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1

Kramer, Thea, Georg Groh, Nathalie Stüben, and Michael Soyka. "Analysis of addiction craving onset through natural language processing of the online forum Reddit." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0301682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301682.

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Aims Alcohol cravings are considered a major factor in relapse among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study aims to investigate the frequency and triggers of cravings in the daily lives of people with alcohol-related issues. Large amounts of data are analyzed with Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods to identify possible groupings and patterns. Methods For the analysis, posts from the online forum “stopdrinking” on the Reddit platform were used as the dataset from April 2017 to April 2022. The posts were filtered for craving content and processed using the word2vec method to map them into a multi-dimensional vector space. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the nature and frequency of craving contexts and triggers (location, time, social environment, and emotions) using word similarity scores. Additionally, the themes of the craving-related posts were semantically grouped using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model. The accuracy of the results was evaluated using two manually created test datasets. Results Approximately 16% of the forum posts discuss cravings. The number of craving-related posts decreases exponentially with the number of days since the author’s last alcoholic drink. The topic model confirms that the majority of posts involve individual factors and triggers of cravings. The context analysis aligns with previous craving trigger findings related to the social environment, locations and emotions. Strong semantic craving similarities were found for the emotions boredom, stress and the location airport. The results for each method were successfully validated on test datasets. Conclusions This exploratory approach is the first to analyze alcohol cravings in the daily lives of over 24,000 individuals, providing a foundation for further AI-based craving analyses. The analysis confirms commonly known craving triggers and even discovers new important craving contexts.
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Bashar, Mohammad Abul, Farida Yesmin, Shaila Sharmin Rafa, and Rahnuma Rahman. "Pattern of Food Cravings in Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care in a Community Setting." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 19, no. 1 (2024): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v19i1.68449.

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Introduction: Food cravings are a sudden desire to eat certain types of foods during pregnancy. Worldwide, it is a common phenomenon. Objectives: To find out the pattern of craving foods and examine to what extent the craving desires were fulfilled. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 pregnant women in a community setting. Data were collected during January to March 2020 by face-to-face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Sample women were selected purposively. Results: Mean age of the sample women was 23.59 (±4.36) years. 78% (117) of the respondents had cravings for one or more foods. Of them, 29.9% women had craved for sour fruits and 32.5% women had craved for milk-based sweets. Besides, 15.4%, 17.1% and 20.5% women had craved yogurt with misti, rice-milk-banana mixed and pickles respectively. Another 1.7% women had craved for non-food substance burnt clay. 23.9% craving desires was due to inhibiting nausea and 57.3% had no explanation. 70.9% craving desires was fulfilled. The proportion of fulfillment of craving desires was 100% in higher income families (p<.001). In joint families, 78.9% craving desires was fulfilled. It was 56.1% in the nuclear family (p=.009). In the first pregnancy, 81.5% craving desires was fulfilled (p=.003). Conclusion: Common foods for pregnancy cravings were sweets, sour fruits and pickles. Craving desires was fulfilled more in high income families, joint families and in first pregnancy. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 19, No 1 (June) 2023: 55-58
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Hill, Andrew J. "The psychology of food craving." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 2 (2007): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005502.

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Cravings are hedonic responses to food, characterised by their intensity and their specificity. Food cravings are extremely common, reported by the majority of young adults. They are closely associated with liking but not synonymous with increased intake. Structured interviews and prospective incident accounts of food cravings have succeeded in revealing a richness of information about their character, their antecedents and their consequences. In addition, laboratory investigations are adding to what is being learned from field and clinical studies. Taking dieting as an example of an assumed influence on food craving, the outcomes of cross-sectional studies are mixed and unconvincing. Prospective and experimental research shows a clearer relationship. Dieting or restrained eating generally increase the likelihood of food craving while fasting makes craving, like hunger, diminish. Attempted restriction or deprivation of a particular food is associated with an increase in craving for the unavailable food. This relationship suggests a variety of underlying cognitive, conditioning and emotional processes, of which ironic cognitive processes, conditioned cue reactivity and dysphoric mood are prominent. Food cravings may also be self-attributions, accounting for why a highly-palatable but self-restricted food is (over-)consumed. Overall, the popularised account of cravings as elicited by specific nutritional need is having to give way to a more subtle and complex appreciation of human eating behaviour.
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Dalton, M., G. Finlayson, B. Walsh, A. E. Halseth, C. Duarte, and J. E. Blundell. "Early improvement in food cravings are associated with long-term weight loss success in a large clinical sample." International Journal of Obesity 41, no. 8 (2017): 1232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.89.

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Abstract Background: Food cravings are associated with dysregulated eating behaviour and obesity, and may impede successful weight loss attempts. Gaining control over food craving is therefore a component in the management of obesity. The current paper examined whether early changes in control over food craving (assessed using the Craving Control subscale on the Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ)) was predictive of weight loss in four phase 3 clinical trials investigating a sustained-release combination of naltrexone/bupropion (NB) in obese adults. The underlying component structure of the CoEQ was also examined. Method: In an integrated analysis of four 56-week phase 3 clinical trials, subjects completed the CoEQ and had their body weight measured at baseline and at weeks 8, 16, 28 and 56. All analyses were conducted on subjects who had complete weight and CoEQ measurements at baseline and week 56, and had completed 56 weeks of NB (n=1310) or placebo (n=736). A latent growth curve model was used to examine whether early changes in the CoEQ subscales were associated with decreases in weight loss over time. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the psychometric properties of the CoEQ. Results: The factor structure of the CoEQ was consistent with previous findings with a four-factor solution being confirmed: Craving Control, Positive Mood, Craving for Sweet and Craving for Savoury with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.72–0.92). Subjects with the greatest improvement in Craving Control at week 8 exhibited a greater weight loss at week 56. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of the experience of food cravings in the treatment of obesity and support the use of the CoEQ as a psychometric tool for the measurement of food cravings in research and the pharmacological management of obesity.
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Kemps, Eva, and Marika Tiggemann. "A Cognitive Experimental Approach to Understanding and Reducing Food Cravings." Current Directions in Psychological Science 19, no. 2 (2010): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721410364494.

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Food cravings are a common everyday experience. Yet, they can pose significant health risks for some people. Following initial investigations into the phenomenology, antecedents, and consequences of food cravings, recent scientific interest has turned to the underpinnings of the actual craving experience. In this article, we outline a conceptual framework for studying food cravings that is grounded in cognitive experimental psychology and describe our corresponding program of research. In particular, we present converging evidence from a number of seemingly disparate lines of research into the cognitive processes that underlie food cravings with a view to developing a craving-reduction technique.
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Shahriari, Elmira, Ivonne M. Torres, Miguel Angel Zúñiga, and Nourah Alfayez. "Picture this: the role of mental imagery in induction of food craving – a theoretical framework based on the elaborated intrusion theory." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 1 (2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-02-2018-2553.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the influence of four types of imagery stimuli (i.e. visual, olfactory, gustatory and auditory) on food craving intensity based on the Elaborated Intrusion theory and the central role of mental imagery in the food craving experience. The roles of overall perception of sensory imagery attributes and perceived availability in moderating this process were also tested. The aim is to extract the positive aspects of food cravings by increasing them and shifting them toward healthy foods. Design/methodology/approach In an online experiment, 314 participants were randomly primed with each imagery condition. After being exposed to either healthy or unhealthy food pictures, participants completed a questionnaire measuring their craving state, trait food craving, imaging ability, BMI, dietary restraint, hunger and mood. At the end, the impact of food craving intensity on marketing outcomes (i.e. willingness to pay, price sensitivity and food intake) were tested. Findings As predicted, visual imagery was found to be the strongest stimulus inducing food craving followed by olfactory, gustatory and auditory stimuli. Furthermore, the results indicate that perceived availability of food is the only important variable moderating this process. Additionally, the results show that hunger makes consumers more susceptible to food cravings than mood. Moreover, food craving intensity showed significant impact on the two marketing outcomes: willingness to pay and food intake. Research limitations/implications First, the authors used a cheeseburger as unhealthy food and salad as healthy food, future studies can increase the generalizability of the findings by using other types of food. Second, physiological and psychological disorders should be considered and studied as influential factors on food cravings in future studies. Third, future studies should include some behavioral measures besides the analysis of state and trait craving. Fourth, although the main objective of this study was to compare the effect of different imagery stimuli on consumers’ food craving, there was no control (no-stimulus) condition. Practical implications Marketing strategists may benefit from the fact that encouraging consumers to visualize some specific type of food product along with informing them about its availability will elevate their craving for that food product. Hence, using this strategy in shopping environments could be beneficial. In the context of improving people’s diet, our results showed that encouraging people to visualize healthy foods (e.g. fruits and vegetables) might be more helpful than priming them with the benefits of eating healthy. Originality/value There has been a recent enthusiastic interest in identifying the role of food related mental imagery and stimuli in consumers’ decision making and their final consumption (Christian et al., 2016). Nevertheless, very few studies in marketing have paid attention to these underpinning stimuli driving food craving and the significant influence of this food craving phenomenon on marketing outcomes.
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Stapleton, Peta, Terri Sheldon, Brett Porter, and Jennifer Whitty. "A Randomised Clinical Trial of a Meridian-Based Intervention for Food Cravings With Six-Month Follow-Up." Behaviour Change 28, no. 1 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.28.1.1.

