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Journal articles on the topic 'Crazy-Paving Pattern'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Hochhegger, Bruno, Roberto Schumacher Neto, and Edson Marchiori. "Crazy-paving pattern." Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 42, no. 1 (2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562016000000275.

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2

Verma, Rajanshu, and Mamoun Abdoh. "Crazy paving pattern." Clinical Case Reports 5, no. 4 (2017): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.860.

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3

Yip, Kay Por. "Metastatic pulmonary calcification: ‘crazy paving’ pattern." Thorax 71, no. 5 (2015): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207645.

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4

Wang, Shiyao, and Huaping Dai. "Crazy-Paving Pattern in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis." New England Journal of Medicine 390, no. 9 (2024): e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm2308650.

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5

Maimon, N., and D. Heimer. "The crazy-paving pattern on computed tomography." Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 14 (2010): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091422.

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6

Schoofs, C., L. Bladt, and W. De Wever. "An uncommon cause of asymptomatic crazy paving pattern." Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 93, no. 4 (2010): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.322.

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7

Singh, AashishKumar, GovindSingh Rajawat, Thomas Kurian, and Suresh Koolwal. "A rare differential diagnosis of crazy paving pattern." Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology 39, no. 3 (2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_140_16.

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8

Sverzellati, Nicola, Venerino Poletti, Marco Chilosi, GianLuca Casoni, David Hansell, and and Maurizio Zompatori. "The Crazy-paving Pattern in Granulomatous Mycosis Fungoides." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 30, no. 5 (2006): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rct.0000214269.72180.64.

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9

De Wever, Walter, Joke Meersschaert, Johan Coolen, Eric Verbeken, and Johny A. Verschakelen. "The crazy-paving pattern: a radiological-pathological correlation." Insights into Imaging 2, no. 2 (2011): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13244-010-0060-5.

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10

Gayathri, Balasubramaniam, and Sivanmani Keerthivasan. "Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis." Journal of Medicine 12, no. 1 (2011): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v12i1.6111.

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Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare idiopathic disease characterized by microliths in the lungs which is usually asymptomatic and often diagnosed incidentally. Here we discuss a case of a young woman while evaluating for surgery presented with an abnormal chest X ray of bilateral diffuse nodular opacities. Patient was completely asymptomatic. High resolution CT scan revealed crazy paving pattern, black pleura sign, and pleural calcification typical findings of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. CT guided lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Keyword: Black pleura sign; calcium deposition; crazy paving pattern; pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis DOI: 10.3329/jom.v12i1.6111J Medicine 2011; 12 : 55-57

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11

Senturk, Aysegul, Aysegul Karalezli, Ayse Nur Soyturk, and H. Canan Hasanoglu. "A Rare Cause of Crazy-Paving and Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy: Congestive Heart Failure." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 3 (July 29, 2013): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.115762.

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Crazy-paving sign is a pattern seen on multislice computed tomography images of the lungs. It is characterized by a reticular pattern superimposed on ground-glass opacity. It was first described in the late 1980s in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, but has now been described in some other diseases of the lung. Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes can be seen in infectious and specific inflammatory diseases and malignancies. The present report describes a case of a 44-year-old man in whom congestive heart failure presented with a crazy-paving appearance and enlarged lymph nodes of the lungs on the chest computed tomography scan.

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12

Peluso, Arianna, Casey Grady, and Derek Isenberg. "Crazy paving pattern on CT of bacterial pneumonia patient." Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine 35 (April 2024): 101949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visj.2024.101949.

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13

Priya A, Ramya, Pratap Upadhya, Ravindra Chary, and Sree Rekha. "Atypical pulmonary alveolar proteinosis - A diagnostic challenge." IP Indian Journal of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine 6, no. 2 (2021): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijirm.2021.028.

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Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare syndrome, characterized by ground‑glass opacities associated with reticulations giving a characteristic crazy paving appearance which is diagnostic but not pathognomonic in imaging. A 47-year-old male presented with breathlessness and dry cough. Arterial blood gas (ABG) showed hypoxemia and respiratory alkalosis with Alveolar- arterial (A-a) O gradient of 82. HRCT thorax suggestive of crazy paving pattern along with solitary nodules of low density in right upper and lower lobes giving suspicion of malignancy with secondary PAP. The clinical probability of malignancy was moderate hence surgical lung biopsy was performed which suggested PAP. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibody concentration was 118.7mcg/ml suggestive of autoimmune PAP. Patient was treated with inhalational GM-CSF with significant clinical response ((A-a) O gradient improved to 24). Though crazy paving is characteristic for PAP, speculated low density atypical multi nodular appearance may also be possible which mandates biopsy for confirmation.

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14

Maimon, Nimrod, Narinder Paul, and Gregory P. Downey. "Progressive Dyspnea Associated with a Crazy-Paving Appearance on a Chest Computed Tomography Scan." Canadian Respiratory Journal 13, no. 5 (2006): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/203830.

