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1
Mukuka, Fortune Malama. "Macro-economic determinants of domestic private sector credit in sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30579.
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Credit, to the private sector, is a critical component in driving growth and development the world over. In Africa, the level of credit advanced to the private sector as a percentage of GDP seems to have lagged other more developed regions at 46% of GDP in 2015, in comparison to 120% of global GDP.
This study seeks to examine the macro-economic determinants of private sector credit growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The study focuses on independent variables GDP growth (GDP), money supply (M2), inflation (CPI) and interest rates (INTR). Using a panel data approach, twelve sub-Saharan countries are analysed with data observed over a thirty-six-year period, from 1980 to 2015. The size of the panel of countries was determined by the availability of data points on all variables that enabled a balanced panel. Both the random effects and the fixed effects estimation techniques are computed with the random effects method being more significant in the regression analysis, exploring the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable.
The key findings of the study are that money supply is a significant determinant of private sector credit growth in sub-Saharan Africa showing a positive correlation coefficient. A percentage increase in M2 results in an increase of 0.9% in credit to the private sector. Inflation, on the other hand, dampens the growth in credit to the private sector with a significant negative correlation: a percentage increase results in a reduction of 0.06% in credit to the private sector. GDP growth was statistically insignificant in determining private sector credit growth, with recessionary periods experienced by the sample countries yielding a marginal negative correlation coefficient. Interest rates were also statistically insignificant with a negative correlation to private sector credit showing that credit growth was driven by the underlying need, rather than the cost of credit, in sub-Saharan Africa.
It is recommended that policy makers and African governments formulate macro-economic policy that delicately balances the need to drive growth in required money supply, while at the same time maintaining stability in the rate of inflation and related variables. It is also recommended that Financial institutions implement strategies that prioritise mobilisation of loanable funds over interest rate margins. Private sector players are encouraged to focus on promoting investment-led credit consumption in key sectors of the African economy.
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Dlamini, Samuel Nkosinathi. "Bank credit extension to the private sector and inflation in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002693.
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This study investigates the contribution of bank credit extension to the private sector to inflation in South Africa, covering the period 1970:1-2006:4. The long-run impact of bank credit on inflation is investigated by means of the Johansen co integration model. The short-run ynamics of the inflation is subsequently modelled by means of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Using the Johansen methodology, the study identifies two co integrating equations linking inflation and its eterminants. The results suggest that the long-run relationship between inflation and bank credit to the private sector is negative and statistically significant at 10% level. The determinants that are significant at 5% level are: money supply, real gross domestic product, the money market rate, rand/dollar exchange rate and imports. The results are consistent with previous findings. The speed of adjustment in response to deviation from the equilibrium path was found to be negative at 10.56% per quarter, which is consistent with findings by Ohnsorge and Oomes (2003) for Russia. Both the signs and the magnitude of the coefficients suggest that the co integrating vector describes a long-run inflation equation. The impulse response functions confirm the theoretical expectations except for the import prices. The most persistent and significant shocks observed are on impulse response functions of money supply and bank credit to the private sector. The variance decomposition results also suggest that inflation responds quicker to innovations from money supply and the money market rate. The overall results provide evidence that the surge in inflation is associated with an increase in money supply as well as the instability in exchange rate. The effects of exchange rate fluctuation on inflation are reflected through changes in import prices. Based on the results we conclude that an increase in bank credit during the period 1970:1-2006:4 had a negative mpact on inflation in South Africa.
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Geremias, Rosa Helena Lutete. "O crescimento do sector bancário e a concessão de crédito às empresas : o caso de Angola." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11601.
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Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisA investigação teórica tem demonstrado que um sistema financeiro sólido e eficaz é fundamental para o desenvolvimento e crescimento económico (Beck, 2002). Assim, compreender o papel do sector bancário no sistema financeiro é uma das questões fundamentais da teoria económica e financeira. Este estudo tem os seguintes objetivos: compreender o funcionamento do sector bancário angolano; analisar a evolução do crédito concedido pela banca comercial e, demonstrar a contribuição do sector bancário angolano no processo de crescimento económico. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com base na análise de dados anuais provenientes do boletim estatístico do BNA, durante o período 2003-Junho 2013. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o sector bancário angolano apresenta uma situação de estabilidade financeira, sendo o aumento da procura interna pelos serviços bancários e a situação macroeconómica do país, considerados como fatores impulsionadores do seu crescimento. Verificou-se ainda que o PIB e o crédito por sectores de atividade económica têm uma forte correlação em dois sectores: Pescas e Indústria transformadora. Concludentemente, considera-se que este estudo representa um contributo para melhor entender o papel do sector bancário angolano no processo de crescimento económico.
The theoretical research has shown that a strong and effective financial system is critical to the development and economic growth (Beck, 2002). Thus, understanding the role of the banking sector in the financial system is one of the fundamental issues of economic and financial theory. This study has the following objectives: understanding the functioning of the Angolan banking sector; analyze the evolution of credit extended by commercial banks, and demonstrate the contribution of the Angolan banking sector in the economic growth process. The survey was developed based on the analysis of data from the annual statistical bulletin from BNA, during the Period (2003- Jun 2013). The results showed that the Angolan banking sector presents a situation of financial stability, and the rising domestic demand for banking services and the macroeconomic situation of the country, considered as drivers of growth factors. It was also found that GDP and credit by economic activity have a strong correlation in two sectors: Fisheries and Manufacturing. Conclusively, it is considered that this study represents a contribution to better understand the role of the Angolan banking sector in the economic growth process.
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Garach, Jatin Bijay. "The Firm-Specific Determinants of Capital Structure in Public Sector and Private Sector Banks in India." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31673.