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AbstractThis randomised, clinical trial tested whether The Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) reduced food cravings. This study involved 96 overweight or obese adults who were allocated to the EFT treatment or 4-week waitlist condition. Degree of food craving, perceived power of food, restraint capabilities and psychological symptoms were assessed pre- and post- a 4-week treatment program (mixed method ANOVA comparative analysis), and at 6-month follow-up (repeated measure ANOVA with group data collapsed). EFT was associated with a significantly greater improvement in food cravings, the subjective power of food and craving restraint than waitlist from pre- to immediately post-test (p< .05). Across collapsed groups, an improvement in food cravings and the subjective power of food after active EFT treatment was maintained at 6 months, and a delayed effect was seen for craving restraint. Although there was a significant reduction in measures of psychological distress immediately after treatment (p< .05), there was no between-group difference. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that EFT can have an immediate effect on reducing food cravings and can result in maintaining reduced cravings over time.
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Wu, Yu-Ting, Chien-Ming Yang, Ya-Chuan Huang, Tsai-Ching Yu, Chih-Shan Huang, and Jia-Ying Sung. "0418 A Day-by-Day Prospective Analysis of Stress and Hypnotic Craving During Hypnotic Tapering in Insomnia." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (2024): A179—A180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0418.

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Abstract Introduction Craving plays a crucial role in the persistence and relapse of substance use. While hypnotic usage may differ from that of addictive substances, previous research has indicated that long-term use of hypnotics is associated with a craving for hypnotics among patients with insomnia. Stress, which is commonly linked to sleep disturbances, has also been shown to enhance cravings for substance use. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between stress and craving for hypnotics using day-to-day assessments. Methods Twenty-seven participants with insomnia disorder (age = 41.66 ± 12.88; Male:Female = 14:13), who had been taking hypnotics for more than three months, were recruited for a two-week study. During the first week, they were permitted to take their usual dosage of hypnotics, while in the second week, their dosage was reduced by 25%. Each night before bed, participants recorded the level of stress they experienced and their craving for hypnotics, both on a scale of 1 to 9. Data were collected through responses to questions delivered via a social media app (Line). Mixed Effects Models were utilized to examine the relationship between stress and craving, separating out between-subject and within-subject associations. Results The findings revealed no significant associations between stress and craving at the between-subject level for either week (β = -0.08, p = 0.77; β = 0.07, p = 0.80). However, at the within-subject level, there was a significant association between stress and craving during the usual dosage week (β = 0.22, p < .05), but not during the reduced dosage week (β = 0.14, p = 0.17). Conclusion Our study indicates that there is no significant correlation between stress and craving across the participants. Conversely, within individuals, heightened stress was correlated with increased craving when participants were allowed to take their usual hypnotic dosage. These results underscore the importance of taking stress into consideration when assisting insomnia patients in managing their cravings for hypnotics. Support (if any) National Science and Technology Council
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Zhang, Tingran, Kun Wang, Ning Li, Chansol Hurr, and Jiong Luo. "The Relationship between Different Amounts of Physical Exercise, Internal Inhibition, and Drug Craving in Individuals with Substance-Use Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (2021): 12436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312436.

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Purpose: To explore the relationship between different amounts of physical exercise and drug craving in individuals with substance-use disorders (SUD), and to reveal the mediating role of internal inhibition between physical activity and drug craving. Method: This study adopted the Physical Activity Rating Scale, Internal Inhibition Scale, and Drug Craving Scale to assess 438 cases of SUD in a compulsory isolation detoxification center in southwest China. Results: (1) The amount of physical exercise individuals with SUD engaged in was positively correlated with internal inhibition and negatively correlated with drug craving, while the amount of physical exercise was negatively correlated with drug craving. (2) The amount of physical exercise was able to negatively predict drug craving in addicts, the amount of physical exercise and internal inhibition were able to jointly predict drug craving, and internal inhibition played a mediating role between the amount of physical exercise and drug craving (the mediating effect was 0.22). (3) There was a dose-effect relationship regarding different amounts of physical exercises and drug craving. Internal inhibition did not mediate between a low amount of physical exercise and drug craving, it played a partial mediating role between a moderate amount of physical exercise and drug craving (the mediating effect was −0.19), and it played a partial mediating role between a high amount of physical exercise and drug craving (the mediating effect was −0.15). Conclusions: Physical activity has a positive effect on reducing drug craving in individuals with SUD. Moreover, in the process of sports rehabilitation for SUD, medium or high amounts of physical activity were required in order to effectively reduce and alleviate drug cravings.
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Gong, Hua, Chuyin Xie, Chengfu Yu, Nan Sun, Hong Lu, and Ying Xie. "Psychosocial Factors Predict the Level of Substance Craving of People with Drug Addiction: A Machine Learning Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (2021): 12175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212175.

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This study aimed to explore which factors had a greater impact on substance craving in people with substance use and the direction of the impact. A total of 895 male substance users completed questionnaires regarding substance craving, psychological security, positive psychological capital, interpersonal trust, alexithymia, impulsivity, parental conflict, aggression behavior, life events, family intimacy, and deviant peers. Calculating the factor importance by gradient boosting method (GBM), found that the psychosocial factors that had a greater impact on substance craving were, in order, life events, aggression behavior, positive psychological capital, interpersonal trust, psychological security, impulsivity, alexithymia, family intimacy, parental conflict, and deviant peers. Correlation analysis showed that life events, positive psychological capital, interpersonal trust, psychological security, and family intimacy negatively predicted substance craving, while aggression behavior, impulsivity, alexithymia, parental conflict, and deviant peers positively predicted substance cravings. These findings have important implications for the prevention and intervention of substance craving behavior among substance users.
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Nida, Ayesha, Arsalan Haider, and Xiang-Yang Zhang. "Psychosocial Factors and Psychological Adjustment Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Comparative Analysis of Occasional Drug Craving and Non-Craving." Psychiatry Investigation 21, no. 9 (2024): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2024.0124.

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Objective The rate of drug craving not only in Pakistan is escalating rapidly, but also from a wide range of cultures and geographically have been impacted by the drug problem. Recently, drug cravings among young Pakistani school and college students have significantly increased, particularly illegal substances like hashish, heroin, and ecstasy.Methods We recruited 338 students and gathered demographic and drug-craving data through a survey. To assess the study variables, we used the parental acceptance-rejection short version, peer pressure questionnaire, and adult personality assessment scale.Results The prevalence rate of occasional drug craving was 44.1% (tobacco, 39.9%; heroin, 1.8%; ice, 0.6%; and others), and 55.9% have never tried them. Initially, drug craving at the first onset at the age of 14 in friend gatherings (15.7%) in stressful situations (11.2%), high-income families, particularly in joint family systems with paternal rejection, peer enforcement, and maladjustment had a higher risk than affectionate parents and conventional peers. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis disclosed that age, socioeconomic status, father affection, hostility, rejection, negligence, peer influences, and psychosocial adjustment, mother hostility were independently associated with occasional drug cravings.Conclusion Findings suggested the high prevalence of occasional drug cravings in Pakistani students in the capital territory. Furthermore, the demographic and other social and clinical aspects could be linked. This study carried out theoretical significance in understanding the predictors of occasional drug craving and psychological adjustment, highlighting the peer and parent’s roles and the educational institutions.
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Aline, Silva de Aguiar Nemer, Melquíades de Melo Marcela, Cristina Potente Dutra Luquetti Sheila, et al. "Craving and Food Choices in Patients Under Treatment for Smoking Cessation." International Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics 2, no. 3 (2013): 35–39. https://doi.org/10.19070/2326- 3350-130007.