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A ‘crazy-paving’ appearance of the lungs on computed tomography scanning of the chest was first described nearly 20 years ago in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and was thought to be characteristic of this condition. However, this pattern has subsequently been reported in a variety of pulmonary diseases and is now considered to be nonspecific. The present report describes a case of a 74-year-old man in whom congestive heart failure presented with a crazy-paving appearance of the lungs on a chest computed tomography scan. This uncommon association illustrates the importance of the correlation of clinical and radiographic information.

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15

HAMPTON, STEPHANIE F., and ABIODUN KUKOYI. "ZEBRAS AND RED HERRINGS: A CASE OF CRAZY PAVING PATTERN." Chest 162, no. 4 (2022): A321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.248.

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16

Marchiori, Edson, Gláucia Zanetti, Giuseppe D’Ippolito, and Bruno Hochhegger. "Crazy-paving pattern on HRCT of patients with H1N1 pneumonia." European Journal of Radiology 80, no. 2 (2011): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.10.004.

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17

Franquet, T., A. Giménez, R. Bordes, J. M. Rodríguez-Arias, and J. Castella. "The crazy-paving pattern in exogenous lipoid pneumonia: CT-pathologic correlation." American Journal of Roentgenology 170, no. 2 (1998): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.170.2.9456935.

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18

Ehab, Ahmed, and Radu I. Braga. "The Clinical Significance of a ‘Crazy-Paving’ Pattern on Chest Radiology." European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine 5, no. 12 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12890/2018_000978.

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19

Gillespie, Megan, Patrick Flannery, Jessica Schumann, Nathan Dincher, Rebecca Mills, and Argun Can. "Crazy-Paving: A Computed Tomographic Finding of Coronavirus Disease 2019." Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine 4, no. 3 (2020): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2020.5.47998.

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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.1 COVID-19 first occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and by March 2020 COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic.1 Case Presentation: We describe a case of a 52-year-old female with past medical history of asthma, type 2 diabetes, and previous tobacco use who presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and was found to be positive for COVID-19. We discuss the computed tomographic finding of “crazy-paving” pattern in the patient’s lungs and the significance of this finding in COVID-19 patients. Discussion: Emergency providers need to be aware of the different imaging characteristics of various stages of COVID-19 to appropriately treat, isolate, and determine disposition of COVID-19 infected patients. Ground-glass opacities are the earliest and most common imaging finding for COVID-19.2-4 Crazy-paving pattern is defined as thickened interlobular septa and intralobular lines superimposed on diffuse ground-glass opacities and should be recognized by emergency providers as a radiographic finding of progressive COVID-19.2-4

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20

Marvisi, Maurizio, Sara Ramponi, Laura Balzarini, and Chiara Mancini. "A “Crazy Paving” Pattern on CT Scan in a Patient Treated with Pembrolizumab." Current Drug Safety 14, no. 3 (2019): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886314666190312115648.

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Background: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, have shown great promise in clinical practice and have been incorporated into standard management of NSCLC. Pneumonitis is a serious autoimmune toxicity associated with the use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Methods: We described the case of a 73-year-old woman with no history of smoking developing exertional dyspnea four months after taking Pembrolizumab. Results: High resolution contrast CT scan (HRCT) presented a unilateral “crazy paving” pattern, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) an important lymphocytosis (20% of total cell count). The patient reached clinical stability after the administration of systemic steroids (2mg\Kg\die) and was discharged with long term oxygen therap Discussion: Pulmonary toxicity is frequent when using PD-1 inhibitors, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, often leading to the discontinuation of therapy. Clinical presentation is usually protean and HRCT pattern is nonspecific. This is the first case presenting a “crazy paving” pattern associated with BAL lymphocytosis. Conclusion: Oncologists, pulmonologists, radiologists and general practitioners have to consider PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor pneumonitis as a potentially disabling and fatal event.

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21

Parshin, Vasilij V., Dmitrij A. Lezhnev, El'vira E. Berezhnaya, and Anastasiya V. Mishina. "Correlations of CT signs of COVID-19 viral pneumonia with phases of diffuse alveolar damage." Medical Bulletin of the Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N.N. Burdenko 3, no. 3 (2022): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53652/2782-1730-2022-3-3-38-44.

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A computed tomography (CT) is the leading diagnostic technique in identifying detailed and specific signs of coronavirus infection (CI). The objective of the work is to correlate between the typical set of signs that occur during CI and the phases of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The volume of lung lesions in 78 patients was retrospectively evaluated. All the patients had lung CT from 1 to 3 day before death. 14 patients had a targeted comparison of 3 signs «ground-glass, crazy paving pattern and consolidation» with the phases of DAD. It was found that the «ground glass» feature is most characterized by the exudative phase (lasting up to 8 days), the «crazy paving pattern» by the exudative-proliferative phase (up to 10 days), the consolidation by the proliferative phase (lasting from 8 to 20 days). According to these scientific data, CT-lung can be a prognostic factor of histological phases of DAD and their duration, which in turn may be one of the predictors of a negative prognosis and the onset of death in pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

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22

Fraser, Traci, and Amulya Nagarur. "Pulmonary Involvement of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Manifesting as Crazy Paving Pattern." Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 28, no. 1 (2015): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2015.11929189.

