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Hult, Christina, and Ofelia Isberg. "Potential challenges that occur within the banks credit assessment of property companies." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152602.
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Our study highlights the potential challenges that occur within the banks credit assessment of property companies’ repayment ability and what improvements can be implemented to reduce the weaknesses of the credit process. The study aims to provide a greater understanding of how the credit assessment process works within a bank and to pay attention to where potential weaknesses in the system are located. The study is based on theoretical and empirical data. The theoretical part of the study is based upon evidence from literary and scientifical sources, while the empirical data consists of interviews from professional experts and of a researcher within the banking and property sector. The credit culture in the banking system has changed in recent decades as a result of previous real estate and financial crises. Banks have become more restrictive with their credit lending and they have begun to move towards a more classical view of banking. When banks perform a credit assessment they look at both the evaluation flow and the cash flow and it is the cash flow that displays the companies’ repayment ability. Banks uses tools such as stencils and models to assess companies’ cash flow and they do it to try and predict how the companies future capital will look like and how it will develop. It is within the banks prediction of the future of the companies cash flow that you can find the most uncertainties. This is especially true when it comes to credit lending to property companies and the reason is the major risk that banks take within this type of credit granting. The risks are linked to the large loan amount that property companies need to make their business work and also to the long time period that is expected when it comes to large credit granting from banks. There are also some concerns about the assessment of future corporate profits because it is related to a lot of different factors such as the time period of the existing leases within a residential property, the level of the current rent and fear of future vacancies. As a bank, there is often a security in the property when granting loans to property companies and problems can occur when the actual property is of a unique type of real estate. It could lead to difficulties for the bank when they try to estimate the value of the property or when banks need to find a possible buyer. There are also some problems for the banks when it comes to the geographical location of the property because of the connection that prices have to the location of the property. The difficulties when it comes to the assessment of the property companies’ cash flow are many but the banks have an optimistic view on the credit assessment system as it is today.Vår studie undersöker eventuella utmaningar som förekommer vid bankers kreditbedömning av fastighetsföretags återbetalningsförmåga samt vilka förbättringar som kan genomföras för att reducera dessa problem inom bedömningsprocessen. Uppsatsen syftar till att ge en ökad förståelse för hur kreditbedömningsprocessen inom bankväsendet går till samt uppmärksamma vart de potentiella svagheterna i systemet ligger. Studien är uppbyggd på teoretisk och empirisk data. Den teoretiska delen av arbetet bygger på fakta från litterära och vetenskapliga källor medan den empiriska datan utgörs av intervjuer från yrkesverksamma experter och forskare inom bank och fastighetssektorn. Kreditkulturen inom bankväsendet har förändrats de senaste decennierna till följd av tidigare fastighets- och finanskriser. Bankerna har blivit mer restriktiva med sin kreditgivning och de har börjat gå mot en allt mer klassisk syn på bankverksamhet. Då banker gör en kreditbedömning ser de dels till värderingsflödet men även till kassaflödet och det är kassaflödet som i sin tur visar företagens återbetalningsförmåga. För att bedöma kassaflödet använder sig banker av schabloner och modeller. Bankerna tittar på företagens kassaflöden för att bedöma hur bolagens framtida kapital kommer att se ut och utvecklas. Det är i detta framtidsmoment som man kan finna en del osäkra bedömningsfaktorer. Vid kreditutlåning till fastighetsföretag är bankerna överens om att den största risken ligger i de stora lånebeloppen som fastighetsbolag behöver för att få sin verksamhet att fungera samt i de långa tidsförlopp som dessa lån ligger på. Det kan vara svårt för banker att göra bedömningar av företagens framtida intäkter då de är beroende av ett flertal svårberäkneliga faktorer, däribland hyreskontrakten, hyresnivån och rädslan för framtida vakanser. Som bank har man oftast en säkerhet i själva fastigheten då man beviljar krediter till fastighetsbolag och problemet för bankerna kan uppstå då fastigheten i fråga är av en unik fastighetstyp. Det kan leda till att det blir svårt att uppskatta fastighetens värde och eventuellt hitta en köpare vid behov av försäljning. Ytterligare problem finns även kring den geografiska placeringen av fastigheten då efterfrågan delvis beror på fastighetens läge. Utmaningarna är många men bankerna har en optimistisk syn på kreditsystemet så som det ser ut idag.
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Lanz, Luciano Quinto. "The potential role of SMEs’ credit guarantee schemes to promote financial inclusion in Brazil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, 2017. http://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/12915.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs, New York, 2017Bibliografia: p. [64]-72
All rights reserved. The total or partial reproduction of the work is prohibited without authorization from the University, the author and the advisor.
Texto em inglês e resumos em inglês e português
A dificuldade de acesso ao crédito é um dos maiores obstáculos para a sobrevivência das pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs). Uma das principais razões para isso é a falta de garantias. Essa situação se reflete na baixa competitividade e alta desigualdade do Brasil. Os sistemas de garantia fornecem esta garantia. Esta tese analisa o papel potencial dos esquemas de garantia para promover a inclusão financeira no Brasil. Para alcançar esse objetivo, a pesquisa analisa a competitividade e a desigualdade do Brasil e sua relação com o acesso ao crédito. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de caso sobre o Fundo Garantidor para Investimentos (FGI), utilizando abordagem qualitativa e estatísticas descritivas. A coleta de dados baseou-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas, fontes secundárias, análise de documentos e dados operacionais. A análise utilizou os modelos de construção e reparação de confiança entre organizações, o papel dos bancos nacionais de desenvolvimento nos sistemas de garantia e o benchmark internacional para governança e eficácia dos esquemas de garantia. Os resultados demonstram que o FGI conseguiu criar uma governança adequada e estabelecer confiança com os bancos. Até 2017, 26 bancos contrataram mais de 32 mil operações no valor de 1,9 bilhões de dólares, com adicionalidades comparáveis ao benchmark internacional. No entanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para estabelecer uma ligação entre a adicionalidade dos esquemas de garantia e o desenvolvimento social e econômico.
Difficult access to credit is one of the greatest obstacles to the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). One of the major reasons for this is the lack of guarantees. This situation is reflected in Brazil’s low competitiveness and high inequality. Guarantee Schemes provide this guarantee. This thesis analyzes the potential role of guarantee schemes to promote financial inclusion in Brazil. To achieve this objective the research analyzes Brazil competitiveness and inequality and their relation to credit access. The methodology used was a case study over the Fundo Garantidor para Investimentos (Investment Guarantee Fund - FGI), using a qualitative approach and descriptive statistics. Data collection relied on semi-structured interviews, secondary sources, document analysis and operational data. The analysis used inter-organization trust building and repair models, the role of national development banks in the guarantee systems and the international benchmark for governance and effectiveness of guarantee schemes. The results demonstrate that FGI achieve adequate governance and established trust with the banks. By 2017, 26 banks contracted more than 32,000 operations worth 1.9 billion dollars, with additionalities comparable to the international benchmark. However, additional studies are necessary to establish a link between the guarantee schemes additionality and social and economic development.
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Кравець, А. Ю. "Фактори впливу щодо формування та реалізації кредитного потенціалу банку." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61382.
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Виділено фактори, які дозволить кредитним
установам враховувати відтік грошових коштів, їх неочікуване
подорожчання, а також ефективне розміщення цих ресурсів серед своїх позичальниківAllocated credit factors institutions take into account the outflow of funds, their unexpected rising prices, as well as the efficient allocation of these resources among their borrowers
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Кравець, А. Ю. "Фактори впливу щодо формування та реалізації кредитного потенціалу банку." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61069.
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Сьогодні стан банківського сектора свідчить про те, що банківські
установи все більше стали виконувати функцію посередника у сфері надання
фінансових послуг фізичним та юридичним особам.
Протягом 8 місяців поточного року активи банків збільшилися на
23,5 %, або на 141,1 млрд. грн. і становлять 740,5 млрд. грн. Загальні активи
збільшилися на 23,7 %, або на 146,7 млрд. грн. і становлять 765,8 млрд. грн.
Збільшення загальних активів відбулося в основному за рахунок збільшення
кредитів, наданих банками, – на 26,8 %, або на 130,3 млрд. грн., з них:
кредитів, що надані суб’єктам господарювання, – на 27,5 %, або на
76 млрд. грн., кредитів, наданих фізичних особам, – на 30 %, або 46,1
млрд. грн.
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Карбівничий, І. В. "Механізм формування та реалізації кредитної політики банку." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/51574.
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У дисертаційній роботі систематизовано та узагальнено теоретичні засади формування, досліджено напрямки реалізації та визначено шляхи удосконалення кредитної політики банку.
Сформульовано авторське визначення економічної сутності кредитної політику банку та досліджено ключові елементи механізму формування даної політики. Обґрунтовано доцільність виділення у структурі механізму ефективної реалізації кредитної політики механізму банківського кредитування та механізму фінансового забезпечення, який вивчався на основі дослідження кредитного потенціалу банку.