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The banking industry in India has undergone many phases in its history; evolving from a regulated, decentralised system in the early 1800’s, to a regulated, centralised system during British rule, to a nationalised system following India’s independence, and finally a combination of a nationalised and private system adopting global standards as it currently stands. This study has two main aims. Firstly, it will assess the relationship between the firm-specific determinants of capital structure, based on the prevailing literature, and the capital structure of public and private sector banks in India. Secondly, it will determine whether there is a difference in the firm-specific factors that contribute to the determination of the capital structure of public sector banks and private sector banks. This study adopts quantitative methods, similar to previous studies on the relationship between capital structure and its firm-specific determinants. The dependent variable, being total leverage, is regressed against multiple independent variables, being profitability, growth, firm size and credit risk (hereinafter referred to as “risk” unless otherwise indicated) in a multivariate linear regression model. This study adds to the current literature by applying the same firm-specific independent variables to the case of private and public sector banks and then to evaluate and compare the similarities and differences between the regression outputs. The results show that for private sector banks, all independent variables are statistically significant in explaining total leverage, where all the independent variables conform to the current literature on capital structure – profitability (-), firm size (-), growth (+) and credit risk (-). Conversely, for public sector banks, all independent variables were considered to be statistically significant, except for credit risk – profitability (-), firm size (+) and growth (+). These results imply that credit risk is not an important determination in a nationalised banks’ capital structure; thus, providing evidence for the moral hazard theory of public sector banks.
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Kwablah, Andrews. "Financial Crowding Out of Ghanaian Private Sector Corporations." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4932.
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The government of Ghana borrows from both domestic and foreign sources to finance the budget deficit. By the year 2013, the domestic debt was 55% of the public debt. Government domestic borrowing is competitive and can potentially crowd out the private corporate sector. Therefore, the specific research problem addressed in this study was whether the Ghanaian government's domestic debt (DEBT) caused financial crowding out (FCO) in Ghana. FCO theory is not conclusive and not proven specifically for Ghana, so the purpose of this research was to investigate its presence in Ghana. The neoclassical theory of FCO underpinned the research. The 2 research questions investigated FCO along the quantity and cost channels. The research examined the relationship between DEBT as the independent variable, the quantity of private sector credit (PSCREDIT), and the net interest margin (NIM) of banks as dependent variables. Covariates were macroeconomic and banking industry variables. The research population was the banking sector of the financial services industry. The research was correlational, and it used time series data from the Bank of Ghana and the World Bank. Data analysis used the autoregressive distributed lag method. The analysis returned a negative relationship between DEBT and PSCREDIT, and a positve relationship between NIM and DEBT. These results indicated the presence of FCO along both the quantity and cost channels. The research provides policymakers a means of quantifying the extent and effects of fiscal policies. The study may contribute to positive social change by promoting the revision of fiscal policies to favor the private corporate sector to invest, create jobs, and grow the Ghanaian economy.
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Hakwaashika, Rauna N. "Investigating the relationship between private sector credit extension and economic growth: A case study of Namibia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30369.
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Financial development, especially through the mechanism of private sector credit lines, has an important role to play in an economy’s growth. As such, economies with better financial institutions for lending and borrowing funds have the potential to grow faster. This is so because better financial systems alleviate external financing constraints that may hinder business growth and expansion. In light of this, the study investigated the relationship between private sector credit extension and economic growth in Namibia. Using quarterly data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and other variables covering the years from 2005 to 2017. The study employed co-integration and error correction procedures. From the results the study concluded that there is an existence of a positive relationship between private sector credit extension (PSCE) and economic growth. Our findings are consistent with theoretical propositions. The causality test indicated a unidirectional relationship running from PSCE to GDP entailing that the extension of credit to the private sector would enhance GDP growth and not vice versa. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the policy makers focus on long term economic growth policies, develop the financial sector, promote the development of efficient financial markets and infrastructure in order to increase the private sector credit lines which are instrumental in long term growth.
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Breitschopf, Barbara. "Rural financial markets under transformation a study on credit supply and demand in Romania's private farm sector /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10633969.
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Lukwesa, Herman. "A comparative analysis of government farm input support programmes and private sector credit programmes in promoting agricultural growth in Zambia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45876.
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This study assesses the impact on agricultural productivity of the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) as well as the impact of credit provided to small-scale farmers by commercial banks. It compares the two strategies by government (i.e. FISP which is a government subsidy programme and government grants to commercial banks for on-ward lending to small-scale farmers). This is to determine which policy intervention is promoting agricultural growth among the targeted farmers. The study hypothesises that subsidies through FISP and credit from private lending institutions allow farmers to have access to production inputs and reduces production costs. This enables farmers to maximise output leading to an increase in productivity and growth.
This study was done by conducting a survey and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) criterion are the methods used and the tool for analysis was the Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS).
Simple random multistage stratified purposive sampling was used in selecting household respondents. Multistage in the sense that the farm settlements were not defined in a particular pattern with house numbers. Stratified purposive sampling in the sense that farmers had to be separated according to the kind of institution they benefited from. The sample size for the study was 140 individual household for small-scale farmers.
Major findings of the study showed that loan beneficiary farmers were investing more in productive assets compared to FISP beneficiary farmers. They had even showed elements of diversification as they were investing more in small livestock such as chickens, goats and pigs unlike the FISP beneficiaries. They had also spent a total of Zambian Kwacha (ZMW) 48, 100 compared to ZMW 28, 462 spent by FISP beneficiaries on productive assets. In terms of investments for assets used in the home, we concluded that both groups had a similar lifestyle but FISP farmers had a higher standard of living compared to loan beneficiary farmers as they had spent 10.6% more in terms of expenditure.
The field plots under cultivation were grouped into three categories, i.e. farmers who cultivated plots below 2.5 hectares, 2.6 hectares to 5.0 hectares and above 5.1 hectares to assess which category of farmers was showing growth in terms of land under cultivation. For the 11% FISP beneficiaries who had graduated from the below 2.5 hectares of land being ploughed to the middle bracket, only 1% of the farmers managed to sustain their increase in ploughed land. There were no farmers who managed to plough above 5.1 hectares of land under the FISP category. As for the loan beneficiary group, we see movement in all three categories indicating growth in terms of productivity. We noticed that from the 4% farmers who managed to graduate from the below 2.5 hectares category to the 2.6 hectares to 5.0 hectares category, a further 3% of the beneficiaries managed to graduate to the above 5.1 hectares of area ploughed.
We determined variability in output by examining its relationship with independent variables such as educational level attained, fertiliser quantity used, maize seed quantity used and access to assets (oxen) ceteris paribus. Only fertiliser and hybrid maize seed use were found to be statistically significant with p-values below 5% and 10% significant levels respectively in both cases. A 1 kilogram (kg) increase in fertiliser and hybrid maize seed use would result in a 0.69% and 0.26% increase respectively in the quantity of 50 kg bags harvested for FISP beneficiary farmers. A 1 kg increase in fertiliser and hybrid maize seed use would result in a 0.83% and 0.11% increase in the quantity of 50 kg bags of maize harvested by the loan beneficiary farmers.