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23

Gasparetto, E. L., P. Tazoniero, D. L. Escuissato, E. Marchiori, R. L. Frare e Silva, and D. Sakamoto. "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis presenting with crazy-paving pattern on high resolution CT." British Journal of Radiology 77, no. 923 (2004): 974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/96331922.

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24

Şimşek, Sadullah, Akif İşlek, Yusuf Atabay, and Funda Merve Çetin. "Multiple cavity formation during COVID-19 pneumonia." Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Medicine 7, no. 1 (2021): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/fng.btd.2021.25043.

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The typical manifestations of novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia on computed tomography include ground‐glass opacities, air bronchogram sign, crazy‐paving pattern, consolidation, multiple small patchy shadows, spider web sign, cord‐like, nodular, pleural thickening, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion. Herein, we report a case of cavitary lesions and bilateral multilobar involvement in the late period of COVID-19 pneumonia.

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25

Rossi, Santiago E., Jeremy J. Erasmus, Mariano Volpacchio, Tomas Franquet, Teresa Castiglioni, and H. Page McAdams. "“Crazy-Paving” Pattern at Thin-Section CT of the Lungs: Radiologic-Pathologic Overview." RadioGraphics 23, no. 6 (2003): 1509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.236035101.

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26

Coche, E., B. Weynand, P. Noirhomme, and T. Pieters. "Non-specific interstitial pneumonia showing a “crazy paving” pattern on high resolution CT." British Journal of Radiology 74, no. 878 (2001): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.74.878.740189.

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27

Syed, Z., and J. Shrestha. "Crazy Paving Pattern in Setting of Massive Hemoptysis From Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 211, Abstracts (2025): A5871. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.2025.211.abstracts.a5871.

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28

Bellini, Davide, Miriam Lichtner, Simone Vicini, Marco Rengo, Cesare Ambrogi, and Iacopo Carbone. "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum as the only CT finding in an asymptomatic adolescent positive for COVID-19." BJR|case reports 6, no. 3 (2020): 20200051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20200051.

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The typical findings on CT in patients affected by novel COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia are characterized by ground-glass opacities and/or air space consolidation mainly bilateral and peripherical in distribution, including crazy paving pattern and reversed halo sign. We hereby describe a case of an adolescent male tested positive for COVID-19 with mild respiratory symptoms and presenting with pneumomediastinum as the only CT finding.

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29

Dev, Dr Rahul, Dr Pankaj Sharma, and Dr Yasrab Khan. "Adenocarcinoma insitu presenting as extensive crazy paving pattern: HRCT findings and review of literature." International Journal of Medical Research and Review 6, no. 7 (2018): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijmrr.2018.i07.09.

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30

Shah, Ashok, Sumeera Banday, ShamimU Khan, Sabina Khan, and SurinderpalS Anand. "Unilateral 'Crazy-Paving' pattern: An exceptional presentation of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 11, no. 12 (2022): 7960. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_973_22.

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31

Amorim, Viviane Brandão, Rosana Souza Rodrigues, Miriam Menna Barreto, Gláucia Zanetti, and Edson Marchiori. "Computed tomography findings in patients with H1N1 influenza A infection." Radiologia Brasileira 46, no. 5 (2013): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-39842013000500006.

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The present study aimed to review high resolution computed tomography findings in patients with H1N1 influenza A infection. The most common tomographic findings include ground-glass opacities, areas of consolidation or a combination of both patterns. Some patients may also present bronchial wall thickening, airspace nodules, crazy-paving pattern, perilobular opacity, air trapping and findings related to organizing pneumonia. These abnormalities are frequently bilateral, with subpleural distribution. Despite their nonspecificity, it is important to recognize the main tomographic findings in patients affected by H1N1 virus in order to include this possibility in the differential diagnosis, characterize complications and contribute in the follow-up, particularly in cases of severe disease.

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32

Anwar, Sohail, Faiza Farooq, Amir Waheed, Atif Masood, Tahir Ullah Khan, and Faisal Amin Baig. "HRCT Pattern in COVID-19 Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (2022): 677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22164677.