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Introduction: The fissure, described as a strong desire to use the substance, and fear of weight gain affect the motivation of the individual to quit smoking. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of abstinence and craving in food choices and nutritional status (NS) of patients after one month of treatment for smoking cessation. Methods: Longitudinal study where we applied questionnaires to asses craving, dependence, alcohol consumption and food intake to decrease craving. The NS was assessed by BMI, waist circumference (WC) and abdominal circumference (AC). Evaluations were performed at baseline and after one month of treatment. Results: Among 23 participants who started treatment, 17 completed one month follow-up with 41.2% (n = 7) abstinent. After a month of treatment, the craving was lower among those abstinent compared to smokers. The most consumed foods to reduce the craving were, firstly, fruits followed by coffee, water and candies. Most subjects presented overweight (mean BMI 27.9 ± 6.9 kg/m²), and increased cardiovascular risk (WC: 89.0 ± 14.2; AC: 96.4 ± 15.0). After one month of monitoring, these parameters have not changed significantly. Reducing cravings and maintenance anthrop ometric parameters are aspects that can positively influence in the treatment success. Conclusion: Smokers in treatment for one month for smoking cessation showed a decrease in nicotine craving. Abstinence did not change the anthropometric parameters. The fruits were the most consumed foods to reduce the craving.
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Park, Hyeon-Gyu, and Jang-Han Lee. "The Effect of Ambivalent emotion toward Games on Game Cravings in Internet Game Addiction Tendency Group." Korean Data Analysis Society 24, no. 6 (2022): 2397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2022.24.6.2397.

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This study attempted to investigate the effect of ambivalent emotion toward games on game cravings. To confirm this, 88 people of the Internet game addiction tendency group who plays Battlegrounds were random-assigned to the following four conditions: ambivalent emotion-inducing conditions that use aggressive game stimuli, positive emotion-inducing conditions that use non-aggressive game stimuli, negative emotion-inducing conditions that use aggressive neutral stimuli, and neutral emotion-inducing conditions that use mosaicked stimuli. In the ‘cue reactivity task’, 8 visual stimuli in each condition were repeated 6 times for 3 seconds. Before and after presenting those stimulus, the explicit craving was measured with a Korean Gaming Craving Scale, and the implicit craving with an Implicit Association Test. As a result, people in the ambivalent emotion-inducing condition showed higher explicit cravings for game than those in the other three conditions, but as for implicit association test, only those in the ambivalent emotion-inducing condition showed more negative attitudes toward games. These results indicate that people with ambivalence toward games explicitly show positive emotions about game, but implicitly have negative attitudes.
 Therefore, as ambivalent emotions toward games affect explicit and implicit cravings differently, it is important to take into consideration the negative emotions that are involved in ambivalence toward games when treating the Internet game addiction tendency group.
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Hawker, Chloe O., Stephanie S. Merkouris, George J. Youssef, and Nicki A. Dowling. "A Smartphone-Delivered Ecological Momentary Intervention for Problem Gambling (GamblingLess: Curb Your Urge): Single-Arm Acceptability and Feasibility Trial." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 3 (2021): e25786. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25786.

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Background Low uptake rates of traditional gambling treatments highlight the need for innovative treatment modalities. Smartphone apps can provide unprecedented access to real-time ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) delivered in people’s everyday lives. Objective This study aims to examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of GamblingLess: Curb Your Urge, the first smartphone app–delivered EMI that aims to prevent gambling episodes by reducing craving intensity in people seeking help for gambling problems. Methods This study was a single-arm, 5-week acceptability and feasibility trial (1-week baseline and 4-week intervention periods) involving ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) delivered 3 times daily. The EMAs measured gambling episodes, cravings, and self-efficacy. Web-based evaluations at baseline, postintervention, and 1-month follow-up measured gambling outcomes (severity, cravings, frequency, expenditure, and self-efficacy) and the intervention’s perceived helpfulness, relevance, burden, satisfaction, and impact in relation to gambling cravings. Results A total of 36 participants, of whom 22/36 (61%) were male and 34/36 (94%) were problem gamblers, completed the baseline measures, with 61% (22/36) completing the postintervention evaluation and 58% (21/36) completing the follow-up evaluation. The intervention was considered acceptable, as participants perceived all intervention content to be above average in helpfulness and the EMA to be highly relevant but somewhat burdensome. Participants reported that they were satisfied with the intervention and that the intervention improved their knowledge, attitudes, awareness, behavior change, intention to change, and help-seeking behavior for gambling cravings. Regarding the intervention’s feasibility, compliance rates for the EMA (51%) and EMI (15%) were low; however, the intervention was used 166 times, including 59 uses within 60 minutes of EMA completion and 107 on-demand uses. Regarding the intervention’s preliminary effectiveness, descriptive EMA data showed that, compared with the baseline period, 71% and 72% reductions in the average number of gambling episodes and craving occurrences were reported in the intervention period, respectively. In addition, clustered paired-sample two-tailed t tests revealed a significant 5.4% reduction in real-time craving intensity (P=.01) immediately after intervention use, which increased to 10.5% (P=.01), where use was recommended based on craving occurrence. At the group level, significant medium-to-large reductions were observed in mean gambling symptom severity (P=.01 and .003), cravings (P=.03 and .02), frequency (P=.01 and .004), and expenditure (P=.04 and .003) at postintervention and follow-up; moreover, increased mean gambling self-efficacy and craving self-efficacy (P=.01 and .01) were observed at postintervention and increased gambling self-efficacy (P=.04) was observed at follow-up. At the individual level, over a quarter of participants (6/22, 27% to 10/21, 48%) could be categorized as recovered or improved regarding their gambling symptom severity and cravings. Conclusions The results support the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of this app-delivered EMI for preventing gambling episodes through craving management in people with gambling problems, which has implications for extending the reach of evidence-based treatment to moments of vulnerability in people’s everyday lives.
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Moon, Jiyoon, and Jang-Han Lee. "Predicting Cigarette-Seeking Behavior: How Reward Sensitivity and Positive Emotions Influence Nicotine Cravings." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 6 (2011): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.6.737.

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Reward sensitivity is a primary indicator of impulsive behavior, such as cigarette smoking, and contributes to positive emotional experiences. The aim in this study was to examine smokers' emotional experiences and cravings in relation to their personality traits. Participants were divided into high- and low-reward sensitivity groups, and a procedure aimed at inducing emotions was conducted while physiological responses were recorded. There was a significant difference in the subjective experiences of the 2 groups, and a significant positive correlation existed between a positive emotional experience and craving cigarettes. Furthermore, reward sensitivity induced craving in smokers and the relationship was mediated by positive emotion. We believe that the identified mediating effect of positive emotions on craving could provide a better understanding of maladaptive behavior associated with positive emotion and may play an important role in treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Abdella, Hanan, Hameida El Farssi, David Broom, Dawn Hadden, and Caroline Dalton. "Eating Behaviours and Food Cravings; Influence of Age, Sex, BMI and FTO Genotype." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020377.

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Previous studies indicate that eating behaviours and food cravings are associated with increased BMI and obesity. However, the interaction between these behaviours and other variables such as age, sex, BMI and genetics is complex. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between eating behaviours and food cravings, and to examine the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype on these relationships. A total of 475 participants (252 female, 223 male, BMI: 25.82 ± 6.14 kg/m2, age: 30.65 ± 14.20 years) completed the revised 18-question version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) to assess cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating, and the Food Cravings Inventory (FCI) to assess cravings for fatty food, sweet food, carbohydrates and fast food. DNA samples were genotyped for the rs9939609 polymorphism in the obesity-linked gene FTO. Questionnaire data was analysed for associations between the TFEQ-R18 and FCI subscales for the whole study group, and the group divided by sex, genotype and age (≤25 years versus >25 years). Finally, mediation analysis was used to explore the relationships between BMI, cognitive restraint and food cravings. FTO AA + AT genotype was associated with increased BMI, but not with differences in eating behavior scores or food craving scores; age was associated with increased BMI and decreases in food craving scores in which this effect was stronger in women compared to men. Increased cognitive restraint was associated with decreased food craving scores in the ≤25 years group. Mediation analysis demonstrated that in this group the association between BMI and reduced food cravings was mediated by cognitive restraint indicating that in this age group individuals use cognitive restraint to control their food cravings. The positive correlation between age and BMI confirms previous results but the findings of this study show that age, sex, FTO genotype and BMI have an influence on the relationships between eating behaviours and food cravings and that these variables interact.
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Hameed, Rania Adel, and Mohammad Reza F. Aghdam. "Agitation and Sugar Craving Related to Epilepsy Seizure." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021 (May 3, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9969854.

