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Journal articles on the topic 'Credit rating assessments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Grigorieva, Elena M., and Darko Vukovic. "Assessing methodology of banks' ratings and their competitive positions: overview of main rating agencies." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 1 (2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-1-23-30.

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This paper analyzes methodologies of credit rating assessment of major rating agencies, with the focus on Fitch Ratings (Fitch). The methodology data were collected from Fitch Ratings. Also, the article review international literacy for factors and indicators adequacy in rating assessments. The purpose of this research is to overview literacy for the primary methodologies of banks' credit rating assessment. It was explained that ratios from financial indicators are most important for credit rating assessment. In some cases, in sovereign countries, support and macroeconomic factors are signific

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KUMAR MS, HEMANTH, and Dr HH RAMESHA. "Understanding Credit Rating Agencies in India: A Comparative Perspective." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 07 (2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem36868.

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This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the credit rating processes employed by major credit rating agencies in India, including CRISIL, ICRA, and CARE. The Indian economy's volatility poses challenges for investors, making the role of credit rating agencies crucial in assessing the creditworthiness of financial instruments. These agencies employ unique methodologies, rating instruments from AAA to D, based on various parameters, reflecting their risk assessments. While these ratings aid investors in making informed investment decisions, they also raise awareness about the associated ris

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Krejčíř, Jaroslav, Karel Doubravsky, and Petr Dostál. "Interconnectivity among Assessments from Rating Agencies: Using Cluster and Correlation Analysis." Business: Theory and Practice 15, no. (3) (2014): 261–68. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2014.26.

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The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a dependency among leading rating agencies assessments. Rating agencies are important part of global economy. Great attention has been paid to activities of rating agencies since 2007, when there was a financial crisis. One of the main causes of this crisis was identified credit rating agencies. This paper is focused on an existence of mutual interconnectivity among assessments from three leading rating agencies. The method used for this determines is based on cluster analysis and subsequently correlation analysis and the test of independe

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Jacobs Jr, Michael, Ahmet K. Karagozoglu, and Dina Naples Layish. "Credit risk signals in CDS market vs agency ratings." Journal of Risk Finance 17, no. 2 (2016): 194–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-07-2015-0070.

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Purpose This research aims to model the relationship between the credit risk signals in the credit default swap (CDS) market and agency credit ratings, and determines the factors that help explain the variation in such signals. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive analysis of the differences in the relative credit risk assessments of CDS-based risk signals and agency ratings is provided. It is shown that the divergence between credit risk signals in the CDS market and agency ratings is explained by factors which the rating agencies may consider differently than credit market participant

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Stellinga, Bart. "Why performativity limits credit rating reform." Finance and Society 5, no. 1 (2019): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v5i1.3016.

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The 2008 crisis made clear that credit rating agencies (CRAs) can contribute to systemic financial risk. Surprisingly, post-crisis reforms have hardly addressed the underlying problems, including rating agencies’ methodologies, their ratings’ homogeneity, and widespread market reliance on these signals. Current scholarship on CRA regulation blames policymakers’ unwillingness to fix systemic problems. This article draws on insights from the social studies of finance literature to provide a different explanation: the key obstacle is policymakers’ inability to fix these problems. The regulatory p

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Kotěšovcová, Jana, Jiří Mihola, and Petr Budinský. "The relationship between sovereign credit rating and trends of macroeconomic indicators." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (2019): 292–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.26.

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The sovereign credit rating provides information about the creditworthiness of a country and thereby serves as a tool for investors in order to make right decisions concerning financial assets worth investments. Thus, determination of a sovereign credit rating is a highly complex and challenging activity. Specialized agencies are involved in rating assessment. So, it’s essential to analyze the efficiency of their work and seek out easily accessible tools for generating assessments of such ratings. The objective of this article is to find out whether sovereign credit rating can be reliably esti

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Nancy, Belinda Basikolo, and Kumwenda Hastings. "Assessment of the effectiveness of credit rating techniques on loan repayment amidst prevailing economic challenges in Malawi: A case study of the mangochi NEEF branch." i-manager's Journal on Economics & Commerce 4, no. 3 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.26634/jecom.4.3.21073.

