Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cree language'

This thesis outlines a syntactic analysis of Noun Incorporation in Cree. In this construction, certain morphemes, 'medials', that appear as the nominal root of an external NP can alternatively appear within a verb. This thesis extends previous analyses of Algonquian medials by utilizing the theory of Incorporation developed in Baker (1988b). Within this theory of grammar, medials are base-generated as nouns within an 'object' NP and then optionally adjoined to the verb stem as a result of head (X$ sp{ rm o}$) movement. Established restrictions on head movement can account for many properties of NI, including paraphrasing, doubling, bare modifiers, possible thematic relations, and differences between NI and compounds. The efficacy of the syntactic approach validates a modular account of polysynthetic word formation. In addition, the distribution of Cree NI validates several putatively universal principles of theta-role assignment.

This thesis considers the reference system of Plains Cree, an Algonquian language spoken in Canada. I argue that the referential system of this language can be understood as coding distinctions in extentionality; it distinguishes between referents that possess perspectives (‘intentional’) and referents that do not (‘extentional’). With respect to perspectival possession, Plains Cree distinguishes four referential classes: (i) inherently extentional “Inanimate” referents, (ii) contextually extentional “Obviative” referents, (iii) contextually intentional “Proximate” referents, and (iv) unspecified “Animate” referents. I then show that the referential class “Obviative” is decompositional; it is constructed out of components that code referential dependency, which is the confluence of structural ordering and perspectival embedding. Finally, I consider the methodological issues raised by the study of referential types, showing how different data-collection methods interact with the semantics of perspectival possession.

“To the Creek” is a creative nonfiction work in which place and identity play integral roles. Following a series of family revelations, the narrator embarks on a rebuilding project both of herself and a 100-year-old corncrib, the only standing structure on a Kentucky farm she and her husband inherited a few years before. However, farm life isn’t a natural fit for a first generation Cuban American, so this work touches on identity as well. The corncrib’s new function as a retreat and writing space leads the writer to explore similar efforts by other writers to convert existing sheds into creative spaces, with particular emphasis on Virginia Woolf and Thomas Merton.

Salmonele su najčešći prouzrokovači.crevnihinfekcija kod ljudi i životinja Široko surasprostranjene u prirodi a mogu kolonizovatirazličite domaćine Poebno su značajne oneživotinje čije se meso koristi za ishranu ljudi, akoje su i glavni izvor infekcije ljudi. Inficiraneživotinje ne ispoljavaju simptome i terapija sesprovodi nalazom salmonela prilikom rutinskekontrole zdravstvenog stanja. Posebno, kod ljudi iživotinja salmoneloze su značajne i zbogkliconoštva koje može trajati veoma dugo zavisnood starosti inficiranog organizma. Čest su uzrokalimentarnih toksiinfekcija kod ljudi. Duž čitavoglanca ishrane moguća je i sekundarnakontaminacija salmonelama. Pored rutinskihmikrobioloških analiza u otkrivanju izvora iputeva širenja infekcije koriste se i molekularnemetode koje daju precizne podatke o klonalnomporeklu bakterija izolovanih iz obolelih ljudi,namirnica i životinja. Međunarodnom trgovinomhrane isti tipovi bakterija mogu se pojaviti nageografski udaljenim lokacijama. Molekularnakarakterizacija Salmonella je značajna zbogodređivanja raznolikosti sojeva. Potrebno je da seizolati tipiziraju ne samo do nivoa vrste i serotipanego i preciznije. Tipizacija je bitna za utvrđivanjeepidemiološke povezanosti izolata, agenotipizacija podrazumeva direktnu analizuDNK. Geni rezistencije koji se od saprofita mogupreneti na patogene vrste imaju važnu ulogu upojavljivanju rezistentnih i multirezistentnihsojeva. Međusobni odnos gena rezistencije iupotrebe antimikrobnih sredstava određujejednačinu rezistencije na antimikrobna sredstva.Rezistencija predstavlja problem iako jesalmoneloza samolimitirajuća infekcija zbog čegase terapija antibioticima primenjuje samo koddece, starijih ljudi i u slučajevima sistemskihinfekcija. Navedena problematika je aktuelna i uCrnoj Gori jer ne postoji stalan monitoringprimene antimikrobnih sredstava kod domaćihživotinja. Iz navedenih razloga cilj ove doktorskedisertacije bilo je utvrđivanje prisustva Salmonellavrsta na farmama živine sa tri lokaliteta u CrnojGori, izolacija i identifikacija primenom standardnihmikrobioloških metoda, serotipizacija pomoćuaglutinacije na predmetnom staklu (slideagglutination) uz primenu anti-O i anti-H seruma.(Staten Serum Institute, Danska). Primenomstandardnih mikrobioloških metoda utvrđeno jeprisustvo serovarijeteta Salmonella Enteritidis iSalmonella Tiphymurium. SerovarijetetiSalmonella .Gallinarum biotip Gallinarum iSalmonella Gallinarum biotip Pullorum nisu bileserološki tipizirane. Identifikacija navedenihserovarijeteta je potvrđena metodom multipleksPCR detekcijom amplifikovanih DNK fragmenatau agaroznom gelu.. Nakon digestije 50 izolataSalmonella enterica podvrste enterica odabranihprema lokalitetima i zastupljenosti pomoću SpeIrestrikcionog enzma i njihovom analizomprimenom PFGE utvrđeno je 5 različitih SpeIpulsotipova. Kod 10% ispitivanih sojevaustanovljena je rezistencija na tetraciklin istreptomicin. Svi ispitivani serovarijetetisalmonela bili su osetljivi na amoksicilin saklavulanskom kiselinom, enrofloksacin,ciprofloksacin, sulfametoksazol-trimetoprim,cefuroksim, ceftriakson i norfloksacin. VrednostiMIK (minimalnih inhibitornih koncentracija)određenih antibiotika za odabrane sojeveserovarijeteta Salmonella Enteritidis primenomaparata VITEK 2 iznosile su za: piperacilin ≤ 4 –64 μg/ml (S – R) , cefuroksim 4 – 32 μg/ml (S -R), cefuroksim aksetil 4 –32 μg/ml (S– R),cefiksim ≤ 0,25 – 2 μg/ml (S - I), ceftriakson ≤ 1 –2 μg/ml (S - I) i minociklin ≤ 1 – 4 μg/ml (S),tetraciklin ≤ 1 μg/ml (S), tigeciklin ≤ 0,5 – 1 μg/ml(S), hloramfenikol ≤ 2 – 8 μg/ml (S), kolistin ≤0,5–1 μg/ml (S) i sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim ≤0,5 μg/ml (S).
Salmonella is the most common cause of alimentarytoxic infections among humans. They have beenadapted to a number of warm-blooded animals. Theinfected animals do not exhibit symptoms and thetreatment performs by finding of salmonella in routinehealth check. The secondary contamination bysalmonella ois possible in during entire food chain.Apart from the routine microbiological analysis indetection of sources and pathways of spreading theinfection, there are also used the molecular methodsthat provide accurate information about the clonalorigin of bacteria isolated from diseased humans, foodand animals. During international trade of food, thesame types of bacteria can occur in geographicallyremote locations. Molecular characterization ofSalmonella is important in determination of diversity ofstrains. It is necessary isolates to be typified not only tothe level of species and serotypes but also moreprecisely. Typification is essential to determine theepidemiological connection of isolates. Genotypingincludes a direct analysis of DNA. The resistance genesthat can be transferred from saprophytes to pathogenicmicroorganisms play an important role in theemergence of resistant and multiresistant strains. Theabove mentoned is also a current issue in our countrybecause there is a constant monitoring of using ofantimicrobials drugs to farm animals. For these reasons,the aim of this dissertation is to examine the serovars ofSalmonella in Montenegro, their molecularcharacterization using biomolecular methods based onisolation of DNA and subsequent amplification ofserovar-specific genes.(multiplex PCR method andPFGE), and testing sensitivity, or resistance toantimicrobial drugs used in clinic vet practice.

The media’s ability to frame a news story, or to slant it in a particular direction and thereby shape public perceptions, is a powerful tool with implications for material effects in society. In this thesis, a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of the words and photographic images used in the framing of Life magazine’s September 14, 1953 article, “The Lonely Men of Short Creek,” is combined with contextualization of the story within the historical, sociological, and regional settings that may have affected its ideological content. This provides insights into Life’s editorial perspectives and potential audience response. “The Lonely Men of Short Creek” is an account that some writers have suggested contributed to a laissez-faire attitude towards the polygamist community of Short Creek, Arizona, in which a failure to enforce state laws allowed child sexual abuse to continue unhindered there for the next half century. This analysis of Life’s account demonstrates its overall sympathetic framing of Short Creek in 1953, particularly of male community members, and the construction of a narrative with significant absences and misrepresentations that obscured or concealed darker themes. Life’s construct has in certain aspects been replicated today in what some consider to be the “definitive” account of the story, which repeats a persistent tale of religious persecution, compromised constitutional rights, and an overbearing state’s “kidnap” of the children of an apparently innocent and harmless rural polygamist community. Such a narrative has deflected attention from an alternative frame—that of a community charged with multiple crimes, including the statutory rape of children manipulated by adults within a religious ideology that demanded plural “wives.” This thesis contends that in 1953, these children were overlooked, or ignored in a fog of often taken-for-granted US national ideologies and editorial perspectives relating to religious freedom and the “sacred” nature of the family in the post-Korean War and Cold War era. Such findings raise questions about the ethics of partisan framing of news stories in which alleged victims are implicated, acceptable limits of religious and family rights, and the often un-interrogated national ideologies sometimes used to justify harmful or criminal behaviors.

