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Journal articles on the topic 'Credit – Germany'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Logemann, Jan. "Americanization through Credit? Consumer Credit in Germany, 1860s–1960s." Business History Review 85, no. 3 (2011): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680511000791.

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This study of the American impact on German consumer credit reveals that the notion of post–World War II Americanization emerging through credit-induced consumption is more complicated than has been previously acknowledged. The postwar debate in Germany over consumer credit as an American import had antecedents in a longer, previously overlooked, history of consumer credit. Moreover, the concept of Americanization remains misleading from a comparative perspective: First, examples of indigenous German institutional consumer lending predate the postwar period. Second, differences in both the for

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2

Hiltrud, Nehls,, and Schmidt, Torsten. "Credit Crunch in Germany?" Credit and Capital Markets - Kredit und Kapital 37, no. 4 (2004): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.37.4.479.

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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 2)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 2 (2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.2999.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germany and the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations with Germany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany before World War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed special conditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normal exchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based, from the very beginning, on a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission in Berlin under

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Orsatto, Luis Felipe, Clea Beatriz Macagnan, and Anderson Quevedo do Nascimento. "THE LEVEL OF DISCLOSURE OF SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION OF CREDIT UNIONS IN BRAZIL AND GERMANY." International Journal of Professional Business Review 9, no. 6 (2024): e04709. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2024.v9i6.4709.

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Objective: This research aims to analyze the level of disclosure of sustainability information, which mitigates information asymmetry, of Brazilian and German credit unions. Theoretical Framework: The study draws upon literature concerning sustainability information disclosure, information asymmetry, governance, and the role of credit unions in promoting transparency and corporate social responsibility. Method: The study was conducted with a sample of the 30 largest credit unions in Brazil and Germany, totaling 60 credit unions. Sixty indicators across four categories of sustainability were em

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Eickmeier, Sandra, Andreas Worms, and Boris Hofmann. "Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Bank Lending: Evidence for Germany and the Euro Area." German Economic Review 10, no. 2 (2009): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00455.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the dynamic response of loans to the private sector and of economic activity to aggregate supply, demand and monetary policy shocks in Germany and the euro area based on a standard macroeconomic VAR using sign restrictions to identify the structural shocks. The main results of this analysis are that (i) with the exception of the response to the supply shock in Germany, the response of loans to the three macroeconomic shocks is rather weak and in most cases insignificant; (ii) the 2000-05 credit slowdown and weak economic performance in Germany were primarily driven

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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 1 (2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3364.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which th

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Machauer, Achim, and Dirk Schiereck. "Church-based Credit Cooperatives in Germany." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 75, no. 2 (2004): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2004.00254.x.

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Golitsyn, Yu P., and A. S. Sokolov. "German Bank of Soviet Russia (Activity of the German-Volga Bank of Agricultural Credit in the 1920s)." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.305.

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The transition of Soviet Russia from “war communism” to a new economic policy required the restoration of commodity-money exchange, the financial and tax system, credit and other market institutions. The need for rapid recovery and development of all branches of the national economy predetermined a certain departure from the “communist” views on banking and in the early 1920s. in the country, along with the State Bank, special banks appeared. These banks, being under the control of the relevant economic commissariats, ensured the implementation of the necessary financial and credit policy in t

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9

Kercher, Jan, and Nicole Rohde. "German Students Abroad." International Higher Education, no. 75 (March 17, 2014): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5434.

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Increasing the number of German graduates who have spent time abroad during their studies is a key objective of Germany's higher education policy. Available data shows that the development of internationally mobile German students depends on the type of mobility, i.e. degree or credit mobility. While there has been a marked increase in degree mobility since 1991, credit mobility quotas have stabilized at about a third of all German graduates since 2000. Thus, Germany has surpassed the Europe-wide target which states that 20% of all graduates should spend a study or training period abroad by 20

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Spoz, Anna, and Anna Dąbkowska. "Availability of Credit for Microenterprises in Germany." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 51, no. 6 (2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2017.51.6.421.