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Background: In December 2019, a group of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was found in Wuhan, China, now known as coronavirus disease 2019, and the coronavirus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). High-resolution computed1tomography (HRCT) is currently regarded as a significant imaging technique for aiding in the diagnosis & management of COVID-19 patients. Objective: To find the different patterns of1manifestation in HRCT chest in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Setting: University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Radiology Department in University of teaching hospital, Lahore. 240 participants' medical histories were thoroughly reviewed, both directly from them and on case sheets. All patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19 pneumonia were admitted to the hospital and received a chest HRCT. Three follow-up HRCT chest scans were performed on one patient. The distribution and patterns of lung involvement were studied. Each of the five lung lobes was evaluated visually for degree of involvement and categorized as mild (26-50 percent), moderate (51-75 percent), or severe (75 percent) (76-100 percent). Data was analyzing in SPSS. Age was presented as mean + SD. Gender and other HRCT patterns were presented as frequency & percentage. Result: Total 240 COVID-19 patients included. There were 142(59.4%) male and 97(40.6%) female. The mean age was 54.0+15.71 with age range of 4 to 84 years. Large number of patients 114(47.7%) were in the age group 45-64 years. Ground glass opacity was the most common CT abnormality, with 236(99.2%) cases. Among them 49(20.5%) cases had GGO plus consolidations. Crazy paving pattern was seen in 136(56.9%) cases. Only 10(4.2%) patients with GGO pulmonary nodules and pleural effusion were involved. The majority of the patients had a fever 114(47.5%), while the least frequent symptom was a runny nose (7(2.9%). Conclusion: Pure GGO pneumonia is the most prevalent pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia seen on HRCT scans, GGO consolidation, with crazy paving with prominent distribution in the lung posterior & peripheral area. Keywords: COVID-19, HRCT, GGO, Pneumonia.

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33

Anwar, Sohail, Faiza Farooq, Amir Waheed, Atif Masood, Tahir Ullah Khan, and Faisal Amin Baig. "HRCT Pattern in COVID-19 Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (2022): 1050–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221631050.

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Background: In December 2019, a group of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was found in Wuhan, China, now known as coronavirus disease 2019, and the coronavirus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). High-resolution computed1tomography (HRCT) is currently regarded as a significant imaging technique for aiding in the diagnosis & management of COVID-19 patients. Objective: To find the different patterns of1manifestation in HRCT chest in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Setting: University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Radiology Department in University of teaching hospital, Lahore. 240 participants' medical histories were thoroughly reviewed, both directly from them and on case sheets. All patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19 pneumonia were admitted to the hospital and received a chest HRCT. Three follow-up HRCT chest scans were performed on one patient. The distribution and patterns of lung involvement were studied. Each of the five lung lobes was evaluated visually for degree of involvement and categorized as mild (26-50 percent), moderate (51-75 percent), or severe (75 percent) (76-100 percent). Data was analyzing in SPSS. Age was presented as mean + SD. Gender and other HRCT patterns were presented as frequency & percentage. Result: Total 240 COVID-19 patients included. There were 142(59.4%) male and 97(40.6%) female. The mean age was 54.0+15.71 with age range of 4 to 84 years. Large number of patients 114(47.7%) were in the age group 45-64 years. Ground glass opacity was the most common CT abnormality, with 236(99.2%) cases. Among them 49(20.5%) cases had GGO plus consolidations. Crazy paving pattern was seen in 136(56.9%) cases. Only 10(4.2%) patients with GGO pulmonary nodules and pleural effusion were involved. The majority of the patients had a fever 114(47.5%), while the least frequent symptom was a runny nose (7(2.9%). Conclusion: Pure GGO pneumonia is the most prevalent pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia seen on HRCT scans, GGO consolidation, with crazy paving with prominent distribution in the lung posterior & peripheral area. Keywords: COVID-19, HRCT, GGO, Pneumonia.

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34

Dzefi-Tettey, Klenam, Emmanuel Kobina Mesi Edzie, Philip Narteh Gorleku, et al. "Pattern of chest computerized tomography scan findings in symptomatic RT-PCR positive Covid-19 patients at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana." African Health Sciences 22, no. 2 (2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v22i2.8.

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Background: Chest Computerized Tomography (CT) features of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia are nonspecific, variable and sensitive in detecting early lung disease. Hence its usefulness in triaging in resource-limited regions. Objectives: To assess the pattern of chest CT scan findings of symptomatic COVID-19 patients confirmed by a positive RTPCR in Ghana. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed chest CT images of 145 symptomatic RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients examined at the Radiology Department of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) from 8th April to 30th November 2020. Chi-Squared test was used to determine associations among variables. Statistical significance was specified at p≤0.05. Results: Males represent 73(50.3%). The mean age was 54.15±18.09 years. The age range was 5 months-90 years. Consolidation 88(60.7%), ground glass opacities (GGO) 78(53.8%) and crazy paving 43(29.7%) were the most predominant features. These features were most frequent in the elderly (≥65years). Posterobasal, peripheral and multilobe disease were found bilaterally. The most common comorbidities were hypertension 72(49.7%) and diabetes mellitus 42(29.2%) which had significant association with lobar involvement above 50%. Conclusion: The most predominant Chest CT scan features of COVID-19 pneumonia were GGO, consolidation with air bronchograms, crazy paving, and bilateral multilobe lung disease in peripheral and posterior basal distribution. Keywords: Computerized Tomography Scan; COVID-19 Pneumonia; Ghana.

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35

Oganesyan, А. А., I. V. Shrainer, V. N. Vinogradov, et al. "Evolution of CT patterns in novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia in relation to clinical and laboratory data." Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy 12, no. 2 (2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2021-12-2-49-58.