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This paper aims to determine if the credit rating methods used by the National Economic Empowerment Fund (NEEF) can assist Malawians in repaying loans during economic hardships. This paper examines the role of NEEF in national economic growth, analyzes its credit rating techniques, evaluates staff capabilities, identifies issues, and offers solutions. Motivated by concerns over inaccurate credit assessments leading to loan write-offs, this study emphasizes the impact of credit rating on economic decline. NEEF was formed in 2014, replacing MEDF and MARDEF, with the objectives of supporting MSME

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Hallman, Nicholas, and Inder K. Khurana. "State Pension Liabilities and Credit Assessments." Accounting Horizons 29, no. 4 (2015): 943–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-51213.

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SYNOPSIS We examine the decision relevance of a commonly suggested adjustment to how state governments report governmental pension liabilities by recalculating such pension liabilities using the return on a portfolio of high-quality municipal bonds as the discount rate. Calculated as the difference between the state's expected rate of return and the municipal bond return, we find that the discount rate adjustment associates with lower credit ratings and higher interest costs. We also find that credit rating agencies are more likely to issue conflicting ratings when the calculation of the disco

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GANZIUK, Svitlana, and Elmira KAHRAMANIAN. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DETERMINING THE CREDIT RATING OF BANKS IN UKRAINE." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(55) (2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.02.145.

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Introduction. The developed financial market implies the existence of a common system of classification of financial institutions by categories of reliability. Ratingscore allows the client to identify the bank in which it is safe to invest, and partners of the banking institutions inside the interbank market. Accordingly, issues of clarification of the essence of the Bank’s credit rating, the study of the theoretical peculiarities of its definition and practical aspects of its application in Ukraine become of particular urgency and importance. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study t

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Makarenko, E. A., and D. A. Oleinik. "MAIN RISKS OF APPLICATION OF CREDIT RATINGS OF INSURANCE COMPANIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 9/1, no. 139 (2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.09.01.010.

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The article considers the main list of disadvantages from using only the rating score formed by Russian rating agencies to analyze the creditworthiness of insurance companies. The main reasons leading to the distortion of an objective assessment of the level of creditworthiness of domestic insurers are analyzed. Compiled and analyzed summary information on all Russian insurers in the context of assessments of all rating agencies accredited by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Conclusions are drawn about the possible causes of deviations in the data obtained according to the default m

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Ordabayeva, Z. M., and A. N. Moldagulova. "BUILDING A CREDIT SCORING MODEL BASED ON THE TYPE OF TARGET VARIABLE." Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences, no. 1(9) (March 31, 2023): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53360/2788-7995-2023-1(9)-7.

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With the rapid development of big data and Internet technologies, companies engaged in big data financial platforms collect and systematize massive data through their own platforms, improve credit scoring parameters and use machine learning methods to conduct complex and scientific credit scoring assessments. Thus, banks face big problems when building credit scoring. Based on the limitations of the existing system and methods of personal credit rating, it is necessary to study personal credit rating based on machine learning methods, improve the parameters and scoring system of personal credi

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Barth, Mary E., Gaizka Ormazabal, and Daniel J. Taylor. "Asset Securitizations and Credit Risk." Accounting Review 87, no. 2 (2011): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-10194.

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ABSTRACT This study examines the sources of credit risk associated with asset securitizations and whether credit-rating agencies and the bond market differ in their assessment of this risk. Measuring credit risk using credit ratings, we find the securitizing firm's credit risk is positively related to the firm's retained interest in the securitized assets and unrelated to the portion of the securitized assets not retained by the firm. Measuring credit risk using bond spreads, we find the securitizing firm's credit risk is positively related to both the firm's retained interest in the assets an

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13

Lee, Yen-Jung. "The Effects of Employee Stock Options on Credit Ratings." Accounting Review 83, no. 5 (2008): 1273–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.5.1273.

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ABSTRACT: This paper examines whether outstanding employee stock options (ESOs), which represent the firm’s contractual obligation to deliver shares upon ESO exercise, affect firms’ credit ratings. I hypothesize that outstanding ESOs play two information roles—(1) suggesting equity infusion, and (2) predicting share repurchases—that help credit-rating agencies evaluate the issuing company’s debt service ability. Consistent with these hypothesized roles, results indicate that the present values of expected cash proceeds and tax benefits from ESO exercise have favorable effects on credit ratings

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de Haan, Jakob, and Fabian Amtenbrink. "Regulating Credit Ratings in the European Union: A Critical First Assessment of Regulation 1060/2009 on Credit Rating Agencies." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 6 (2009): 1915–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009077.