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11

Belina, Bernd. "What's the Matter with Germany? On Fetishizations of the Euro Crisis in Germany's Public Discourse, and Their Basis in Social Processes and Relations." Human Geography 6, no. 2 (2013): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600203.

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I use hegemonic German interpretations of the current crisis of the Euro as my point of departure to discuss why ideological interpretations of the crisis prevail in Germany. As such worldviews are rooted in social processes and relations, I discuss some that are relevant to the present conjuncture: uneven development and circuits of trade and credit/debt within the Eurozone, the history and scalar construction of the EU and the Euro, and the role of German export oriented capital. I focus on three fetishizations that structure interpretations favoring the interests of capital over those of th

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Khayitov, Shodmon Akhmedovich, and Azizbek Toynor oglu Teshaev. "THE PROCESS OF UNINON OF GERM THE PROCESS OF UNINON OF GERMANY: ACTIVITY OF HELMUT Y OF HELMUT KHOL." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 2 (2020): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/2/2.

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This article provides information about the review of the merger of the two German states, initially converted to occupation after World War II, and then divided into two parts, as well as the problems and role in this review of German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Also in the article we tried to analyze deeply Helmut Kohl's approach to solving political, economic, financial, credit and ethical problems in a united Germany.

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Mertens, Daniel. "Borrowing for social security? Credit, asset-based welfare and the decline of the German savings regime." Journal of European Social Policy 27, no. 5 (2017): 474–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717717658.

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This article investigates the question to what extent Germany fits into the recent trend of credit-based social policy that has originated in Anglophone economies. In the course of the financial crisis and with its preceding increase in private indebtedness in mind, a growing number of scholars have argued that loans to households have become a central component of contemporary welfare states. Because of comprehensive savings-promotion schemes, high levels of public welfare provision and a low homeownership rate, the German welfare state conventionally figures as the paradigmatic counter case

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Kubů, Eduard. "K hospodářskému nacionalismu českých Němců a jeho vztahu k Německu." AUC IURIDICA 45, no. 1 (2020): 115–30. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.285.

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The content of the paper by PhDr. Eduard Kubů, CSc., is expressed in its title “On Economic Nationalism of Czech Germans and its Relation to Germany”. The author defines economic nationalism as “thinking, behaviour, an act, which in the name of national welfare and interest strives to influence economic processes, starting from the production of goods, through the exchange of goods to consumers’ habits”. The author describes first of all the creation and development of institutions, which set as their goal to strengthen German influence in Bohemia and in Czechoslovakia by economic tools. He fo

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Sultanova, Nilufar. "DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCREDIT SYSTEM BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 3, no. 3 (2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2020-3-3.

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This article is comprehensive, exploring specific areas of microcredit in the experiences of Germany, Poland, Mexico, Spain and Russia.The purpose of the study is to study the role of micro credit in interest rates and usiness development in countries with advanced micro credit systems

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16

Lonergan, Gillian. "Neither a borrower or a lender be." Journal of Co-operative Studies 52, no. 2 (2019): 31. https://doi.org/10.61869/bkux1495.

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This short paper considers one of the original principles of the Rochdale Pioneers - ‘cash trading’, neither taking nor offering credit. The Pioneers took any infringement of cash trading as a serious matter.But credit was not always thought of as a bad thing when in the 1840s Friedrich Raiffeisen and Schultze Delitsche were organising co-operative credit societies in Germany. This paper looks at the pros and cons.

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Tshaka, R. S. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KARL BARTH’S THEOLOGY FOR THE BELHAR CONFESSION: AN ANALYSIS OF THEOLOGY OF GERMAN ORIGIN IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE APARTHEID EPOCH." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 41, no. 1 (2015): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/96.