There are many pieces of flight deck research on general use of written English language technical information and problem solving using technical documentation. Contributory causes of aircraft accidents have been due to misunderstandings of crew alerts and procedural divergence by English as-a-second language flight crewmembers (ESL). Research was conducted to understand impact of written English language technical information on ESL flight crewmembers’ performance. Two types of systems were evaluated, technical documentation and crew alerting systems that contain technical information, with respect to their impact on ESL flight crewmember performance. Preliminary analysis results indicated written English language technical information can be confusing, difficult to read and interpret, and leads to misunderstandings by ESL flight crewmembers during aircraft nonnormal conditions. English as-a-second language flight crewmembers indicated they often experience problems executing written English language technical procedures after outset of crew alerts. Conversely, experimental trials revealed ESL flight crewmembers did not experience many cognitive performance issues with use of crew alerting systems and technical information designed with an English language emphasis. English as-a second language flight crewmembers’ English language proficiency, background knowledge, and use of use of metacognitive strategies to read and comprehend written English language on crew alerting and information systems, indicated they utilized written English technical information with ease. Particularly, ESL flight crewmembers’ workload was low, they had fast response times to system faults, and they experienced minimal procedural deviations. On the contrary, when ESL flight crewmembers utilized written English language technical procedures translated into their native language during non-normal conditions, they experienced several cognitive performance challenges. English as-a second language flight crewmembers’ background knowledge of written English language technical information translated into their native language, use of metacognitive strategies to read and comprehend written English language translated into their native language, indicated they experienced difficulties with reading and comprehending translated technical information on information systems. Particularly, ESL flight crewmembers were challenged cognitively when they responded to crew alerts through execution of decision-making processes. They indicated translation of written English language technical information into their native language was a pre-cursor to procedural deviation, long response times to system issues, as well as high workload during experimental trials. It is recommended that further research focus on design and use of written English language technical documentation by ESL flight crewmembers during non-normal conditions. It is also recommended that if deemed practical by the aviation industry, further research should focus on design, integration, and utilization of technical documentation in a language(s) other than English, and measurement of ESL flight crewmembers performance on the flight deck.

    U radu je ispitan uticaj vodnog deficita na fiziološke osobine klonova crne topole ipopulacija hrasta lužnjaka i cera, kao i mogućnost oporavka ovih biljaka nakon ponovnog uspostavljanja optimalnog vodnog režima. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ukaže na potencijal ispitivanih genotipova topole i hrastova za opstanak u  promenljivim uslovima životne sredine, u skladu sa aktuelnim klimatskim promenama koje uključuju smanjenje količine padavina i ograničenu dostupnost vode. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali specifično variranje ispitivanih morfo-anatomskih, fizioloških i biohemijskih parametara koje je zavisilo od momentalne vlažnosti zemljišta na primenjenom tretmanu (kontrola, suša praćena oporavkom, konstantna suša) i od genotipa biljke.    Negativan uticaj vodnog  deficita na tretmanu konstantne suše je u najmanjoj meri bio ispoljen na rastenje klona topole X/32, populaciju hrasta lužnjaka L1 i populaciju hrasta cera C1. Indeks tolerancije na stres izračunat na osnovu visine biljke (PHSI) takodje je potvrdio dobru morfološku prilagodjenost pomenutih genotipovana uslove suše. Dobijene vrednosti indeksa stoma ukazuju da vodni status ispitivanih populacija hrastova nije bio naroĉito pogodjen vodnim deficitom na sušnim tretmanima.    Tretman konstantne suše je u oba ogleda  doveo do najvećeg smanjenja vrednostiparametara razmene gasova kod skoro svih genotipova. S druge strane, primenjeni sušni tretmani nisu uslovili smanjenje sadržaja fotosintetiĉkih pigmenata, kao ni parametra Fv/Fm, kod većine ispitivanih biljaka. U odnosu na kontrolu, sadržaj prolina u listovima ispitivanih biljaka na tretmanu konstantne suše bio je    znaĉajno povećan, a aktivnost enzima nitrat-reduktaze značajno smanjena, kod većine genotipova.    Genotipovi kod kojih u uslovima jakog vodnog deficita nije došlo do značajne promene većine ispitivanih morfo-anatomskih, fizioloških i biohemijskih parametara mogu biti od velike važnosti kad je u pitanju njihov odabir i upotreba za uspešno pošumljavanje sušnih staništa, kojih će biti sve više usled negativnog uticaja brojnih ekoloških činilaca nastalih kao posledica klimatskih promena.
The impact of water deficit and recovery on physiological features of the black poplar clones, as well as of the oaks populations were analyzed. The aim of this research was to indicate the potential of the studied genotypes for survival under changing environmental conditions, in accordance with current climate changes, which include the reduction in amount of rainfall and limited water availability. Obtained results have shown a specific variation of studied morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical parameters which depended on soil humidity on the applied treatment (control, drought followed by recovery and permanent drought), as well as on plant genotype.Water deficit on permanent drought treatment had little negative effect on plant growth of poplar clone X/32, as well as oak populations L1 and C1. Plant height stress tolerance index also confirmed good morphological adaptation to drought of these genotypes. Stomatal index was not negatively affected by water deficit in oak plants.     In both experiments, a permanent drought treatment led to the largest reduction in the values of gas exchange parameters in almost all genotypes.On the other hand, concentration of  photosynthetic pigments was not considerably decreased in plants exposed to water deficit, as well as the parameter Fv/Fm, in most examined plants. Compared to the control, the impact of permanent drought treatment  on biochemical parameters was expected, in the most cases.     Compared to the control, proline content in leaves of most examined genotypes was significantly increased on permanent drought treatment, while nitrate reductase activity was significantly decreased.Examined genotypes exhibiting slight or no reduction in values of the most  examined parameters during severe  drought stress, could be used for afforestation in arid sites. Arid habitats appeared to be more numerous due to the effects of global climate changes.

Nivo zadovoljstva karijerom predstavlja fenomen kojem se u poslednje vreme prišlo sa ozbiljnijim interesovanjem. Utvrđivanje odnosa crta ličnosti, strukture radne motivacije za zadovoljstvo karijerom, uspešnih ljudi predstavlja plodno tle za polje savetovanja u karijeri. Danas je fokus istraživača pomeren i zadržan na intrinzičkim kriterijumima uspeha u karijeri, gde se pored crta ličnost, strukture radne motivacije sa posebnom pažnjom ispituju i uticaji organizacije ali i ravnoteže između porodičnih i radnih uloga na ukupno zadovoljstvo karijerom. U cilju što boljeg razumevanja strukture ličnosti u organizacijskim u konceptu zadovoljstva karijerom, pored osnovnih, aktuelno je prisutan i koncept „dodatnih“ crta ličnosti. Pregled savremene literature ukazuje na nedovoljnu proučenost međusobnog odnosa navedenih fenomena, pogotovo primene teorije samodeterminacije u ovakvomm istraživačkom konceptu.Da bismo detaljnije ispitali značaj crta ličnosti i strukture radne motivacije za zadovoljstvo karijerom, pristupili smo ispitivanju crta ličnosti, strukture radne motivacije u odnosu na nivo zadovoljstva karijerom i to kod uspešnih ljudi. Zadovoljstvo karijerom je definisano kao evaluacija ličnog napretka u odnosu na lične ciljeve u karijeri. Povodom ovog rada, konstruisan je utpinik namenjen ispitivanju zadovoljstva karijerom, ZAK i koji je na pilot uzorku dao prihvatljive metrijske karakteristike. Uzorak ispitanika je sastavljen od ukupno 110 osoba sa vrlo uspešnom karijerom u oblasti obrazovanja, bankarstva i biznisa u Republici Srbiji. Njihova karijera je ocenjena kao uspešna na osnovu sledećih kriterija: akademskog postignuća – status profesora univerziteta; rukovodeće pozicije u bankama i internacionalnim kompanijama; kao i vlasništvo kompanija koje su imale iznad deset zaposlenih i pozitivan bilans u prethodnim godinama poslovanja. Četrnaest ispitanika je bilo srednjeg obrazovnog nivoa, 22 sa višom stručnom spremom, a sa visokom ukupno 74, od toga sa VII/1 stepenom 37 i VII/2 i VIII stepenom takođe 37 ispitanika. Najmlađi ispitanik je imao 26 godina, najstariji 68, dok je prosečna starost bila 47 godina. Najduži radni staž je bio 44 godine, a prosečan 21 godinu. Primenjeni su sledeći instrumenti: LEKSI 70, namenjen ispitivanju crta ličnosti baziranih na konceptu „velikih pet“ plus dva; SRM-1, za ispitivanje strukture radne motivacije; kao i ZAK, upitnik koji ispituje nivo zadovoljstva karijerom.Nakon primene serije analiza utvrđeno je da su prediktori zadovoljstva karijerom kod vrlo uspešnih osoba osobina ličnosti pozitivna emocionalnost, stanje ispunjenosti karijerom, intrinzička motivacija i regulacija identifikacijom. Slično tome, pronađena je veza između crta savesnost i otvorenost sa regulacijom identifikacijom i intrinzičkom motivacijom i zadovoljstvom karijerom. Glavni prediktori zadovoljstva i ispunjenošću karijerom kod vrlo uspešnih osoba su izražena crta ličnosti otvorenost i sniženje crte negativna emocionalnost Osoba sklona izbegavanju posla ima manje izraženu savesnost, povišenu negativnu emocionalnost, pokazuje sklonost ka introjektovanoj regulaciji. Pored toga, osoba sa izraženom negativnom emocionalnošću ima tendenciju ka promeni karijere. Dužina radnog staža sugeriše zaključak da su osobe sa dužom uspešnom karijerom manje neprijatne i više savesne. Obrazovni nivo ispitanika je bio u vezi sa ispunjenošću karijerom, tako što su najobrazovaniji ispitanici bili zadovoljniji od manje obrazovanih. Ispitivanje značaja oblasti karijere na relacije osobina i strukture motivacije na zadovoljstvo pokazuje da se grupe međusobno razlikuju po tome što grupe menadžera i univerzitetskih profesora u odnosu na bankare pokazuju veći stepen zadovoljstva karijerom i imaju izraženije crte otvorenost i pozitivna valenca, dok im je ekstrinzička radna motivacija niža u odnosu na grupu bankara. Ustanovljeno je i da grupa bankara ima izraženiju introjektovanu regulaciju i intrinzičku motivaciju od grupe profesora i grupe menadžera
The level of the satisfaction with the career is a phenomenon that has been lately analysed seriously and with attention. To determine the relationship between personality traits and structures of work motivation for career satisfaction with successful people is a good basis for the field of advising. Up to now it was only discussed in the context of objective, external criterion of satisfaction. Since the industrial-organizational psychology has become interested in the concepts of personality again by creating socio-cognitive approaches to motivation, this relation has occupied an important place in studies of organizational behavior. Today, the focus of researchers is shifted and held on the intrinsic criteria of the success in career and in addition to personality traits, structures of work motivation are examined with special attention in terms of organization and in terms of the influence of family/work balance on the level of satisfaction. Contemporary literature review indicates the insufficient study of the concepts mentioned above, especially the application of the theory of self-determination in this concept of research.In order to examine the importance of personality traits and structure of work motivation we started examining personality traits and structure of work motivation in relation to the level of career satisfaction of successful people. Career satisfaction is defined as the evaluation of personal progress in relation to personal goals. The research included 110 people with very successful careers in fields of education, bankings and business in the Republic of Serbia. Their career was evaluated as successful on the following criteria: academic achievements – the status of the university professor, managing or senior positions in banks and international companies; entrepreneurs and company owners that have more than ten employees and the positive balance in previous years. Fourteen examinees had secondary school education, 22 with Bachelor’s degree, total of 74 with university degree of which 37 had Master’s degree and 37 of them PhD.The youngest examinee was 26, the oldest 68, while the average age was 47. The longest years of service was 44 years, and average 21 year. The following tests were applied: LEKSI 70, test designed for testing personal traits based on the ’’Big Five’’ plus two; SRM-1, for testing the structure of work motivation; and For the purpose of this paper, a questionnaire is made to investigate the level of career satisfaction, ZAK which as the pilot sample had given acceptable psychometric characteristics.. After the application of series of results, the following are the most important to mention: the connection between personality traits and positive emotionality, factors for career satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and regulation through identification with successful people. Similarly, the connection between career satisfaction and regulation through identification and intrinsic motivation has been found between openness and conscientiousness. In addition, the quality of openness showed negative correlation with external regulation and conscientiousness with the factor of avoiding work. Examinees who were more prone to regulation through identification showed more distinctive positive emotionality and conscientiousness, but at the same time the higher level of unpleasantness/aggression. Years of service suggest that people with long and successful careers are less unpleasant and more conscientious. The relation between negative valence factors, psychosomatic symptoms, avoiding work and external control stands out as an important highlight. Examined group of managers and university professors in relation to bankers show the higher level of satisfaction with their careers, have more distinctive quality of openness and positive valence while at the same time their extrinsic motivation is lower than in the group of bankers. In addition, people with negative emotions had tendencies for a career change. The educational level connected to the career satisfaction showed that more educated people were more satisfied from less educated. In addition to basic personality traits and in order to understand better the structure of personality in organizational behavior, the concept of 'additional' personality traits is also important.