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In the wake of the global financial crisis, the European Parliament and Council Regulation 1060/2009 on Credit Rating Agencies has recently been published in the Official Journal of the European Union. With this Regulation the European Union takes a first step in addressing calls for a better regulation of the (global) financial markets including, among other things, overall improvements in the rating process of Credit Rating Agencies. According to some analysts, such as the Financial Stability Forum, poor credit assessments of complex structured credit products by Credit rating Agencies contr

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15

Abid, Amira, Fathi Abid, and Bilel Kaffel. "CDS-based implied probability of default estimation." Journal of Risk Finance 21, no. 4 (2020): 399–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-05-2019-0079.

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Purpose This study aims to shed more light on the relationship between probability of default, investment horizons and rating classes to make decision-making processes more efficient. Design/methodology/approach Based on credit default swaps (CDS) spreads, a methodology is implemented to determine the implied default probability and the implied rating, and then to estimate the term structure of the market-implied default probability and the transition matrix of implied rating. The term structure estimation in discrete time is conducted with the Nelson and Siegel model and in continuous time wi

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16

Kresaj, Lana, and Hrvoje Jošić. "Analysis of determinants influencing the credit ratings of European Union countries." Notitia 9, no. 1 (2023): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32676/n.9.1.4.

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The process of evaluating a country's risk involves numerous intricate factors that must be examined and considered prior to determining the ultimate credit rating. This paper will examine the pertinent factors that are taken into account when assessing an EU member state's creditworthiness. Some of the most significant factors considered when generating a credit rating evaluation include GDP growth, GDP per capita, inflation, governmental debt, and past performance in paying financial obligations. Examining the role of credit rating agencies and their evaluations in the economy, with a partic

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Myšková, Kateřina, and David Hampel. "Rating calibration." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020223.

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In this work we deal with the question of whether the evaluation of selected rating agencies is equivalent in some sense or not and whether it is possible to find a relationship between assessments. The fact that rating agencies affect not only financial market participants (by publication of companies or states ratings) is undeniable. On the one hand, these agencies are criticized for the rating changes, which have influence for example credit conditions for rated entity. On the other hand, ratings have a growing number of users for which ratings have become one of the few clues in today’s co

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Zeidan, Rodrigo, and Seye Onabolu. "The generalized sustainability credit rating system." Brazilian Review of Finance 21, no. 1 (2023): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v21n1.2023.88861.

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This article describes the steps required to generalize a sustainability credit rating system based on the analytical hierarchy process. We argue that such systems are ideal for commercial banks to improve their lending processes. Starting with the model by Zeidan et al. (2015), we transform the SCSS from a closed to an open platform by adding country and industry variables, two additional possible answers, and an explicit way to generate forward default probabilities. Finally, we illustrate the final report that could be used for similar models to help make banks greener. The final reports ar

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Baker, H. Kent, and Sattar A. Mansi. "Issuer Assessments of Credit Rating Agencies by Investment Grade." Journal of Investing 11, no. 1 (2002): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.2002.319495.

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Hill, Paula, Robert Brooks, and Robert Faff. "Variations in sovereign credit quality assessments across rating agencies." Journal of Banking & Finance 34, no. 6 (2010): 1327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.11.028.

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Dr. E K Satheesh, Shafna T,. "Assessing the Scholarly Landscape: A Bibliometric Journey through Credit Rating Agency Research." European Economic Letters (EEL) 13, no. 5 (2023): 1714–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/eel.v13i5.960.

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Credit Rating Agencies play a crucial role in the financial markets by providing independent assessments of borrowers' creditworthiness. Rating agencies give useful information about performance and creditworthiness of companies, which aids in reducing information asymmetry and it serve as a signal for the likelihood of default which allows investors and market participants to make informed decisions . It is considered as powerful institutions capable of influencing bond and stock prices. The credibility of rating agencies has been question due to their role in the 2008 financial crisis. Their

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Pooja V. "The Role of AI and ML in Alternative Credit Scoring in Fintech Lending." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 31s (2025): 16–22. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i31s.4956.