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Academic theology in South Africa was influenced extensively by theology of German origin. This article probes the relationship between theologies that originated in Europe. While there are many perspectives that could be cited to credit apartheid theology for having originated in Europe and in Germany in particular, this article confines itself to a theological influence which challenged apartheid as a sin and a heresy. It looks especially at the influence of the Swiss theologian Karl Barth, who at the time of his critical theological contribution was doing his theology in Germany. The articl

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18

Muellbauer, John. "Housing, debt and the economy: a tale of two countries." National Institute Economic Review 245 (August 2018): R20—R33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011824500112.

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In housing affordability levels and volatility, there could hardly be a greater contrast than between the UK and Germany. Differences in history, institutions and policies are explored in this paper. Residential housing supply has been far more expansionary in Germany and mortgage credit more tightly regulated. A sensibly regulated rental market and stable German house prices have combined to leave the rental sector with over half of tenures. Policy failures in the UK have resulted in widening intergenerational inequality, increased social exclusion, adversely affected productivity and growth

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Dunford, Michael, Kyoung H. Lee, Weidong Liu, and Godfrey Yeung. "Geographical interdependence, international trade and economic dynamics: The Chinese and German solar energy industries." European Urban and Regional Studies 20, no. 1 (2012): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776412448093.

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The trajectories of the German and Chinese photovoltaic industries differ significantly yet are strongly interdependent. Germany has seen a rapid growth in market demand and a strong increase in production, especially in the less developed eastern half of the country. Chinese growth has been export driven. These contrasting trajectories reflect the roles of market creation, investment and credit and the drivers of innovation and competitiveness. Consequent differences in competiveness have generated major trade disputes.

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20

Savchenko, Maya M. "Criminal legislation of foreign countries on fraudulent encroachments on property and legitimate interests of credit institutions." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 20 (2021): 779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2021-5-20-779-791.

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We consider legislative problems of regulating liability for fraud in the field of lending. We conduct a comparative analysis of the provisions of the criminal legislation of foreign countries for credit fraud that infringes on the property and legitimate interests of credit institutions. We note that German criminal law provides for liability for crimes of fraud and abuse of con-fidence for criminal purposes. A feature of the German language is in this case the interpretation of the concept of “credit fraud” as “fraud”, the most correct in this case, the name of fraud in the field of credit w

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21

Shkvarchuk, Liudmyla, Viktoriia Kosyk, and Khrystyna Vorobii. "Assessment of development of the credit market infrastructure." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 82, no. 3 (2023): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2023.03.090.

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This article examines the infrastructure of the credit market using the example of the European Union market. It was determined and argued that the level of infrastructure development is a determining factor in the effectiveness of the credit market. The types of infrastructure entities of the EU credit market have been identified. Their role in ensuring the stable functioning of the market is assessed. It was determined that Germany has the largest number of credit institutions within the EU credit market. It was analyzed and found that the level of competition in the credit market of this co

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22

FARR, IAN. "Farmers’ Cooperatives in Bavaria, 1880–1914: ‘State-Help’ and ‘Self-Help’ in Imperial Germany." Rural History 18, no. 2 (2007): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002130.

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AbstractThis paper examines the growth of peasant/farmer cooperatives in the German state of Bavaria in the years circa 1880–1914. The remarkable increase in the number of cooperative ventures in rural Germany, seen most clearly in the proliferation of credit cooperatives (Raiffeisenvereine), has attracted scant attention from historians. This study of the phenomenon in Bavaria suggests that the longer-term structural problems of peasant agriculture, compounded by seasonal crises and the absence of adequate structures of credit for small producers, all helped to make peasant farmers more recep

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23

Graham, Kirk Robert. "Germany on the Couch: Psychology and the Development of British Subversive Propaganda to Nazi Germany." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 3 (2018): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417739365.