Удосконалено методику оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника банку – юридичної особи на основі врахування величини позичальників та їх галузевої спеціалізації. Розроблено комплексний науково-методичний підхід до управління кредитними ризиками в банку на основі побудови адекватної системи процедур обчислення їх масштабної та імовірнісної оцінки. Розроблений підхід призначений для вимірювання й управління кредитним ризиком банку з урахуванням процентних та валютних ризиків, ризику ліквідності, а також ризиків відтоку клієнтів та падіння попиту на кредитні ресурси.В диссертационной работе систематизированы и обобщены теоретические принципы формирования, исследованы направления реализации и определены пути усовершенствования кредитной политики банка. Сформулировано авторское определение экономической сущности кредитной политики банка, а также исследованы ключевые элементы механизма формирования данной политики. Установлено, что механизм формирования кредитной политики банка включает следующие основные элементы: целевые ориентиры кредитной деятельности; принципы формирования кредитной политики; факторы, определяющие параметры кредитной политики; количественные и качественные характеристики кредитной деятельности. Обоснована целесообразность выделения в структуре механизма эффективной реализации кредитной политики механизма банковского кредитования и механизма финансового обеспечения. Определена сущность и обосновано значение кредитного потенциала банка в механизме формирования и реализации его кредитной политики. В структуре совокупного кредитного потенциала банку выделен иммобилизированный потенциал и мобилизированный потенциал. Определенно, что основным методом оптимизации финансового обеспечения механизма реализации кредитной политики банков Украины должна быть диверсификация кредитного потенциала путем внедрения новых депозитных продуктов и привлечения новых клиентов. Усовершенствование управления депозитными операциями банка будет способствовать трансформации средств, привлеченных из депозитных источников в кредитные ресурсы. Усовершенствована методика оценки кредитоспособности заемщика банка – юридического лица в разрезе субъектов корпоративного бизнеса и предприятий малого и среднего бизнеса. Спецификой данного подхода является оценка финансового состояния заемщика с учетом его отраслевой специализации. Разработан комплексный научно-методический подход к управлению кредитными рисками в банке на основе построения адекватной системы процедур вычисления их масштабной и вероятностной оценки. Разработанный подход предназначен для измерения и управления кредитным риском банка с учетом процентных и валютных рисков, риска ликвидности, а также рисков оттока клиентов и падения спроса на кредитные ресурсы.
The thesis systematizes and summarizes the theoretical foundations of formation, ways of realization and improvement of the credit policy in banks. The thesis offers the author’s definition of the economic essence of the credit policy of banks and studies the key elements of the mechanism of this policy’s formation. It substantiates the appropriateness of defining in the structure of the effective realization of the credit policy the mechanism of bank crediting and the mechanism of financial provision, which were studied on the basis of the research of the credit potential of banks. The thesis develops the methods for the evaluation of the creditworthiness of a bank’s borrower – a legal person on the basis of the size of the borrower and its branch specialization. It offers a complex scientific and methodical approach to the credit risks management in banks on the basis of an adequate system of procedures for the calculation of the risks’ scale and probabilistic assessment. It develops the approach designed for the management of credit risks in banks taking into the account the interest rate and currency risks, liquidity risk, as well as the risks of the shrinking customer base and the decline in the demand for credit resources.
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NILSSON, THERESE, and SARKIS MURADIAN. "Olika aktörers syn på bostadsrättsmarknadens utveckling : Med fokus på Göteborgs innerstad." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20759.
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Under de senaste åren har det i media spekulerats om en eventuell bubbla på den globala bostadsmarknaden. Den internationella finanskrisen blev slutet på en stadig bostadsprisutveckling i många länder. Under 2010 låg bostadspriserna på högre nivåer än innan finanskrisen och det har spekulerats att priserna kan komma att falla i betydande mängd. Frisell och Yazdi har kommit fram till att prisutvecklingen på den svenska bostadsmarknaden i stor utsträckning kan förklaras av två verkliga faktorer, högre disponibla inkomster och strukturellt lägre reala bolåneräntor.Vi har i denna uppsats studerat olika aktörers syn på prisutvecklingen av bostadsrättsmarknaden i Göteborgs innerstad i april/maj 2011, utifrån olika övergripande ekonomiska aspekter. Marknaden undersöks ur tre olika perspektiv, långivare, låntagare och en mäklare. Fokus har legat på bankernas kreditbedömningsprocess och potentiella köpares resonemang och förväntningar om framtiden. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge läsaren en överblick och en djupare förståelse för det aktuella läget på bostadsrättsmarknaden i Göteborgs innerstad utifrån de olika perspektiven. Vi har främst antagit en kvalitativ metodansats då den största delen av empirin utgår från kvalitativa intervjuer med handläggare från SEB, Nordea, Swedbank och Handelsbanken samt en mäklare från mäklarföretaget Bjurfors. Dock har vi även antagit en kvantitativ ansats då intervjuerna med potentiella köpare gjordes i enkätform.De främsta slutsatserna vi har dragit av vår undersökning är att vid kreditbedömning så utgår bankerna från liknande grunder där fokus ligger på kundens återbetalningsförmåga. Ingen av de undersökta respondenterna verkar tro på ett större prisfall på bostadsrättsmarknaden i Göteborgs innerstad inom den närmaste framtiden. Det rådde lite delade meningar om övervärdering men överlag anser bankrespondenterna samt mäklaren att försäljningspriset speglar ett marknadspris på en fungerande marknad. Däremot ansåg många av de potentiella köparna att bostadsrätterna i Göteborgs innerstad var övervärderade och många trodde även att priserna skulle fortsätta öka. Sammanfattningsvis verkar det inte vara någon risk för en skadlig bostadsbubbla på marknaden i dagsläget, så länge sysselsättningen är bra, kundernas återbetalningsförmåga god och det är ett ”normalt” ränteläge.Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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Mattana, Elena. "Families, credit and banks." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Nationalekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-2130.
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This doctoral thesis consists of three essays: Flying the Nest: Intergenerational Strategic Interaction, Co-residence, and Social Mobility. Southern Europe is characterized by high levels of intergenerational earnings persistence and high levels of co-residence between parents and their offspring. In contrast, Northern Europe exhibits low levels of earnings persistence and of co-residence. This paper analyzes both theoretically and quantitatively the importance of strategic interactions inside the family over living arrangements in generating intergenerational earnings persistence. Student Aid, Academic Achievement, and Labor Market Behavior provides a framework for quantifying the impacts of implicit incentives in study aid schemes. The authors estimate a dynamic discrete choice model of simultaneous education and work decisions to quantify the effects of study aid on college attainment, academic achievement, and early labor market outcomes using Swedish data and exploiting the Swedish Study Aid reform of 2001. Bank Liquidity, Stock Market Participation, and Economic Growth reconciles the decreasing trend in the liquidity ratio of financial businesses with the evolution of the financial architecture of the U.S economy. The authors build a neoclassical growth model where competition between banks and financial markets causes the liquidity held by the financial system to decrease.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2013. Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser.
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Morifi, D. Nape. "Liability of banks for unauthorised credit transfers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77419.
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Eguaoritseyemi, Okirika Temeoweikuro. "Investigation into credit risk management practices in Nigerian banks." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549719.
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Frail credit risk management practices have dragged financial intermediaries into financial crisis or bankruptcy if not well managed. The study seeks to appraise the intent to which Nigerian banks have meritoriously managed credit risk after the 2005 bank recapitalization exercise. It also seeks to establish other factors on why some banks to fail the 2009 stress test conducted by Central Bank of Nigeria. The study found that the failure to effectively manage credit risk as a result of increase capital inflow into the banking system and excessive lending contributed immensely to the 2009 banking crisis. The research also identified lax credit risk management practices as a major factor that caused the crisis. Furthermore, banks to develop and implement their credit I scoring models for assessing, monitoring and reviewing of credit portfolios and other credit granted.
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Wang, Yang. "Credit risk management in rural commercial banks in China." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2013. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/6659.
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Credit risk is one of the most general risks that exist in the financial market and a major risk faced by financial institutions. Credit risk management (CRM) is to identify, measure, monitor, and control risk arising from the possibility of default in loan repayments. The primary objective of CRM of rural commercial banks (RCBs) is to maintain risk within acceptable parameters and satisfy the regulatory requirements. CRM has long been the focus of governments, regulatory authorities and financial institutions. This thesis examines the importance of CRM for RCBs, which has been overlooked in the literature, and attempts to develop a CRM framework for RCBs. It has four specific research objectives: 1) to discuss the differences between RCBs and city based-commercial banks; 2) to examine the importance of CRM for RCBs and identify the approaches available for banks to manage credit risks; 3) to identify the key factors that have influenced the credit evaluation and assessment, as well as credit risk control in the context of China's RCBs; and 4) to propose a practicable CRM framework that suits the characteristics of Chinese RCBs. This study adopts qualitative analysis and case study approaches to identify key factors contributing to the failure of RCBs' customers, resulting in loan defaults and banks' credit risk. The quantitative-based CRM tools available for large financial institutions do not meet the requirements of RCBs because the main customers of RCBs are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and farming households and there is a lack of financial data and credit rating relating to these customers. In addition to normal risks faced by financial institutions, RCBs in China are also exposed to risks specifically to rural commercial banking business and in particular, farming-related loans and services. This study proposes a CRM framework for RCBs in China. The framework is based on the identification of business failures of RCBs' customers and factors contributing to the failures of SMEs and farming households. The framework is divided into five steps. The first step is to distinguish business failure and closure. The second step is to identify factors contributing to the failure of customers, which should be considered from environmental, operational, financial and guanxi aspects. The third step is to use PCA to identify principal factors. The fourth step is to design a credit risk analysis model with an analysis of these principal factors. The final step is to use the credit risk analysis model to manage credit risks of their portfolios and individual loans provided to SMEs and farming households. The CRM framework has been confirmed by practitioners through interviews conducted in the case bank. Interviews raise a number of issues relating to the development of a CRM model and assessment of credit risk of SMEs in China. The case study through an analysis of documents of the case bank reveals the importance of CRM and organisational structure in risk management and CRM. The case study presents evidence of lacking of practical methods in managing credit risk by RCBs in China. The proposed framework expects to address the problem. This study has made several contributions to the literature that studies CRM in financial institutions in general and RCBs in particular. This study critically identifies the current lack of studies specifically addressing the RCBs' CRM, and proposes a CRM framework for RCBs. The framework considers financial and non-financial variables to analyse SMEs and farming household for which financial information is very limited. Using nonfinancial variables along with financial variables as predictors of business failure significantly improves credit analysis quality and accuracy. Also, this study recognises guanxi as risk potentials affecting the business of SMEs and farming households and includes guanxi risks in the framework. The consideration of guanxi in credit risk analysis fits well with China's business environment.