This study aims to understand the interaction within cabin crew members and study the teaching methods regarding communication to the cabin crew. For exploring this matter, interviews with two cabin crew instructors were conducted. These interviews have been analysed by using socio-cultural theory on learning, along with relevant theoretic terms to comprehend how interaction and communication between cabin crew members are taught. The interviews with the instructors have been analyzed from a socio-cultural perspective with concepts relevant to the study; language as a tool, crew resource management as a communicative method and mediation, which can be explained as how something is conveyed. By analyzing the interviews and interpreting them from the socio-cultural perspective, three categories were established. These were: teaching environment, crew resource management and safe teaching environment and finally social interaction. The results of the study indicate that one of the most critical factors for teaching communicative skills and the understanding thereof is the numerous years of working experience of the cabin crew instructors. Another crucial result from this study demonstrates that in order to teach communication skills to cabin crew effectively, it may be necessary to re-evaluate the methods in which the subject is instructed to cabin crew as the training program for cabin crew is based mainly on pilot manuals. Onward research in the field may also regard the use of virtual-reality methods through VR-goggles, which is something the respondents briefly explained as an exciting breakthrough in cabin crew teaching methods.
Studiens syfte är att undersöka instruktörers erfarenheter och upplevelser om undervisningen av säkerhetsbärande kommunikation till kabinpersonal i ett flygbolag. För att studera detta har två djupgående intervjuer genomförts med två instruktörer eftersom det är instruktörerna som är ansvariga för att undervisa om kommunikationen som kabinpersonalen senare använder i den dagliga verksamheten. Intervjuerna med instruktörerna genomfördes genom video och/eller telefonsamtal och har därefter analyserats utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv med för studien relevanta begrepp; språket som redskap, crew resource management som kommunikativ metod samt mediering, vilket kan förklaras som hur någonting förmedlas. Med hjälp av att analysera intervjuerna och tolka dem utifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet kunde tre kategorier uppmärksammas: undervisningsmiljö, CRM och trygg undervisningsmiljö samt social interaktion. Studiens resultat visar att en av de viktigaste faktorerna i undervisningen och i synnerhet kommunikation, är instruktörens egen yrkeserfarenhet vilken visat sig viktig för undervisningen om kommunikation. Ett annat viktigt resultat från undersökningen är att den belyser instruktörernas erfarenheter av hur teori och praktik samspelar i undervisningen. Med resultat från denna studie uppmuntras till fortsatta studier om undervisningen för kabinpersonal i syfte att belysa och effektivisera den kommunikation som kabinpersonalen arbetar med dagligen. Ett intressant ämne som framfördes genom intervjuerna med respondenterna är möjligheten att arbeta med VR-glasögon, alltså glasögon som genom en virtuell värld kan återge undervisningsmiljö som annars kan vara svåråtkomlig.

Folk art is the art of everyday life. Framing homes can be artistic when done with a degree of exemplary expertise. Jerry Saville is a master folk artist because of his special skills and techniques exhibited in his trade of carpentry. This research provides a glimpse into a carpenter’s life to discover what creates and sustains a master carpenter. Through desire, drive, dedication (time/practice), life experience/opportunity (apprenticeship), purpose, and a community of support, Jerry Saville became a master folk artist.

Ciljevi  istraživanje  ove  doktorske  disertacije  bili  su  određivanje makroskopskih  i  mikroskopskih  karakteristika  plodonosnih  tela analiziranih vrsta roda Marasmius, Gymnopus i Mycetinis i njhove varijabilnosti  između  populacija,  određivanje  uticaja  klimatskih faktora  na  varijabilnost  morfoloških  karaktera,  određivanje brojnosti  i  rasprostranjenja  jedinki  na  odabranim  lokalitetima  u okviru  Nacionalnih parkova Srbije i Crne Gore  (Kopaonik, Stara planina,  Biogradska  gora)  koristeći  ISSR  metodu,  kao  i određivanje osnovnih populaciono-genetičkih parametara i analizafilogenetskih odnosa u okviru roda Marasmius. Kod vrste  M. alliaceus  utvrđeno je da se na osnovu morfoloških karaktera  populacija  sa  Stare  planine  delimično  izdvaja,  dok  je kod  populacije  Biogradska  gora  uočena  najveća  heterogenost  u ispitivanim  karakterima.  Kod  vrste  G. androsaceus  uočeno  je  da nema jasnog izdvajanja populacija, odnosno ispitivane populacije su pokazale heterogenost u ispitivanim morfološkim karakterima. Uočena  je  statistički  značajna  (p  <  0.05)  korelacija  između morfoloških karaktera i faktora sredine kod obe analizirane vrste M. alliaceus i G. androsaceus. Određivanjem  broja  i  veličine  geneta  ISSR  metodom  u populacijama  vrsta  M.  alliaceus,  M.  rotula  i  G.  androsaceus utvrđeno  je  da  ove  vrste  formiraju  relativno  male  genete  (od nekoliko desetina centimetara do 15m) koji se nalaze u relativnoj blizini jedni od drugih (nekoliko metara). Određivanjem  parametara  molekularnog  diverziteta  (AMOVA, Fst) kod populacija vrsta  M. alliaceus  i  G. androsaceus utvrđeno je  da  su  populacije  obe  ispitivane  vrste  značajno  genetičkidiferencirane (Fst vrednosti veće od 0.25) odnosno da postoji mali protok gena između njih.Filogenetska analiza ITS + LSU i ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sekvenci u ovom  radu,  podržava  trenutno  prihvaćeno  grupisanje  Evropskih vrsta  roda  Marasmius  u  sekcije  na  osnovu  makro-  i mikromorfoloških  karaktera.  Međutim,  dobijeni  rezultati  ne podržavaju  u  potpunosti  grupisanje  nižih  infrageneričkih kategorija (podsekcija i serija). Takođe, podsekcijska klasifikacija evropskih  Marasmius  vrsta  analiziranih  u  ovom  radu  ne predstavlja monofiletske linije.
The  goals  of  this  doctoral  thesis  were  to  determine  the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fruit bodies of the  genus  Marasmius,  Gymnopus  and  Mycetinis  and  their variability  among  populations,  determining  the  influence  of climatic factors on the morphological variability  of  fruit bodies,determining  the  number  and  distribution  of  individuals  at selected  sites  within  the  National  Parks  of  Serbia  and Montenegro  (Kopaonik,  Stara  Planina,  Biogradska  Gora)  using the ISSR method, as well as determining basic population -genetic parameters  and  analysis  of  phylogenetic  relations  within  the genus Marasmius.For  the  species  M.  alliaceus,  it  has  been  determined  that  the population  of  Stara  planina  is  partially  isolated,  while  the population  of  Biogradska  gora  has  the  highest  heterogeneity  in the  investigated  morphological  characters.  For  the  species  G.androsaceus  it was noticed that there was no clear  segregation  of populations,   thus   the  investigated  populations  showed heterogeneity in the examined morphological characters. A  statistically  significant  (p<0.05)  correlation  between morphological  and  environmental  factors  in  both  analyzed species M. alliaceus and G. androsaceus was observed. Determination  of  the  number  and  size  of  the   genets  by  ISSR method in populations of species  M. alliaceus,  M. rotula and  G.androsaceus,  showed  that  these  species  form  relatively  small genes  (from  few  centimeters  to  15  meters)  located  in  relative proximity to each other (several meters ). By determining molecular diversity parameters (AMOVA, Fst) in populations  of  species  M.  alliaceus  and  G.  androsaceus  it  has been found that the populations of both investigated species are significantly  genetically  differentiated  (Fst  values  greater  than 0.25), ie there is a small flow of gene between them. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS + LSU and ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sequence  datasets  supports  the  currently  accepted, morphologicaly based  groupings of sections of European species of genus  Marasmius.  However, the results obtained  in this study do  not  fully  support  the  grouping  of  lower  infra-generic categories  (subsections  and  series).  Also,  the  subsection classification of the European Marasmius species analyzed in this paper does not represent monophyletic lineages.