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New developments in social psychology proliferated in Britain and the USA throughout the 1930s. With the advent of war, psychology promised insight into the Nazi mind. Some war departments were particularly enthusiastic about these intellectual developments. The USA’s OSS can claim credit for bringing Frankfurt School neo-Freudianism onto the public stage. In Britain meanwhile, the Ministry of Information turned to behaviourism in order to better understand the British public. But the propagandists of the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), charged with the subversion of enemy morale, were wary

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Trusova, Maria. "The German Loan to the USSR in Bilateral Negotiations and from the Position of the Western Powers." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 3(63) (December 19, 2023): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-63-3-135-145.

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The early 1920s was a period of restoration of the states that had participated in the First World War. In Soviet Russia, this process took place within the framework of the New Economic Policy, which required, among other things, investing foreign capital. After the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government cancelled the debts of the tsarist and provisional governments. The discussion of debts between Soviet Russia and Entente countries did not lead to a mutually acceptable solution. Germany became one of the first countries, that established economic and then politic relations with t

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Li, Xinyi. "Optimization Strategy of Credit Scoring System based on Support Vector Machine." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 9, no. 1 (2024): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.9.1.558.2024.

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This article proposes a novel optimization strategy for credit scoring systems that exploits the capabilities of SVM. Focusing on the importance of personal credit scoring in today's credit dynamics, the article explores SVM's versatility in various domains through a literature review. The theoretical background underscores the unique approach and computational efficiency of SVM. The optimization strategy encompasses four critical aspects: debt solvency, earning potential, operational prowess, and growth capability using metrics such as asset-liability ratios. Experimental validation with cred

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Andy Hartanto, Joseph, and Sulaksono Sulaksono. "The notary’s responsibility toward the authenticity of credit bank guarantees in Indonesia." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 2 (2019): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(2).2019.14.

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This paper provides an overview of the law and a statute regarding the notary’s responsibility toward the authenticity of credit bank guarantee in Indonesia, and compares them with those of other nations, including the United States of America and Germany. This study uses a combination of primary and secondary sources to assess the current state of the notary responsibility situation regarding banks and the financial lending world in general and employs a normative or doctrinal approach that views laws as a system of norms. The functions of notaries in Indonesia are different from those perfor

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Schäfer, Hans-Bernd. "FINANCING THE CORONA CRISIS IN EUROPE." GNLU Journal of Law & Economics 3, no. 1 (2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.69893/gjle.2020.000022.

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On the 9th of April, after two days of negotiations on a European financing programme to deal with the Corona crisis the finance ministers of the euro area agreed, amongst other things, on a line of credit provided by the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). All furtherreaching proposals from France, Italy and Spain, but also from many respected economists in Germany, are thus off the table for the time being. Nevertheless, the German government has succeeded in presenting this as a breakthrough in European solidarity. The headlines of the world press spoke of a line of credit of 240 billion eu

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Schäfer1, Hans-Bernd. "FINANCING THE CORONA CRISIS IN EUROPE." GNLU Journal of Law & Economics 3, no. 1 (2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.69893/gjle.000022.

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On the 9th of April, after two days of negotiations on a European financing programme to deal with the Corona crisis the finance ministers of the euro area agreed, amongst other things, on a line of credit provided by the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). All furtherreaching proposals from France, Italy and Spain, but also from many respected economists in Germany, are thus off the table for the time being. Nevertheless, the German government has succeeded in presenting this as a breakthrough in European solidarity. The headlines of the world press spoke of a line of credit of 240 billion eu

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29

Zielke, Stephan, and Marcin Komor. "Loyalty cards, credit options and economic market development." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 48, no. 6 (2020): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-05-2019-0157.