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Introduction. The CT patterns of coronavirus pneumonia are clear and represent certain pathomorphosis at the period of coronavirus pandemic. However, there are a lot of questions about influence of CT-patterns and their dynamic change on a disease’s severity. The aim of the study. To evaluate the dynamics of pulmonary CT changes of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia in relation to clinical and laboratory data. Materials and methods. CT studies in dynamics of 108 patients with a of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia were analyzed. The first CT study was performed on admission (6,7±4,1 days of the disease), the first control CT on 11,1±4,9 days of the disease, and the second CT control was performed on 16,7±5,6 days of the disease. Results. The volume of the lesion and the predominant CT symptom at admission did not affect the prognosis. However, changes in the repeated CT study had a high prognostic value. Thus, the occurrence of a pattern of organizing pneumonia during repeated study is associated with a good prognosis, while an increase in the zones of «crazy paving» and a larger volume of damage are unfavorable prognostic signs. An increase in the volume of changes in the type of ground glass and «crazy paving» correlated with increased levels of C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphopenia. Conclusion. Data from CT studies in dynamics for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia have a prognostic value and, in combination with clinical and laboratory data, can influence decision-making on patient management.

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36

De Wulf, S., B. Coulier, A. Rezazadeh Azar, M. Clausse, O. Van Cutsem, and R. Frognier. "CT halo sign and crazy paving pattern due to lung metastases hemorrhage after sunitinib therapy." Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging 98, no. 1 (2017): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2016.03.012.

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37

Rai, DeependraK, and Prashant Kumar. "Crazy paving pattern due to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: A rare case report with literature review." Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth 16, no. 7 (2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_407_22.

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38

Marrocchio, Cristina, and David A. Lynch. "High-Resolution Computed Tomography of Nonfibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 43, no. 06 (2022): 780–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1755564.

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AbstractNonfibrotic interstitial lung diseases include a heterogeneous group of conditions that can result in various patterns of lung involvement. When approaching the computed tomographic (CT) scan of a patient with a suspected or known interstitial lung disease, the use of the appropriate radiological terms and a systematic, structured approach to the interpretation of the imaging findings are essential to reach a confident diagnosis or to limit the list of differentials to few possibilities. The large number of conditions that cause nonfibrotic interstitial lung diseases prevents a thorough discussion of all these entities. Therefore, this article will focus on the most common chronic lung diseases that can cause these CT findings. A pattern-based approach is used, with a discussion of nodular pattern, consolidation, crazy paving, ground-glass opacities, septal thickening, and calcifications. The different clinical conditions will be described based on their predominant pattern, with particular attention to findings that can help in the differential diagnosis.

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39

Dhok, Avinash Parashuram, Nitin Suresh Shinde, Simran Rathi, and Kajal Ramendranath Mitra. "HRCT chest: A valuable tool to differentiate other pneumonias from covid-19 pneumonia." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 1 (2024): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2024.017.

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To assess how COVID-19 pneumonia differs from other pneumonias in terms of the chest computed tomography features.In this study we included 170 clinically diagnosed cases pneumonia referred to department of radio diagnosis subjected to HRCT thorax which include out patients and in patients out of which 127 patients tested RT-PCR positive for Covid 19 pneumonia for a total duration of 1 year. (March 2020 to March 2021). The parenchymal abnormalities including Ground glass opacities (GGO), ground glass opacities with interlobular septal thickening (crazy paving), GGO with consolidation, consolidation, pulmonary nodules, tree in bud appearances, bronchiolar wall thickening, interlobular septal thickening , halo sign, reverse halo sign, cavitation and pleural effusion and were observed and categorized along with determination of pattern of distribution on chest CT.127 patients who tested positive for COVID 19 and 43 patients with other pneumonia (such as community-acquired pneumonia) were visited, and CT scans were analysed to determine the presence and distribution of the disease pattern.Patients with COVID 19 pneumonia primarily have peripheral-based lesions (90%), whereas patients with other pneumonias primarily have mixed patterns (70%)—a difference that is statistically different (p 0.05).Statistics show that COVID 19 had higher bilateral involvement than other pneumonia (p&#60;0.05). In COVID-19 pneumonia, GGOs, GGOs with interlobular septal thickening (crazy paving), and GGOs with consolidation with peripheral and basal predominance in bilateral lung parenchyma are the most common imaging patterns and findings. These findings will help us distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other causes of pneumonia. There is less evidence of tree in bud, pure consolidation, cavitation, and bronchiolar wall thickening.

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Malguria, Nagina, Li-Hsiang Yen, Tony Lin, Amira Hussein, and Elliot Fishman. "Role of Chest CT in COVID-19." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 11 (June 3, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jcis_138_2020.