Ова дисертација се бави проучавањем средњовјековних историјских тема упериодици која је излазила на подручју данашње Црне Горе у периоду од 1835. године до1941. године. Циљ нашег истраживања био је сакупљање и анализа разнородне грађе отемама из средњовјековља јужнословенског простора, које су третиране и објављене упериодици на простору Црне Горе у посматраном периоду, њихово груписање у тематскецјелине, хронолошко излагање, као и састављање једног потпуног и вјеродостојногисторијског прегледа развоја медијевистике у периодици на простору Црне Горе упоменутом периоду. У раду је обрађено 458 текстова у којима је заступљенасредњовјековна тематика, од којих је највећи број објављен у часописима: ГласуЦрногорца, Зетском гласнику, Записима, Просвјети, Гласу Боке, Гласнику Народногуниверзитета Боке Которске и Зети. Такође, кроз систематизовани преглед, углавномдескриптивног карактера, жељели смо да дамо потпунију слику и што свестранијеизложимо све радове из средњовјековне историје јужнословенског простора објављене упериодици на простору Црне Горе у посматраном периоду. Намјера је била да изложимосваку помена вреднију активност на овом пољу, што би могло представљати доприносизучавању и заокруживању слике заступљености медијавистике у историографији ЦрнеГоре.Значај дисертације огледа се у томе што овој проблематици, до сада, нијепоклоњена пуна пажња у радовима који су се бавили периодиком на простору данашњеЦрне Горе у посматраном периоду. Такође, чланцима који се односе на средњовјековнипериод јачала се национална свијест, утврђивао идентитет, његовала културна баштина ифолклор. 
Ova disertacija se bavi proučavanjem srednjovjekovnih istorijskih tema uperiodici koja je izlazila na području današnje Crne Gore u periodu od 1835. godine do1941. godine. Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je sakupljanje i analiza raznorodne građe otemama iz srednjovjekovlja južnoslovenskog prostora, koje su tretirane i objavljene uperiodici na prostoru Crne Gore u posmatranom periodu, njihovo grupisanje u tematskecjeline, hronološko izlaganje, kao i sastavljanje jednog potpunog i vjerodostojnogistorijskog pregleda razvoja medijevistike u periodici na prostoru Crne Gore upomenutom periodu. U radu je obrađeno 458 tekstova u kojima je zastupljenasrednjovjekovna tematika, od kojih je najveći broj objavljen u časopisima: GlasuCrnogorca, Zetskom glasniku, Zapisima, Prosvjeti, Glasu Boke, Glasniku Narodnoguniverziteta Boke Kotorske i Zeti. Takođe, kroz sistematizovani pregled, uglavnomdeskriptivnog karaktera, željeli smo da damo potpuniju sliku i što svestranijeizložimo sve radove iz srednjovjekovne istorije južnoslovenskog prostora objavljene uperiodici na prostoru Crne Gore u posmatranom periodu. Namjera je bila da izložimosvaku pomena vredniju aktivnost na ovom polju, što bi moglo predstavljati doprinosizučavanju i zaokruživanju slike zastupljenosti medijavistike u istoriografiji CrneGore.Značaj disertacije ogleda se u tome što ovoj problematici, do sada, nijepoklonjena puna pažnja u radovima koji su se bavili periodikom na prostoru današnjeCrne Gore u posmatranom periodu. Takođe, člancima koji se odnose na srednjovjekovniperiod jačala se nacionalna svijest, utvrđivao identitet, njegovala kulturna baština ifolklor. 
This dissertation deals in with the study of medieval historical themes in Montenegrinperiodicals which coming out on the territory of Montenegro in the period from 1835 to 1941.The aim of our study was the collection and analysis of diverse materials on topics frommedieval on area of the South Slavic, which treated and published in Montenegrin periodicalson area of Montenegro in the observed period, their grouping into thematic units, chronologicalpresentation, as well as the drafting of a comprehensive and credible historical overviewdevelopment medieval history in Montenegrin periodicals on area of Montenegro during thisperiod. The study included 458 articles in which he represented a medieval theme, of which thelargest number was published in magazines: Glas Crnogorca, Zetski glasnik, Zapisi, Prosvjeta,Glas Boke, Glasnik Narodnog univerziteta Boke Kotorske and Zeta. Also, through the systematicreview, mainly descriptive character, we wanted to give a more complete picture and mostcomprehensive expose all the works of the medieval history about area of the South Slavicpublished in Montenegrin periodicals on the area of Montenegro in observed period. Theintention was to expose every noteworthy activity in this field, which could represent acontribution to the study and completing the image representation medieval history in thehistoriography of Montenegro. The importance of the dissertation is reflected in the fact that thisissue does not give full attention until now in papres which dealt with periodical on the area ofpresent-day Montenegro in the observed period. Also, the articles which refers to the medievalperiod by strengthening the national consciousness, determined the identity, cherished culturalheritage and folklore.

Disertacija je posvećena problemimaoštećenja cevi pirolitičkih peći u fabrici etilena,kao i metodima procene preostalog ţivotnogveka cevi peći, uopštava teorijska i praktičnaistraţivanja koja su sprovedena za vremetrajanja doktorskih studija.Peć za pirolizu benzina je uzeta kao tipičanprimer za proučavanje preostalog ţivotnog vekana osnovu prikupljenih podataka o cevima peći,kao što su: redukcija debljine zida, povećanjespoljnjeg prečnika, tvrdoća i metalografskaistraţivanja, itd., a eksperimentalni rezultati sudobiveni iz pripremljenih isečaka cevi peći.Razmatra se veliki kompleks pitanja povezansa problemom tačnosti procene ţivotnog veka.Iako otkaz cevi peći nije veliki bezbednosniproblem, procena preostalog ţivotnog veka cevije značajna zbog uštede troškova koji proizilazeiz optimizacije procesnih parametara iliredukcije frekvence ispitivanja i prevazilaţenjaneplaniranih zastoja.
The dissertation is devoted toproblems of pyrolysis furnace tubesdamage in ethylene plant, and methods ofassessment of the furnace tube remaininglife, generalizes the theoretical andpractical research that is conducted duringthe doctoral studies.Furnace for the gasoline pyrolysisistaken as a typical example for the study ofthe remaining life based on data collectedon the furnace tube, such as the reductionof wall thickness, increasing the outerdiameter, hardness and metallographictesting, etc.., and experimental resultswere obtained from prepared furnace tubeslices.Discusses the major issues associatedwith the complex problem of the accuracyof life expectancy. Although furnace tubefailure isn’t a major security problem, thetube remaining life estimation is importantbecause of cost savings resulting from theoptimization of process parameters orreducing the frequency of tests andovercome unplanned downtime.

Proces pečenja u proizvodnji keramičkog crepa u većini slučajeva se izvodi uoksidavionoj atmosferi. Dobijena mikrostruktura koja obezbeđuje najvažnije osobineprimene zavisi od mineraloškog sastava polaznog materijala i temperature termičkogtretmana.Sa stanovišta proizvodnje glinenog crepa, sirovina sa značajnim sadržajem karbonata kao što je kop gline u Kanjiži, predstavlja problem te se ne može koristiti u njenom prirodnom sastavu. U oksidacionom termičkom tretmanu, staklasta faza koja se formira razgradnjom lakotopivih glinenih minerala ne kvasi u dovoljnoj meri zemnoalkalne okside nastale razgradnjom karbonata. Očekivane nove kristalne faze, kao što su gelenit i anortit, koje predstavljaju osnovu dobrih tehničkih osobina crepa, ne mogu nastati u potrebnoj količini. Jedno od rešenja ovog problema je poboljšanje interakcije između silikata i CaO/MgO promenom kvaliteta atmosfere pečenja.Cilj je bio da se dobije odgovor na pitanje, da li se mogu promenom tehnološkihparametara pečenja poboljšati karakteristike finalnog proizvoda dobijenog od sirovinske smeše sa visokim masenim udelom karbonata.Dati su rezultati pečenja u oksidacionoj i redukcionoj atmosferi u pogledu fizičkomehaničkih karakteristika i nastanka novih kristalnih faza. U radu su primenjene metode 57Fe Mössbauer spektroskopije, difrakcija X zraka i dilatometrijska analiza zaidentifikaciju promena faza tokom pečenja u oksidacionoj i redukcionoj atmosferi(CO/N2 atmosfera) na temperaturama od 700-1060°C. Ove promene reflektujudehidroksilaciju glinenih minerala, dekompoziciju karbonata, denzifikaciju i formiranjenovih kristalnih faza (plagioklasi). U cilju analize industrijskih uzoraka, pored 57FeMössbauer spektroskopije, primenjene su i sledeće metode: skenirajuća elektronskamikroskopija (SEM) sa EDS analizom, živina porozimetrija, fotoelektronska spektroskopija (XPS) i karakterizacija apsorbcije vode, otpornosti na mraz i nosivosti.Primena redukujuće atmosfere pokazala se kao opravdana, dobijen je glineni creppoboljšanih karakteristika u odnosu na standardni proizvod pečen u oksidacionojatmosferi.
The firing process in clay roofing tile production is normally carried out in oxidizingfiring atmosphere. The obtained microstructure which provides the most importantproperties of the application depends on the mineralogical composition of the starting raw material and the firing temperature.Concerning the production of roofing tiles, clay raw materials with a high content ofcarbonates such as the Kanjiza clay material, possess an inappropriate composition. The melt phase is formed after the decomposition of clay minerals during the common firing process. This liquid phase, due to its extent wetting characteristics, is not able to wet properly the earth alkali oxides obtained after the decomposition of the carbonates. The expected new crystalline phases, like gehlenite and anorthite, which are needed for the favorable technical properties of the roofing tiles, can not be formed in the required quality and quantity. One solution to this problem is the limebonding improvement by changing the conditions of the firing atmosphere.The main aim of this work is to examine the effects of firing conditions on theproperties of clay roofing tiles with high carbonate content. The obtained physical andmechanical properties and the obtained new crystalline phases are described in detail.The experiment used dilatometry, X-ray diffractometry, 57Fe Mössbauerspectroscopy to identify the changes during the firing process in oxidizing andreducing atmosphere (CO/N2 atmosphere) at temperatures between 700 and 1060°C.Furthermore, for industrial sample analysis, scanning electronmicroscopy with EDS,XPS, Hg porosimetry, water absorption procedure, frost resistance and bendingmeasurements were applied.The application of reducing atmosphere was proved to be valid. The obtainedroofing tiles had improved properties compared to the standard production which usesoxidizing firing atmosphere.