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XU, XIAODAN, and XIN YUAN. "Front-line employees make efforts on banks : an empirical case study in Chinese commercial banks." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-10699.
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In order to reduce the risks, banks has two ways to evaluate the loan exposure. One is credit rating, and the other one is pledge collaterals. Many literatures and financial regulations are emphasizing on the importance of credit rating. However, with the illustration of a plenty of empirical study, the pledging collaterals are the popular way which was using by “lazy” banks. Credit rating or pledging with collaterals is the gap between theories and practices. The aim of this thesis is to figure the factors which make the gap between the theories and practices. At last, the front-line employees are paid attention on. Since front-line employees are the first and direct one who contact customers. Reliability and responsiveness has a space to develop by training first-line employees, moral hazard controlling, and sectoral specialization the credit inspection.
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Ryan, Joseph James. "Credit where credit is due lending and borrowing in Rio de Janeiro, 1820-1900 /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459904611&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Boman, Karin, and Émile Sohier. "Credit derivatives in Swedish banks : Both sides of the coin." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72885.
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Background: The financial crisis of 2007-2010 had a massive impact on the financial markets worldwide. The crisis was partly blamed on the credit derivatives collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps. These instruments were used to create leverage and speculation, which led to uncertainty in the financial system worldwide. There has been no recent documentation of how credit derivatives are used in Swedish banks, and what risks and opportunities they bring along. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe the use of credit derivatives in Swedish banks, what benefits and risks they may generate and how the recent financial crisis has affected their use. Research Method: This is a qualitative multiple case study which uses an inductive approach. The study covers four cases, three of the largest Swedish commercial banks, and a bank that specializes on international financing. Seven people working in different fields in these banks have been interviewed. Conclusions: Credit derivatives are mostly used for hedging in Swedish banks, which mainly involves the use of credit default swaps, and sometimes iTraxx. Purely speculative trades are rare. The risks that arise are mainly due to lack of transparency in OTC trading, and abusive use of these instruments. Credit derivatives greatly facilitate risk management in banks. Regulations have increased since the financial crisis and the demand for more complex products greatly decreased.
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Komulainen, J. (Jenna). "Relation between credit losses and macroeconomic factors in European banks." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201906192577.
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Abstract. Credit loss modelling under IFRS standards has changed towards a more forward-looking approach. The new expected credit loss model allows using all relevant information that is available without undue cost, also forward-looking information. Macroeconomic factors provide this kind of easily available information and thus they can be utilized in the credit loss modelling. Hence, I apply a large set of macroeconomic variables in order to find those ones that help to estimate future credit losses. Bank-specific features are also likely to affect credit loss changes, so they are also considered in this thesis.
On a sample of 24 European countries and 202 banks, I examine the explanatory power of changes in macroeconomic variables on consequent credit losses. The empirical analysis is based on several pooled, fixed effects and logistic regression specifications. I also use stepwise regressions based on Akaike information criteria to select a set of relevant variables in the multivariate regression specification.
The univariate regression results suggest that important macroeconomic variables explaining the changes in credit losses of the following year are the house price index, gross fixed capital formation, the nominal long-term interest rate and the term spread. Based on the multivariate regression results, inflation, unemployment and bankruptcies are the most important macroeconomic variables and bank size is the most important bank-specific variable. Small banks typically suffer from greater credit loss increases than medium and large banks, but medium and large banks are more sensitive to economic fluctuations. In addition, commercial banks are more sensitive to the changes in the house price index and unemployment than savings banks whereas savings banks are more sensitive to the changes in the number of bankruptcies.
The results documented have valuable implication for the practical implementation of the credit loss models and estimating future credit losses. The findings can be especially exploited in European banks that follow IFRS standards and apply the expected credit loss model.
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Lilja, Charlotte, and Petersson Camilla. "Credit Granting Processes for Banks in Sweden : Differences in credit granting processes for households and companies." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14480.
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The borrowers in the mortgage market consist of both households and companies. Themain source for financing a property weather it is a private property or a real estateproperty is a mortgage. When granting a mortgage the bank incurs a risk. It is importantfor banks to minimise the risk since an unstable market can affect not only the bank andits customers but society as a whole. This thesis concerns the credit granting processand the difference in credit granting for households and companies and if there is aneed of a difference between the processes.The research method used for this report is a deductive approach with qualitativeresearch performed through in-depth, face-to-face interviews. As the number of banksin question is small we have used a case study approach which is suitable as focus lies onthe processes rather than the outcome of credit granting.The assessment of creditworthiness and repayment ability is the most important factorsof the credit granting processes for both parts of the market. There are differencesbetween the credit granting processes between the different parts of the market. Whenassessing the creditworthiness and repayment ability of a company there are moreparameters to evaluate. The mortgage amount for a real estate is greater than the one ofa private property and the private part of the market is regulated to a greater extent. Thefocus on the private part of the market is consumer protection and on the corporatepart the banks credit risk. Differences between the processes are needed for the bank tobe able to assess the creditworthiness and repayment ability for both households andcompanies in debt to decrease their credit risk.Låntagarna på bostadsfinansieringsmarknaden består av både privatpersoner ochföretag. Bostäder finansieras oftast av banker oavsett om det är ett privat bostadsköpeller ett fastighetsköp. När banker beviljar ett lån utsätts de för en risk. Det är viktigt förbankerna att minimera kreditrisker eftersom en ostabil marknad kan påverka inte barabanken och dess kunder utan även samhället. Denna kandidatuppsats handlar omkreditgivningsprocessen och dess skillnader mellan privatpersoner och företag och omdet behövs en skillnad.Forskningsmetoden vi använt oss är en deduktiv ansats, men kvalitativa undersökningargjorda genom djupgående, personliga intervjuer. Eftersom det enbart var ett fåtal bankermed i underökningen valde vi att använda oss av en fallstudie, det var passande då fokusligger på kreditgivningsprocessen och inte utkomsten av densamma.Bedömningen av en kunds kreditvärdighet och återbetalningsförmåga är grunden förkreditgivningsprocessen för båda delarna av marknaden. Det finns skillnader mellankreditgivningsprocessen mellan privatpersoner och företag. När kreditvärdigheten ochåterbetalningsförmågan bedöms för ett företag är det fler parametrar som måstebedömas. Ett fastighetslån uppgår ofta till ett högre värde än ett bostadslån ochprivatsidan är till en större del styrd av lagar. Fokuset på privatsidan ligger påkonsumentskydd medans företagssidan är mer inriktad på bankens minimering avkreditrisk. Skillnaderna i processerna är nödvändiga på grund utav att banken måstekunna bedöma kreditvärdigheten och återbetalningsförmågan ordentligt för attminimera sin kreditrisk.
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Ahlberg, Heléne, and Linn Andersson. "How do Banks Manage the Credit Assessment to Small Businesses and What Is the Effect of Basel III? : An implementation of smaller and larger banks in Sweden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18257.
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Background: Small businesses are considered as a valuable source for the society and the economic growth and bank loan is the main source of finance for them. Small businesses are commonly seen as riskier than larger businesses it is thus noteworthy to examine banks’ credit assessment for small businesses. The implementation of the Basel III Accord will start in 2013 with the aim to generate further protection of financial stability and promote sustainable economic growth, and the main idea underlying Basel III is to increase the capital basis of banks. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe how larger and smaller banks in Sweden are managing credit assessment of small businesses, and if this process differs according to the size of the bank. The authors further want to investigate how expectations of new capital regulations, in form of Basel III, affect the credit assessment and if it is affecting the ability of small businesses to receive loans. Method: In order to meet the purpose of the thesis a mixed model approach is used. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with representatives from three smaller and three larger banks. Additional, statistics were computed in order to examine the economic state of the Swedish market, where also an archival research with 10 allocated banks operating with corporate services was executed. Conclusions: The banks have a well-developed credit process where building a mutual trust relationship with the customer is crucial. If the lender has a good relationship with the customer, it will ease the collection of credible information and thus enhance the process of making right decision. The research examined minor differences between smaller and larger banks in their credit assessment. Currently, the banks do not see any problems with adjusting to the new regulation and thus do not see specific effects for small businesses and their ability to receive loans. The effects that can be identified by the expectations of Basel III are the banks’ concern of charging the right price for the right risk and the demand of holding more capital when lending to businesses. The banks have come a long way on the adjustment to Basel III, which has pros and cons, thus it implies that banks are already charging customers for the effect of the regulations that will not be 100 percent implemented until 2019. The difference that was identified between larger and smaller banks is that larger banks seem to have more established strategies when working on the implementation of Basel III.
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Hess, Kurt. "Credit loss dynamics in Australasian banking." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2649.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the drivers and dynamics of credit losses in Australasian banking over an extended period of time in order to improve the means by which financial institutions manage their credit risks and regulatory bodies safeguard the stability and integrity of the financial system. The analysis is based on a specially constructed data base of credit loss and provisioning data retrieved from original financial reports published by Australian and New Zealand banks. The observation period covers 1980 to 2005, starting at the time when such information was published for the first time in bank financial statements. It moreover covers the time of major crises which occurred in both Australia and New Zealand in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The heterogeneity of reporting the data both amongst banks and through time requires the development of a reporting typology which allows data extraction with equivalent informational content. As a thorough study of credit risks requires long data series often not available from third party data providers, the method developed here will provide value to a range of researchers. Based on an evaluation of many alternative proxies which track a bank's credit loss experience (CLE), the thesis proposes a preferred model for impaired assets expense (as % of loans) as dependent variable, mainly because of its timely nature and good data availability. Explanatory variables include aggregate macro variables of which changes in unemployment and the return in the share markets are found to have the most significant influence on a bank's credit losses. Bank-specific control variables include a pre-provision earnings proxy whose significance points to the use of provisions for the purpose of income smoothing by Australasian banks. The model also controls for size and nature of lending as smaller, retail-oriented housing lenders, on average, exhibit lower loan losses. Clear results are found with regard to the effect of rapid expansion which appears to be followed by a surge of bad debt provisions 2 to 3 years later. Moreover, inefficient banks tend to suffer greater credit losses. An important part of the thesis looks at the characteristics of alternative CLE proxies such as stock of provisions, impaired assets and write-offs which have been used by earlier literature. Estimating the preferred model with such alternative CLE parameters confirms their peculiarities such as the memory character of stock of provisions and the delayed nature of write-offs. These measures correlate rather poorly amongst themselves which calls for caution in the comparative interpretation of earlier studies that use differing CLE proxies.