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This research examines the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) on alternative credit scoring in fintech lending, highlighting the effect of alternative data on financial inclusion and confidence in AI-based credit assessments. The study, using a sample size of 384 and evaluated via quantitative methodologies with SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), emphasizes the need for ethical frameworks and transparent governance to guarantee fairness and accountability in AI-driven credit assessments. Conventional credit assessment techniques often exclude persons

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Körner, Finn Marten, and Hans-Michael Trautwein. "Rating sovereign debt in a monetary union – original sin by transnational governance." Journal of Risk Finance 16, no. 3 (2015): 253–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-11-2014-0171.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that major credit rating agencies (CRAs) have been inconsistent in assessing the implications of monetary union membership for sovereign risks. It is frequently argued that CRAs have acted procyclically in their rating of sovereign debt in the European Monetary Union (EMU), underestimating sovereign risk in the early years and over-rating the lack of national monetary sovereignty since the onset of the Eurozone debt crisis. Yet, there is little direct evidence for this so far. While CRAs are quite explicit about their risk assessmen

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Sůvová, H. "The assessment of companies for external and internal purposes." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 3 (2012): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5175-agricecon.

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This article presents holistic concepts of companies&rsquo; assessments intended for two basic groups of users: internal and external. Companies&rsquo; assessments concentrated only on financial perspective are very single-track and already obsolete and therefore, further perspectives are used to complete companies&rsquo; assessments. Among concepts intended for internal assessments, the so-called balanced scorecard approach has developed since late nineties. This concept helps in company&rsquo;s strategic management. Moreover, there is a&nbsp;concept of EFQM Excellence mod

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Anikin, O. B., and V. D. Sheshin. "Comparative characteristics of the Standard&Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch ratings." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 10 (December 4, 2024): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-10-69-75.

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The activities of the leading international credit rating agencies Standard&Poor’s (S&P), Moody’s and Fitch, peculiarities of their work and existing differences have been considered. The relevance of the study lies in the comparative characterization of the listed agencies in the current conditions of the anti-Russian sanctions expansion and their strengthening after the beginning of the special military operation in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to compare the activities of the world’s leading rating agencies S&P, Moody’s and Fitch in modern conditions. The subject of the

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Şeker, Ayberk, and Mahmut Kadir İşgüven. "The Nexus Between Biodiversity and Sovereign Credit Ratings: Global Environmental and Economic Interdependencies from a Sustainability Perspective." Sustainability 17, no. 11 (2025): 4977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114977.

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This study explores the nuanced relationship between biodiversity and sovereign credit ratings, underscoring the link between environmental sustainability and economic resilience. As credit rating methodologies increasingly incorporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) dimensions alongside traditional macroeconomic indicators, biodiversity has emerged as a vital factor influencing sovereign creditworthiness. Drawing on a panel dataset of 62 countries—representing 91% of the global GDP and 81% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions—from 2001 to 2021, the research utilizes advanced ec

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Kazarinov, Viktor, and Natalia Zvyagintseva. "Criteria for the Effectiveness of Shadow Rating Models in Assessing the Creditworthiness of Low-Default Borrowers." Baikal Research Journal 14, no. 3 (2023): 822–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2023.14(3).822-834.

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Assessment of borrowers' creditworthiness is the most important process affecting the activities of a modern commercial bank. Creditworthiness assessment processes occur both at the stage of decision-making to issue a credit product and during the process of regular creditworthiness assessment for the purposes of reserving and calculating economic capital. This is the reason why the commercial bank needs to develop and maintain the effective models of credit rating estimation, which are able to determine the borrower's solvency accurately and steadily by predicting its probability of default.

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Goryacheva, Oxana P., Vladimir V. Kuzmin, and Anton S. Mitin. "DIGITAL RATING PLATFORM AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 5-6 (2022): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-5-6-08.

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The article proposes a reinterpretation of the prototype of a digital rating platform. The platform is considered as a tool for rating assessments of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as projects with their participation in impact investing. The reasons why there are difficulties associated with the verification and subsequent evaluation of ESG factors are given. The rating evaluation model is based on the primary verification of financial and economic indicators with the assignment of a credit rating. Credit rating is considered as an element of corporate governance. A rating evaluat

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Beaulieu, Emily, Gary W. Cox, and Sebastian Saiegh. "Sovereign Debt and Regime Type: Reconsidering the Democratic Advantage." International Organization 66, no. 4 (2012): 709–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818312000288.

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AbstractThe literature exploiting historical data generally supports the democratic advantage thesis, which holds that democracies can sell more bonds on better terms than their authoritarian counterparts. However, studies of more recent—and extensive—data sets find that democracies have received no more favorable bond ratings from credit rating agencies than otherwise similar autocracies; and have been no less prone to default. These findings raise the question: where is the democratic advantage? Our answer is that previous assessments of the democratic advantage have typically (1) ignored th

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Benli, Vahit Ferhan. "Basel’s Forgotten Pillar: The Myth of Market Discipline on the Forefront of Basel III." e-Finanse 11, no. 3 (2015): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fiqf-2016-0120.