Nuestra monografía tiene como propósito principal realizar un análisis narratológico de dos personajes femeninos, Tina Tovar y Clotilde Esquivel, en la novela Los Andes no creen en Dios (1973) del escritor boliviano Adolfo Costa du Rels y demostrar quién es la heroína de la historia. Además deseamos dar a conocer la cultura y literatura bolivianas. A pesar de que no se encontró ningún estudio acerca de nuestra novela, consideramos muy interesante el hecho de analizar una obra desconocida para muchos, pero que sin embargo, fue escrita por un gran autor como lo fue Adolfo Costa du Rels. Por otro lado, creemos que es importante apoyar a la literatura boliviana ya que no es muy considerada en el mundo literario hispanohablante. De igual manera, este libro nos da a conocer un aspecto importante de la sociedad boliviana de los años veinte, a través de descripciones muy ricas y verosímiles. Nuestro trabajo parte de la idea generalizada de que nostros, como lectores, al principio de la lectura de una novela, nos hacemos ideas pre-hechas de los personajes, influenciadas por nuestros propios prejuicios, sin embargo, creemos que a medida que vamos leyendo y conociendo a los personajes, nos damos cuenta de que,  ellos tienen funciones, personalidades y características muy distintas a las que uno se espera si solo nos dejamos llevar por estereotipos, como en el caso de Tovar y Esquivel quienes representan dos polos opuestos de la sociedad: una "prostituta" y "espía chilena" y otra: dama de alta sociedad. Nuestra hipótesis sostiene que, a pesar de lo que se espere de Clotilde, la "prostituta", es ella la verdadera heroína de la historia, y no Tovar como se podría suponer. Nuestro corpus principal es la novela Los Andes no creen en Dios y nuestro trabajo estará dividido de la siguiente manera: primeramente haremos un resumen de la historia y daremos datos relevantes del autor. Nuestra monografía comprenderá una parte teórica seguida por un análisis narratológico y finalemente por un resultado. Emplearmos las teorías de Mieke Bal (2003) Y de Roland Bourneuf y Réal Ouellet (1983). Nos enfocaremos en la definición del personaje dando hincapié a la problemática de lo predecible, asimismo daremos la definición de personaje redondo y llano, finalmente veremos qué definición tiene el héroe. Para finalizar, llegaremos a la conclusión de que Clotilde Esquivel, la "prostituta" resulta ser le heroína de la historia.

La larga presencia histórica de arabehablantes en la península ibérica tuvo como resultado la inclusión de préstamos léxicos, a menudo llamados arabismos, en el español. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido comparar el uso de estos arabismos en el español cotidiano moderno con el del siglo XVI. Con este fin, se presenta una enumeración ordenada de los arabismos más frecuentes en el español moderno y se la compara con una lista correspondiente del español del siglo XVI. Las listas están basadas en dos corpus que maneja la Real Academia Española. Se realzan las semejanzas y diferencias entre las  dos listas y se discuten las posibles explicaciones de cambios en popularidad para los arabismos respectivos. Además, se presentan cálculos del porcentaje total de arabismos en el español de hoy y el del siglo XVI. Para este cálculo han sido usadas novelas de las dos épocas. Las novelas escogidas están todas arraigadas el las dos Castillas; por consiguiente, la comparación del porcentaje se limitará al español castellano. El estudio añade información cuantitativa que hasta ahora parece faltar respecto al conocimiento existente de arabismos en el español. El resultado de la investigación indica que la frecuencia de arabismos en la lengua cotidiana ha disminuido solo marginalmente desde el siglo XVI, mientras que el número de arabismos distintos en el uso corriente del español ha sufrido una reducción más pronunciada y el número de raíces hispanoárabes utilizadas ha decrecido aún más. Aproximadamente la mitad de los arabismos más frecuentes en el siglo XVI todavía mantienen esta posición; para la mayoría de los arabismos que han experimentado un aumento o reducción evidente en popularidad de uso existen explicaciones plausibles en forma de cambios en la sociedad.
The long-lasting historical presence of Arabic-speaking groups on the Iberian Peninsula resulted in various lexical loans, often referred to as arabisms, in Spanish. The objective of this investigation has been to compare the use of these arabisms in modern colloquial Spanish with that of the 16th century. For this purpose an ordered list of the most frequent arabisms found in modern Spanish is presented and compared with a similar list of arabisms found in texts from the 16th century. The lists are based on two corpus managed by the Royal Spanish Academy. Similarities and differences between the two lists are highlighted and possible explanations for the change in popularity of the respective arabisms are discussed. In addition, calculations of the total percentage of arabisms in current and 16th century Spanish are presented. Novels from the respective periods are used as a basis for these calculations. All the chosen novels are rooted in Castile; consequently, the percentage comparison is limited to Castilian Spanish. The study adds quantitative information that currently seems to be lacking to the existing knowledge of arabisms in Spanish. The result of the investigation indicates that the frequency of arabisms in colloquial language has diminished marginally since the 16th century, whereas the number of distinct arabisms in everyday usage of Spanish has suffered a more pronounced reduction and the number of hispanoarabic roots used has decreased even more. Approximately half of the most frequent arabisms in the 16th century still maintain this position; for a majority of the arabisms that have experienced an evident increase or decrease in popularity there exist plausible explanations in the form of changes in society.

My thesis proposes a theory of relational identity development in Chicana literature. Gloria Anzaldua's Borderlands/La Frontera offers an interpretation of Chicana identity that is largely based on historical models and mythology, which many scholars have found useful in interpreting Chicana literature. However, I contend that another text, Sandra Cisneros's The House on Mango Street, not only illustrates the need for an alternative paradigm for considering identity development, but in fact offers such an alternative. I argue that Cisneros shows a model for relational identity development, wherein the individual develops in the context of her community and is not determined solely by elements of myth or genealogy. In questioning the historical paradigm of identity development, I examine three key aspects associated with Chicana identity development: gender, home, and language. Employing the theories of Édouard Glissant, I discuss how individual identity development is better understood in terms of relationships and experience rather than historical models. For Chicanas, the roles of women have largely been interpreted as predetermined, set by the mythic figures La Malinche and La Virgen de Guadalupe. However, Cisneros's work shows that this historical tradition is less fruitful in understanding identity than recognizing individuals' experience in context of their relationships. With this communal understanding established, I question the common associations of home and Chicana identity. I argue that Cisneros challenges our very concept of home as she engages and counters the notions of theorist Gaston Bachelard. The idea of a house is metaphorical, becoming a space of communal belonging rather than a physical structure to separate individuals. Finally, I consider how both spoken and written language contribute to relational identity development. I argue that Cisneros's use of language demonstrates that not only does language provide the means for development within a community, but also the means for creation within that society. The theoretical implications of such a relational identity construct are not only an expansion of what is entailed in Chicana identity, but an invitation for broadening the community of theoretical discussion surrounding Chicana literature.

Loss is a fundamental part of the human experience, from the loss of security and innocence that comes with the necessary separation of child from parent to the ultimate loss of life. Along the way, there are the losses of jobs, of incomes, of homes; the losses of friendships, of family members, of lovers; the losses of direction, of control, of hope. As cognitive and caring beings, humans struggle to cope with these losses, to greater and lesser degrees of success. This is the theme at the heart of this thesis. Fire Ants is composed of ten short stories, fictive works, which differ in specific subject matter, yet deal unilaterally with issues of loss. Like the venomous creatures that threaten to eat B. D. Packard alive in the title story, life eats away at a number of characters in the collection who are deficient. The narrators in "Aftermath" and "Hues," for example, suffer psychological -- if not physical -- deaths. But not all of the characters lack coping mechanisms, unhealthy as they may sometimes be. As the stories unfold, some characters begin to gain small degrees of perspective and understanding, to learn that while life is full of loss, it is not always entirely bleak. As demonstrated in "Cross Creek," good exists, though it is not always where one might expect it. And life can be full despite loss, as depicted in "Stitches."