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Introduction. Epilepsy is a chronic central nervous system disorder characterized by the recurrence of unprovoked seizures and can affect people of all ages. Seizure symptoms can vary widely in patients. Many papers have been published about agitation and epileptic seizures, but almost nothing about sugar cravings and agitation related to epilepsy. The purpose of this case report is to shed light on possibly a hidden symptom within the epilepsy field, in fact sugar cravings. Case presentation. A 12-year-old boy was referred to the children and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic with suspicion of ADHD. The boy has struggled with anxiety, concentration, and impulsivity. Because of intense agitation and sugar cravings, the patient was referred to EEG. The EEG shows pathological activity with bilatero-temporal to central epileptiform activity, not synchronized. After pathological EEG findings, the patient started treatment with Lamotrigine. Great improvement when it comes to agitation, moodiness, and reduction of sugar craving after starting with Lamotrigine. Conclusion. We consider inexplicable behavior or symptoms such as agitation and sugar craving may be related to epilepsy seizure. Therefore, it is important that these patients should be examined more closely with EEG to confirm or deny epilepsy.
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Hamidovic, Ajna, Shahd Smadi, and John Davis. "Late Luteal Subphase Food Craving Is Enhanced in Women with Obesity and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)." Nutrients 15, no. 23 (2023): 5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15235000.

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Dysregulated food craving is a complex weight-related behavior. To identify novel targets for enhancing the efficacy of weight loss interventions, we examined whether food craving varies across the menstrual cycle according to the abdominal obesity type and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) diagnosis, and, if so, whether it is related to affective symptomatology. Reproductive-age women were classified into one of the four study groups according to whether they have abdominal obesity (AO) or are abdominally lean (AL), and the presence of PMDD: (1) AO:PMDD+ (n = 13), (2) AL:PMDD+ (n = 14), (3) AO:PMDD− (n = 15), and (4) AL:PMDD− (n = 16). Self-report measures as well as urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) tests were provided by the participants across 2–3 menstrual cycles. The ratings of food cravings were similar across the menstrual cycle, except the last, late luteal subphase as the AO:PMDD+ participants had the highest food craving rating. Irritability and depression were correlated with food cravings, but not in a distinctive manner across the menstrual cycle by group. Our study found that women with abdominal obesity and PMDD display a temporal vulnerability to a food-related behavior. The possibility of shared neurobiology between the two conditions is discussed and should be examined in future studies.
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Türk, Aytuğ, Hatice Şahan, and Şeyda Dülgerler. "COVID-19 Anxiety and Eating Behaviors Among Patients Attending the Emergency Department: A Cross-Sectional Study." Medical Records 7, no. 2 (2024): 430–36. https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.1595563.

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Aim: This study aimed to examine the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and food cravings among adults and to identify the factors influencing this relationship. Material and Method: This descriptive and cross-sectional study collected data from 265 individuals who agreed to participate between November 2021 and February 2022. Data collection tools included the Sociodemographic Data Form, the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS), and the Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQT-R). Analyses included means, standard deviations, percentages, independent t-tests for comparisons between groups, one-way ANOVA for comparisons among more than two groups, Pearson correlation analysis to determine relationships among scales, and linear regression analysis. Results: The mean COVID-19 Anxiety Scale score was 3.63±3.06, while the mean Food Craving Questionnaire score was 37.64±10.62. A positive, moderate, and significant correlation was found between COVID-19 anxiety and food craving levels (r=.368, p
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Sohn, harim, Tae-Yoon Aum, Hyun-Joo Oh, and Donggwi Lee. "Classification of Food Craving and Self-regulation Types in Early Adult Women: A Latent Profile Analysis." Jounral of Educational Therapist 16, no. 1 (2024): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35185/kjet.16.1.11.

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This study investigated latent profiles of food cravings and levels of self-regulation among early adult women in Korea(N=248). Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: 1) 'lack of regulation group,' 2) 'average group,' 3) 'self-regulation group,' and 4) 'self-discrepancy group.' The majority belonged to the average group (58.5%), characterized by generally adaptive patterns. The self-regulation group exhibited high self-regulation and low food craving levels. Conversely, the group with a lack of regulation demonstrated low self-regulation, high food craving, elevated negative affect and external eating, indicating maladaptive characteristics. The self-discrepancy group displayed low levels of self-discipline and nonimpulsive action regarding behavior control, high levels of food craving and healthy habits and reliability, with the highest levels of emotional eating and restraint eating. Higher socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with the self-discrepancy or lack of regulation group rather than the self-regulation group. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Nannt, Julia, Ines Wolz, and Jennifer Svaldi. "Interventionen zur Regulation von Food Craving: Eine Übersicht." Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie 67, no. 1 (2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000370.

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Zusammenfassung. Food Craving ist ein Kernmerkmal verschiedener Essstörungen und hängt mit Übergewicht, Adipositas und patho­logischem Essverhalten zusammen. Ziel dieses Überblicksartikels ist es daher, den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu empirisch überprüften ­Interventionen zur Reduktion von Food Craving bei gesunden Personen sowie bei Personen mit klinischer oder subklinischer Essstörung dar­zustellen. Dabei wurden kognitive Regulationsstrategien, Trainings zur Modifikation von exekutiven Funktionen, expositionsorientierte ­Interventionen, Imagina­tionsverfahren, Bio- und Neurofeedback sowie Achtsamkeitstrainings berücksichtigt. Es zeigten sich unterschiedliche Effekte bezüglich der Wirksamkeit dieser Interventionen zur Reduktion des Cravings. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass einige der Interventionen Ansatzpunkte zur ­Behandlung von Personen mit Essstörungen bieten, allerdings sollten die Limitationen der jeweiligen Studien sowie die ­Vorläufigkeit der Ergebnisse berücksichtigt werden.
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Yang, Chien-Ming, Yu-Shuan Lai, Yun-Hsin Huang, Ya-Chuan Huang, and Hsin-Chien Lee. "Predicting Hypnotic Use among Insomnia Patients with the Theory of Planned Behavior and Craving." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12070209.

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While long-term hypnotic use is very common in clinical practice, the associated factors have been understudied. This study aims to explore the cognitive factors that might influence the long-term use of hypnotics based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and examines the moderating effect of craving between cognitive intention and actual hypnotic-use behavior at follow-up. A total of 139 insomnia patients completed a self-constructed TPB questionnaire to measure their attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention of hypnotic use, as well as the Hypnotic-Use Urge Scale (HUS) to measure their craving for hypnotics. They were then contacted through phone approximately three months later to assess their hypnotic use. Hierarchical regression showed that perceived behavioral control was the most significant determinant for behavioral intention of hypnotic use. Behavioral intention, in turn, can predict the frequency of hypnotic use after three months. However, this association was moderated by hypnotic craving. The association was lower among the participants with higher cravings for hypnotic use. The findings suggest that the patients’ beliefs about their control over sleep and daily life situations, and their craving for hypnotics should be taken into consideration in the management of hypnotic use.
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Yen, Cheng-Fang, Chih-Hung Ko, Chih-Yao Hsu, Hung-Chi Wu, Yu-Yi Yang, and Peng-Wei Wang. "A Pilot Randomized Control Study on Effect Brief Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Complementary Treatment in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095230.

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The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVBFB) intervention in terms of reducing craving, severity of dependence, and rate of positive methamphetamine urine testing in men taking part in a methamphetamine use disorder outpatient treatment program. Sixty-one adult men received either HRVBFB treatment plus treatment as usual (TAU) over four weeks or TAU only. Men receiving HRVBFB showed significantly greater reductions in craving, dependence severity, and the rate of positive methamphetamine urine testing at the end of the intervention and four weeks of follow-up. The analyses further showed that the levels of craving and dependence severity at treatment entry were predictive of changes in craving and dependence severity at the end of treatment and follow-up, respectively. The baseline status of a positive methamphetamine urine test only predicted a positive methamphetamine urine test at the end of treatment, not at the end of the follow-up period. Our results showed HRVBFB intervention has merits as an adjunct treatment to ameliorate cravings and reduce the severity of dependence experienced by persons with methamphetamine use disorder. An added value of HRVBFB intervention is the fact that it can be easily and affordably implemented in everyday life.
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Yen, Cheng-Fang, Chih-Hung Ko, Chih-Yao Hsu, Hung-Chi Wu, Yu-Yi Yang, and Peng-Wei Wang. "A Pilot Randomized Control Study on Effect Brief Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Complementary Treatment in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095230.