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Abstract Although Basel II fortified the first two pillars with market transparency enhancing Pillar III disclosures and encouraged the usage of major Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) such as Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch as quasi governmental authorities to overcome asymmetric informational problems on risk and capital adequacy fronts of the global financial system, the recent global financial crisis has proven just the opposite. The banks and regulators were not in a position to truly assess the risk and capital adequacy frameworks of the global and domestic financial institutions bas

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McBrayer, Markie, Patrick E. Shea, and Justin H. Kirkland. "The Financial Crisis, Fiscal Federalism, and the Creditworthiness of US State Governments." Statistics, Politics and Policy 9, no. 1 (2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2018-0003.

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AbstractThis study examines why credit rating agencies offered optimistic assessments of some US states during the 2008–2009 financial crisis. Focusing on the creditworthiness of state governments, we argue that because states are procyclic spenders, growth in a state’s economy is actually harmful to that state’s ability to maintain its fiscal promises. As the federal government spends more heavily in a state, however, the procyclic tendencies of that state matter less to credit raters, and the negative effects of growth in a state’s economy diminish. We test our theory in two ways. We first m

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Yurkov, A. V., and Zh R. Babaeva. "ESG-Ratings: Nonparametric Methods of Construction." Administrative Consulting, no. 2 (April 26, 2024): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-2-92-107.

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Many of the largest Russian companies are evaluated by international financial institutions or rating agencies in terms of their influence on ESG factors that take into account environmental issues, interaction with society and corporate governance. Such ratings can have various names, most often referred to as ESG ratings. The inherent subjectivity of the assessments, along with the lack of generally recognized standards and transparency of the methodology, cause concern both from the assessed companies and from investors and regulators. ESG ratings of Russian rating agencies are at an early

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Yurkov, Alexander V., and Zhuldyz R. Babaeva. "ESG-Ratings: Nonparametric Methods of Construction." Administrative Consulting, no. 2 (182) (June 7, 2024): 92–107. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-2-92-107.

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Many of the largest Russian companies are evaluated by international financial institutions or rating agencies in terms of their influence on ESG factors that take into account environmental issues, interaction with society and corporate governance. Such ratings can have various names, most often referred to as ESG ratings. The inherent subjectivity of the assessments, along with the lack of generally recognized standards and transparency of the methodology, cause concern both from the assessed companies and from investors and regulators. ESG ratings of Russian rating agencies are at an early

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Szulc, Elżbieta, and Dagna Wleklińska. "Spatio‑Temporal Analysis of the Impact of Credit Rating Agency Announcements on the Government Bond Yield in the World in the Period of 2008–2017." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 3, no. 342 (2019): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.342.07.

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The paper concerns the impact of announcements published by rating agencies on the government bond yield in selected countries of the world. Ratings assigned to debt securities on account of the issuer’s financial standing are an important determinant of their yield. Factors that affect the rate of return of a given traded debt, in addition to idiosyncratic factors, i.e. those related to the issuer’s economy, and global factors, also include the ratings of connected countries. Moreover, empirical studies carried out in this area prove that the relationship is asymmetrical. This allows us to su

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Šegrt, Slobodan, Aca Ranđelović, and Dejan Đurić. "APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC METHODS IN ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF RATING SYSTEMS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS." SCIENCE International Journal 3, no. 3 (2024): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0303033s.

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The rating system is an important factor in risk management and financial performance assessment. Until the beginning of the eighties of the last century, credit risk assessments of clients were carried out in a traditional way, which was mainly reduced to intuition and subjective assessment of internal rating by the management of financial institutions, while counting on their ability to make quality decisions based on knowledge and expertise. After that period, the global standardization of the rating system was carried out, which enabled an easier assessment and comparison of financial inst

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de Lima Silva, Diogo F., Julio Cezar Soares Silva, Lucimário G. O. Silva, Luciano Ferreira, and Adiel T. de Almeida-Filho. "Sovereign Credit Risk Assessment with Multiple Criteria Using an Outranking Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 23, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8564764.