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In December 2019, a disease attributed to a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), broke out in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly throughout the world. CT has been advocated in selected indications as a tool toward rapid and early diagnosis. The CT patterns of COVID-19 include ground glass opacities GGO, consolidation, and crazy paving. Additional signs include a “rounded morphology” of lesions, vascular enlargement sign, nodules, and fibrous stripe. Signs of healing and organization include subpleural bands, a reticular pattern, reversed halo sign and traction bronchiectasis. Cavitation and tree in bud signs are absent and pleural effusions are rare. There is a high incidence of pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19. CT findings in COVID-19 appear to follow a predictable timeline with maximal involvement approximately 6–11 days after symptom onset. The stages of evolution include early stage (days 0–4) with GGO being the predominant abnormality, progressive stage (days 5–8) with increasing crazy paving; and peak stage (days 9–13) with predominance of consolidation and absorption phase (after day 14) with gradual absorption of consolidation with residual GGO and subpleural bands. CT findings in COVID-19 have a high sensitivity and low specificity, determined to be 98% and 25% in a retrospective study of 1014 patients. The low specificity of CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia is due to the overlap of CT findings with other viral pneumonias and other infections, lung involvement in connective tissue disorders, drug reaction, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage.

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Kongpanya, Panyaros, Parichut Vongthawatchai, Priyanut Atiburanakul, Nayot Panitanum, and Patama Suttha. "COVID-19 pneumonia: The first two chest CTs in the Bamrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute." ASEAN Journal of Radiology 21, no. 2 (2020): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46475/aseanjr.v21i2.79.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread rapidly around the world. We reported the first two cases of COVID-19 pneumonia who had the chest computed tomography (CT) performed at the Bamrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute (BIDI). The chest CT findings in the two patients with COVID-19 pneumonia showed bilateral lung involvement, multifocal involvement, peripheral distribution, ground glass opacity (GGO), consolidation and GGOwith interlobular septal thickening (“crazy-paving” pattern). The chest CT findings in these patients are nonspecific and overlapped with other diseases.

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Serek, Radosław, and Małgorzata Serek. "Chest CT findings in COVID-19." Wiedza Medyczna 3, no. 2 (2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36553/wm.91.

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RT-PCR is the gold standard in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infections, due to its high specificity. However, there are clinical situations in which chest CT may prove vital, for example in patients with high clinical and epidemiologic suspicion towards COVID-19 before positive RT-PCR conversion or in detecting complications. Researchers have developed scales that, based on the findings in chest CT, help predict the severity of the disease. There are three main pathologic patterns of lung injury that correlate with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms. Epithelial pattern with diffuse alveolar damage and desquamation/reactive hyperplasia of pneumocytes; vascular pattern with capillary congestion and (micro)thrombi and fibrotic pattern with interstitial fibrous changes. The epithelial pattern and vascular pattern appear early, even before the symptoms of the disease, whereas the fibrous pattern appears approximately three weeks after the onset of the disease. Typical findings on chest CT in COVID-19 infection are: GGO, consolidation, GGO mixed with consolidation, interlobular septal thickening, air bronchogram sign, crazy paving, bronchial wall thickening and vascular enlargement. Findings that may suggest a different etiology include multiple nodules, tree-in-bud opacities, bronchiectasis, pleural and pericardial effusion, extensive consolidations.

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Mozammil, Rabbani, and Rizwan Karim Ahmad. "Determining the Spectrum of High-Resolution Computed Tomography Chest Findings in Patients Diagnosed with COVID 19." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 03 (2024): 521–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12792632.

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AbstractAim: COVID-19: Range of high-resolution computed tomography chest findings in DMCH, Darbhanga.Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Radiology, Katihar Medical college andHospital, Katihar, Bihar, India for one year. 40 patients aged 22 to 83 years who were tested positive for COVID19 by RT-PCR along with simultaneous conduction of HRCT chest in Radiology Department. These patientspresented in either outpatient or emergency with symptoms of fever, cough/sore throat, or shortness of breath.PCR negative patients with positive HRCT chest findings for COVID-19 were excluded. All images were takenon 128 slice CT scanner with patient in supine position and scanning done from lung apices to costo-phrenicangles. The main scanning parameters were 120 KVP, 450 mAs, pitch 1.4, FOV of 406 mm and slice thicknessof 1mm. CT was done without contrast. Images were sent to workstation and picture archiving and communicationsystems (PACS).Results: The most frequent finding on HRCT chest was combined GGO and consolidation 19(47.5%) withposterior and sub-pleural distribution 37(92.5%). Bilaterality was seen in 37(92.5%) while one (2.5%) hadunilateral finding. Associated findings were lymphadenopathy 11(27.5%), pleural effusion 6(15.0%),bronchiectasis 5(12.5%) and emphysema 2(5.0%). Among two patients of early stage (0-2 days), one had normalHRCT, while other had GGO alone. Consolidation, crazy-paving and vascular enlargement were absent. Of ninepatients of progressive stage (3-5 days), combined GGO and consolidation 4(44.4%) and GGO alone 3(33.3%)were seen. During late stage (6-12 days), among 29 patients, combined GGO and consolidation 15(51.7%), subpleural lines/bands 14(48.3%), vascular enlargement 13(44.8%) and crazy paving pattern 11(37.9%) were noted.Conclusion: HRCT chest evolving characteristics are effective in understanding variation in pattern ofcoronavirus disease. Identification of imaging patterns with respect to infection time course is an effectiveparamount for disease diagnosis, understanding progression and potential complications of disease

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Dettmer, Sabine, Viktor Grünwald, Thomas Fuehner, et al. "CT patterns of organizing pneumonia in patients treated with VEGF/mTOR inhibitors for metastatic renal cell cancer: an observational study." Acta Radiologica Open 6, no. 2 (2017): 205846011769421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058460117694216.