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This work is based on the socio-cognitive branch of the Critical Discourse Analysis, whose most important representative, since 1988, is van Dijk. It is also based on the theoretical notions of Discourse Analysis, derived from the French branch. Its subject is the study of discursive representations of cultural aspects shown by the pantaneiro - the men from Pantanal area in Mato Grosso do Sul State. The general goal is to contribute for Discourse studies in the Brazilian culture, analyzing its verbal expressions present in lyrics from South-Pantanal regional songs, from a basic text plus insertion of inter-texts and inter-discourses. In this sense, the methodological procedure consists in selecting and analyzing as a whole, local music lyrics, texts from History, Geography and Ethnography Discourses as well as interviews carried out with composers. The hypothesis that supports this research considers that the analytical categories - Discourse, Society and Cognition - extend themselves to the analysis of mental and linguistic representations while evaluative knowledge and cultural creeds; it also considers that the Come and Go migrations over large geographic areas guide the initiatives of the South-Pantanal man. Both hypothesis show to be convenient, since the evaluative knowledge forms are creeds imprinted in the social cognition, the cultural traits that dynamically guide, from historical roots, the building of new meanings in each contemporary period. The results from these analyses show that: 1. The lyrical inter-texts show themselves to be more suitable for handling regional culture values and, although the approached subjects are the same, because of serving different goals, the inter-discourses are diversified. 2. The History discourse originates from official documents, which bring in a linguistic form, the interests of Power; the Historiography handles with several different types of documents besides the official ones, and for this reason, they represent the facts focused on some cultural aspects. 3. The Geography discourse indicates that the semantic progression, derived from scientific discoveries in the Pantanal area in South Mato Grosso is opposed to regional traditional cultural knowledge, which is explicit in the lyrics inter-texts analyzed. 4. The ethnographic discourse approaches South-Pantanal culture, complements or opposes certain representations of it
Fundamenta-se esta tese na vertente sócio-cognitiva da Análise Crítica do Discurso da qual van Dijk, desde 1988, é seu representante e em noções teóricas da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, tendo por tema um exame de representações discursivas de aspectos culturais do homem pantaneiro sul-mato-grosssense. O objetivo geral é contribuir com os estudos discursivos da cultura brasileira e os objetivos específicos são de examinar por meio de expressões verbais presentes em textos lingüísticos, letras musicais sul-pantaneiras a partir de um texto-base e pela inserção de intertextos e interdiscursos. Nesse sentido, o procedimento metodológico consiste em selecionar e analisar como corpora, letras de músicas regionais, textos do discurso da História, da Geografia e da Etnografia e entrevistas realizadas pela pesquisadora com os compositores. A hipótese que sustenta essa pesquisa considera que as categorias analíticas: Discurso, Sociedade e Cognição, estendem-se para a análise das representações mentais e lingüísticas enquanto organização de conhecimentos avaliativos e crenças culturais e que o movimento de Ir e Vir por grandes extensões geográficas, guia as ações do homem sul pantaneiro. Ambas as hipóteses mostram-se adequadas, pois, as formas de conhecimentos avaliativos são crenças que caracterizam na cognição social, os traços culturais que guiam dinamicamente, a construção de novas significações em cada contemporaneidade, a partir de raízes históricas. Os resultados obtidos das análises indicam que: 1. Os intertextos musicais mostram-se mais adequados para o tratamento dos valores culturais regionais e embora os temas tratados sejam os mesmos, as formas de tratamento dadas pelos interdiscursos são diversificados na medida em que atendem a objetivos diferentes. 2. O discurso da História parte de documentos oficiais que trazem representados em língua, os interesses do Poder; já o discurso da Historiografia trata de diferentes tipos de documentos além dos oficiais e por essa razão representa os acontecimentos com focalização de alguns aspectos culturais. 3. O discurso da Geografia indica que a progressão semântica, decorrente das descobertas científicas da região do Pantanal do Sul de Mato Grosso é opositiva em relação aos conhecimentos regionais tradicionais culturais que estão explicitados nos intertextos analisados de musicas regionais. 4. O discurso da Etnografia que objetiva o tratamento da cultura, complementa ou se opõe a certas representações de aspectos culturais da região sul-pantaneira

This thesis provides an analysis of wh-questions in Nêhiyawêwin (Plains Cree). The study is done within the Principles and Parameters framework (Chomsky 1981, 1986, 1995). I argue that Nêhiyawêwin wh-words like awfna 'who' are not generated in argument position and do not undergo A-bar movement to Spec CP (Chapter 3). Rather, they are licensed as the predicate of a nominal clause, and respect the same syntactic constraints as other nominal clauses: they are strictly predicatê-initial; obey a referentiality hierarchy; and display agreement for number, animacy and obviation (chapter 4). I analyze Nêhiyawêwin nominal clauses as IP with a null Infl head in which the predicate fronts to Spec CP. The clausê-initial position of the wh-word is thus part of a more general process of predicatefronting. The nominal clause analysis of wh-words accounts for the absence of wh-movement per se in the language, as well as for the absence of wh in situ. However, based on their interpretive properties, wh-questions must contain an operator-variable chain. I argue that the operator-variable relation arises when the subject of the nominal clause links to an A-position in a subordinate clause. This occurs in one of two ways: by means of the kâ-complementizer or the ê-complementizer (Chapter 5). If the subordinate clause has kâ-, the resulting structure is a relative clause which restricts the reference of the subject. This yields a cleft construction: Who is it[sub i] that Mary likes t[sub i] ? If the subordinate clause has ê-, the clauses are conjoined, and null-operator movement in the subordinate clause forces an anaphoric relation between the wh-word and the A-position in the ê- clause: Who is he[sub i] & OP[sub i] Mary likes him[sub i]. Having shown how Nêhiyawêwin wh-words are associated with an operator-variable chain, I then consider the consequences of the proposed analysis (Chapter 6). A defining property of wh-chains is their sensitivity to island effects. Consistent with this, there is an argument/adjunct asymmetry in Nêhiyawêwin, which in turn bears on the question of where overt arguments are positioned in a polysynthetic language. I argue that complement clauses are basê-generated in an A-position, unlike overt DPs which are in an A'-position (adjoined to IP). This explains why long-distance extraction is possible from complement clauses, while extraction from adjunct clauses is ungrammatical. Another property of wh-chains is their sensitivity to Weak Crossover (WCO). WCO effects are absent in Nêhiyawêwin wh-questions. I argue that WCO may be avoided because there is no movement of a truly quantificational operator in the sense of Lasnik and Stowell (1991), but rather movement of a null operator. I then propose a Weakest Crossover analysis for the absence of WCO, following Demirdache (1997).

Through a review of literature and a qualitative inquiry of Cree language practitioners and knowledge keepers, this study explores traditional concepts related to Cree worldview specifically through the lens of nîhiyawîwin, the Cree language. Avoiding standard dictionary approaches to translations, it provides inside views and perspectives to provide broader translations of key terms related to Cree values and principles, Cree philosophy, Cree cosmology, Cree spirituality, and Cree ceremonialism. It argues the importance of providing connotative, denotative, implied meanings and etymology of key terms to broaden the understanding of nîhiyaw tâpisinowin and the need for an encyclopaedic approach to understanding these key terms. It explores the interrelatedness of nîhiyawîwin with nîhiyaw tâpisinowin and the need to recognize them both as part of a Cree holistic paradigm.
Graduate
0290
0515
artnapoleon@yahoo.ca

This study provides selected research findings on which decisions can be based in planning an in-school, publicly funded, Cree immersion program from kindergarten to grade 8 in Saskatchewan. The study was an analysis of language education research relating to the learner in immersion programs. Consequences of immersion education for student linguistic, psycho-social, and educational development were examined and reported. Immersion programs for French, and to a lesser extent, for heritage languages in Canada, have been extensively researched. Immersion programs for Indian languages are few and are relatively unreported. There is, however, an increasing interest in the creation of immersion programs in Indian schools. The analysis of research relating to publicly-funded French, heritage language, and Indian language immersion programs in Canada revealed support for the creation of an early total Cree immersion program. It could have neutral or positive effects on student linguistic, psycho-social, and educational development, under specific program conditions. The following consequences for students were projected: 1. a positive effect on Cree language proficiency. Native-like proficiency levels would not necessarily result. 2. a neutral or positive effect on cognitive development.3. a positive effect on attitudes toward the Cree language and culture, and a strengthening of Indian identity. 4. a neutral or positive effect on self-concet. 5. a lessening of social distance between the generations.6. a positive effect on attitudes toward language learning and the immersion experience. 7. a positive effect on student understanding of cultural, social, and political aspects of Indian/non-Indian relations.8. a neutral effect on English language and literacy development. Temporary lags in English literacy skills could be expected until after the teaching of English reading. Skill levels could become equivalent to those of comparable students in regular programs within one school year, with the possible exception of spelling.9. a neutral or positive effect on overall educational achievement. Greater understanding of their Indian culture, lowered drop-out rates, and improved work study skills could be predicted. Certain program characteristics which were identified as essential if all of the projected neutral or positive consequences were to be realized include: 1. an early total immersion program model. 2. an immersion centre setting.3. introduction of Cree literacy before English literacy.4. adequate Cree language resource materials, for all subjects and grades taught in Cree.5. fluently bilingual and biliterate qualified teachers with specialized training in bilingual education.6. subjects to be taught in Cree to be selected dependent on the availability of resource materials and qualified teachers.7. a carefully planned and implemented program. A Cree immersion program could result in enhanced cognitive and linguistic abilities to the extent that Cree were spoken in students' homes, and that students had opportunities to use Cree outside of the school. Under identified program conditions, early total Cree immersion could have at least neutral 'effects on student self-concept, cognitive development, English language development and academic achievement. It could have positive effects on student Cree language proficiency, attitudes toward the Cree language and culture, attitudes toward language learning, sociopolitical perceptions, communication within the family, retention rates, work study skills, and knowledge about Indian cultures. Cree proficiency attained by students might not be native-like, but could be at a level which would allow them to learn through Cree, and to continue learning the Cree language and culture.

