD, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/libro_comunicacionessepd2023.p-170.

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"CRAVING EN EL TRASTORNO POR USO DE INHALABLES / CRAVING IN INHALANT USE DISORDER." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p078v.

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Los inhalables son sustancias volátiles que se auto-administran con fines de intoxicación, se encuentran en diversos productos domésticos, son legales y asequibles. Entre los más comunes están los disolventes de pintura y pegamentos. Existen poblaciones usuarias donde la edad de inicio de consumo se produce entre los 12-14 años. El uso prolongado se asocia con numerosas consecuencias médicas, incluida la dependencia. En la adicción a inhalables el fenómeno de craving se encuentra presente, este es un criterio diagnóstico y un factor clave para la predicción de remisiones o recaídas. En la actu
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Rios Landeo, Ana Karina, Rafael Rodríguez García, Mireia Borràs Torralbo, et al. "Cariprazina y craving por cocaína." In 22° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2020. SEPD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2020p070.

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La adicción a la cocaína comparte, probablemente, los mismos circuitos subyacentes de la impulsividad. El transportador de dopamina (DAT) se ha identificado como el mecanismo de acción principal para el refuerzo de la adicción en el consumo de cocaína. Se ha demostrado que a largo plazo la anticipación de la recompensa y la búsqueda de sensaciones son más relevantes que la recompensa en sí misma. Además, la cocaína inhibe el transportador de norepinefrina (NET) y el transportador de serotonina (SERT). Los agonistas y antagonistas parciales de los receptores D2 y D₃ de dopamina podrían tener un
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Ferguson, Robert Douglas, Michael Massimi, Emily Anne Crist, and Karyn Anne Moffatt. "Craving, creating, and constructing comfort." In CSCW'14: Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531631.

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Wycoff, Andrea, Hayley Treloar Padovano, and Robert Miranda, Jr. "Cannabis craving in response to alcohol cues in the laboratory and in daily life." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.30.

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Background: Cannabis use is prevalent among adolescents and young adults who drink alcohol. Compared to individuals who only drink alcohol, those who (co-)use both alcohol and cannabis are at greater risk of experiencing substance-related problems. One factor that could maintain patterns of co-use is the potential for one substance to elicit craving for another. This idea has been studied extensively in the alcohol and tobacco co-use literature but has yet to be applied to alcohol and cannabis co-use. Thus, the present study examined whether alcohol cues elicit cannabis craving in the lab and
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Farrelly, Kyra, Pablo Romero-Sanchiz, Ioan Mahu, et al. "Do Cannabis Use Motives Mediate the Relationship between PTSD Symptoms and Cannabis Craving to Trauma Cues?" In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.27.

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Cannabis use is common in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PTSD-cannabis relationship is important as cannabis use can worsen PTSD outcomes. Cannabis use motives are a useful construct for understanding the PTSD-cannabis relationship. Frequent pairing of a trauma cue with substance use to cope can lead to conditioned substance craving. The extant research has not yet examined potential mechanisms to explain this effect. We recruited 51 cannabis users with a trauma history for a cannabis cue-reactivity study to examine coping motives as a potential mediator of the hypo
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"CARIPRAZINA Y CRAVING EN PATOLOGÍA DUAL." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p057s.

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OBJETIVOS: En los últimos años, el consumo de cocaína se ha incrementado en nuestra sociedad con la consecuente asociación comórbida con trastornos psiquiátricos, sobretodo del espectro psicótico. La evolución de estos pacientes va a depender tanto de su patología de base como su relación dual con la adicción. El craving va a modular las probables recaídas y el propio empeoramiento del trastorno psicótico de base. Los tratamientos actuales basados en bloqueos dopaminérgicos, van a condicionar un aumento de síntomas negativos y por tanto un aumento del craving a psicoestimulantes. El objetivo d
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Reports on the topic "Craving"

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Bobashev, Georgiy, John Holloway, Eric Solano, and Boris Gutkin. A Control Theory Model of Smoking. RTI Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0040.1706.

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We present a heuristic control theory model that describes smoking under restricted and unrestricted access to cigarettes. The model is based on the allostasis theory and uses a formal representation of a multiscale opponent process. The model simulates smoking behavior of an individual and produces both short-term (“loading up” after not smoking for a while) and long-term smoking patterns (e.g., gradual transition from a few cigarettes to one pack a day). By introducing a formal representation of withdrawal- and craving-like processes, the model produces gradual increases over time in withdra
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Kerst, William F. Attentional Retraining Administered to Cigarette Smokers in the Field: Effects on Attentional Bias, Craving, and Smoking. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012995.

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Yang, Yi, changhong wu, liang sun, jiong luo, tingran zhang, and shiqi liu. The Effect of Exercise on Drug Craving in Methamphetamine Addicts: a Systematic Evaluation and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2024. https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.12.0076.

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Cortés Vidal, Andrés Felipe, and Ariel Enrique Pastrana Arias (docente). Aportes del ejercicio al tratamiento del trastorno por consumo de cannabis (CUD). Universidad de Cartagena, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32997/11227/18441.

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El Trastorno por Consumo de Cannabis o CUD es una problemática de salud pública, y quienes lo padecen disponen de pocas opciones de tratamiento, pues aunque hay muchos estudios , existe falta de evidencia científica que acompañe la recomendación de un tratamiento farmacológico integral, sino para sus diversos síntomas individualmente; la terapia psicosocial es la primera línea de acción dadas esas limitaciones, y abrir paso a terapias complementarias y de soporte es un gran camino para los pacientes con CUD, el ejercicio físico ha demostrado efectividad para promover la plasticidad neuronal y
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