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Background Targeted therapies are the standard treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and are known to cause adverse pulmonary events. Organizing pneumonia (OP) with its various manifestations in computed tomography (CT) has therefore lately received more attention. Purpose To describe the spectrum of CT patterns of OP in patients with mRCC receiving targeted therapies. Material and Methods Seventeen patients with known therapy-related OP were analyzed retrospectively by two blinded radiologists in consensus. Images were scored according to OP patterns that have previously been described. Additionally, the distribution and the predominant imaging pattern in each patient were determined. Results In our cohort, ground glass opacity was the most common imaging pattern (17/17, 100%) in patients with OP followed by a reticular pattern (12/17, 71%), consolidations (10/17, 59%), nodules (7/17, 41%), crazy paving (5/17, 29%), bronchi(ol)ectasis (4/17, 24%), focal mass (3/17, 18%), and reversed halo (1/17, 6%). The most common imaging pattern was changing multifocal consolidations (8/17, 47%). A bronchocentric and a nodular pattern were found in four patients (24%) each, a progressive fibrotic pattern in none patient, and reversed halo/atoll pattern in one (6%) case. Conclusion OP is the major differential diagnosis to be considered in patients with targeted therapies and pulmonary changes. Knowledge of the variety of imaging findings can facilitate diagnosis.

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Dumea, Eduard, Mihai Lazar, Ecaterina Constanta Barbu, Cristina Emilia Chitu, and Daniela Adriana Ion. "Pulmonary Involvement in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Estimates Myocardial Injury Risk." Medicina 58, no. 10 (2022): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101436.

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Background and Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection represents a pathology with primary pulmonary involvement and multisystemic impact, including cardiovascular injuries. The present study aimed to assess the value of clinical, biochemical, and imaging factors in COVID-19 patients in determining the severity of myocardial involvement, and to create a model that can be used toevaluate myocardial injury risk based on clinical, biochemical and imaging factors. Materials and Methods: We performed an observational cohort study on 150 consecutive patients, evaluating their age, sex, hospitalization period, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) in ambient air, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, biochemical markers of cardiac dysfunction (TnI, and NT-proBNP), inflammatory markers (C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum ferritin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)), D-dimers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin and radio-imaging parameters. All patients underwent computerized tomography chest scan in the first two days following admission. Results: We observed elevated heart and respiratory rates, higher systolic blood pressure, and a lower diastolic blood pressure in the patients with cardiac injury; significant differences between groups were registered in TnI, NT-proBNP, LDH, CRP, and D-dimers. For the radiological parameters, we found proportional correlations with the myocardial injury for the severity of lung disease, number of pulmonary segments with alveolar consolidation, number of pulmonary lobes with pneumonia, crazy paving pattern, type of lung involvement, the extent of fibroatelectatic lesions and the mediastinal adenopathies. Conclusions: Myocardial injury occurred in 12% of patients in the study group. Ground glass opacities, interstitial interlobular septal thickening (crazy paving pattern), fibroatelectasic lesions and alveolar consolidations on CT scan were correlated with myocardial injury. Routine lung sectional imaging along with non-specific biomarkers (LDH, D-dimers, and CRP) can be further valuable in the characterization of the disease burden, thus impacting patient care.

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Parry, Arshed Hussain, Abdul Haseeb Wani, Naveed Nazir Shah, Mudasira Yaseen, and Majid Jehangir. "Chest CT features of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pneumonia: which findings on initial CT can predict an adverse short-term outcome?" BJR|Open 2, no. 1 (2020): 20200016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20200016.

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Objective: To study the spectrum of chest CT features in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pneumonia and to identify the initial CT findings that may have the potential to predict a poor short-term outcome. Methods: This was a retrospective study comprising 211 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive patients who had undergone non-contrast chest CT. Prevalence, extent, pattern, distribution and type of abnormal lung findings were recorded. Patients with positive CT findings were divided into two groups; clinically stable (requiring in-ward hospitalization) and clinically unstable [requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission or demised] based on short-term follow-up. Results: Lung parenchymal abnormalities were present in 42.2% (89/211) whereas 57.8% (122/211) cases had a normal chest CT. The mean age of clinically unstable patients (63.6 ± 8.3 years) was significantly different from the clinically stable group (44.6 ± 13.2 years) (p-value < 0.05). Bilaterality, combined involvement of central–peripheral and anteroposterior lung along with a higher percentage of the total lung involvement, presence of crazy paving, coalescent consolidations with air bronchogram and segmental pulmonary vessel enlargement were found in a significantly higher proportion of clinically unstable group (ICU/demised) compared to the stable group (in-ward hospitalization) with all p values < 0.05. Conclusion: Certain imaging findings on initial CT have the potential to predict short-term outcome in COVID-19 pneumonia. Extensive pulmonary abnormalities, evaluated by combined anteroposterior, central–peripheral and a higher percentage of the total lung involvement, indicate a poor short-term outcome. Similarly, the presence of crazy paving pattern, consolidation with air bronchogram and segmental vascular changes are also indicators of poor short-term outcome. Advances in knowledge: Certain findings on initial CT can predict an adverse short-term prognosis in COVID-19 pneumonia.