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PurposeThis paper analyses three strategies in customers’ use to afford consumption in a developed and an emerging market for different product groups. The strategies are: (1) usage of loyalty cards, (2) usage of credit cards and (3) usage of long-term credits.Design/methodology/approachMall intercept surveys conducted in Poland (emerging market) and Germany (developed market) provide data for testing a set of hypotheses using ANOVAs.FindingsResults show that customers in emerging markets show no differences in the usage of loyalty cards for product categories with high shopping frequency (gro

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Moeller, Robert G. "Die Deutsche Kriegsgesellschaft 1939 bis 1945. Politisierung, Vernichtung, Überleben. Edited by Jörg Echternkamp. Band 9, Halbband 1, Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Edited by Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 2004. Pp. xi+993. €49.80. ISBN 3-421-06236-6. Die Deutsche Kriegsgesellschaft 1939 bis 1945. Ausbeutung, Deutungen, Ausgrenzung. Edited by Jörg Echternkamp. Band 9, Halbband 2, Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Edited by Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 2005. Pp. xiii+1112. €49.80. ISBN 3-421-06528-4." Central European History 39, no. 2 (2006): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906320122.

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During the Second World War, Germans fought a “two-front war.” A “community of fate” bound together Germans at home and Germans in uniform who carried the war beyond Germany's borders. “Between 1939 and 1945, there was no doubt that civilians were no longer excluded from the fighting; they found themselves right in the middle of it—as actors, as observers, and as those who bore the suffering” (part 1, p. 2) of the war. The Nazi leadership knew this from the start, and only days after the Nazi invasion of Poland, Hermann Göring was exhorting a factory workforce to remember: “We are now all figh

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Goldbach, Stefan, and Volker Nitsch. "Extra Credit: Bank Finance and Firm Export Status in Germany." World Economy 37, no. 7 (2014): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12133.

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Otto, Till, Patrick Wambold, and Karsten Wenzlaff. "Tied Agents within the ECSPR Regime." Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.njcl.2.7546.

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The European Crowdfunding Service Provider Regime allows the intermediation of securities, loans and other admitted instruments for crowdfunding purposes up to five million Euro. Crowdfunding offers above five million Euro continue to be subject to national crowdfunding regimes, which may be regulated under MiFID. The authors discuss how existing MiFID licenses can be used in parallel to a license under ECSPR, with a focus on tied agents who operate under a so-called liability umbrella (investment firm or credit institution) holding a MiFID license. In Germany, the law implementing

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Lorenčič, Eva, Robert Volčjak, and Mejra Festić. "The Impact of Macroprudential Policy on Credit Growth in Nine Euro Area Economies." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 69, no. 2 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2023-0007.

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Abstract In this paper, we investigate the impact of macroprudential policy measures (bundled together into a macroprudential policy index, MPI) on the non-financial corporate sector credit and household credit growth using a one-step system GMM empirical research method. The goal of our paper is to test whether contractionary macroprudential policy stymies credit growth rate and whether expansionary macroprudential policy spurs credit growth rate in selected Euro Area economies (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Slovenia, and Spain) over the period 2008Q4–2018Q4

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Li, Kang, Jyrki Niskanen, and Mervi Niskanen. "Capital structure and firm performance in European SMEs." Managerial Finance 45, no. 5 (2019): 582–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2017-0018.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the relationship between capital structure and firm performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is moderated by credit risk. Design/methodology/approach The authors empirically test whether an SME’s credit risk affects the SME’s relationship between capital structure and firm performance by using a 2012 cross-sectional sample of European SMEs from Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Findings The empirical results suggest that in low credit risk SMEs, the debt ratio is ne

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Вороніна-Пригодій, Дар'я. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВИКЛАДАЧІВ ПРОФЕСІЙНИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ У НІМЕЧЧИНІ". Professional Pedagogics 2, № 27 (2023): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32835/2707-3092.2023.27.175-182.

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Relevance. Ukraine's European integration orientation requires the implementation of the accumulated experience of teacher training in the European Union; given Germany's leading economic indicators, it is necessary to analyse its experience of training teachers of vocational institutions in terms of mastering the issues of the psychological and pedagogical block. Aim: to determine the peculiarities of psychological and pedagogical training of vocational educational institutions teachers in Germany and to substantiate recommendations for the psychological and pedagogical training of vocational

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Tamaela, Ida Costansa, Patresya Apituley, and Eldaa Crystle Wenno. "LITERASI INFORMASI LINTAS BUDAYA KUNCI KESUKSESAN BERBASIS DARING (KOLABORASI DOSEN DAN ALUMNI)." Gaba-Gaba : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat dalam Bidang Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni 2, no. 1 (2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/gabagabavol2iss1pp65-73.