Comparing the two beneficiary groups in terms of productivity and income earned through the sale of maize on the market, the loan beneficiary group was found to be doing far much better compared to the FISP group. In the 2009/10 farming season, the loan group sold a total of 6754 bags of maize compared to 3428 bags sold by the FISP group. In the 2010/11 farming season, the loan group sold 7769 bags as opposed to the 4606 bags sold by the FISP group while in the 2011/12 farming season, the loan group sold a total of 9151 bags of maize on both markets compared to 4822 bags of maize that was sold by the FISP group.
Though it may be difficult to distinguish the real effects of both the FISP and loan programme on its beneficiaries due to lack of baseline information based on regression results alone, and claim that it has made either group better than the other, it is clear that the fertiliser support policy is working better for loan beneficiaries when compared to FISP beneficiaries. This gives them an edge in income over FISP beneficiaries and graduates them into higher brackets of productivity and asset possession leading to higher yields, more income and increased growth in agricultural productivity in general.
It is recommended that educational level attained should be one of the major criteria for farmer selection when introducing new advanced technologies to increase productivity. The other recommendation is that, to invest in improved ploughing methods such as use of oxen, the area under cultivation should not be less than 2.5 hectares. It is also recommended that government should increase service delivery in an efficient manner as it has positive externalities on farmers dealing with the private sector as well other than just those targeted farmers they are servicing under the FISP programme.Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MScAgric
Unrestricted
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Pinheiro, Daniel Nobre Martins. "Credit to the private sector and financial crisis: survey of the literature and evidences from the 2015-16 Brazilian crisis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24917.
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O presente trabalho analisa a influência do crédito ao setor privado no ciclo de crédito experimentado pela economia brasileira entre 2003 e 2017. A motivação advém das mais recentes contribuições teóricas e empíricas publicadas após a crise financeira global sobre o papel dos aceleradores financeiros e mecanismos de transmissão em gerar fragilidades financeiras de caráter sistêmico. Conclusões em Adrian e Shin (2010) serão o ponto de partida, onde fatores que impactam o capital de intermediários financeiros operam como importantes canais de propagação de choques. A forte expansão do setor financeiro naquele período, junto a um crescimento sem precedentes do endividamento do setor privado, provém um cenário propício para testar este insight. Um modelo de Vetor de Correção de Erros (VECM) será estimado para identificar tendências comuns entre variáveis reais e financeiras, assim como identificar impactos decorrentes de choques e causalidade entre variáveis associadas a crédito, alavancagem, atividade, colaterais e oferta de fundos. Desta forma, a pesquisa espera contribuir à compressão daquele episódio, assim preenchendo um vácuo no debate polarizado entre aqueles que vêm o país como vítima de condições internacionais adversas, e outros que responsabilizam uma longa história de políticas econômicas equivocadas pela crise.
This monograph evaluates the role played by the credit to the private sector on the boom-bust cycle experienced by the Brazilian economy between 2003-2017. The study is motivated by recent theoretical and empirical contributions arriving after the Global Financial Crisis on the role played by financial accelerators and transmission channels in driving systemic financial fragility. It departs from a key insight from Adrian and Shin (2010) where factors affecting the equity base of financial intermediaries operate as a powerful transmission channel for shocks. The strong expansion of the financial activities during the period, coupled with the unprecedent growth of debt and leverage of the non-financial private sector, provide a promising scenario to test that insight. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) will be applied to identify common trends on financial and real variables to help to identify effects from shocks and causalities comprising variables related to debt, leverage, activity, collaterals, and funds supply. Thus, it aims at shedding new lights on the comprehension of that episode, so filling a gap on this debate polarized between those who see Brazil as a victim of a stressed global economy, and others who blame a long account of derailing economic policies in driving this fate.
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Sogut, Erzen. "The Determinants Of Financial Development And Private Sector Credits: Evidence From Panel Data." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610098/index.pdf.
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This study investigates the determinants of financial development and private
sector credits for a panel of 85 developing and industrial countries using annual
data from 1980 to 2006. The results from the panel cross-sectional fixed effects
procedure suggest that an increase in the public sector credits and central
government debt leads to a decrease in private sector credits in low income and
lower middle income counties. For this group of countries, public sector credits,
albeit leading to a financial crowding out, are found to be enhancing financial
development. For the upper middle income and high income countries, private
sector credits are found to increase with public sector credits and financial
development and decrease with central government debt. Financial development
is affected adversely from inflation and positively from real GDP and public
sector credits in high income countries. In upper middle income countries both
real GDP and credits to public sector affect financial development positively. In
low income countries, on the other hand, public sector credits and inflation are
correlated positively with financial development.
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Gomes, Dioscoro Mesquita. "Escassez de crédito bancário no Brasil: comparação internacional e evidência recente." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/6662.
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The objective of this work is to examine the level of bank credit in Brazil in the period after the Real Plan. To this, the work uses the Barajas and Steiner (2002) methodology but with a larger country sample (Brazil among nine Latin American countries and other forty outside Latin America). The results suggest that bank credit has not grown as expected and is still as volatile as the Latin America average. The size of the Brazilian banking system is not small as expected, but is less prone to lending to the private sector. Credit to the public sector still occupies a very important share of the Brazilian banking system balance sheet. About this matter the work shows that an increase in securitization could increase significantly the credit to the private sector.
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o nível de crédito bancário no Brasil no período pós implantação do Plano Real. Para isso, o trabalho utiliza a metodologia de Barajas e Steiner (2002) mas utilizando uma amostra maior de países (além da economia brasileira, nove países da América Latina e quarenta não América Latina). Os resultados encontrados mostram que o crédito bancário historicamente não cresceu como o esperado e ainda é tão volátil quanto a média América latina. O sistema bancário não mostrou-se menor do que o esperado para a economia brasileira, mas é menos propenso ao crédito ao setor privado. O crédito ao setor público ainda ocupa uma fatia muito relevante no balanço do agregado bancário e sobre esse respeito o trabalho mostra que um aumento na securitização e cessão de crédito aumenta significativamente o crédito ao setor privado.
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Wines, Sarah W. "The role of credit extension programs in generating changes in the structure of private, informal sector microenterprises : the ADEMI program in the Dominican Republic." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78796.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 115-117.
by Sarah W. Wines.
M.C.P.