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Alkiyumi, Aiman Hamed Said. "Information asymmetry, credit risk, and profitability in Islamic and conventional banks." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8907/.
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The thesis empirically investigates and compares some of the main aspects of Islamic and conventional banks during four periods: the pre-financial crisis, financial crisis, post-financial crisis and entire sample periods (2002-2015). Specifically, it investigates and compares the information asymmetry, credit risk and profitability in Islamic and conventional banks. For the information asymmetry investigation, a total sample of 211 Islamic and conventional publicly listed banks from Asia, Europe and Africa is used over the period 2002-2015. Quarterly data is retrieved from Datastream for the sample. However, for credit risk and profitability investigations, annual data for 225 Islamic and conventional banks are extracted from Datastream for the periods from 2002 to 2015 from Asia, Europe and Africa. The study aims to: (i) investigate and compare the degree of information asymmetry in Islamic and conventional banks for the pre-financial crisis, crisis, post-crisis and full sample periods; (ii) investigate and compare the degree of credit risk in Islamic and conventional banks for the pre-financial crisis, crisis, post-crisis and full sample periods; and (iii) investigate and compare the degree of profitability in Islamic and conventional banks for the pre-financial crisis, crisis, post-crisis and full sample periods. The empirical investigations provide important results in the three areas. First, the results show a significant difference in the information asymmetry level between Islamic and conventional banks for the crisis, post-crisis, and full sample periods. In fact, Islamic banks showed significantly lower information asymmetry levels than their counterparts in all information asymmetry proxy measures (i.e. Bid-Ask Spread, Share Turnover ratio and Stock Price Synchronicity SYNCH). These findings are robust with the intangibility ratio as a proxy of information asymmetry for all four periods (including the pre-crisis period). To the best of the author’s knowledge, such results are presented for the first time, and will add to the Islamic banking literature. Second, mixed results were found for the credit risk levels in Islamic and conventional banking credit risk for the four periods when Z-score and non-performing loans are used as credit risk proxy measures. However, the robustness check shows that there are no significant differences between Islamic and conventional banks in their credit risk for all of the different periods used in the study. This suggests that despite the different nature of both banks, their credit risk for the study periods do not statistically differ. These results contradict some prior studies conducted in the same area. Nevertheless, using only publicly listed banks, this thesis covers a longer period than other studies and investigates credit risk in four periods while using a combination of different control variables. Third, the results show that the profitability of Islamic banks is lower than conventional banks for the crisis, post-crisis and full sample period when using return-on-asset and return-on-equity as profitability measures. However, there are no significant differences between Islamic and conventional banks’ profitability during the pre-crisis period. These results are robust. Nevertheless, they affirm some prior studies’ findings and contradict others. This thesis uses up-to-date data for a longer period and investigates the profitability of publicly listed Islamic and conventional banks four different periods. Its findings add to the Islamic banking literature.
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Vick, Sondra Kay. "Investment centers that are feasible in a credit union." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1758.
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This project will identify the options available to a credit union desiring to open an office of the securities industry to provide investment products and advisory services to its member. The three options identified are becoming a branch office of an established broker/dealer, becoming an introducing broker/dealer, or purchasing an existing broker/dealer. An analysis will identify the required needs of an account executive in a computer system, client statements, and client confirmations. It will also analysis the capital requirements, the expenses of opening and running an office, fees charged to clients, and the licenses required. This project will show that any of these three options are feasible for a credit union but which option is chosen will be determined by the size and capital of the credit union undertaking this business venture.
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He, Wentao. "Credit market under the risk-based capital requirement." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648831.
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Hellström, Ängerud Linnéa. "Credit Risk Assessment of Real Estate Companies : How does the Credit Assessment of Banks and Bond Investors Differ?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211143.
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The vast majority of the Swedish real estate companies are to some extent financed by debt and are dependent on external capital when expanding their business. Swedish real estate companies have traditionally financed their business through bank loans, but as a result of – among other things – stricter regulations, an increasing share of the Swedish real estate companies seek funding in the capital market, and corporate bonds in particular have emerged as an alternative to bank loans. In all types of lending, whether it is a bank loan or an investor who buys a bond, the lender must assess the credit risk of the company and / or the bond. This is to ensure the company's repayment ability and that the borrower gets sufficient compensation for the risk undertaken. In this thesis, the credit risk assessment process has been evaluated from two different perspectives to explore if there are any differences in the assessment conducted by banks and bond investors. In this thesis, it appears that the differences between the different parties' assessment are relatively small and that both parties evaluate approximately the same parameters and key performance indicators.De allra flesta fastighetsbolag i Sverige finansierar sig delvis genom externt kapital och är beroende av nya krediter när de vill utöka sin verksamhet. Svenska fastighetsbolag har traditionellt sett finansierat sig via banklån men på grund av bland annat striktare regleringar väljer alltfler fastighetsbolag att söka finansiering på kapitalmarknaden, där framförallt företagsobligationer har växt fram som ett alternativ till bankfinansiering. I alla typer av kreditgivning, oavsett om det handlar om banklån eller en investerare som köper en obligation, måste kreditgivaren göra en kreditriskbedömning av bolaget och/eller obligationen. Detta för att säkerställa bolagets återbetalningsförmåga och att långivaren får tillräcklig kompensation för den risk denne tar. I det här examensarbetet har kreditriskbedömningsprocessen utvärderats från två olika perspektiv för att se om det går att hitta några skillnader i bedömningen utförd av banker respektive obligationsinvesterare. Resultatet tyder på att skillnaderna mellan de olika parternas bedömning inte är särskilt stora utan båda parter utvärderar ungefär samma parametrar och nyckeltal.
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Mulder, Gert Jan. "Banks, credit and culture : cross border lending and credit ratings, their effectiveness and the impact of cultural differences." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7226.
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Having the author been involved in banking and finance for almost 25 years, this thesis intends to reflect on the role of banks with emphasis on cross border lending and credit rating, their effectiveness and the impacts of cultural differences. Perhaps this would not differ substantially from a researcher or a scholar, yet the exploratory approach taken in this research will be somewhat different as it deliberately seeks to answer a number of questions relevant to practitioners in today’s banking. In trying to achieve this goal, this thesis hopefully may find its way to international bankers wondering about the perspectives of their business in general and their profession in specific. It even may perhaps improve the understanding of their clients. The Basel committee which published the new Basel II framework on bank regulation and supervision was the result of long and careful discussions, wide consultations and comprehensive impact studies. Whereas Basel II covers the entire risk profile and supervision of financial institutions, this research is limited to the cross border lending by banks to companies and provides the views from both practicing international bankers and their customers on their 3 expectations regarding Basel II, credit rating and the relevance of context and culture differences. Bankers all over the world are being trained on how to read balance sheets, yet less attention is being paid as to by whom they are being created and how precisely these balance sheets came into existence, other than the accountancy standards applied. Bankers furthermore seem to agree on the fact that credit risks in large part are related to the management competencies, effective corporate governance and integrity of management and organization. The argument could be made that the assessment of management capabilities, governance and integrity may be hindered in those cases where the culture is little understood. In a three days conferences titled; “The Future of Relationship Banking”, 80 senior executives from international banks and large companies were gathered in Punta del Este, Uruguay and were asked to speak about these aspects. A transcript of the conference is provided as annex to this thesis (Annex 1) and serves to triangulate the findings of the research. Main findings of three management papers were presented by the researcher during the conference. A survey was performed during the conference and in addition, through an online survey, in total over 100 practitioners in the field participated in the survey. Results show a variation of conclusions, but very especially seem to confirm the view, contrary to the approach taken in Basel II, that cultural differences and context are felt to be highly relevant in cross border lending.
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CAPELETI, PAULO RODRIGO. "MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICIES AT WORK: HOW DO GOVERNMENT-OWNED BANKS AFFECT CREDIT MARKETS?" PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35232@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Como políticas macroprudenciais no mercado de crédito afetam o spread bancário? Para responder essa questão nós propomos um modelo de competição bancária que contempla diferenças de comportamento observadas entre bancos públicos e privados bem como particularidades do mercado de crédito para pessoas jurídicas vis-à-vis o mercado de crédito para pessoas físicas. Nós resolvemos o modelo e o calibramos usando parâmetros da economia Brasileira, onde os bancos públicos possuem quase metade do estoque de crédito da economia, além de terem desempenhado forte papel contracíclico no mercado de crédito nos últimos anos. Subsequentemente, nós usamos as condições de equilíbrio do modelo para estudar os efeitos de medidas macroprudenciais no mercado de crédito sobre os spreads bancários. Os resultados mostram que políticas de expansão de crédito via bancos públicos são mais eficientes em reduzir o spread quando implementadas durante períodos de recessão do que quando implementadas em períodos expansão econômica.
How countercyclical macroprudential credit policies affect the loan spread? To answer this question, we propose a microeconomic model of bank competition that contemplates differences in the behavior of public and private banks and the peculiarities of the market for corporate loans vis-a-vis the market for consumer loans. We solve the model and calibrate it using parameters of the Brazilian economy, where government-owned banks not just have accounted for almost half of the outstanding loans in the credit market but also have played a strong countercyclical role in the economy. Subsequently, we use the equilibrium conditions of the model to study the effects of macroprudential credit policies on loan spreads. The results indicate that credit expansion by public banks is more effective to reduce loans interest rates during recession periods than during periods of economic expansion.