My dissertation focuses on a major problem found in Cree language retention efforts and in Cree education across the Cree Nation of Canada: the lack of a standard Cree orthography. My arguments for standardization are broad-based due to factors of cultural, religious, sociopolitical and educational biases that vie for their regional voice on Cree language matters. Meanwhile, Cree language and culture continue to ebb with each passing generation. This sets the parameters of my study. Information has been gathered from literature review, as well as from interviews, observations and other miscellaneous field sources. To help resolve the predicament of multiple versions of written Cree as practiced today, the thrust of this study proposes a standard phonemicization of Cree in Roman that is compatible to the current needs of the five main Cree dialect populations. I view Cree language and Cree culture as almost synonymous, being that Cree culture is keeper of the Cree language. This interdependency of Cree language and Cree culture is the key to Cree identity. The native language and cultural survival efforts of circumpolar indigenous cultures are increasingly threatened by external pressures. This I illustrate by presenting parallels in the geography, material culture, livelihood, traditions, sociopolitics, education, etc. of the Crees, Samis, and northwestern Siberian aboriginal groups. All the above arctic indigenous groups have common problems in areas listed. All arctic native peoples are a shrinking minority in an expanding global population. The Crees, as other circumpolar native peoples, have no alternative but to move ever more expeditiously in their efforts at Cree language and culture preservation that adapts to changing times, if expectations are that Cree is to survive and function as a working language well into the first century of the third millennium. Perhaps, this study may help persuade the Crees toward cooperative interaction with circumpolar groups striving to save their threatened native languages and lifeways. Interaction between the Crees, Samis and the Siberian Ob-Ugrians and Samoyeds could be a step in the right direction for all concerned.

The purpose of this thesis is to document and analyze the experiences and beliefs of a cross section of the second language Cree learning and teaching community regarding perceived hurdles in Cree language acquisition. Very little applied linguistic research has been done involving indigenous languages in Canada, especially ones focusing on adult learners; as a result this study was conceived of as being exploratory in nature, opening ground for further research. The research questions were as follows: what are the major challenges facing adult second language learners of Cree? And secondly, what are the solutions used by learners to overcome these challenges? Seven participants were interviewed from across western Canada, two learners, three teachers, and two participants who had been heavily involved in both learning and teaching. The interviews covered participants’ history with the language, exploring challenges, learning approaches, and goals. The findings suggested that the most significant challenges facing learners were affective challenges such as anxiety; in addition the nature of resources available to learners and teachers was a significant challenge. The study highlighted the connection between methodologies and challenges, suggesting that challenges which appear specific to a particular language are often instead the result of the methodological approach. It also highlighted some areas of disconnect between teacher and learner views on challenges. This thesis also examines the pedagogical implications of this research.
Graduate
0279
0290
0727
mccreery@uvic.ca

This thesis concerns a study of an elementary school Cree bilingual program. Students’ language proficiency, attitudes and academic performance were analyzed and parent and teacher interviews were conducted to assess the program’s effectiveness and to determine how well it meets community needs and expectations. The study found that students were learning Cree vocabulary but developing only limited communicative ability and they were not able to converse. The study also found that Cree Program students had positive attitudes toward Cree language and culture, and that their performance in other subject areas was not negatively affected by their focus on Cree language learning. Adult interviews demonstrated that parents and teachers had realistic assessments of students’ performance, but that they were strongly committed to the program. Parents demonstrated that they were very engaged in their children’s education.
October 2006

This dissertation compares and contrasts aboriginal language planning within Canada at both the national and local scale. In 2005, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force released their foundational report which entailed “a national strategy to preserve, revitalize, and promote [Aboriginal] languages and cultures” (2005:1); however, discrepancies exist between their proposed strategies and the strategies employed locally by the Taku River Tlingit First Nation, located in Atlin, British Columbia, and the Loon River Cree First Nation, located in Loon Lake, Alberta. Using data collected during ethnographic fieldwork with each First Nation between 2005 and 2008, I provide a rationale for these discrepancies and propose reasons why the national strategy has, as of 2008, been unsuccessful. Both national and local strategies have focused on the relationship between land and language and its role in language planning. National language planning rhetoric has also utilized the concept of nationhood. However, both the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree use the concept of nationhood in conjunction with assertions of sovereignty over land and, therefore, situate their language planning within land planning. Throughout my research, I have been involved in volunteer language projects for each of the communities. These have included creating a Tlingit language board game entitled “Haa shagóon ítxh yaa ntoo.aat” (Traveling Our Ancestors’ Paths) and Cree language storybooks entitled Na mokatch nika poni âchimon (I will never quit telling stories). Both of these projects connect land use and language use and can be seen as part of local language planning strategies. Finally, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force uses the concept of “language as a right” within their national language planning strategies; however, the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree have instead utilized a “language as resource” ideology (Ruiz, 1984). I argue that the Taku River Tlingit First Nation and the Loon River Cree First Nation use “language as a resource” rhetoric due to their ideologies of land stewardship over Euro-Canadian models of land ownership and I argue that language planning can not stand on its own – separated from the historical, political, economic, social, and cultural considerations that a community faces.

This study explores the effects of engaging with contemporary dual language texts, specifically Cree texts, as a non-Cree educator intent on using the literature classroom as a place in which to explore cross-cultural communication. It considers how the in/accessibility of meaning when reading across cultural boundaries may be read as a challenge or a bridge for non-Cree readers. An interdisciplinary approach was employed as a research methodology to explore the potential interstices and intersections of Aboriginal epistemologies, decolonizing pedagogies, literary theories, and contemporary dual language texts. In order to begin defining the manner in which one perceives the significance of the code-switching and the varied translation practices within dual language texts, a reader response theory was developed and termed construal inquiry. As a decolonizing pedagogy that employs dialogic engagement with a text, construal inquiry is undrepinned by a self-reflective approach to meaning-making that is grounded in Luis Urrieta, Jr.'s (2007) notion of figured worlds, Jerome Bruner's (1991) model of narrative inquiry, and Mikhail Bakhtin's (1981) concept of heteroglossia. The research explores a collaborative approach to meaning-making with an awareness of how forms of subjectivities can affect reading practices. Texts that range from picture books to junior novels to autobiographical fiction are examined for the forms in which code-switching, culture, and identity can shape reader response and the dialogic discourse of cross-cultural communication. The research proposes experiential and contextual influences shape reading and interpretation and seeks to engage with how subjectivities affects pedagogical perspective, which negates a singular approach to linguistic and cultural representations and their interpretation. The research suggests that the complexities of negotiating meaning cross-culturally necessitiates relationship building with community members of the culture represented in a text and that engaging with code-switching in dual language texts using construal inquiry as a decolonizing pedagogy offers an opportunity to transform one's own subjectivity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta.
Title from pdf file main screen (viewed September 2, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in parital fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Anthropology". Includes bibliographical references.