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The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVBFB) intervention in terms of reducing craving, severity of dependence, and rate of positive methamphetamine urine testing in men taking part in a methamphetamine use disorder outpatient treatment program. Sixty-one adult men received either HRVBFB treatment plus treatment as usual (TAU) over four weeks or TAU only. Men receiving HRVBFB showed significantly greater reductions in craving, dependence severity, and the rate of positive methamphetamine urine testing at the end of the intervention and four weeks of follow-up. The analyses further showed that the levels of craving and dependence severity at treatment entry were predictive of changes in craving and dependence severity at the end of treatment and follow-up, respectively. The baseline status of a positive methamphetamine urine test only predicted a positive methamphetamine urine test at the end of treatment, not at the end of the follow-up period. Our results showed HRVBFB intervention has merits as an adjunct treatment to ameliorate cravings and reduce the severity of dependence experienced by persons with methamphetamine use disorder. An added value of HRVBFB intervention is the fact that it can be easily and affordably implemented in everyday life.
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Pratitis, Niken Titi, and Muhammad Rizky Fananni. "Mencegah kekambuhan pada pecandu narkoba: Bagaimana peranan craving dan dukungan keluarga?" Persona:Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia 13, no. 1 (2024): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/persona.v13i1.10983.

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Previous research data shows that drug users who have undergone rehabilitation can still experience relapse, so research that identifies factors that cause relapse is essential. This study aims to examine the relationship between craving and family support with the tendency to relapse. The research participants were 97 drug addicts undergoing rehabilitation at several rehabilitation institutions in Surabaya and Gresik. The research scale was compiled by the researcher himself, consisting of a relapse scale (α = 0.935), which refers to the theory of Gorski and Miller, a craving scale (α = 0.899), which refers to Drummond's theory, and a family support scale (α = 0.949) which refers to Friedman's theory. The research data were analyzed using multiple regression tests. The results of the partial test showed that the higher the craving in people with an addiction who had undergone rehabilitation, the higher their tendency to relapse. However, the results of the partial test also proved that solid family support made the tendency to relapse lower. The results of the study simultaneously also showed that craving and family support were predictors of the tendency to relapse in drug addicts after rehabilitation. These findings are expected to broaden understanding of clinical psychology and provide practical guidelines for former addicts to prevent relapse through efforts to reduce cravings and increase family support.
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Kim, J., and S. Yang. "Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation for controlling of food craving in subjects with overweight or obesity." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (2024): S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.418.

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IntroductionThis study investigates the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving improvement and changes in brain function associated with craving in overweight and obese subjects.ObjectivesFood craving disregards the homeostatic mechanisms related to appetite and nullifies the rewarding effects of food, directly contributing to body weight and eventually leading to obesity. In this study, we aim to explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving improvement and changes in brain function associated with craving by conducting a total of 10 sessions of tDCS over a period of 2 weeks on overweight and obese subjects.MethodsA total of 86 patients who were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) during the study period were included. The tDCS montage involved placing the anode over the left and the cathode over the right DLPFC. Weight, BMI, neuropsychological variables, and food craving-related variables were assessed. We measured absolute and relative EEG power in 19 channels and analyzed QEEG according to the following frequency ranges: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (12–25 Hz), high beta (25–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz).ResultsAfter the application of tDCS, there was no significant reduction observed in weight and BMI. However, all measures related to food and eating showed a decrease in the intensity of cravings, and there was also a significant reduction in depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. In quantitative EEG analysis, an increase in theta waves was observed in the left frontal area (F7 and F3), an increase in alpha waves in the right parietal area (P4), and a decrease in beta waves in the frontal area (FP2) and occipital area (O1).ConclusionsThis study investigated the effects of tDCS on food craving in overweight and obese individuals, and it was found that there were improvements in psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. Additionally, using quantitative EEG, neurophysiological changes were observed, including an increase in theta waves and a decrease in beta waves.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Taylor, Veronique A., Ryan Smith, and Judson A. Brewer. "App-Based Mindfulness Training Predicts Reductions in Smoking Behavior by Engaging Reinforcement Learning Mechanisms: A Preliminary Naturalistic Single-Arm Study." Sensors 22, no. 14 (2022): 5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145131.

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Mindfulness training (MT) has been shown to influence smoking behavior, yet the involvement of reinforcement learning processes as underlying mechanisms remains unclear. This naturalistic, single-arm study aimed to examine slope trajectories of smoking behavior across uses of our app-based MT craving tool for smoking cessation, and whether this relationship would be mediated by the attenuating impact of MT on expected reward values of smoking. Our craving tool embedded in our MT app-based smoking cessation program was used by 108 participants upon the experience of cigarette cravings in real-world contexts. Each use of the tool involved mindful awareness to the experience of cigarette craving, a decision as to whether the participant wanted to smoke or ride out their craving with a mindfulness exercise, and paying mindful attention to the choice behavior and its outcome (contentment levels felt from engaging in the behavior). Expected reward values were computed using contentment levels experienced from the choice behavior as the reward signal in a Rescorla–Wagner reinforcement learning model. Multi-level mediation analysis revealed a significant decreasing trajectory of smoking frequency across MT craving tool uses and that this relationship was mediated by the negative relationship between MT and expected reward values (all ps < 0.001). After controlling for the mediator, the predictive relationship between MT and smoking was no longer significant (p < 0.001 before and p = 0.357 after controlling for the mediator). Results indicate that the use of our app-based MT craving tool is associated with negative slope trajectories of smoking behavior across uses, mediated by reward learning mechanisms. This single-arm naturalistic study provides preliminary support for further RCT studies examining the involvement of reward learning mechanisms underlying app-based mindfulness training for smoking cessation.
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Mihai, A., and M. Valeriu. "Cortisol Levels Chorelated with Exposure to Alcohol Related Visual Stimuli in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (2024): S418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.863.

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IntroductionThe mechanism of craving is not yet fully understood. It implies numerous factors contributing to the decisions an individual has to ponder when faced with a stimulus that has resemblance with the previous experiences related to it. Neural pathways implying the reward mechanism play a significant role in the interpretation of visual, auditory, olfactive stimuli, polarizing the perception towards positive or negative experiences with that substance of abuse.Objectives In this study we focus on the cravings related to alcohol use, in a sample of patients admitted in hospital due to alcohol use disorder pathologies, providing the fact that Romania has the 2nd highest prevalence of heavy episodic drinking at least once a month (35% of adults, in a statistic published by Eurostat in 2019).Methods We included 30 patients with alcohol use disorder. The PACS (Penn Alcohol Craving Scale) was used to assess the severity of craving in the week prior to the hospital admission.Before visualising any alcohol related cues using VRET, patients will have a half hour of group therapy to lower levels of anxiety. Cortisol and blood sugar will be measured after this half hour to set a baseline . Afterwards, using VRET, subjects will be asked to watch a number of visual stimuli that will include cues to alcohol consumption and different types of beverages. Half hour after visualising cues of alcohol, the craving will be assessed by measuring blood sugar and salivary cortisol levels once again. Completing these measurement, patients will be asked to complete the PACS scale one more time to corelate the patients craving with the biological findings. Blood sugar levels will be measured with a blood glucose meter with test strips. Cortisol levels will be measured using salivary levels of cortisol. We choose measuring the salivary levels of cortisol, due to the fact that using this method, the biological active, free cortisol. Measurements of the serum cortisol indicate the total quantity, but not the biologically effective cortisol.ResultsVisual stimuli of alcohol, with the help of VRET modifies the autonomous glucocorticoid secretion, and provide objective information complimentary to the each individual’s craving assessmentConclusionsThere are a great number of strong ties between alcoholic craving in patients and endogenous shifts in cortisol secretion. We aimed towards a better understanding on craving in patients hospitalised for AUD. Other directions for future research are to find out if it possible to consider craving a form of stress or if we could limit craving, by limiting stress.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Bhaumik, Soumee. "Craving." Dawn Journal 12, no. 1 (2023): 1628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56602/tdj/12.1.1628-1629.

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Kumari, Laxmi, Meenakshi Sood, and Sandhya Gupta. "Effect of age of tobacco initiation and number of failed quit attempts on maintenance of tobacco abstinence." Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 20, no. 1 (2023): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1780_22.