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De, Wet Albertus Hendrik. "A macroeconometric framework for credit portfolio modelling in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30363.
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Driven by intense competition for market share, banks across the globe have allowed credit portfolios to become less diversified (across all dimensions country, industry, sector and size) and have become willing to accept lesser quality assets on their books. As a result, even well capitalised banks could come under severe solvency pressure when global economic conditions turn. The banking industry has realised the need for more sophisticated loan origination and credit and capital management practices. To this end the reforms introduced by the Bank of International Settlement through the New Basel Accord (Basel II) aims to include exposure specific credit risk characteristics within the regulatory capital requirement framework, but is still not able to allow diversification and concentration risk to be fully recognised within the credit portfolio. In order to enhance earnings and liquidity profiles, active credit portfolio management is becoming a central part of capital management within the banking industry. If any risk mitigation or value enhancing activity is to be pursued, a credit portfolio manager must be able to identify the interdependencies between exposures in a portfolio and relate macroeconomic credit risk into tangible portfolio effects. The core principle for addressing practical questions in credit portfolio management lies in the ability to link the cyclical or systematic components of firm credit risk with the firm’s own idiosyncratic credit risk as well as the systematic credit risk component of every other exposure in the portfolio. Most structural credit portfolio management approaches have opted to represent the general economy or systematic risk by a single risk factor. The systematic component of all exposures, the process generating asset values and therefore the default thresholds are homogeneous across all firms. Indeed this Asymptotic Single Risk Factor (ASRF) model has been the foundation for Basel II. However the ASRF approach does not allow for enough flexibility when answering real life questions. Commercially available credit portfolio models have made an effort to address this issue by introducing more systematic factors in the asset-value-generating process. From a practitioner’s point of view, however, these models are often a “black-box” which allows little economic meaning or inference to be attributed to systematic factors. The methodology proposed by Pesaran, Schuermann, Treutler and Weiner (PSTW) (2006) has made a significant advance in credit risk modelling because it avoids the usage of proprietary balance sheet and distance to default data, instead focussing on credit ratings which are more freely available. Linking an adjusted structural default model to a structural global econometric (GVAR) model means that credit risk analysis and portfolio management can be done by using a conditional loss distribution estimation and simulation process. The GVAR model used in PSTW (2006) comprises a total of 25 countries and accounts for 80 per cent of world production, but does not include an African component. This thesis proposes a country-specific macroeconometric risk driver engine which is compatible with and could feed into the GVAR model and framework using vector error-correcting (VECM) techniques. This allows conditional loss estimation of a South African-specific credit portfolio and opens the door for credit portfolio modelling on a global scale because such a model can easily be linked into the GVAR model. By using firm-specific asset value functions, the outcomes from the macroeconometric vector error-correcting model (VECM) is translated into default probabilities and used to perform credit risk analysis and scenario analysis on a fictitious portfolio of corporate bank loans within the South African economy. These results can be used in credit portfolio management or standalone credit risk analysis which means that practical credit portfolio management and value enhancing applications can be performed.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Economics
unrestricted
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Kreivi, Tommy, and Christian Skenberg. "Statutory Audit : Do banks benefit from statutory audit?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-640.
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Abstract
Problem In Sweden, there is currently a debate concerning statutory audit. Different stakeholders debate whether the government should change the legis-lation concerning statutory audit for limited companies below a certain size. A study made by Thorell & Norberg (2005) and other researchers are of the opinion that banks are positive toward statutory audit. We find it very reasonable for banks to have this positive opinion, but we ask ourselves if the importance of the statutory audit is so great that it is reason enough for the banks to be an influential part in the ongoing debate.
Purpose The purpose of the thesis is to contribute to the debate regarding statutory audit for small limited companies by studying the argument that banks and credit processes benefit from statutory audit.
Method This study was conducted through a qualitative method. The data was collected by interviewing representatives from three banks. We investigated and compared the process of granting credits for unregistered firms, partnerships and small limited companies. This means that we compared credit processes for companies that are under the regulation of statutory audit and companies that are not.
Conclusions Based on this study, we agree with Thorell & Norberg (2005), that banks positive attitudes towards statutory audit is based on convenience rather than real benefits. Banks can conduct the same research for small limited companies, as for unregistered firms and partnerships. The personal responsibility for unregistered firms and partnerships is no defence in keeping the statutory audit, because it is of minor importance. As the bank representatives in this study do not know what an audit consist of, we can see no reason for them to say that the statutory audit should be kept. An auditor’s advice can create benefits for the company that is greater than the cost of the audit, but we can not see why the statutory audit should be kept because of this. Company representatives can hire an auditor or an-other advisor whenever he/she wants. Based on the results from this study, we can see no reason to keep the statutory audit for small limited companies, from a bank perspective.
Sammanfattning
Problem I Sverige pågår en debatt om revisionsplikten. Olika intressenter debatte-rar om regeringen ska ändra lagstiftningen om revisionsplikt för aktiebo-lag under en viss storlek. En studie av Thorell & Norberg (2005) och andra studier visar att banker är positivt inställd till revisionsplikten. Vi anser det vara rimligt att bankerna har denna positiva inställning, men vi ifrågasätter om revisionsplikten är så viktig för bankerna så att de kan vara en inflytelserik aktör i debatten.
Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra till debatten angående revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag genom att undersöka argumentet att banker och kreditgivningsprocesser gynnas av revisionsplikt.
Metod Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ metod. Data insamlades genom intervjuer med tre banker. Vi undersökte och jämförde kreditgivningsprocessen för enskilda firmor, handelsbolag och små aktiebolag. Det innebär att vi jämförde kreditprocessen för både företag som har revisionsplikt på sig och de som inte har det.
Slutsats Baserat på denna studie, så håller vi med Thorell & Norberg (2005), att bankernas positive inställning till revisionsplikten är baserad på bekvämlighet istället för riktig nytta. Banker kan genomföra samma undersökningar på små aktiebolag som på enskilda firmor och handelsbolag. Bristen på personaligt betalningsansvar i aktiebolag ingen ursäkt för att behålla revisionsplikten, då den enligt bankerna är av mindre betydelse. Eftersom representanterna för bankerna i denna studie inte vet vad som innefattas i en revision, så kan vi inte se att de har någon grund att påstå att revisionsplikten ska vara obligatorisk. Råden från en revisor kan skapa större fördelar än vad kostnaden för revisionen är, men vi kan inte förstå varför man ska behålla revisionsplikten på grund av detta. Företagens representanter kan anlita revisorer eller andra rådgivare ändå. Baserat på resultaten från denna studie så kan vi inte någon anledning till att behålla revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag, ur ett bankperspektiv.
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Hirani, Pranav. "Dynamic models of credit ratings and default probabilities." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5998.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 17, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Monteiro, Marta de Melo Dias. "The unavoidable link between credit expansion and money creation." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12872.
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Mestrado em FinançasO propósito desta dissertação é clarificar a ligação entre criação de dinheiro e expansão de crédito, explicando como é realmente criada a moeda, e como a clara percepção desta ligação pode ajudar a encontrar soluções para a crise económica. Depois da Grande recessão de 2007/08 muitos esforços foram tomados a nível global mas muitos países ainda enfrentam preocupações relativas ao seu desenvolvimento económico. Estas medidas serão explicadas e os seus resultados analisados. Distinguindo os países que emitem a própria moeda dos outros, como os países da zona Euro, é possível perceber as melhores medidas a serem tomadas por cada um deles e quais as falhas no sistema. Duas soluções simples serão propostas no fim desta dissertação de forma a ajudar os países da zona Euro que ainda enfrentam a recessão a alcançar melhores resultados económicos.
The purpose of this dissertation is to clarify the link between money and credit expansion, by explaining how money is really created, and how the understanding of this link could be of great help in order to solve an economic crisis. After the Great Recession of 2007/08 many efforts were taken globally but many countries are still perturbed in their economic path. Those measures will be discussed and their results analysed. Distinguishing countries that are issuers of their own currency from the other ones, like Eurozone countries, it becomes possible to understand the best measures to be taken by each one and what the flaws in the system are. Two basic solutions are proposed in the end of this dissertation in order to help Eurozone countries that still face a recession to reach better economic results.
N/A
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Al-Shawabkeh, Abdallah. "Developing a knowledge management approach to support managing credit risk in Jordanian banks." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6361/.
Full textAbstract:
It is becoming increasing clear that; in banks; the sharing of knowledge amongst the senior executives has not been as effective as it should have been. The lack of knowledge amongst senior executives about the level of risks taken in sub-prime lending, the resulting "toxic assets‟ and the global nature of the instruments used to spread risks is said to be the main contributing reason for the current worldwide crisis in banks. Banks in Jordan, the focus of this study, are not immune from the exposure to the risks. The banking sector in Jordan is the most important in the Jordanian national economy and has effectively contributed to improving economic development through its important role in mobilising savings and channelling them into different fields of investment. Therefore, the overall aim of this research is to propose that developing a knowledge management (KM) approach to support managing credit risk will help banks in general, and Jordanian banks in particular, in improving the process of managing credit risk. To reach the aim, several objectives have been constructed: 1. Reviewing current status of KM and its relationship with CRM 2. Developing a scale to measure KM behaviour and practices 3. Determining current KM status in Jordanian banks 4. Building a CR decision support system using internal implicit knowledge to reduce the rate of defaults. As a result of this research, a KM approach has been developed to support managing credit risk. The approach contains the following steps: identify, measure, analyse, improve, and evaluate. Using the new KM approach, the main conclusion of this research suggest that considering credit risk management and KM together gives a much stronger basis for banks to manage credit risk.