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Richaud, Christine. "Libéralisation financière et comportement des banques en matière d’offre de crédit au secteur privé : cas du Ghana et de la Côte d’Ivoire." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF10189.
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Les politiques de libéralisation financière, formulées dans le but de stimuler la croissance économique par le biais d’une progression de l’épargne privée, et d’une hausse de la productivité et du volume d’investissement, visent plus directement, dans une économie d’endettement, une augmentation de la mobilisation des dépôts par les intermédiaires financiers et une amélioration de l’efficience en matière d’allocation des crédits. L’objet de la thèse est dès lors d’analyser le comportement des banques en matière d’offre de crédit au secteur privé à la suite de la libéralisation financière, lequel présente en effet une importance cruciale pour le succès des réformes. Cette étude est appliquée aux cas du Ghana et de la Côte d’Ivoire, deux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest qui ont engagé une profonde réforme de leurs systèmes financiers à la fin des années quatre-vingts. Nous montrons que la libéralisation contribue à l’amélioration de la qualité du portefeuille bancaire, mais ne conduit pas nécessairement, en raison d’asymétrie informationnelle et de risques élevés, à une efficience accrue en matière d’allocation des créditsFinancial liberalization is designed to enhance economic growth by stimulating private savings, increasing productivity and investment. In developing countries where banks are usually predominant in financial systems, one of the main purposes of financial reforms is to increase savings mobilization and improve efficiency in credit allocation. Bank behavior regarding credit supply to the private sector represents therefore a crucial issue. The purpose of the dissertation is thus to analyze bank behavior after financial liberalization. This work is applied to two West-African countries, Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. We argue that financial liberalization may improve the soundness of bank portfolios, but may be not sufficient to improve savings mobilization and credit allocation
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Daher, Mai. "Control rights in private credit agreements." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24114.
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I examine the effect of creditor control rights on borrowers' financing policy both ex-ante and ex-post. The novelty introduced by this thesis is the use of an investor protection variable reflecting the pledgeability of a firm's assets, both at industry and country level, alongside the contractual allocation of control rights, in understanding financial contracting and capital structure mechanics. At industry level, the empirical analysis is first motivated with a model that allows debt contracts to allocate control rights over the reorganization or liquidation decision of distressed firms and where cash flow pledgeability can vary. The model delivers two main predictions: (1) Ex-post, creditor control should be associated with an increased likelihood of resolving financial distress out of court relative to filing for bankruptcy, particularly in industries where assets are easier to collateralize; (2) Ex-ante, creditor control should be associated with an increased use of leverage, particularly in industries where assets are easier to collateralize. Empirical results provide evidence consistent with these two predictions. At country level, strong judicial effectiveness is found to alleviate the effect of the contractual enforcement of rights by creditors on financing policy. Net debt issuing activity declines sharply following a covenant violation, when creditors use their contractual acceleration and termination rights to increase interest rates or halt any further supply of credit. The decline is however found to be less pronounced in countries with stronger legal enforcement. This result is also observable for a variety of financial and investment policy measures including capital expenditures, asset growth and cash holdings, therefore highlighting the importance of strong contract enforcement in reducing financial and investment conservatism following a covenant violation and improving firm performance.
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Ko, Chun-wa Johnason, and 高振華. "Sewage treatment in private sector." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253404.
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Ko, Chun-wa Johnason. "Sewage treatment in private sector /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457750.
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Golon, Jeffrey Edward. "Evaluating private sector participation and program performance : the case of the Private Sector Initiative Program /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215284.
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Yang, Andy. "Credit risk measurement in China's banking sector." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1950319.
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Paul-Chowdhury, Catherine M. "Bank learning from sector-specific credit losses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0009/NQ40285.pdf.
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Okurut, Francis Nathan. "Credit demand and credit rationing in the informal financial sector in Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50308.
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Dissertation (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was motivated by the need to determine the key factors that influence credit demand and credit rationing in the informal financial markets so as to contribute to policy formulation to improve access for the poor in Uganda to the broader (formal and informal) financial sector. The results of the study suggest that credit demand in the informal financial sector is positively and significantly influenced by capacity related variables (education level, and household expenditure) at the household level, and the informal lenders' credit rationing behaviour is also negatively and significantly influenced by household wealth factors (asset values). The same variables have similar effects in the models for credit demand and credit rationing in the broader financial sector. Since households demand credit for both investment and consumption smoothing, improved access to the broader financial sector will enable them to acquire more wealth, and move out of poverty in the long run. The policy options to improve small borrower access to the broader financial sector include provision of incentives to banks to serve the smaller borrowers, development of credit reference bureaus, provision of innovative insurance products to the poor, and broader economic policies that enable households to acquire more wealth. In addition appropriate linkages need to be developed between the formal and informal financial sectors so as to broaden the financial system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is gemotiveer deur die behoefte om die sleutelfaktore te identifiseer wat die vraag na krediet en kredietrantsoenering in die informele finansiele markte bemvloed ten einde In bydrae te kan maak tot beleid om beter toegang vir die armes tot die bree (formele en informele) finansiele sektor in Uganda te bewerkstellig. Die resultate van die studie dui aan dat die vraag na informele krediet In betekenisvolle en positiewe verwantskap toon met kapasiteitsverwante veranderlikes (vlak van opvoeding en huishoudelike besteding) op die huishoudingvlak. Informele uitleners se kredietrantsoeneringsoptrede toon In betekenisvolle en negatiewe verwantskap met huishoudings se vlak van rykdom (batewaardes). Dieselfde veranderlikes toon soortgelyke verwantskappe in die geval van die modelle vir kredietvraag en kredietrantsoenering in die bree finansiele sektor. Huishoudings se vraag na krediet is vir beide investeringsdoeleindes en om In meer egalige verspreiding van verbruik te verkry. Daarom sal verbeterde toegang tot die bree finansiele sektor hulle in staat stel om meer rykdom te bekom en so uit armoede in die langer termyn te ontsnap. Die beleidsopsies om kleiner leners beter toegang tot die bree finansiele sektor te bied, sluit in voorsiening vir insentiewe aan banke om klein leners te bedien, die ontwikkeling van kredietverwysingsburo's, die voorsiening van innoverende versekeringsprodukte aan die armes, en breer ekonomiese beleid wat huishoudings in staat sal stel om meer rydom te bekom. Toepaslike skakeling tussen die formele en informele finansiele sektore moet ook ontwikkel word ten einde In verbreding van die finansiele sektor te bewerkstellig.