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Background: The decision to make a quit attempt is the first step toward the tobacco cessation process. It is well established in the literature that if someone does not take tobacco till the age of 21 years then his chances of remaining tobacco-free for life are higher than his counterparts who start tobacco at early developmental ages. Methodology and Tools: The present study was conducted among 400 university undergraduate students. A cross-sectional survey design was used, multi-stage sampling was done, and four colleges were selected via random sampling. The motivation to quit tobacco, tobacco craving, and maintenance of tobacco abstinence was assessed via contemplation ladder, tobacco craving questionnaire Short Form, and smoking abstinence questionnaire. To validate subjective data, a urine cotinine test was performed. Results: The age of tobacco initiation significantly impacts intentions to quit tobacco and tobacco craving levels. The number of unsuccessful quit attempts was also significantly associated with the maintenance of tobacco abstinence. The failed quit attempts play a vital role in altering tobacco cravings and make the withdrawals more complicated to handle for recent tobacco quitters.
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Kakoschke, Naomi, Belinda A. Henry, Michael A. Cowley, and Kevin Lee. "Tackling Cravings in Medical Weight Management: An Update on Pathophysiology and an Integrated Approach to Treatment." Nutrients 16, no. 19 (2024): 3238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16193238.

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Background/Objectives: Food cravings involve a strong drive to consume palatable foods irrespective of nutritional status. Importantly, cravings contribute substantially to the obesity epidemic. Managing hunger alone is insufficient for weight management as this relates only to homeostatic eating and does not address the complex aetiology of hedonic eating and its crucial role in food cravings. Medical weight management clinics and anti-obesity medication trials do not routinely identify and address food cravings. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature consisting of 115 peer-reviewed articles (original articles and reviews). We included articles focused on food craving pathophysiology, assessment, and management strategies providing contrasts against the current medical model of weight management seen in obesity pharmacotherapy trials as well as the current standard of practise. Results: We outline the neurohormonal and psychological drivers of cravings, which lead to a spectrum of eating behaviours, from comfort food eating to binge eating disorders. We provide an overview of ways of identification and measurement options, including their strengths and weaknesses, and an overview of management strategies and their cravings control efficacy, spanning lifestyle modifications like nutrition and sleep, psychological therapies (i.e., cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], acceptance-based therapies such as mindfulness) and, last but not least, medications that not only are approved for weight reduction but reduce cravings. Finally, based on these findings, we provide a proposed integrated and iterative model that is able to evolve and adapt to the individual over time in tackling cravings for long-term weight loss maintenance. Conclusions: The findings emphasise the importance of cravings management and provide a synthesis on how cravings can be identified in a medical weight management setting, which can be practically implemented in an integrated iterative model spanning anti-obesity medications that have craving control data to evidence-based lifestyle and psychological interventions.
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Kress, Stefany, and Alan Hirsch. "187 Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Suboxone and Bunavail)-Induced Glycolimia, an Indication of Undermedication?" CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000688.

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AbstractINTRODUCTIONBuprenorphine/Naloxone combination drugs such as Suboxone and Bunavail have not been reported to induce glycolimia. Two such cases are presented.METHODSCASE STUDY: Case 1: A 30-year-old, right-handed, white female with a history of opioid abuse was started on 4.2 mg buprenorphine/0.7 mg naloxone (Bunavail) BID and began sweet cravings and consumption of sweet foods. In a typical day she would eat 16 strawberry pop-tarts and 2 boxes of Little Debbie cookies. This may have provoked the 10 pound weight augmentation in the first two weeks of treatment. She denied any craving for opioids and no evidence of opioid withdrawal was present. Her Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score =4 (normal).Case 2: A 51-year-old, right-handed, male with opiate dependence, four days following the initiation of Suboxone (8 mg buprenorphine/2 mg naloxone) BID, developed strong cravings for sugary foods including donuts and ice cream, of which he was previously never inclined to eat and gained 10 pounds in one month. His COWS score= 7 (mild symptoms).DISCUSSIONThere are myriad mechanisms that may be acting to induce sugar cravings with buprenorphine/naloxone. Humans and rats acutely withdrawing from opiates, such as heroin, develop strong urges for consumption of sugary substances (Lieblich et al., 1991; Sapira, 1968; Weiss, 1982). Glycolimia in the above cases may reflect early or subclinical withdrawal, which if becoming more severe, would manifest as opioid craving. If the value of the reward system induced by sweets doesn’t meet the threshold invoked by the opioid stimulation, this “withdrawal” may lead to further sugar cravings in an attempt to reach the same reward level. In animals, certain foods and drugs share the same neurological pathway involved in the “reward system” potentially explaining why opioids influence food palatability in humans (Pelchat, 2002).Alternatively, it is possible that buprenorphine induces hypoglycemia at high doses (Bullingham et al., 1981) such that hypoglycemia may paradoxically act to enhance sugar craving similar to the Somogyi effect in insulin dependent diabetics. Another possible mechanism of action is that since buprenorphine acts to decrease glucose metabolism in the brain (Walsh et al., 1994), this may lead to a neural compensatory response by increasing sugar access to the brain behaviorally via glycolimiaand somatically reducing insulin release, thus explaining the high hemoglobin A1c observed in opioid addicts (Giugliano, 1984). Given the above presentation, complaints of sugar craving may indicate consideration to increase buprenorphine dosing and trial of this in those with glycolimia without opioid dependence may be warranted.Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.
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Montón-Martínez, Roberto, Ismael Castellano-Galvañ, Alba Roldán, et al. "Effects of Physical Exercise on Substance Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031481.

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Physical exercise has emerged as a promising complementary intervention for individuals with substance use disorders (SUD). This comprehensive review examines the neurobiological, psychological, and social benefits of exercise in improving quality of life (QOL), mental health, sleep quality, craving, physical fitness, and cognitive function among individuals with SUD. Aerobic exercises, particularly those of moderate intensity, demonstrate a consistent efficacy in reducing anxiety, depression, and cravings, while also enhancing cardiovascular health and psychosocial well-being. Strength training and concurrent programs provide additional benefits for muscular and cognitive function, although their effects on mental health are less consistent. Mind–body disciplines like yoga and Tai Chi offer accessible entry points for individuals with low baseline fitness but exhibit variable outcomes, especially in sleep and craving management. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) shows potential for craving reduction and cardiovascular improvements but may pose challenges for individuals with low initial fitness. This review underscores the importance of tailored, well-structured programs that align with participants’ needs and capabilities. Future research should prioritize standardizing protocols, incorporating technological tools, and exploring hybrid intervention models to maximize adherence and therapeutic impact. Physical exercise remains a vital, multifaceted tool in comprehensive SUD rehabilitation strategies.
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Mendrek, Adrianna, Laurence Dinh-Williams, Josiane Bourque, and Stéphane Potvin. "Sex Differences and Menstrual Cycle Phase-Dependent Modulation of Craving for Cigarette: An fMRI Pilot Study." Psychiatry Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/723632.

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While overall more men than women smoke cigarettes, women and girls take less time to become dependent after initial use and have more difficulties quitting the habit. One of the factors contributing to these differences may be that women crave cigarettes more than men and that their desire to smoke is influenced by hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine potential sex/gender differences in functional neuroanatomy of craving and to (b) delineate neural correlates of cigarette cravings in women across their menstrual cycle. Fifteen tobacco-smoking men and 19 women underwent a functional MRI during presentation of neutral and smoking-related images, known to elicit craving. Women were tested twice: once during early follicular phase and once during midluteal phase of their menstrual cycle. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex differences in the cerebral activations associated with craving. Nevertheless, the pattern of activations in women varied across their menstrual cycle with significant activations in parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe, during follicular phase, and only limited activations in the right hippocampus during the luteal phase.
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Martínez-Fernández, Diana Emilia, David Fernández-Quezada, Andrea P. Garzón-Partida, Irene G. Aguilar-García, Joaquín García-Estrada, and Sonia Luquin. "The Effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy on Reducing Craving in Populations with Substance Use Disorder: A Meta-Analysis." Brain Sciences 14, no. 11 (2024): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111110.