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Albaz, Naif. "Modelling credit risk for SMEs in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13044.
Full textAbstract:
The Saudi Government’s 2030 Vision directs local banks to increase and improve credit for the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of the economy (Jadwa, 2017). Banks are, however, still finding it difficult to provide credit for small businesses that meet Basel’s capital requirements. Most of the current credit-risk models only apply to large corporations with little constructed for SMEs applications (Altman and Sabato, 2007). This study fills this gap by focusing on the Saudi SMEs perspective. My empirical work constructs a bankruptcy prediction model based on logistic regressions that cover 14,727 firm-year observations for an 11-year period between 2001 and 2011. I use the first eight years data (2001-2008) to build the model and use it to predict the last three years (2009-2011) of the sample, i.e. conducting an out-of-sample test. This approach yields a highly accurate model with great prediction power, though the results are partially influenced by the external economic and geopolitical volatilities that took place during the period of 2009-2010 (the world financial crisis). To avoid making predictions in such a volatile period, I rebuild the model based on 2003-2010 data, and use it to predict the default events for 2011. The new model is highly consistent and accurate. My model suggests that, from an academic perspective, some key quantitative variables, such as gross profit margin, days inventory, revenues, days payable and age of the entity, have a significant power in predicting the default probability of an entity. I further price the risks of the SMEs by using a credit-risk pricing model similar to Bauer and Agarwal (2014), which enables us to determine the risk-return tradeoffs on Saudi’s SMEs.
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Cunningham, Reba Love. "An Empirical Investigation of Common Characteristics of Commercial Banks Using Standby Letters of Credit, Letters of Credit, Interest Rate Swaps, and Loan Sales." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332723/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research is to identify common characteristics of commercial banks that are likely to engage in large dollar volumes of OBS financial instruments. Four financial instruments examined are standby letters of credit, letters of credit, interest rate swaps, and loan sales.
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Sapkota, Manish. "Trend Analysis of Nepalese Banks from 2005-2010." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/19.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to examine the banking industry of Nepal from 2005 to 2010 to track the causes of banking crisis of 2011 using theories of macro-economics and finance as a conceptual starting point. In 2011, several commercial and development banks faced severe liquidity crisis that caused panic in the general public. Banks lost large amount of money in their loan and investment portfolios, which compelled the Government of Nepal to inject liquidity in the market. In the recent past years leading to the banking crisis of 2011, there was rapid change in the size and activity of banking industry. This paper analyzes changes that occurred in the financial market in the period of 2005 to 2010 that triggered the banking crisis. The roles of remittance, credit expansion and asset bubble have been analyzed in terms of their connection to the liquidity crisis.
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Hellgren, Hilda. "Fasta förbindelser : en studie av låntagare hos sparbanken och informella kreditgivare i Sala 1860-1910 /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3587.
Full text
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Larose, Louis Rene Peter. "Modelling of corporate credit risk, banks' stock returns, and the effect of risk-based capital standards on the UK commercial banks." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633218.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is made up of three stand-alone research papers on the UK commercial banking. The first paper investigates how changes in the macroeconomic conditions, companies' liquidity position, and the financial market indicators affect corporate credit risk over different business cycles. The novelty of this study is that it uses a " total risk" model. The study employs a panel of 130 companies from fifteen industries which were listed on the London Stock Exchange for a period of 26 years. We use a logit estimation technique to conduct the empirical analysis. We find that the liquidity position of both high and low capital intensive companies is the key determinant in influencing credit risk especially when real GDP is in decline. Adverse changes in macroeconomic variables (e.g. inflation and interest rates) can also influence default risk in the long run. On the other hand, financial market variables provide mixed result. We also find that an increase in real GDP reduces the probability of default risk. The second paper examines the effect of changes in macroeconomic conditions, banks' specific, and financial market variables on UK banks' stock returns over the business cycle 1988-1997. A sample of 27 commercial banks (e.g. local and foreign) listed on the London Stock Exchange for a period of ten years was selected. We use a Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique with a balanced panel data set to carry out our empirical analysis. This study also employs a " total risk " model, hence, an innovation over previous studies in this area. We find a positive unit change in banks' profitability (NPBT) variable increases local banks' stock returns by 9.7%, and the foreign banks by 12.6%. Meanwhile, a positive unit change in the portfolio risk for both local and foreign banks increase stock returns approximately by 0.01%. Likewise, a positive unit change in macroeconomic variables (e.g. inflation and interest rates) adversely affect the local and foreign banks' stock return. The financial market variable PE increases returns for the local banks by almost 1%. We also find that a positive unit change in real GDP accelerates banks' stock return by 1 %. The third research study concentrates on the risk-based capital (RBC) standards on the UK commercial banks capital-asset ratio and portfolio risk. A sample of 41 banks (e.g. local and foreign) operating in the UK was selected. The data set covers a period often years from 1988-1997. We use a GMM simultaneous equation model to estimate our empirical analysis. From our regression result, we compute an elasticity response of the independent variables on capital-asset ratio and portfolio risk. We find that a positive unit change by the size (e.g total assets), bank holding company (BHC), change in risk (APRISK), net profit after tax (NPAT), and taxation/income (TAXIN) variables decelerate changes in capita-asset ratio. A positive unit change in gearing (GER) variable accelerates changes in capital-asset ratio by 0.80%. On the other hand, a positive unit change by size, bank holding company (BHC), change in capital (ACAP), and non performing loans/total assets (NPLASS) variables decelerates portfolio risk. Gearing (GER) variable also accelerates portfolio risk by 14.76%. We conclude that the implementation of the RBC standards by the UK regulatory agency has been effective in achieving the aim of the Basle Accord in increasing capital and reduce portfolio risk.
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Senakosava, Hanna. "Dividends and risks in banks : An investigation of a relationship between dividends and risks in Nordic banks." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110641.
Full textAbstract:
Banks represent one of the most important parts of the economy in the world. As a result, decisions of bank management affect not just the direct bank stakeholders but the state of the economy and society as a whole. This became evident during the latest financial crisis in 2007 where the failure of one bank resulted in the domino falling that affected banks globally. The regulators increase their attention to the risks that bank face and their measures and requirements. Therefore, the research within the banking area has important consequences from both theoretical and practical side. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether there is a relationship between dividends that Nordic banks pay and different types of risks such as market, credit (including default), liquidity and operational. The results of the research will contribute to the knowledge in finance and help different stakeholders to understand possible reasons for different dividends level. The methodological position works as a foundation for the conduction of the research. The epistemological and ontological views applied in this project are positivism and objectivism. The deductive research approach and quantitative research strategy are used for the research and thus the collection and analysis of the archival data of 19 Nordic banks over five year time horizon. The research can therefore be described as a panel study. Based on the previous research papers the following proxies for risks have been used in the research: market risk – capital requirement for market risk to total assets, credit risk – loan loss provisions to total assets, default risk – Altman Z-score, liquidity risk –liquidity coverage ratio, operational risk – economic capital (capital requirement) for operational risk to total asset. Ordinary Least Square regression analysis is performed over the collected data in order to fulfil the purpose of the project. The tests results identify that there are no statistically significant relationship between dividends and market, credit, default and liquidity risks and the statistically significant negative relationship between the dividends and operational risk in Nordic banks. These findings contribute to a new knowledge within the finance and banking area in particular. Additionally, this project might be used as a foundation for the further research within the field. The findings are also useful for stakeholders in understanding banks risk level.
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Delbrouck, Loralee Yanya Athena. "Beyond banking:the potential for credit union participation in community economic development." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5248.
Full textAbstract:
Many communities in Canada are experiencing high levels of unemployment, poverty,
social breakdown and environmental degradation. In an effort to address these problems,
individuals, community groups and all levels of government, are experimenting with an
approach to development called community economic development (CED). CED is a
grassroots, bottom-up process that focuses on the creation of stable, viable, and equitable
local economies. In trying to implement CED strategies, communities and individuals face
many obstacles, one of the most significant of which is a lack of capital. Credit unions are
locally-owned and controlled co-operative financial institutions with access to significant
pools of “local” capital and therefore logical places for communities to turn. This thesis
explores ways these institutions can support community economic development in their
communities.
An examination of the literature and interviews with credit union leaders and CED
practitioners, demonstrate that most credit unions are not involved in CED lending. Nor are
they particularly committed to CED ideals. This being said, however, the research shows
that there are a few credit unions, in both Canada and the United States, that do participate
in CED. These credit unions--some with a holistic commitment to CED, others with a
partial commitment--support CED in a variety of ways, only one of which is through
financing. In addition to providing access to capital, these credit unions fulfil other support
functions such as providing technical assistance, building “community” and supporting
community infrastructure development.
Credit unions that participate in CED are not typical of the credit union movement.
Most credit unions do not play a role in supporting community economic development in
their communities. The study found that there are significant barriers to their participation in
CED, barriers such as a lack of vision, the nature of CED lending, and competition from
private financial institutions. In order for credit unions to participate in CED, these barriers
must be removed. Ways to reduce some of the barriers are explored in the thesis. The
research shows that in order to be able to participate in CED, credit unions require: a
committed leadership, staff with community development expertise, new deposits of capital, a
means of subsidizing the costs of CED lending, and institutional mechanisms that reduce risk
as well as government support. Ways for credit unions to fulfil these needs are outlined.
Lastly, research findings are summarized and conclusions are drawn about the role individual
credit unions can play in CED. The kinds of initiatives credit union centrals, governments
and planners can adopt to support credit unions in this work also explored.