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In view of the records of failures in rating agencies’ assessments for sorting countries’ quality of credit in degrees of default risk, this paper proposes a multicriteria sorting model using reference alternatives so as to allocate sovereign credit securities into three categories of risk. From a numerical application, what was observed from the results was a strong adherence of the model in relation to those of the agencies: Standard & Poor's and Moody's. Since the procedure used by the agencies is extremely subjective and often questioned, the contribution of this paper is to put forwar

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Çetin, Ali, and Ali Büyüklü. "Revisiting distance metrics in k-nearest neighbors algorithms: Implications for sovereign country credit rating assessments." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2024): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci231111008c.

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The k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm, a fundamental machine learning technique, typically employs the Euclidean distance metric for proximity-based data classification. This research focuses on the Feature Importance Infused k-Nearest Neighbors model, an advanced form of k-Nearest Neighbors. Diverging from traditional algorithm uniform weighted Euclidean distance, Feature Importance Infused k-Nearest Neighbors introduces a specialized distance weighting system. This system emphasizes critical features while reducing the impact of lesser ones, thereby enhancing classification accuracy. Empirical s

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Pushkar, Svetlana. "LEED-CI v4 Projects in Terms of Life Cycle Assessment in Manhattan, New York City: A Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (2023): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032360.

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Over the last decade, it has been clearly shown that the same achievements in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects can lead to different life cycle assessments (LCAs). However, the problem of contradictory achievements in LEED and LCA has not yet been resolved. This study aimed to identify and evaluate different strategies for LEED projects using LCAs. Thirty-nine LEED projects with the same characteristics—location and transportation, rating system, rating version, certification level, and space type—were collected and sorted by their energy and atmosphere (EA) catego

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Niedziółka, Paweł, Michał Bernardelli, and Zbigniew Korzeb. "Factors of ESG ratings assigned to commercial banks – the cultural and credit risk dimensions." Argumenta Oeconomica 2023, no. 2 (2023): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2023.2.02.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of cultural differences and credit ratings on the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) scores assigned to commercial banks. The analysis was performed using ordered logistic regression. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the statistical significance of the explanatory variables were used as the method of comparing the models. Count R2 and adjusted count R2 were chosen as the measure of goodness of fit, but a non-diagonal element analysis of the contingency table was also performed. Based on the data of 330 banks from 50 countrie

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Benhamida, Hayet, Zoubida Benmamoun, Vernika Agarwal, Youssef Raouf, and Arshia Kaul. "Aligning ESG Ratings and SDGs in the MENA Region: Challenges and Insights Through a Fuzzy Delphi Multi-Criteria Approach." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 10, no. 2 (2025): 389–419. https://doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2025.10.2.020.

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This research paper looks at the intricate interrelationships between environmental, social and governance issues and government debt levels in the Middle East and North Africa region. The paper examines the emergence of various approaches in shaping government debt levels as part of developing sustainable models for this area. The study highlights comprehending problems in relation to how Environment, Social and Governance and sustainable development goals assessments and public-sector indebtedness should be integrated. The aim of this study is to identify challenges that hinder a smooth inte

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Nokkala, Jan. "High and Low Credit Risk in SME Portfolios: Evidence from Regulatory Risk Grade Dissemination." International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research 15, no. 2 (2022): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.152.03.

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Purpose: SME sector credit risk has received attention in research from several dimensions of the financial system. SME sector’s funding is mainly supplied by financial institutions and SME sector is both diversified and large sector in both well developed and less developed economies. Specific research on assessing SME as Financial Institution’s (FI’s) individual counterparties and SMEs as portfolios have developed from a theoretical and empirical perspective. To supplement current research on the area, we approach SME risk from perspective of FIs own risk assessments and compare it to how SM

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Nyabuti, Rodgers Nyanumba, Andrew Nyangau, and Mactosh Onwonga. "Influence of Loan Approval Practice on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kisii County, Kenya." American Journal of Finance and Business Management 4, no. 1 (2025): 10–21. https://doi.org/10.58425/ajfbm.v4i1.366.

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Aim: This study examined how specific digital loan approval practices such as automated credit scoring, digital customer onboarding, electronic Know Your Customer (e-KYC) procedures and the use of mobile and online banking platforms impact the financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii County. Methods: A descriptive survey design was employed. Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample size of 107 employees. Closed-ended questionnaires were used in collecting primary data from 107 employees across 16 banks. Annual reports were extracted from the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK).