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Rose, Cecily Elizabeth. "International regulation of private sector corruption." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648506.
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Murau, Steffen. "The political economy of private credit money accommodation." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19010/.
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Private credit money forms are debt instruments that co-exist alongside publicly provided forms of money and emerge de-centrally out of the lending activities of banks or non-bank financial institutions. In normal times, they are easily convertible into higher-ranking forms of public or commodity money. Throughout history, however, private credit money forms have repeatedly become subject to a run by investors who all at once tried to convert their private credit money balances into higher-ranking money. Such runs are an integral and unavoidable feature of the modern credit money system, which in its essence is a self-referential network of expanding, yet instable debt claims. To keep up the stability of the monetary system, governments had to react to these runs and in a range of instances decided to drag the private credit money form under the control of the state by ensuring that they do not break away from par. This study examines this process of 'accommodating' private credit money. It establishes a functionalist theory about the transformation of the modern monetary system. To understand how and why such accommodation occurred, it develops an ideal-typical model of private credit money accommodation and applies it on three cases in the respective centres of the global financial system: the 1797 Bank Restriction in England that accommodated bank notes; the 1933 Emergency Banking Act in the U.S. that accommodated bank deposits; and the realignment of policies by the Fed and the U.S. Treasury in the 2008 crisis, which accommodated overnight repurchase agreements and money market fund shares as ‘shadow money’. On the basis of those case studies, the study argues that today’s public credit money supply is made up of accommodated, formerly private, credit money forms.
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Mohammed, Kamal, and Nana Afua Boamah Gyimah. "CROSS-SECTOR PARTNERSHIP : COLLABORATION BETWEEN HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Marketing and Logistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15578.
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Disasters can occur anywhere in the world and when they do, human lives as well as infrastructure are affected in diverse ways. The impact of disasters usually warrant an immediate response from aid agencies because human lives are at stake and that is where humanitarian logistics comes into play. Humanitarian organizations involved in relief efforts have an enormous task of responding to emergencies in a very swift manner and are constantly seeking for new and innovative ways to reach their beneficiaries with utmost satisfaction. One way of doing this is through collaboration and engaging in partnerships with private sector companies. Given the fact that humanitarian organizations and private sector companies operate in different sectors, such partnerships could be challenging yet beneficial in diverse ways. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze the cross-sector partnership between humanitarian organizations and the private sector. In order to achieve this aim, a frame of reference was developed with an operational partnership model and theory whislt examining and contrasting both humanitarian and business supply chains. Our methodology involved both primary and secondary data collection with empirical data collected from two private companies and one humanitarian organization. Data collected for the study were then analyzed in relation to the literature and models outlined in the frame of reference. The results of the study showed that the partnerships between the firms of the two sectors studied were philanthropic, long-term and mutually beneficial in diverse ways. Whilst the private companies benefit through improvements in Corporate Social Responsibility, creating public awareness of their corporate image, and brand among other benefits by engaging in the partnership, humanitarian organizations on the other hand, partner with companies which fit their expressed needs and gain benefits in both monetary and non-monetary terms. Moreover, knowledge transfer through the sharing of skills, experiences, resources and expertise are also very important elements which add to the benefits gained by both partners. In addition, the findings obtained from the respondents of the study demonstrated that trust, personal connection, regular communication and working together are very important elements which can be considered as critical success factors which sustain partnerships.
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Ng, Philip C. T. (Philip Chee Tat). "The need for private sector-public sector collaborative planning in Singapore." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78811.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning and (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES, ROTCH AND ENGINEERING.
Bibliography: leaves 114-116.
by Philip C. T. Ng.
M.S.
M.C.P.
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Valler, David Charles. "Private sector involvement in local economic strategy." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360302.
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Ngwabi, S. S. F. "Urban regeneration and private sector investment : exploring private sector perception of urban regeneration initiatives in the Johannesburg inner city." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04072009-223007.
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Lima, Marcus Vinicius Pereira. "A model for credit risk of banking sector Fortress." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9543.
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nÃo hÃThe paper develops a tool for modeling the bank credit risk and applies this to banking market of Fortaleza. Using data from a large commercial bank of the city for 290 customers with active accounts and minimum income of six hundred reais, were selected 23 control variables and was estimated the probability of default on the modalities check and other credit restrictions. The results showed that: i) females are less likely to face restrictions, although this is not a determinant of emissions of bad checks; ii) people who have insurance contracted with the bank showed themselves more likely to default and iii) the extent of the bank rating proposal was effective in measuring the chance of credit risk.
O trabalho desenvolve uma ferramenta para modelar o risco de crÃdito bancÃrio e aplica ao mercado bancÃrio de Fortaleza. A partir de dados de um grande banco comercial da cidade para 290 clientes com contas ativas e renda mÃnima de seiscentos reais, foram selecionadas 23 variÃveis de controle e estimou-se a probabilidade de inadimplÃncia nas modalidades cheque e demais restriÃÃes de crÃdito. Os resultados demonstram que: i) indivÃduos do sexo feminino possuem menos chance de enfrentar restriÃÃes, muito embora este nÃo seja um determinante das emissÃes de cheques sem fundos; ii) os indivÃduos que possuem seguro contratado junto ao banco apresentaram maior chance de inadimplÃncia e iii) a medida de rating proposta pelo banco se mostrou eficaz em mensurar a chance de risco de crÃdito.
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Jia, Qiong. "How private equity choose targets before the 2007 credit crunch?" Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708619.
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Simpkins, William J. "Value engineering in government and private sector construction." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA383401.
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Zhu, Kejia. "Guanxi with government officials in China's private sector /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202006%20ZHU.
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Bombí, Lamúa Elisa, and elisab_lamua@yahoo co uk. "Inn Housing. The Delights of the Private Sector." RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080104.134543.