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Wu, Mei-yen, and 吳美燕. "New Basel II Accord SME credit guarantee with the potential for development for example M bank." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jbt2wy.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
財務管理學系研究所
95
SME Credit Guarantee Fund established for the express purpose is to supply SME credit guarantee with the potential for development but lack the Collateral. It was financial institutions and credit financing. This study was based on a combination of market-based risk neutral evaluation model and insurance actuarial Principle assess the SME Credit Guarantee Fund to ensure that the current main business of insurance rates, According to the estimate and to the SME Credit Guarantee Fund and commercial banks to be charged with considerable risk of price compensation. In the management of business credit guarantees default risk. Bank of samples by the empirical results show that under this model receivable procedures for estimating costs, and the total amount of compensation rather, past a single 0.75% guaranteed rates significantly undervalued, with a single rate is the inverse effect of choice, nearly half over the industry higher than the current guarantee fee from the top 1.5%. If a word, which is the standard fees, fear is still not allow the fund to two-profit and loss. The model is a simple response to both the characteristics of market information, for the SME Credit Guarantee Fund in the risk management and pricing rates to be on the reference. Keywords:SME Credit Guarantee Fund. Credit risk. Risk management. Insurance Actuarial Model
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Кривич, Яна Миколаївна, Яна Николаевна Кривич, and Yana Mykolaivna Kryvych. "Принципи управління інноваційним потенціалом фінансово-кредитної установи." Thesis, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/57733.
Full textAbstract:
Формування ефективного ринку банківських послуг, а також поступове
підвищення вимог до якості їх послуг вимагає від банків розробки та реалізації
інноваційних заходів та накопичення потенціалу інноваційного розвитку.
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Chang, Jason, and 張永豪. "Credit rating of banks─empirical analysis of newly banks." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39788021447681037784.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽大學
財務金融系碩士班
87
Credit rating provides valuable information to investors and bond issuers. In Taiwan, scholars have paid attention to the relevant study recently years. This present study takes the financial data of sixteen newly banks from 1993 to 1997. We have three procedures. First, by factor analysis, several financial indicators and weights are selected. Second, by fuzzification, the fuzzy weights are obtained by using the weights of financial indicators selected each year. The fuzzy rating model is formulated then. Finally, the score of each bank is obtained. These banks are ranking to the score of each bank. From empirical analysis, it is found that the score of each bank is can show the credit of each bank.
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Sheng-Chen, Ta, and 陳達生. "How could commercial banks avoid credit risk by using credit derivatives." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06018882952351067604.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
93
Abstract The Bank for International Settlement will implement BASEL II on 2006. This new Accord has made some big changes on the calculation and evaluation of the credit risk. It also allows banks to employ some credit risk mitigation skills. Thus, it is foreseeable that, among the commercial banks, the improvement of credit risk management ability and skill and the application of the credit risk mitigation skills will have some critical effects on bank performance and its capital savings. This research studied the commercial banks（1）how to establish selection system for hedging and use credit risk model to select proper loan assets to avoid credit risk by using credit derivatives;（2）how to price Credit Default Swap;（3）how to evaluate the effect of –Credit Default Swap and Credit Linked Note - on its’ capital charges. The empirical results are summarized below： The underlying assets of the credit derivatives shall be companies with open information. Thus, we picked companies that are openly traded in the security markets for more than 3 years. We also selected companies with non-fully secured loan exceeded NT$ 100 millions, or those with industry-specified loan ratio reached 80% of bank’s net asset value. We then used KMV and Logit model to calculate for their probability of default, and CreditManager for credit value-at-risk, to select those customers with higher credit risk to be the target of credit risk avoidance. CDS price is higher than the loan yield spread. Thus the protection buyer, unwilling to pay for this credit spread, will consider market prices for other products, such as Asset Swap, to find a price that is lower than the theoretical CDS price yet acceptable to both the protection buyer and the protection seller, to be the actual offer price. Saving effect of capital charges on the credit derivatives will be affected by different maturity dates or currency between credit derivatives contract and loan contract of underlying assets. Basically, using CDS on the banking book, weighted index in calculating risk asset is 20%, whereas the CLN, due to its cash protection effect, has a weighted index of 0%. Both provide significant saving effect on capital charges.
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蔡笛韻. "Monetary Policy and the Credit Condition of Banks." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79429687915222050929.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
財務金融學系
89
Abstract: The paper examines the usage in IS-LM model which embodied an unconventional view of the monetary transmission mechanism whether or not the Fed policy works by affecting the bank loans. In using the relative moments in the U.S. bank loans and commercial paper, we examines if loan-supply can provide a clearer econometric identification of the lending channel on the monetary policy transmission or not. In addition, in this research we shall also include the discussion on how the existence of balance sheet channel and bank-lending channel react toward monetary policy. Lastly, the research will cover on whether or not different banks sizes will be holding opposing views in the result of the econometric identification of the lending channel on the monetary policy transmission. Noteworthy, for the in the investment and inventory equations in this research we adopted the AR1 error model in our tests. The sample period extends from January 1985 to December 1999. Conclusions are as following: In order for the monetary policy to affect the economy through a lending channel. There are two necessary conditions that must be fulfilled. The first condition is that the banks must be treated its loans and securities as imperfect substitutes on the asset side of their balance sheets, so that when monetary policy tightening, it will reduce the supply of the bank loans. The second condition that must be satisfied is that loans and nonbank sources of finance must also be imperfect substitutes for firms on the liability side of their balance sheet, so that when monetary policy affect on the reduced loan supply will result in a real effects. We find that the induced shifts in this mix also seem to affect the investment, even when we control the interest rate. In our data we find that bank sizing does not pose any major differences in their mix. Hence, from this research, we can conclude that the bank-lending channel does make a key prediction. Lastly, we can concluded that the loan-supply does provide a clearer econometric identification of the lending channel of monetary policy transmission, which can also be serve as a measure of changes in the monetary policy.
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Bogosi, Reka. "Comparative analysis of Spanish Banks’ Standalone credit profile." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/16779.
Full textAbstract:
The paper studies the relationship between four differently rated bank’s financial profile and their standalone credit rating issued by Moody’s. The comparative analysis shows an example that despite their pricing power and geographical coverage, larger banks do not necessarily have better credit ratings. Instead, business model and risk appetite seem to be the defining factors of banks’ vulnerability to shocks, such as the Spanish real estate crisis. The risk-return relationship is also identified in the banks’ fundamentals meaning that while expansionary strategy in riskier asset classes enhances margins, it also potentially distorts the credit risk profile.
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LIN, Yang-Chih, and 林揚智. "On Banks’ Credit Policy to Small Businesses-A Case on Credit Guaranty Fund." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99494617187490787224.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融所
98
In Taiwan small businesses account for a significant portion of all enterprises and financing via banks is the major channel for founding. However, the global financial meltdown and increased in non- performing loans have rendered funds even harder to garner for small businesses. The rescue plans by the governmend and the enhancement of the credit guaranty fund retain the vitality of small businesses and the banks’ willingness to lend, showing the importance of the credit guaranty fund.
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Kuan-Chun, Lin, and 林冠均. "A STUDY OF CREDIT EXTENSION TO TAIWANESE CORPORATE IN CHINA BY CHINESE BANKS, FOREIGN BANKS, AND TAIWANESE BANKS." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21520348903628578494.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
國際財務金融碩士在職專班
99
This study is to explore if credit evaluation and analysis among Taiwanese Banks, Chinese Banks, and Foreign Banks toward Taiwanese corporations in China have significant difference or variation. In addition, key factors and rationale causing the difference would be analyzed and investigated to provide insights and reasons. According to the statistic data provided by Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC), investments, in terms of both application and amount, on China are at top among oversea investments since the regulation release. However, the banking facility supports from Chinese banks are considered relative limited. Sufficient funding with various sources to support capital expenditure, raw materials purchase, or working capital needs, is one of key successful factors for corporation to execute its investment or expansion. Given the importance of funding support from banking community mentioned-above, this study covers three-type banks, including Taiwanese Banks, Chinese Banks, and Foreign Banks, to examine their credit policy and analysis. Total questionnaires are distributed to 32 banks. Effective questionnaires are 258 against collected 279, representing 92.5% hit rate. All data collected is examined by descriptive statistics and polynomial regression. The key summary is presented below. A. Credit Policy A1: short-term loan /facility Chinese Banks emphasized more on “collateral nature”; Credit officers with experience on credit extension to Taiwanese companies view a) borrower credit standing, b) operation performance, c) macro environment more important, but less focus on collaterals than credit officers with non-credit experience to Taiwanese companies. Marketing persons or loan officers pay more attention on borrower’s qualification or criteria than Risk (or credit department in some banks). A2: Term loan or long-term facility Taiwanese Banks weight more on a) borrower’s qualification or criteria, and b) financial indicators/performance. Officers with credit experience on Taiwanese companies in China put more scores on 1) macro environments and 2) other credit indicators, ie CPA opinions, or management turnover rate, etc., but less focus on collaterals than credit officers with non-credit experience to Taiwanese companies. Risk people pay less attention on 1) borrower’s qualification or criteria and 2) collaterals than market officers. B. Detailed credit analysis items B1: 27 items for short-term facility and 33 items for long-term facility are common and the importance by Taiwanese Banks, Chinese Banks, and Foreign Banks. B2: For common credit analysis items on short-term facility, Chinese Banks weight more on “litigation, illegal events, bounced check, or default” and other 3 items than Taiwanese and Foreign Banks. “CPA related concerns or frequent change of CPA” and the other item are more concerned by Taiwanese Banks. No significant item more emphasized by Foreign Banks is shown in this regard. B3: To common credit evaluation items on long-term debt or facility, Chinese Banks weight more on “collateral and subordinated rank” and other 3 items than Taiwanese and Foreign Banks. Taiwanese Banks pay more attention on “senior management, frequency of changing financial chief” and other 8 items. No significant item more emphasized by Foreign Banks is shown in this regard. C. credit experience and job function C1: To short-term facility, interviewees with credit experience on Taiwanese companies in China weight more on “age of company, focusing on core business, experience and expertise on industry”, and other 5 items, than interviewees without credit experience. Risk or Credit persons focus less on “market supply and demand on domestic and oversea market” and other 2 items, than marketing officers. C2: To long-term debt or facility, Interviewees with credit experience on Taiwanese companies in China emphasize more on “government’s policy and regulatory issues”, and other 5 items toward corporate than interviewees without credit experience to companies in China. Nevertheless, they score less “liquidity value of collateral” then non-China credit experience person. Risk or Credit persons focus less on “market supply and demand on domestic and oversea market” and other 4 items, than marketing officers.