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Substance use disorder (SUD) significantly impacts public health, economics, and legal systems worldwide. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was initially developed in the late 1980s as a therapeutic approach for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), using bilateral stimulation to integrate traumatic memories with calming physiological responses. However, the effectiveness of EMDR in treating SUD remains unclear. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of EMDR therapy on craving reduction in individuals with SUD. The search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, focusing on studies that measured craving and employed EMDR interventions. Both random and fixed effects models were used to pool effect sizes, utilizing an R software meta-package (R-4.4.1). The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The results indicated a significant reduction in cravings among patients undergoing EMDR therapy. Specifically, under the fixed effect model, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was −0.866 with a 95% confidence interval ranging from −1.121 to −0.611 (z = −6.66, p < 0.0001). These findings may demonstrate the significant efficacy of EMDR therapy in decreasing cravings in people with SUD.
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Komatsu, Sakura, Takanari Tomono, and Kenjiro Aoyama. "Relation between food cravings and mood: Characteristics of rice craving." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS 17, no. 2 (2009): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4092/jsre.17.129.

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Nosen, Elizabeth, and Sheila R. Woody. "Acceptance of cravings: How smoking cessation experiences affect craving beliefs." Behaviour Research and Therapy 59 (August 2014): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.003.

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Bancroft, John, Ann Cook, and Lynn Williamson. "Food craving, mood and the menstrual cycle." Psychological Medicine 18, no. 4 (1988): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170000979x.

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SynopsisSeventy-six women, with a mean age of 35–7 years, who reported premenstrual craving for sweet foods in a retrospective questionnaire, were assessed prospectively with a pre- and postmenstrual eating questionnaire and daily ratings of craving, mood, irritability and breast tenderness over two menstrual cycles.In 72 % of these women a perimenstrual pattern of food craving was confirmed. In 13 % this craving was confined to the menstrual phase. There was no consistent association between food craving and mood change, either in timing or severity. Women with more severe mood change did not report more severe craving. There was also no association between food craving and cyclical breast tenderness. Perimenstrual food craving, therefore, appears to be a cyclical phenomenon in its own right, of uncertain aetiology and worthy of further study.
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Hansen, Bryar, Aishwarya Ravindran, Wayne A. Bottner, Craig E. Cole, John P. Farnen, and Ronald S. Go. "Desiderosmia (Craving of Olfaction): A Novel Symptom Associated with Iron Deficiency Anemia." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 4827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4827.4827.

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Abstract BACKGROUND:In recent years,we saw four patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in our clinical practices who developed a compulsive craving for certain odors including rubber tires, gasoline, Pine-Sol® (a popular household alcohol ethoxylate-based cleaning agent), and "musty odor of the basement." Such behavior resolved after treatment of IDA, and recurred in a patient whose IDA relapsed. This resembled pica, a craving to eat non-nutritive items, which is commonly associated with IDA. Because we had never heard of or read about this phenomenon, we reviewed the English medical literature and World Wide Web to determine if such experience had been previously reported. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar to find publications, reports, presentations, or testimonies of individual in online blogs using a combination of search terms including "nasal, olfactory, smell, craving, iron deficiency, and anemia." RESULTS: We found no scientific publication, report, or presentation similar to our experience in PubMed and Google Scholar. However, using Google search engine, we found several testimonies of individuals in online blog posts (mostly at babycenter.com and medhelp.org), several of which were pregnancy blogs that reported these peculiar symptoms. Individuals were reporting powerful cravings of olfaction, frequently being overtaken by a desire to smell certain odors. The types of substances for which they craved and their associated medical conditions (when reported) are summarized in the Table. CONCLUSIONS:These preliminary findings and testimonies give suggestive evidence that a condition, entirely separate from pica, exists in certain patients suffering from IDA or during pregnancy. For this, we propose the name, desiderosmia, derived from the Latin word "desiderare" for desire and the Greek word "osme" for smell. In naming this condition, we hope to inspire further investigation, and hopefully shed some light for patients who suffer from this newly described olfactory symptom. Table Reports of smell cravings and associated medical conditions found in online blogs Table. Reports of smell cravings and associated medical conditions found in online blogs Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Du, Daniel, James Borders, Alex Selmani, and William Waverczak. "A Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy of Nicotine Oral Soluble Film, Lozenge and Gum in Relief of Acute Smoking Cue-provoked Craving for Cigarette in Low Dependence Smokers." Journal of Smoking Cessation 10, no. 2 (2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2014.5.

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Introduction: A new nicotine film that releases nicotine quickly may lead to faster craving relief.Aims: This study compares the efficacy of 2.5 mg nicotine film with 2 mg nicotine lozenge and 2 mg nicotine gum on relieving provoked craving in low dependence smokers.Methods: A randomised, open-label, active comparators controlled study was conducted in 120 subjects. Subjects were abstinent from smoking for 4 hours prior to being provoked with smoking cues. After post-provocation craving assessment, subjects were administered one dose of the 3 treatments: nicotine film, lozenge, or gum. Craving intensity was then assessed at 50 seconds, 3, 5, 7, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after administration.Results/Findings: Three treatments reduced craving with similar maximum effects. The effect was maintained up to 30 minutes. Nicotine film significantly reduced more craving than lozenge at 50 seconds, 3 and 5 minutes. It also significantly reduced more craving than gum at 50 seconds and 3 minutes. There was no significant difference between lozenge and gum.Conclusions: Nicotine film, lozenge and gum have similar maximum craving relief. Nicotine film significantly reduced more craving than lozenge and gum at early time points. Nicotine film may be particularly useful to provide acute craving relief.
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van Son, Jamie, Katy A. van Galen, Anne Marijn Bruijn, et al. "Striatal Dopamine Transporter Availability Is Not Associated with Food Craving in Lean and Obese Humans; a Molecular Imaging Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111428.

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Brain dopamine signaling is essential for the motivation to eat, and obesity is associated with altered dopaminergic signaling and increased food craving. We used molecular neuroimaging to explore whether striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability is associated with craving as measured with the General Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (G-FCQ-T). We here show that humans with obesity (n = 34) experienced significantly more craving for food compared with lean subjects (n = 32), but food craving did not correlate significantly with striatal DAT availability as assessed with 123I-FP-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography. We conclude that food craving is increased in obesity, but the scores for food craving are not related to changes in striatal DAT availability.
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Galef, David. "Craving Oblivion." PMLA 103, no. 5 (1988): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/462525.

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43

Wurtman, Judith J. "Carbohydrate Craving." Drugs 39, Supplement 3 (1990): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199000393-00006.

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Wang, Jingsong, Chunxia Lu, Lan Zheng, and Jun Zhang. "Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers of Methamphetamine Withdrawal Patients Based on the Neuro-Inflammation Hypothesis: The Possible Improvement Effect of Exercise." Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (December 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.795073.

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Methamphetamine (MA) induced addiction and neuroinflammation has been implicated. Based on the neuroinflammation hypothesis, this study aims to investigate how exercise influences the craving of patients in MA withdrawal, and explore the mechanism of peripheral inflammation. A total of 90 patients in MA withdrawal were recruited. No difference was noted in the number of years of drug use and the frequency of drug use among patients, and the withdrawal time was within 2 months. The subjects were grouped based on the degree of craving induced by the cues: non-craving control group (NCC group), craving control group (CC group), and craving exercise group (CE group). The CE group was subjected to aerobic combined resistance training. Then, the ELISA method was used to detect plasma IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β concentrations; Visual Analog Scale (VAS) measurement of cue-induced cravings under Virtual Reality (VR) exposure (VR-VAS) and the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) were used to assess cravings. Consequently, plasma IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, levels, and the VR-VAS and DDQ scores of MA withdrawal patients were significantly reduced after exercise. This study confirmed that 8 weeks of incremental load aerobic combined with resistance training reduces peripheral inflammation and significantly reduces the level of craving for MA.
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Dicker‐Oren, Sheila Daniela, Marc Gelkopf, and Talya Greene. "Momentary stress‐induced food craving: An ecological momentary assessment study comparing perceived interpersonal and non‐interpersonal stressors." Stress and Health, April 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.3402.