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The masters by research project was titled Inn Housing: The Delights of the Private Sector. It was a space for exploring my practice with the development of a conceptual piece about the shifting condition of the community housing produced in inner cities. The research aim was to develop an argument that inquired into the productive meaning of the application of glass walls on the city's housing façades; being these elements that represented a mode of living unknown to my experience and that challenged the way I perceive the relation between the interior intimate and private space of the house with the public city. A confrontation with a different proposal of housing that gave me enough room to speculate about a significant change that may influence the treatment of the private-intimate space of the housing with the public realm. Since the importance acquired by the glass surface seems to encourage (or put emphasis) on the visual experience by way these hermetic façades visually link the interior space of the house with the exterior, exposing views of either one side or the other of the glass skin. Thus the central research questions raised by this research were: what might be the conception that has shaped this housing where the interior appears connected to the exterior through the glass façade? And significantly, does the visual relation with the glass potentially influences individual behaviour and therefore constitutes different modes for dwelling? The method involved in the development of my argument was primary based on a theoretical framework in conjunction with a practice: the construction of visual material that respond to the stimuli generated by the readings. Whereas the selection of theory and readings was based on the obvious need for material that could help me understand and develop certain aspects of my research, images were used to explore my own thinking responses in states of uncertainty, as these offer me a more clear access to my own thinking material once are projected outside my mind.
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French, Erica. "Strategic Equity Management in the Australian Private Sector." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15887/.
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Developing equitable practices that provide fair access for all individuals to the benefits and burdens within an organisation remains a dilemma for management both in policy and practice. Research continues to show that the employment status and representation of women is significantly less in relation to those of men. Conflicting arguments on the causes of disparity and competing ideals on the value and means for addressing the disparity have resulted in a number of different opinions on the implementation and practice of equity management. This dissertation contributes to the current knowledge of equity management, exploring contemporary equity management strategies, identifying the approaches of its implementation and analysing these against the outcomes for the status of women's employment. The equity management practices of more that 1900 Australian Private Sector organisations are explored in order to identify the common themes of equity management. Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis are used to analyse the data. A model of strategic equity management practice was developed that identifies different structures, strategies and distribution principles designed to address the disparity between men and women. A major aim of this thesis was to explore the ability of a typological theory of equity management approaches to account for the differences in the status of women's employment. The thesis proposes a typology of equity management approaches that explain the implementation of equity management strategies based on structure and process. Four ideal-typical equity management approaches to achieving workplace parity are identified and explored. The traditional (non-compliance), anti-discrimination, affirmative action and gender diversity approaches proposed inform the a priori Cluster Analysis process that grouped Australian organisations based on their use of the approaches to equity management. Significant numbers of Australian organisations were identified utilising each of the identified approaches to equity management. It was further proposed that the different equity management approaches would be predictors of different outcomes for the employment status of women. MANCOVA was used to analyse the equity management approaches (as the independent variables) and the data on the status of women's employment (as the dependent variables). The findings indicate that the different approaches to equity management are predictors of different outcomes for the employment status of women. Results show that the traditional approach to equity management, which includes the use of none of the equity management strategies identified, is not a predictor of increases in any of the employment measures of women. The anti-discrimination approach, which includes the use of a limited number of equity management strategies identified, is a predictor of increases in some of the employment measures of women. The affirmative action approach to equity management, which includes the use of a number of proactive equity management strategies identified, is a predictor of increases in the employment status of women across a number of measures. The gender diversity approach to equity management, which includes the use of all the equity management strategies identified, is a limited predictor of increases in the employment status of women across some of the measures of employment. Managing the equity process within organisations is increasingly identified as an important tool in managing human resources in competitive, global environments that require productive workers and quality outputs. If equity management is to provide an effective means of addressing disparity between men and women in organisations, this thesis argues for the development of a strategic process to address the specific issues of disparity and the particular needs of the individual and the explicit goals of the organisation in equal opportunity.
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Schart, Ellen E. "Private sector principal influence on broadcast ownership regulation /." Available to subscribers only, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1079668381&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kaijankoski, Eric A. "Cybersecurity information sharing between public–private sector agencies." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45204.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGovernment agencies, businesses, and individuals alike have become more dependent on technology, and the desire and need for interconnectedness has led to increasing network vulnerability affecting both government and private sectors. Recognizing both government and private sector agencies individually lack the capabilities to defend against cyber threats, President Obama has called for a more robust and resilient cybersecurity alliance that encourages information-sharing partnerships with private sector owners and operators in charge of protecting U.S. critical infrastructure. Despite the recent drive for cyber legislation and policies, government agencies and private companies have seemed reluctant to share information related to cyber-attacks and threats with one another. To discover the deeper underlying issues that inhibit public-private cooperation, and to evaluate the effectiveness of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to advance cyber information sharing, this thesis examines the banking and finance sector of U.S. critical infrastructure sector. In doing so, it identifies reasons why information-sharing problems exist between government agencies and private companies; investigates how PPPs satisfy national cybersecurity needs; and, in turn, reveals issues for policymakers to consider when shaping policies that encourage an open dialog between the public and private sector.
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Chou, Che-hui Jeffrey, and 周哲輝. "An evaluation of the private sector participation scheme." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893880.
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Berry, James Norman. "Private sector housing, urban regeneration and property investment." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338197.
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Chou, Che-hui Jeffrey. "An evaluation of the private sector participation scheme." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20129452.
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Jayasundera, Dilanka Chinthana D. C. "Troubled waters : conflict in private-sector water projects /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Murray, Susan Fairley. "Caesarean birth in the private sector in Chile." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271704.
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Ward, Nora Catherine. "Nature's Patrons: Private Sector Engagement and Powerful Environmentalisms." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157630/.
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In this dissertation, I examine the role of private sector engagement in environmental governance. The relationship between mainstream environmentalism and the private sector has moved from one of general hostility to one of constructive engagement in recent times. As a result, the traditional distinctions between environmental non-governmental organizations and private corporations have become blurred, making way for public-private hybrids, facilitated by frameworks of philanthropy, sponsorship, and corporate social responsibility. Connected to these broader reconfigurations in environmental governance are simultaneous alterations in the normative framework of mainstream environmentalism. Ideologically, environmental policy and neoliberalism are now intertwined, entangling assumptions about nature and culture, and reflected in the popularization of environmental protection mechanisms that are deeply embedded in the values of the market economy. Analyzing particular examples of such engagements, and informed by Gramscian theory, I analyze the connections between rising corporate presence in mainstream environmentalism and broader normative and practical change, focusing, in particular, on the frameworks of ecomodernism and the Green Economy. I argue that contemporary private sector engagement in environmentalism leads to the support, production and construction of powerful environmentalisms: environmental ideologies and practices that gain power from, not in spite of, prevailing dominant interests. As such, these powerful environmentalisms tend to produce and reproduce elite processes of capitalist production and prioritize instrumental norms of human-nature relations, while marginalizing others. I conclude by outlining suggestions in support of a democratic environmental politics that represents and recognizes a more diverse array of actors, human-nature relationships, and frameworks of environmental care.