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Huang, Liangxin. "Analysis and Strategies of Challenges in China’s Bond Markets." Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research 14 (December 23, 2024): 125–30. https://doi.org/10.62051/m321xp73.

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China’s bond market faces several challenges that hinder its development and integration into the global financial system. One significant issue is the inadequate credit risk management. To address this, it is essential to enhance the regulatory framework for credit rating agencies and encourage investors to conduct independent credit risk assessments, fostering better market transparency and resilience. Another major challenge is the lack of market liquidity, stemming from a narrow participant base and limited foreign and retail investor involvement. Enhancing liquidity requires attracting mo

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Rothman, Miriam. "Employer assessments of business interns." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 7, no. 4 (2017): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-05-2017-0029.

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Purpose A 2012 international survey by McKinsey & Co. reported a schism among higher education providers, employers and youth in regard to their perception about graduates’ adequate preparation for employment. They suggested greater engagement among stakeholders as a way to bridge this gap. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that academic credit-based internship programs can aid in the engagement process through better utilization of employer evaluations of interns. Design/methodology/approach Supervisors (n=389) rated their business interns on 12 competencies and responded to three o

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Zotova, Yana. "Corporate and regional ESG ratings: Is there a connection?" St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 40, no. 4 (2024): 652–77. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.407.

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The trend of creating ratings of the regions and companies based on the environmental, social and governance factors is on the current agenda. It is proven in practice and in numerous studies that there is a positive impact of ESG rating positions on the economic efficiency of companies: on the value of the company due to improving reputation and increasing labor productivity, on corporate profitability, credit ratings, rise in share prices, reducing the volatility of stock returns. As a result, there is a growing number of corporations interested in improving their assessment in a number of n

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Hill, Paula, Robert Brooks, and Robert Faff. "Erratum to “Variations in sovereign credit quality assessments across rating agencies” [J. Bank. Finance 34 (2010) 1327–1343]." Journal of Banking & Finance 34, no. 9 (2010): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.04.004.

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Kotova, Xenia Yurievna, and Anastasiya Alekseevna Lapteva. "Global practices and prospects of strategic accounting methods for the Russian banks." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Экономика» = Perm University Herald. ECONOMY 15, no. 3 (2020): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9960-2020-3-423-444.

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Fluctuating economic environment and the development of digital technologies highlight the need to update strategic accounting and analysis methods aimed at assessing the reliability of banks and ensuring their sustainable development. The article systematized modern tools for strategic accounting of banking activities, the tools being globally applied by regulatory authorities and potential investors to assess the efficiency of banking activities, to identify the areas for development and to adjust the strategy chosen by the banks, to obtain comprehensive information on the creditworthiness o

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Ellis, Colin. "E, S or G – What Drives Corporate Failure?" Archives of Business Research 13, no. 3 (2025): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.133.18221.

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Sustainability issues have become a core part of financial analysis, particularly over the past decade. While governance has always been recognized as a key factor in driving corporate performance, environmental and social issues have risen in prominence over this time. A natural question is which of these three factors has been most important in determining corporate failure in recent years. This paper uses data on corporate defaults and ESG assessments from a major credit rating agency to examine the relationship between businesses being unable to keep the financial promises and different en

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M., Moses Antony Rajendran. "Credit Risk Management and Insurance Practices - An Overview." Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management 2, no. 2 (2015): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3965327.

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In this article it mentioned about credit risk, explosion of credit risk, credit risk raisers, inclusion of credit risks, default probability of credit risks, Evaluation Factors Credit Risks, Altman’s Z Score of credit scoring, Credit Rating, Functions of Credit Ratings, Benefits of credit instruments, Disadvantages of credit rating, Types of credit rating, Sovereign Vs. Corporate Credit Rating, Credit Risk Management & Techniques and Principles for the Assessment of Banks’ Management of Credit Risk.

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Miroshnyk, Oleksii, Svitlana Shubina, and Valeriia Shulha. "Problems of determining the borrower's creditworthiness." Financial and credit systems: prospects for development 4, no. 11 (2023): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2786-4995-2023-4-04.

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This article addresses the challenges associated with determining the borrower's creditworthiness. The authors define the borrower's creditworthiness as the ability to timely and fully meet debt obligations to the lender. This determination is based on an evaluation of the borrower's financial condition, forecast of business development, and other factors influencing the ability to repay the loan. The authors identify internal and external factors affecting the creditworthiness of borrowers in Ukraine. Internal factors include the economic situation, regulatory policies, credit history,

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