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da Silva Filho, Fernando Palma, Edson Marchiori, Paulo Marcos Valiante, Dante L. Escuissato, and Taisa Davaus Gasparetto. "AIDS-related Kaposi Sarcoma of the Lung Presenting With a ???Crazy-paving??? Pattern on High-resolution CT." Journal of Thoracic Imaging 23, no. 2 (2008): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rti.0b013e31815a662d.

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Wakrim, Soukaina. "Diagnostic performance of chest CT findings of COVID-19 with RT-PCR negative." African Health Sciences 22, no. 4 (2022): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v22i4.56.

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COVID-19 presented with lung abnormalities on computed tomography (CT) scans in patient with false negative RT-PCR, which are helpful in diagnosis of this emerging global health emergency. It’s a case report the young woman of 35-year-old patient with 2019-nCoV pneumonia confirmed with IgM-IgG serology underwent thin-section Chest CT.Our patient has the Chest CT with some lung abnormalities, the Ground-glass opacities, crazy paving pattern and smooth interlobular septal thickening. The clinical findings and with conspicuous ground grass opacity lesions in the peripheral and posterior lungs on CT are highly suspected of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Keywords: COVID-19; Tomography, Spiral Computed; COVID19 serological testing; COVID-19 diagnostic testing; Thorax.

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Pershina, E. S., A. L. Cherniaev, M. V. Samsonova та ін. "Comparison of the СT patterns and pulmonary histology in patients with COVID-19". Medical Visualization 24, № 3 (2020): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24835/1607-0763-2020-3-37-53.

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Aim. Compare radiological patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia with pulmonary histology in deceased patients.Materials and methods. The analysis of recent lifetime CT studies of deceased patients was performed with the identification of all existing and leading CT symptoms, including “ground glass”, “crazy paving”, consolidation, as well as the symptom complex (pattern) of organizing pneumonia. Based on the CT symptoms, we selected the target points for taking the specimens by 3-D reconstructions. At the autopsy the lungs were entirely fixed into the front and then marked on CT sections cut from 1 to 3 pieces that were placed in paraffin and processed according to the standard technique, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and fuchsin-facelina. The specimens were analyzed by identifying all available histology changes and selecting the leading one.Results. 45 targeted pieces of lung tissue were obtained from 14 deceased COVID-19 patients (7 men/ 7 women), with an average age of 77.1 ± 12.9 (49–90 years). In deceased patients with the presence of the "ground glass" symptom, in most cases (57.1%) revealed an increase in intra-alveolar cellularity, hyaline membranes, desquamation of the alveolar epithelium and infiltration of the interalveolar septum by lymphocytes, which corresponds to the exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage (DAP). Mosaic histological changes with alternation of filled alveoli (intraalveolar edema, clusters of red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes) and air alveoli were detected from the areas of “crazy paving” zones. Several cases demonstrated interstitial edema and lymphoid infiltration of interalveolar partitions of different severity without their thickening. Areas of consolidation were histologically represented by extensive intraalveolar hemorrhages and / or typical zones of hemorrhagic infarcts in 45.5% of cases. Perilobular consolidation, subpleural cords, symptoms of “halo” and “reverse halo”, which we considered as part of the symptom complex of organizing pneumonia in 43% of cases, morphologically corresponded to organizing pneumonia (the proliferative phase of DAP), as well as to distelectases.Conclusion. Comparison of CT patters and post-mortem pulmonary histology in COVID-19 deceased patients demonstrated that CT symptoms and patterns correspond to certain morphological changes of different phases of DAP.

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Yasin, Kilic, Usta Hakan, Borulu Ferhat, and Erkut Bilgehan. "Improvement in CT findings and Inflammatory Parameters during Recovery in a Covid-19 patient: A Case Report." Journal of Case Reports and Images 3, no. 1 (2021): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.36811/jcri.2021.110020.

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The COVID-19 infection from China has turned into a worldwide epidemic and the early diagnosis, control and limitation of the disease plays an important role in affecting the health systems of the world countries and the prognosis related to patients. In COVID-19 patients, the first 2 weeks is usually a viral and inflammatory process. In these patients, after the deterioration in radiological and inflammatory markers occurs, the recovery period begins in the 3rd week and after. In this case report, we presented the changes in the radiological and inflammatory parameters during the recovery phase of the disease stage parameters in a 44-year-old man COVID-19 disease patient who was followed up by the cardiovascular surgery clinic due to deep venous insufficiency. <strong>Keyword:</strong> Covid-19 Infections; Inflammatory Parameter; Lung Involvement; Recovery: Crazy-Paving Pattern

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