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The purpose of this webinar with the theme Interkulturelle Landeskunde, which is conducted virtually or online, is to provide information on how important cross-cultural communication is in building a good relationship with individuals or communities with different backgrounds. This webinar activity was attended by 2nd semester students who took Interkulturelle Landeskunde, numbered 18 peoples and high school or vocational students, namely from SMAN 9 Ambon, SMAN 4 Maluku Tengah, SMAN 1 Seram Bagian barat, SMAN 44 Maluku Tengah, and SMKS Tourism Pamahanunusa in Masohi, a total of 62 peoples. T

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CLEMENT, PIET. "‘The touchstone of German credit’: Nazi Germany and the service of the Dawes and Young Loans." Financial History Review 11, no. 1 (2004): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565004000034.

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This article examines the Nazi government's external debt policy, with particular regard to the service of the Dawes and Young Loans, the two most important international loans Germany concluded during the interwar period. The goal of this policy was to end once and for all the obligations resulting from the First World War reparations settlement, and at the same time to economise drastically on Germany's scarce foreign exchange reserves. These aims were achieved by imposing a partial default on external debts and by bilateralising trade and financial negotiations, thus dismantling the 1930 Yo

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Dobrin, Daniil A. "Mechanism of mortgage housing lending in various countries: Argentina, USA and Germany." Vestnik BIST (Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies), no. 4(65) (December 28, 2024): 83–92. https://doi.org/10.47598/2078-9025-2024-4-65-83-92.

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The article presents a study of the mechanisms of mortgage housing lending in Argentina, the USA, and Germany. Historical aspects of the development of mortgage systems in each country are examined, along with their structure and features, including key market participants and the credit products used. Special attention is paid to existing preferential programs aimed at supporting various population groups, such as government subsidies, guarantees, and special credit conditions. A comparative analysis of the identified mechanisms has also been conducted, allowing for the determination of their

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FREYER, Eckhard, Ihor LISHCHYNSKYY, and Mariia LYZUN. "DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: THE EXPERIENCE OF EAST GERMANY FOR UKRAINE." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 20, Issue Vol 20, No 3 (2021) (2021): 442–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2021.03.440.

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Renewable energy development has become a modern global priority. German regions are characterized by a very high degree of renewable energy development. In 2020, the volume of electricity generation from renewable sources exceeded the traditional ones. However, the use of renewable energy sources in the transport sector and in the heating / cooling industry remains relatively low in Germany. Regions in the East Germany had historically been dominated by coal energy. Staring with 2017, the EU has begun implementing a policy of developing so-called «Coal Regions in Transition», aimed at support

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Aleksandrova, Anna. "The Echo of War: The Issue of World War II Reparations and Occupation Loan in Contemporary Greece." Contemporary Europe 103, no. 3 (2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope32021167180.

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In World War II Greece suffered immense devastation; aside from the damage itself, the country was forced to provide the Third Reich with an occupation loan. After the war, Athens claimed reparations and repayment of the loan, but not all such claims were settled. The final solution was postponed until the eventual reunification of Germany and the signing of a peace treaty. All attempts of Greek diplomats to address the issue were met with the position that the issue has already been resolved diplomatically and in legal terms. The simmering conflict gained new prominence during the financial a

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Filitov, A. M. "Moscow Treaty of the USSR-Germany and «Letter on German Unity». From Conflict to Compromise." MGIMO Review of International Relations 12, no. 6 (2020): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-6-69-46-60.