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AbstractDaily‐life stressors and food cravings are dynamic and vary within and across persons. Some evidence suggests interpersonal stressors increase appetite. However, little is known about the association of food craving with different types of stressors at the momentary level in the general population. We aimed to explore the momentary relationships between daily‐life stressful events and food craving in a non‐clinical community sample, and to compare the associations with food craving when the most stressful event was perceived as interpersonal versus non‐interpersonal. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to collect reports on the most stressful event, perceived stressor type, stressor appraisal, and food craving from 123 adults three times a day scheduled at fixed intervals over 10 days. Mixed effects random intercepts and slopes models examined the within‐ and between‐person associations. Experiencing a stressor was significantly positively associated with within‐person food craving at the same measurement. No differences in momentary food craving were found when the most stressful event was perceived as interpersonal or non‐interpersonal (within‐person level). However, frequently reporting the most stressful event as interpersonal (vs. non‐interpersonal) was positively associated with food craving across the study (between‐person level), particularly when the stressor was appraised as more unpleasant. Daily‐life stressors were associated with momentary food craving. Individuals who generally perceived interpersonal stressors as their most stressful event tended to experience food cravings. Future research could further investigate the role of interpersonal stressors as a factor for overeating in daily life and the potential benefits of stress management in interventions.
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Ho, Ming-Fen, Cheng Zhang, Irene Moon, et al. "Molecular mechanisms involved in alcohol craving, IRF3, and endoplasmic reticulum stress: a multi-omics study." Translational Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02880-5.

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AbstractAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most prevalent substance use disorder worldwide. Acamprosate and naltrexone are anti-craving drugs used in AUD pharmacotherapy. However, molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-craving effect remain unclear. This study utilized a patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model system and anti-craving drugs that are used to treat AUD as “molecular probes” to identify possible mechanisms associated with alcohol craving. We examined the pathophysiology of craving and anti-craving drugs by performing functional genomics studies using iPSC-derived astrocytes and next-generation sequencing. Specifically, RNA sequencing performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AUD patients with extreme values for alcohol craving intensity prior to treatment showed that inflammation-related pathways were highly associated with alcohol cravings. We then performed a genome-wide assessment of chromatin accessibility and gene expression profiles of induced iPSC-derived astrocytes in response to ethanol or anti-craving drugs. Those experiments identified drug-dependent epigenomic signatures, with IRF3 as the most significantly enriched motif in chromatin accessible regions. Furthermore, the activation of IRF3 was associated with ethanol-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which could be attenuated by anti-craving drugs, suggesting that ER stress attenuation might be a target for anti-craving agents. In conclusion, we found that craving intensity was associated with alcohol consumption and treatment outcomes. Our functional genomic studies suggest possible relationships among craving, ER stress, IRF3 and the actions of anti-craving drugs.
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Czarnecki, Damian, Marcin Ziółkowski, Jan Chodkiewicz, et al. "Confusion of Alcohol Craving With Food Hunger in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals Entering In-Patient Drug Treatment." Alcohol and Alcoholism, January 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agac072.

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Abstract Aim To identify the distinguishing characteristics of alcohol dependent patients who confuse alcohol cravings with pre-meal hunger. Methods Data were collected at interview on sociodemographic status, clinical status and anthropometry in 179 patients (163 men and 16 women) undergoing in-patient treatment for alcohol dependence. Results A comparison of the patient subgroups studied showed that patients who did not confuse, and those who did confuse, alcohol craving with pre-meal hunger differed significantly in terms of alcohol craving scale scores (9 vs. 4 points). Patients confusing alcohol cravings with pre-meal hunger were more likely to recognize that experiencing severe pre-meal hunger can cause relapse (67.9 vs. 22.8%) and that not being able to distinguish between the sensations under study also increases the risk of breaking abstinence (75.0% vs. 50.4%). This was independent of severity of dependence and intensity of recent alcohol consumption. Conclusions Alcohol-dependent persons who confuse alcohol craving with pre-meal hunger differ from those who do not confuse these hunger pangs in terms of feeling stronger alcohol craving and more frequent occurrence of symptoms accompanying the feeling of alcohol craving during pre-meal hunger. At the start of treatment for alcohol withdrawal, alcohol-dependent individuals who report confusing alcohol cravings with pre-meal hunger are less confident of maintaining abstinence. This is relevant to treatment. The role of possible confounders (depressive symptoms, cognitive and educational deficiency) could not be elucidated definitively.
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Cai, Hui-Ting, Hong-Wei Zhang, Hui Zheng, et al. "Development of Chinese food picture library for inducing food cravings." Frontiers in Psychology 14 (March 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1143831.

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Cue-induced food cravings are strong desires directed toward specific foods, usually ones with high caloric content, and can lead to overeating. However, although food cravings vary according to individual preferences for specific high-calorie food subtypes, a structured library of food craving-inducing pictures including multiple categories of high-calorie foods does not yet exist. Here, we developed and validated a picture library of Chinese foods (PLCF) consisting of five subtypes of high-calorie foods (i.e., sweets, starches, salty foods, fatty foods, and sugary drinks) to allow for more nuanced future investigations in food craving research, particularly in Chinese cultural contexts. We collected 100 food images representing these five subtypes, with four food items per subtype depicted in five high-resolution photographs each. We recruited 241 individuals with overweight or obesity to rate the food pictures based on craving, familiarity, valence, and arousal dimensions. Of these participants, 213 reported the severity of problematic eating behaviors as a clinical characteristic. Under the condition of mixing multiple subtypes of high-calorie foods, we did not observe significant differences in craving ratings for high- and low-calorie food images (ptukey > 0.05). Then, we compared each subtype of high-calorie food images to low-calorie ones, and found craving ratings were greater for the images of salty foods and sugary drinks (ps < 0.05). Furthermore, we conducted a subgroup analysis of individuals according to whether they did or did not meet the criteria for food addiction (FA) and found that greater cravings induced by the images of high-calorie food subtypes (i.e., salty foods and sugary drinks) only appeared in the subgroup that met the FA criteria. The results show that the PLCF is practical for investigating food cravings.
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Hinojosa-Aguayo, Irene, and Felisa González. "Cognitive Defusion as Strategy to Reduce the Intensity of Craving Episodes and Improve Eating Behavior." Spanish Journal of Psychology 25 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2021.47.

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Abstract The elaborated intrusion theory of desire proposes that craving is a cognitive motivational process involving intrusive thoughts. Changing the way we react to them, cognitive defusion (CD), should limit thought elaboration and craving. We induced chocolate craving in female chocolate cravers before CD (Study 1). A decrease in craving measured by a single-item scale, Visual Analogical Scale (VAS; p < .001, ηp2 = .449) and as a state, State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-S; p = .029, ηp2 = .106) were found in the experimental group, while similar results were also found in group control. The reduction in craving (VAS) in group CD correlated negatively with chocolate consumption on a bogus taste test (r = –.439, p = .036), while the correlation was positive in the case of group control (r = .429, p = .047). Food craving as a trait, measured by the Trait Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T), showed negative correlations with measures of CD and mindfulness skills (lowest r = –.313, p = .018). In Study 2 participants made use of a smartphone application implementing the CD procedure in real contexts whenever they experienced food craving. A corresponding decline in self-reported craving was found, as well as in consumption of the craved food (indulgence) compared with the control condition. Our findings indicate that CD may be a promising intervention for tackling the elaboration of intrusive thoughts and eating behavior in young female food cravers, both in a controlled laboratory environment after a cue-food exposure craving induction procedure, as well as responding to naturally occurring food cravings in real-life settings.
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Harris, Nikita Mae, Robert W. Lindeman, Clara Shui Fern Bah, Daniel Gerhard, and Simon Hoermann. "Eliciting real cravings with virtual food: Using immersive technologies to explore the effects of food stimuli in virtual reality." Frontiers in Psychology 14 (April 17, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.956585.

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In this paper, we explore the current technical possibilities of eating in virtual reality (VR) and show how this could be used to influence eating behaviors. Cue-based exposure therapy is a well-known method used to treat eating disorders. There are several benefits to using VR in combination with cue-based therapy. However, before VR-based cue-exposure can be used for therapeutic purposes, the ability of the VR environment to elicit craving responses in participants must be assessed. This was the objective of the first part of the study, where we assessed whether our VR environment elicited food craving responses in participants. Results showed that our VR environment elicited food craving responses: Salivation Magnitude, Food Craving State and Urge to Eat was significantly different from the neutral baseline. In addition, results showed that food cravings measured through the salivation magnitude in response to the virtual condition were not significantly different from the real condition, thus showing that VR had a comparable effect on producing food cravings. The second part of the study was conducted to determine whether the addition of olfactory and interaction cues in VR increased the development of food cravings. The results of this part showed that adding synthetic olfactory cues, paired with visual cues, to our system, provided a significant further increase in food cravings. Our results demonstrate that the use of food cues in VR can increase the development of food cravings and that it is possible to provide a simple yet convincing eating experience in VR. Inevitably, food interaction in VR is still underexplored territory and further research is needed to improve utility and application in disciplines related to food and eating.
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