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Parente, Genevieve. "Frozen assets : private sector actors in arctic governance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62498.
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The circumpolar Arctic epitomizes global change as political, social, and economic activities continually reconfigure the region. Diverse actors negotiate around a range of pressing issues such as climate change, trade, defence, and natural resource development. In this international milieu, states seek to pursue national interests as well as cooperate with non-state, supra-national, and sub-national entities that increasingly influence the governance landscape.
This project examines how private sector development and state interests interplay in efforts to develop Arctic natural resources and asks what this tells us about the role of the private sector in regional governance. This project contributes to theories of new forms of state power and the political construction of space, especially in critical geopolitical literature. It connects Arctic development and geopolitical literatures through an analysis of the implications of private sector development decisions for state sovereignty. It examines evolving forms of transnational governance in the context of globalized political and socio-economic processes. The circumpolar region is an excellent laboratory for scholars to consider similar issues of sustainability in broader global contexts.
This study draws its empirical analysis from two case studies: the Siberian city of Norilsk, Russia and the North Slope Borough in Alaska, USA. The cases focus on recent multi-party policy negotiations at these sites of natural resource development. They are theorized in their own right, as examples of processes in diverse regions, with linkages between them also drawn out. I use a methodological approach that emphasizes the ‘how’ of governance, and explores the practices of policy-making. This framework captures the dynamic social processes that underlie governance in the circumpolar region.
This dissertation aims to understand the intertwined roles of states and private sector actors in Arctic political affairs. However, it also contributes to our understanding of the global political economy beyond the Arctic. Economic development and investment decision-making in the circumpolar region have implications for Arctic states, global natural resource markets, energy importing states, as well as for northern residents.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Sjödin, Johanna. "Urbanization and poverty as determinants for private sector participation in the water sector." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1302.
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This study analyses whether urbanization and poverty have any importance for private sector participation (PSP) in the water sector, in developing countries. In the beginning of the 1990’s there was a surge in the interest of the private sector to participate in water and sanitation projects, after a long period of public dominance. There is a large need for investments since much of the population in developing countries does not have access to water and sanitation services and the demand is increasing. At the same time the water sector is prone to inefficiencies resulting from externalities and natural monopoly characteristics, and is therefore often highly regulated.
A negative binominal regression model is used for the analysis. The dependent variable is the number of water and sanitation projects with private sector participation in a country. The independent variables are population, GDP/capita, aid, debt, water resources, government effectiveness, degree of urbanization and degree of poverty. The main results are that urbanization is positively significant for PSP in the water sector, while poverty has no significant effect.
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Gay, Ken. "Work motivation factors of the public sector and private sector convention center employees." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000gayk.pdf.
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Abdulla, Yomna. "Debt maturity and trade credit in public and private firms." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/debt-maturity-and-trade-credit-in-public-and-private-firms(fa6faa5a-7b40-4e29-9220-6191fc388b63).html.
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This thesis examines debt maturity and trade credit in public and private firms. It consists of three essays that try to answer the following questions: Does the IPO decision affect the debt maturity structure of a firm? Do private firms use more or less trade credit than public firms? Does the supplier's listing status affect its trade credit provision? The first essay investigates the effect of an initial public offering (IPO) on the evolution of debt maturity structure using a sample of U.S. firms that went public during the period 1998-2011. I find that firms decrease their short-term debt by 19% in the first two years after the IPO and decrease it post-IPO, by about 7% relative to the pre-IPO level. These results continue to hold in a sample of new debt issues, in a difference-in-difference regression of IPO and non-IPO firms, in a treatment regression to account for endogeneity of the IPO decision, and in an instrumental variable regression to control for the joint determination of leverage and debt maturity. Further results show that the decline in short-term debt post-IPO is consistent with the asymmetric information and agency costs of equity theories and inconsistent with the agency costs of debt theory. I also find that the IPO effect on debt maturity was magnified during the recent financial crisis. The second essay explores the use of trade credit by public and private firms using a sample of U.S. firms during the period 1995-2012. Evidence shows that private firms use more trade credit by about 40.4% than public firms. This result is robust to models accounting for sample selection and for the endogeneity associated with a firm's decision to go public. In line with the asymmetric information and credit constraints theories, private firms that are young, have more growth opportunities, and fewer tangible assets rely more on trade credit than their public counterparts. Compared to private firms, public firms are faster in adjusting toward their target trade credit due to their lower adjustment costs. I also find that during the recent financial crisis, public firms increased their reliance on trade credit, while, suppliers granted private firms less trade credit. The third essay examines the supply side of trade credit; more specifically, the impact of a supplier's listing status on its trade credit provision using a sample of U.S. firms during the period 1994-2012. The findings show that public firms provide nearly a quarter more trade credit than their private counterparts. I propose that this is because public firms have higher financial capability, better ability in handling the trade credit process, and in enforcing payments and contract terms, than private firms. I rule out that the endogeneity of the listing decision and the observable differences between public and private firms have driven my earlier results. Additional tests show that firm characteristics, industries types, and level of competition, have a significant impact on the level of trade credit provided by public and private firms. The results also indicate that both types of firms provided less trade credit during the recent financial crisis.
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Čuba, Vojtěch. "Finanční zajištění veřejného projektu v průběhu jeho realizace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-239945.
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The subject of this thesis is to depict the financial provision of a public project during its implementation that includes the draft of its financial provision and the appraisal of the financial feasibility of the investment project. The theoretical part is focused on clarifying the basic concepts that explain the issues of public projects, the public sector and public procurement. The end of the theoretical part describes the various ways to finance public projects. The second part of the thesis is practical. In this part I focused on the creation of the ways to finance the project “Realization of energy savings” that are possible, including the reconstruction of the roof of the building of the Police of the Czech Republic in Brno, at street Cejl No. 474 and No. 159 and the proposal of the optimal financing options.
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Hörstedt, Maria, and Johanna Linjamaa. "Credit Risk Evaluation of Swedish SMEs : A Banking Sector Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-107969.