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Thuy, Duong Thanh, and 楊彤. "Credit Risk Rating and Performance Benchmarking of Vietnamese Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29042942993014493272.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
財務金融學系
101
Vietnamese banking industry has been developing progressively in the recent years, playing a key role in the economic development process. The most typical and profitable services in Vietnamese commercial banks are credit activities which are considered to be high risk. To evaluate credit risk of Vietnamese banks, the financial analyst must consider financial factors to gain the most accurate credit rating. Therefore, the relationship between financial factors and credit rating of Vietnamese banks is studied in this paper with a desire to contribute a reference for credit rating system of Vietnamese banks. The research data includes 21 Vietnamese banks’ financial information from 2009 to 2011 provided by Bankscope and Moody’ website. In this research, the DEA (data envelopment analysis) method will be used. That results point out financial factors, especially debt ratio, ROA, ROE, equity to asset ratio, loans to asset ratio play important roles in determining credit rating. Our results are consistent with credit rating level of Vietnamese banks from Bankscope and credit rating agencies in general. Following these result, which Vietnamese bank has the highest credit rating is the most efficient bank and vice versa.
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Chih, Hsu Hung, and 許宏志. "A Comparative Analysis of Performance Evaluation in Transformed Banks of Credit Cooperatives and New Private Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59531648263048470168.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
101
The government has opened the new bank to be established and allow to reforming credit cooperative become to a bank since 1991, the banking environment faced with significant change. In the competition environment, making the banks are faced with strong price pressure. How to promotes own competition and management achievements of those transformed banks? How to compete with new banks? It is worth reflecting deeply. In this study, from 2007 to 2012 restructuring six annual data as a sample of 11 banks (five transformed banks and six new private banks), a total of 66 test units (DMU) using DEA approach (Data Envelopment Analysis), three intput variables (interest expenses, personnel expenses, and Equity) and two output variables (interest income, non-interest income) were used, comparative evaluation in the overall efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and use slack variable analysis on each sample banks and compare between transformed banks and new banks of each year. Using the slack analysis informed relatively inefficient banks should be improved in which direction, and finally, using the super efficiency model to sort technical efficiency value with the banks, to verify which bank's super efficiency is higher. The empirical results of this study are summarized as follows: 1.The analysis on operating efficiency, group of transformed banks are lower than group of new banks in the overall operating performance, but part of the transformed banks are not worse than group of new banks, the main reason is due to the scale efficiency are slightly worse. 2.Among the transformed banks, best bank in the overall performance evaluation are Shin Kong Bank and COTA Commercial Bank.
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Fonseca, Gonçalo Tavares Ferreira Ciravegna da. "Does bank credit risk impact deposit allocation in commercial banks? : the case of US commercial banks." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31364.
Full textAbstract:
In the last years, with the occurence of many financial banking crises worldwide, bank credit risk has been a focus of the market. This thesis aims to analyse whether depositants do care about bank credit risk when they allocate their deposits in commercial banks or not. The literature rarely focuses on this crucial relationship between bank credit risk and deposit demand.
In order to further develop this topic, a demand model was defined and estimated applying the characteristic methodology and using multinomial logit and nested multinomial logit specifications. Many bank observed characteristics were included, such as deposit interest rate, service fees, number of branches, number of employees, bank size and bank credit risk.
Using a sample of US commercial banks between 2009 and 2015, findings suggest that depositors react to deposit interest rates and bank size in a positive and statistically significant way when choosing a bank. In addition to that, consumers do care about banks geographic diversification, but they do not consider bank credit risk in a statistically significant way, when deciding their deposits allocation.Nos últimos anos, com a ocorrência de várias crises bancárias por todo o mundo, o risco de crédito dos bancos tornou-se um foco para o mercado. Este Trabalho Final de Mestrado tem como objetivo analisar se os depositantes têm em consideração o risco de crédito dos bancos quando decidem alocar os seus depósitos. De facto, este tópico raramente é o foco da análise de pesquisas no setor bancário, que apresentam poucas conclusões neste âmbito. Com vista ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho, um modelo de procura de depósitos foi definido e estimado, aplicando a metodologia das características e especificações multinomial logit e nested multinomial logit. Várias características observáveis dos bancos foram incluídas na nossa análise, como por exemplo a taxa de juro de depósitos, comissões de serviço, número de balcões, número de empregados, tamanho do banco e risco de crédito. Tendo por base a análise de bancos comerciais americanos entre os anos 2009 e 2015, as conclusões sugerem que os depositantes reagem à taxa de juro dos depósitos e ao tamanho do banco de uma forma positiva e estatisticamente significativa. Para além disso, os depositantes também têm em consideração a diversificação geográfica dos bancos, mas não reagem ao risco de crédito de uma forma estatisticamente significativa, no momento de alocar os seus depósitos.
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Su, Kwung-Shih, and 蘇廣世. "The Research on Planning of Credit Policy for Commercial Banks." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21361563760399590609.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
會計學系
92
The credit policy of commercial bank was conscientious and careful so far due to the crisis in the international financial market as well as the sluggish economy. High economic growth and flourishing development of industry is depend on the sufficient funds. However, the too conservative credit policy of commercial bank could hurdle the economy boom. The secured loan, which is evaluating on guarantees, was the largest proportion of commercial bank credit business in the past. There are two chief defects of the secured loan. The first one is ignoring to create cash management product, so that the creditor can’t reduce credit risk by controlling the cash flow of debtor and monitoring the change of operation. The second one is reducing loan spread bit by bit so as to impact profit capability of commercial bank during the period of oversupply funds and lower interest rate. The credit is the most important business and the main source revenue of commercial bank. This paper explored the planning ways of corporate banking by collecting laws and analyzing the cases. The purpose of this paper is to make efforts in win-win between customers and banks by analyzing successful cases on lowering credit risk, raising Cross-selling ratio, improving earning quality and furthering competitive position.
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Su-Ling, Kuo, and 郭素綾. "The Model of Credit Rating for Taiwan''''''''s Domestic Banks." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79062295686368543004.
Full text
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Pang, Chin-Yuan, and 龐欽元. "A Study on Credit Risk Rating Models of Agricultural Banks." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36765553676473792755.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
農業經濟學系
87
Because of the internationalization and Liberalization of the nation''s financial system, new banks have been established one by one, and the financial products have been changed very fast. The competition in loan making among banks has become harder. Then the banking cannot use leverage as ever, and both the revenues of interest and the profits are declining. Most banks start increasing the loan business, they may neglect the quality of loan. When the debtors are involved with recession, they may face cash insolvency and cash inadequacy. Therefore the environment of bank operation becomes more uncertain and risky. Agricultural banks (The Farmers Bank of China, Taiwan Land Bank and Taiwan Cooperative Bank) are the professional banks of agriculture. They play an important role in adjusting agricultural finance and providing credit related to agriculture. As result, banks urgently need a concrete and definite credit risk evaluation model as a criterion before loan making. The data of this study was derived from 102 sample stock companies listed in Taiwan stock exchange corporation, which the agricultural banks made loans to them. We used those companies with full delivery or were previously removed from the list as the criterion of credit crisis and then chose 34 credit crisis samples for data collection. On the other hand, we separately found 68 normal samples with the similar scales in the same industry by means of pair-making method. And all these 102 samples were divided into two groups: the first subsameple of 69 companies was used as the original set; the second subsameple consisted of 33 companies was used as the predictive set. The balance sheet, income statement, schedule of changes in stockholders'' equity and cash flow statement were traced back to 4 years before failure to compute the 20 annual financial ratios. The financial status of failure and non-failure companies were first compared and contrasted. The factor analysis was then applied to extract the most significant ratios in predicting the business failures. Based on the common ratios extracted annually, multiple discriminant analysis model, probit regression model and logistic regression model were developed by using the data of three years for each model prior to the credit failure. We can compare the differences and the predicted performances of these models. The empirical results led to the following conclusions: (1) The significant financial ratios were not identical in three years. 5 to 6 factors were extracted from 20 ratios through factor analysis, the variance of significant ratios were found to be 71.052%, 84.358% and 80.564% respectively. (2) As the study showed, the explanatory ability and discriminanting ability in this study were significant. The correct rates of the classification and the prediction of multiple discriminate analysis model in three years were separately 65.22%, 65.22% and 60.87%; 63.64%, 60.87% and 63.64%. Probit regression model were 76.81%, 73.91% and 75.36%; 75.76%, 66.67% and 75.76%. Logistic regression model were 78.26%, 73.91% and 75.36%; 75.76%, 66.67% and 75.76%. (3) The results of this research revealed that the logistic regression model performed better on both the correct classification and the prediction than the other two models.
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Liao, Tzu Pin, and 廖子彬. "An Empirical Analysis of Credit Card Pricing for Taiwan’s Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31870521142549222636.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
國際經濟研究所
101
The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. In this study, we use monthly data of Taiwan 36 banks from January 2008 to December 2012 to analysis the credit card interest rate pricing factors. Due to credit card circulation rate and revolving credit interest income are endogenous, so the analysis method uses 2SLS. The results showed that, in addition to credit cards and revolving credit revolving interest rates interest income, number of active cards, revolving credit balances, spending amount and the discount rate was statistically significant, the bank credit card interest rate cycle and its delinquency ratio is not statistically significant.