The main goal of the PhD dissertation was to elaborate a traditional knowledge-based perspective on language revitalization, which would embrace the epistemic abundance encoded in indigenous languages together with the experience of the community-driven language renewal projects. The dissertation also tackles the issues connected with the positionality of local epistemologies toward the mainstream scientific paradigms in the context of indigenous language revitalization.The point of departure for the research was a general diagnosis of the educational situation of indigenous communities. Of particular interest was the fiasco of monocultural educational programmes which violate the rights of ethnic minorities and the domination of Eurocentric scientific paradigms which often do not include the specifics of local languages, indigenous epistemologies and methods of knowledge production and transfer.The present perspective sees the phenomena related to deculturation and the loss of a language as parts of a wholistic system, which influences the physical and mental health of the indigenous language communities. Therefore, an important aspect of the research is the analysis of language revitalization in view of its potential as a protective factor boosting human resilience.The research was conducted in collaboration with the Nahua community members in Mexico, Cree, Ojibwe, and Mohawk community members in Canada, and Sámi people in Norway. The experience of these ethnolinguistically, geopolitically and culturally diverse communities provides a complex background and a point of departure for a broader, more universal discussion with regard to a wide spectrum of research issues. These issues include the characteristics of indigenous mechanisms of knowledge transfer in the view of their significance to a culturally-grounded education and language revitalization, the role of traditional knowledge as a tool of critical consciousness towards the dominant culture and the potential of indigenous languages and revitalization processes in the shaping of human resilience. The resilience in the context of indigenous cultures was defined as a set of abilities which allow the indigenous communities to cope with discrimination, negative experiences or dramatic events that occurred as a result of the colonial dominance. Furthermore, an important result of the dissertation is the compilation of the knowledge holders’ opinions about constructive models of indigenous language pedagogies. The point of departure for these reflections was positive ethnolinguistic awareness of the study participants.The present research indicates that the indigenous communities draw strength from the epistemic abundance encoded in their languages when they tackle the social challenges they are confronted with. The language perceived as knowledge transmission is therefore a significant cultural resource and its potential can be used in a variety of social undertakings such as indigenous rights advocacy. This perspective focuses on the identification of the overall, long-term ethnocultural goals and on the nourishment of the knowledge systems characteristic for specific indigenous communities. The objective of the goal clarification is to outline the areas in which the language, as a collective asset, can support a self-determined societal model and contribute to strengthening other indicators of cultural continuity. The examples of such areas of activity include the strengthening of resilience and the pursuit of a wholistic vision of health, grounded in indigenous concepts, suicide and depression prevention, ecological activities such as crafting adaptive strategies to climate change, related to culturally-rooted systems of natural resource management on indigenous territories.
Głównym celem pracy było wypracowanie takiego podejścia do rewitalizacji językowo-kulturowej, które czerpie z bogactwa poznawczego społeczności rdzennych, uwzględnia wiedzę tradycyjną oraz projekty odnowy językowej, których siłą napędową są społeczności lokalne. Praca porusza również zagadnienia związane z umiejscowieniem i pozycją lokalnych epistemologii i metod badawczych wobec paradygmatów naukowych głównego nurtu w kontekście rewitalizacji języków rdzennych. Punktem wyjścia dla badań była ogólna diagnoza sytuacji edukacyjnej społeczności rdzennych, a w szczególności fiasko monokulturowych programów oświatowych, które łamią prawa lingwistyczne mniejszości etnicznych oraz dominacja eurocentrycznych paradygmatów badawczych, które często nie uwzględniają w wystarczającym stopniu specyfiki lokalnych języków, rdzennych epistemologii oraz metod pozyskiwania i przekazu wiedzy.Przedstawiona w pracy perspektywa traktuje zjawiska związane z dekulturacją i utratą języka jako układy całościowe, które wpływają na zdrowie psychiczne i fizyczne członków społeczności językowych. W związku z tym, istotnym aspektem problematyki badawczej jest analiza rewitalizacji językowej w kontekście jej potencjału jako czynnika ochronnego wzmacniającego odporność psychiczną (resilience) człowieka.Badania zostały przeprowadzone we współpracy ze społecznościami Nahua w Meksyku, społecznościami Ojibwe, Cree i Mohawk w Kanadzie oraz Sámi w Norwegii. Zróżnicowane pod względem geopolitycznym, etnolingwistycznym i kulturowym konteksty umożliwiły wieloaspektową analizę, uwzględniającą szerokie spektrum zagadnień badawczych, takich jak charakterystyka rdzennych mechanizmów przekazu kulturowego z perspektywy ich znaczenia dla edukacji ugruntowanej kulturowo i rewitalizacji językowej, rola wiedzy tradycyjnej jako narzędzia rewindykacji wobec kultury dominującej oraz potencjał języków indiańskich i procesów rewitalizacyjnych w kształtowaniu odporności psychicznej. Odporność psychiczna w kontekście kultur rdzennych została na potrzeby niniejszej pracy zdefiniowana jako zespół umiejętności, które pozwalają wyżej wymienionym społecznościom skutecznie radzić sobie z dyskryminacją, negatywnymi doświadczeniami lub dramatycznymi wydarzeniami zaistniałymi w wyniku dominacji kolonialnej. Istotnym rezultatem niniejszej pracy jest również kompilacja opinii na temat konstruktywnych modeli pedagogii przekazu rdzennego języka, zebranych wśród posiadaczy wiedzy. W przypadku każdej z interesujących mnie grup, punktem wyjścia dla tych refleksji była pozytywna świadomość etnolingwistyczna.Niniejsze badania wykazały, iż społeczności rdzenne czerpią siłę z bogactwa poznawczego zakodowanego w ich językach konfrontując się z wyzwaniami społecznymi przed którymi stoją. Język postrzegany jako przekaz wiedzy jest zatem istotnym zasobem kulturowym, którego potencjał może być wykorzystywany w różnych przedsięwzięciach społecznych i w rzecznictwie związanym z prawami społeczności rdzennych. Niniejsza perspektywa koncentruje się zatem na identyfikacji powszechnych, długofalowych celów etnokulturowych oraz wspieraniu i pielęgnowaniu systemów wiedzy charakterystycznych dla specyficznych społeczności rdzennych. Postulowane doprecyzowanie celów etnokulturowych ma na celu wyznaczenie obszarów w których język jako kolektywny zasób może potencjalnie wesprzeć autodeterminowany model społeczny i przyczynić się do wzrostu innych wskaźników ciągłości kulturowej. Przykłady takich obszarów działalności to wzmacnianie odporności psychicznej i dążenie do zdrowia rozumianego przez pryzmat rdzennych kategorii poznawczych, działania prewencyjne związane z przeciwdziałaniem samobójstwom oraz depresji jak również działania ekologiczne takie jak adaptacja do zmiany klimatycznej, ściśle powiązana z kulturowo ugruntowanym systemem zarządzania zasobami naturalnymi na terytoriach społeczności rdzennych.

In Creek, a Muskogean language, nominalization is formally signalled by a loss of inflectional morphology and the occurrence of derivational morphology. A nominalization may be taken to be a concrete interpretation of the event itself or one of its participants. The verbal derivational morpheme $\{$ip$\}$ signals medio-passive voice, in which the executor of the event is not the agent of the event. The verbal derivational morpheme $\{$ec$\}$ signals increased transitivity, by which transitive verbs are derived from intransitive, transitive verbs are made more transitive through an increase of some parameter of transitivity, and causatives are created with the help of the medio-passive morpheme. The middle-voice $\{$k$\}$ morpheme signals that the executor of the event is affected by the action of the event, as in statives, intransitives, and reflexives. Participant agreement type is lexically marked for verbs, but paradigmatic contrast shows the markers to be semantically motivated. Types I and II marking vary with respect to control of the event, and Types II and III marking vary with respect to envelopment by the event. When the dependent verb of a modificational clause is non-tensed, the $\{$ii$\}$ and $\{$aa$\}$ suffixes differentiate non-identifiable from identifiable participants, respectively. When the dependent verb is tensed, the $\{$ii$\}$ and $\{$aa$\}$ suffixes differentiate mentioned events from asserted events, respectively. The semantic connection between the two uses of $\{$ii$\}$ and $\{$aa$\}$ are backgrounding and foregrounding, respectively. Non-identifiable participants and mentioned events are united in backgrounding and are suffixed with $\{$ii$\}$. Identifiable participants and asserted events are united in foregrounding and are suffixed with $\{$aa$\}$. $\{$t$\}$ and $\{$n$\}$ signal foregrounding and backgrounding, respectively, within the proposition; that is, they determine how a participant or event is foregrounded or backgrounded with respect to other participants or events within the same proposition. The $\{$ooM$\}$ suffix backgrounds participants and events with respect to other propositions, as in answering questions, or with respect to the ontology of the participant or event itself.

This thesis is a comprehensive description of Wanyjirra, a moribund Ngumpin-Yapa language originally spoken in the south-west Victoria River District of the Northern Territory, Australia. Based on elicited data and narratives recorded between 2009 and 2012 and legacy materials, this grammar details the phonetics and phonology (chapter 2), word classes and general case functions (chapter 3), nominal morphology (chapter 4), free pronouns and interrogatives (chapter 5), demonstratives and directionals (chapter 6), pronominal clitics (chapter 7), noun phrases (chapter 8), verbal morphology (chapter 9), simple and complex predicates (chapter 10), other minor word classes and clitics (chapter 11), the syntax of simple sentences (chapter 12) and subordination and coordination (chapter13). It also provides a profile of the language and its speakers, including comparisons with neighbouring languages, a short description of special language styles and information about previous work on the language, methodology and characteristics of data (chapter 1). Wanyjirra is, in most aspects, typical of Pama-Nyungan languages and, as a language in the centre of the dialect chain, shows many similarities to other Ngumpin-Yapa languages. However, it possesses distinct features and merged features of its neighbours. The data also shows many dialectal or idiolectal variations in synchronic or diachronic context. The phoneme inventory contains five short vowels, one long vowel and seventeen consonants with a rich series of liquids but without fricatives. Syllables are mostly simple but can have complex codas only in coverb and adverb word classes. Lenition and nasal coda dissimilation are common morphophonemic processes especially in case and derivational allomorphy. Wanyjirra is a non-configurational language having grammatically flexible ordering of constituents and frequent ellipsis of argument NPs, which are cross-referenced by pronominal clitics. Constituent order is influenced by pragmatic salience and new and important information is often placed in initial position. Discontinuous NPs are not common and have specific discourse functions. The language is an agglutinative and suffixing language with a complex system of case marking. As is crosslinguistically unusual but relatively common among Australian languages, case suffixes do not only represent grammatical and semantic roles of NPs but also link two NPs and/or link two clauses. The language shows a split marking between nouns/adjectives and free pronouns: nouns/adjectives take an absolutive-ergative declension whereas free pronouns make no morphological distinction between transitive subjects (A), intransitive subject (S) and transitive (direct) objects (O). Pronominal clitics, which show a nominative-accusative pattern, cross-reference core and non-core arguments constrained by animacy, sentiency and affectedness of referents. Wanyjirra discourse largely consists of strings of simple sentences with nominal or verbal predicates. It has only thirty-eight inflecting verbs functioning as simple predicates but some stems combine with coverbs, constituting a distinct word class, to form complex verbs. Although verbal clauses usually contain finite inflecting verbs, non-finite forms of inflecting verbs and coverbs can also occur as main predicates without finite verbs in discourse. Finite and non-finite subordinations essentially contain independent subordinators and finite verbs, and non-finite verbs or coverbs followed by subordinating suffixes respectively. Coordination is not morphologically indicated.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
應用外語系
106
With the considerable number of passengers coming overseas, airline companies in Taiwan hire more employees in recent years. In airlines, cabin crew and ground staff are the two positions interacting with passengers directly by using English. Therefore, this study aims to explore the English language needs, wants and lacks of cabin crew and ground staff. The present study was conducted with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The participants were 101 cabin crew and 101 ground staff members working in Taiwan-based airlines for at least half of year. The instruments were the questionnaire of 5-point Likert scale and the semi-structured interview. As to the interview section, seven cabin crew and seven ground staff members chosen from the volunteer list were interviewed. The results of the current study show that listening and speaking are frequently used by cabin crew and ground staff, followed by reading and writing. All the interviewees stated that listening and speaking skills are commonly used to communicate with passengers. Reading is used to read telexes, and writing is only used by supervisors for ground staff. As for cabin crew, reading and writing are scarcely used at work. About the problems at work, foreign accents, speaking rate, non-routine work are the main difficulties for them. As to the wants, some of the interviewees stated that speaking and writing skills should be emphasized more in pre-job training. The present study provides an comprehensive idea on English needs of cabin crew and ground staff. Therefore, airline corporations, ESP course designers, and those who want to be cabin crew and ground staff can make good use of the information.