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As a result from the latest financial crisis, the banking industry has undergone major modifications during the last years in order to limit banks’ risks. A vast majority of existing literature tends to focus upon credit risk evaluation methods and techniques mainly concerning quantitative measures and large companies. Thus, the lack of research regarding credit risk evaluation of SMEs is profound, especially considering Sweden. With the dominant market share of SMEs compared to large corporations the authors found it interesting to further explore this area of the credit assessment process as SMEs largely impact the Swedish business sector. The purpose of the thesis at hand is to explore and provide empirical evidence of which criteria banks assess when evaluating credit risk of SMEs in Sweden. In regards to the purpose the authors have chosen to adapt the perspective of the banking industry throughout the thesis. In order to bridge the research gap the following question was established, “How do banks evaluate credit risk of SMEs in Sweden?” In light of the lack of research regarding qualitative assessment of credit risk, the authors found it interesting in terms of developing new theoretical and practical knowledge to establish the following sub-question, “What are the qualitative criteria used by banks when evaluating credit risk of SMEs in Sweden?” Further, as existing literature mainly focus on large companies the authors found it interesting to compare the findings regarding credit risk evaluation on SMEs to the evaluation process of one of the largest credit rating agencies. As a result the second sub-question was established as following, “Are these criteria similar to the criteria used by Standard & Poor’s in their rating model?” These questions were conducted in order to provide the authors and the reader with further insight regarding the criteria used by banks in their evaluation process. An inductive approach was adopted, in line with the epistemological stance of interpretivism and the ontological belief of constructivism. With this in mind, the authors of the thesis conducted a qualitative exploratory research employing narrative interviews in order to collect the data needed, as of the lack of existing research to address the research questions. The results of the research were that the criteria used in the assessment of credit risk tend to alter from advisor to advisor. The most commonly used criteria by the advisors are budget, business plan, customer’s customers, internal and external discipline, financial statements, industry specifics, historical accounts, key individuals, relationship, repayment capacity and the owner/individual. It was discovered that the qualitative criterion of assessing the individual majorly impacts the credit risk evaluation. However, what matters in the end is the overall impression of both qualitative and quantitative measures of the firm. In regards to sub-question one, the authors established a list of qualitative criteria used by advisors in their credit risk evaluation of SMEs, the most widely used criteria among the advisors are the owner/individual, key individuals, internal discipline, industry specifics, external discipline, customer’s customers, relationship and business plan. In comparison with the criteria used by Standard and Poor’s and the banks, it was evident that the criteria used in the evaluation differed a lot between the two.
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Imai, Masami. "The banking sector problem and the credit crunch in Japan." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Jofre-Bonet, Mireia. "Health care: interaction between public system and private sector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7392.
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Esta tesis estudia la interacción entre el sistema público y el sector privado en la provisión de servicios de salud. Consta de una introducción y tres capítulos. El primero es teórico y utiliza un modelo de diferenciación vertical de producto donde el bien en cuestión es sanidad. Los consumidores difieren en su nivel de renta y la disposición a pagar de los menos ricos no cubre su coste marginal. La provisión mediante un oligopolio mixto con un agente público que maximiza el bienestar. El sector público proporciona servicios de menor calidad pero asequibles a toda la población y el privado cubre la demanda de calidad alta. El segundo capítulo es empírico, utiliza la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares 90-91 y analiza si incrementar el gasto público en sanidad provoca una expansión de los recursos globales dedicados a bienes de salud. El resultado es afirmativo. El incremento de gasto público en salud tiene un efecto sustitución pero no suficiente para contrarrestar la expansión del gasto.El tercer capítulo es empírico y estudia la calidad como anexo de unión entre proveedores público y privados. La base de datos utilizada es la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 1993 y, complementariamente, la de presupuestos Familiares 90-91.
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Borah, David C. "Financial analysis of private sector firms within the DoD." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA300832.
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English, Linda M. "Public private partnerships : modernisation in the Australian public sector." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4985.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyPublic private partnerships [PPPs] are a product of policies and processes to modernise the delivery of infrastructure-based services. An examination of the modernisation literature establishes the broad analytical frame within which this thesis investigates PPPs. The macro-level overview of the recent transformation of the Australian public sector confirms that the dominant principles underlying modernisation are grounded in new institutional economics [NIE] that are implemented through private-sector derived accounting and management implementation technologies. It highlights the contextual complexities stemming from Australia’s federal system of government, explaining the decision to focus on investigating PPP experiences in Victoria. At the conceptual level, PPPs rely on risk management and modernisation of service delivery to achieve value for money [VFM] for governments. In Victoria, 2000 signals a change in the modernisation role of PPPs. Thereafter, risk inherent in PPPs was reduced by excluding the contractor from the delivery of core social services. Also, the state began to develop a number of PPP policies to guide, aid, control and rationalise decision making in the pre-contracting stage, and to clarify objectives. Analysis of PPP contracts and the failure of one pre-2000 PPP hospital project are illustrative of the controversies identified in the literature about ‘hidden’ aims, the role of technologies designed provide ‘objective’ evidence of VFM inherent in PPPs at the time of contracting, and the ‘fallacy’ of risk transfer to private contractors. An examination of prison contracts indicates the changing nature of the management and control of PPPs in the execution stage. Analysis of pre-2000 prison contracts reveals that these projects were intended to drive significant financial and nonfinancial modernisation reforms throughout the correctional services system. Despite problems with contractual specification of performance and payment mechanisms, and the failure of one of the three pre-2000 prisons, recent evidence suggests, contrary to conclusions in the previous literature, that sector-wide modernisation objectives are being achieved in PPP prisons. PPPs have been criticised on the grounds that they enable governments to avoid accountability for service provision. A survey of the extent, focus and characteristics of the performance audit of PPPs confirms that little PPP auditing has been undertaken in Australia per se, and also that much of the performance auditing has focused on examining adherence to mandated procedures in the pre-contracting stage. However, this thesis demonstrates that the Victorian government has undertaken significant evaluation of the operation of its pre-2000 PPP prisons, and that its thinking and policy development reflect lessons learnt. The evidence presented in this thesis challenges findings in the previous literature that modernisation has delivered less than promised. This thesis confirms the potency of longitudinal research to investigate outcomes of what is essentially an iterative process of reform and that ‘successful’ implementation of modernisation change is sensitive to the context to be reformed. In finding that the presence of goodwill trust is critical to the implementation of recent modernisation reform in the correctional services sector (including in the PPP prisons), this thesis also confirms recent critiques of the power of NIE theories to explain contracting practices in the PPP setting.