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The article considers the course and results of the Soviet-West German negotiations that led to the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty of August 12, 1970, which became an important factor in defusing international tensions on the European continent. Special attention is paid to the problem of the genesis of the so-called "Letter on German unity", the adoption of which the Soviet side stubbornly insisted on the representatives of Germany. The article reveals the flexible tactics of the Soviet delegation, which was headed by the Minister of foreign Affairs of the USSR AA. Gromyko: taking into accou

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Emeka Okafor, Luke. "Bank Credit, Public Financial Incentives, Tax Financial Incentives and Export Performance During the Global Financial Crisis: A Review." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 2 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i2.2090.

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The EU-EFIGE/Bruegel-Unicredit comparable dataset consisting of firms operating in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Spain, and the UK was used for the empirical analysis. To cover the gaps in the existing literature, the study under review investigates the effects of access to credit and financial incentives on firms’ export performance during the period of the 2008 global financial crisis. This includes examining the moderating roles of firm size and financial development on the link between access to credit or financial incentives and export performance.

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I Rabadi, Reem, and Alexander D. Rabadi. "Anxiety in Learning German as a Foreign Language: Its Association with Learners Variables." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 4 (2022): 410–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i4.2091.

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This study aims to investigate the foreign language anxiety (FLA) level among learners of German as a foreign language and discover the relationship between FLA and students’ variables that are gender, year of study, achievement in German classes, experience staying in Germany for more than six months, weekly contact hours, and course load of the term. The study used a quantitative research method using a survey approach. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS), developed by Horwitz (1986), was administered to 246 German language learners in Jordan. Descriptive statistics, Chi-Squ

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Djuric, Djordje. "Prince Lichnowsky’s memorandum as a source for determining the responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 150 (2015): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1550043d.

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Prince Karl Max Lichnowsky was a German ambassador in London from 1912 to 1914. He was one of the most important direct participants of the July Crisis which led to the outbreak of the First World War. This document was written in 1916 and secretly delivered to the German military and political supreme authorities. It came into possession of Swedish socialists and they published it, first in English and then in all other European languages. This document explicitly attributes the responsibility for the outbreak of the war to the German political and social circles. It accuses them of instigati

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Felbermayr, Gabriel J., and Erdal Yalcin. "Export Credit Guarantees and Export Performance: An Empirical Analysis for Germany." World Economy 36, no. 8 (2013): 967–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12031.

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Elsas, Ralf, and Jan Pieter Krahnen. "Is relationship lending special? Evidence from credit-file data in Germany." Journal of Banking & Finance 22, no. 10-11 (1998): 1283–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(98)00063-6.

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BURDEKIN, RICHARD C. K., and PAUL BURKETT. "MONEY, CREDIT, and WAGES IN HYPERINFLATION: POST-WORLD WAR I GERMANY." Economic Inquiry 30, no. 3 (1992): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1992.tb01976.x.

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Kuzin, Vladimir, and Franziska Schobert. "Why does bank credit not drive money in Germany (any more)?" Economic Modelling 48 (August 2015): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.013.

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Kritikos, Alexander, and Frank Wießner. "Ein zweiter Kreditmarkt für eine zweite Chance." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 1, no. 3 (2000): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2516.00022.

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Abstract Unregulated credit markets will not finance the majority of unemployed people when they aim to receive a loan for running their own business. In the US an optimal policy mix reduces the entry barriers so that the most promising selfemployment business plans are self-selected and financed via a secondary credit market. By this tool unemployed persons get a second chance which opens the possibility for self-employment. In Germany a similar approach is missing. The existing policy tools in the finance area are not designed to provide a second chance. 378 ß

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Cahn, Andreas. "Intra-group Loans under German Law." European Company Law 7, Issue 2 (2010): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2010010.

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Intra group financing may sometimes be an attractive alternative to credit facilities from a bank (consortium). However, parent and subsidiary loans, as well as ‘lateral’ (sidestream) loans trigger their own pitfalls, in particular in connection with recently changed capital preservation law in Germany. The author discusses and analyses these pitfalls.

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