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Journal articles on the topic 'Creep of aluminum'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Jiang, Yu-Qiang, Y. C. Lin, C. Phaniraj, Yu-Chi Xia, and Hua-Min Zhou. "Creep and Creep-rupture Behavior of 2124-T851 Aluminum Alloy." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0172.

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AbstractHigh temperature creep and useful creep life behavior of Al-Cu-Mg (2124-T851 aluminum) alloy was investigated by conducting constant stress uniaxial tensile creep tests at different temperatures (473–563 K) and at stresses ranging from 80 to 200 MPa. It was found that the stress and temperature dependence of minimum creep rate could be successfully described by the power-law creep equation. The power-law stress exponent, n = 5.2 and the activation energy for secondary creep, Q = 164 kJ mol−1, which is close to that observed for self diffusion of aluminum (~140 kJ mol−1). The observed values of n and Q suggest that the secondary creep of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy is governed by the lattice diffusion controlled dislocation climb process. A Monkman-Grant type relationship between minimum creep rate and time for reaching 1.5% creep strain is proposed and could be employed for predicting the useful creep life of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy.

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2

Dandrea, Jay Christian, and Roderic Lakes. "Creep and creep recovery of cast aluminum alloys." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 13, no. 4 (July 28, 2009): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11043-009-9089-6.

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3

Ji, Yameng, Yanpeng Yuan, Weizheng Zhang, Yunqing Xu, and Yuwei Liu. "Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Behavior of Aluminum Borate Whisker-Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Composites (ABOw/Al–12Si)." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051217.

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In order to evaluate the elevated temperature creep performance of the ABOw/Al–12Si composite as a prospective piston crown material, the tensile creep behaviors and creep fracture mechanisms have been investigated in the temperatures range from 250 to 400 °C and the stress range from 50 to 230 MPa using a uniaxial tensile creep test. The creep experimental data can be explained by the creep constitutive equation with stress exponents of 4.03–6.02 and an apparent activation energy of 148.75 kJ/mol. The creep resistance of the ABOw/Al–12Si composite is immensely improved by three orders of magnitude, compared with the unreinforced alloy. The analysis of the ABOw/Al–12Si composite creep data revealed that dislocation climb is the main creep deformation mechanism. The values of the threshold stresses are 37.41, 25.85, and 17.36 at elevated temperatures of 300, 350 and 400 °C, respectively. A load transfer model was introduced to interpret the effect of whiskers on the creep rate of this composite. The creep test data are very close to the predicted values of the model. Finally, the fractographs of the specimens were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the fracture mechanisms of the composites at different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the fracture characteristic of the ABOw/Al–12Si composite exhibited a macroscale brittle feature range from 300 to 400 °C, but a microscopically ductile fracture was observed at 400 °C. Additionally, at a low tensile creep temperature (300 °C), the plastic flow capacity of the matrix was poor, and the whisker was easy to crack and fracture. However, during tensile creep at a higher temperature (400 °C), the matrix was so softened that the whiskers were easily pulled out and interfacial debonding appeared.

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4

Couteau, Olivier, and David C. Dunand. "Creep of aluminum syntactic foams." Materials Science and Engineering: A 488, no. 1-2 (August 2008): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.022.

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5

Diha, Abdallah, and Zakaria Boumerzoug. "Creep Behavior of an Industrial Aluminum Drawn Wire." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.90.

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This paper presents an investigation of the creep behavior of an industrial aluminum drawn wire, where uni-axial tension creep testing was used to characterize the general creep behaviour. This material was crept at different stress with constant temperature. The scanning electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used at different steps of creep test in order to identify the creep mechanism. From this investigation, the effects of applied stress and temperature on thelife time of drawn wires were observed during many tests.

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6

Liu, Qing Sheng, Hai Feng Tang, and Hui Fang. "Creep Testing and Visco-Elastic Behaviour Reseach on Carbon Cathodes during Aluminum Electrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 1430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.1430.

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An apparatus to measure compressive creep in carbon cathode materials has been developed. Short-time creep were measured at 30°C，965°C and during aluminum electrolysis at 965°C. The creep strain increases with stress, indicating that the creep behavior is of the stress dependency. The ranking from low to high creep was at 30°C<965°C<during aluminum electrolysis at 965°C. The integral creep conctitutive mdoel were estalished based on the relevant rheological mdoel. The results indicate the proposed rheological model can discribe the creep rate at the first stage and the stady-state stage on the creep strain curves. Simultaneously, the viscous coefficents denoting the viscous behavior in visco-elastic constitutive model were determined by taking use of the creep testing data.

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7

SARUWATARI, Koichi, Masatsugu MAEJIMA, Masanori HIRATA, and Kenzo OKADA. "Creep Characteristic of Anodized Aluminum Wire." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 47, no. 2 (1996): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.47.191.

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8

Morimoto, T., T. Yamaoka, H. Lilholt, and M. Taya. "Second Stage Creep of SiC Whisker/6061 Aluminum Composite at 573K." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226032.

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The second stage creep behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy and 15 percent Vf SiC Whisker/6061 aluminum composite was studied both experimentally and analytically. In order to obtain the accurate input data for the creep analysis, we have also conducted the experiment to measure various microstructure parameters. Based on these data and the Taya-Lilholt creep model, the second stage creep rates are calculated. A good agreement between the analytical and experimental results is obtained if the debonding at the matrix-fiber interface is considered in the analysis.

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9

Carreño, F., and O. A. Ruano. "Influence of dispersoids on the creep behavior of dispersion strengthened aluminum materials." Revista de Metalurgia 33, no. 5 (October 30, 1997): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1997.v33.i5.845.

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10

Gao, Yuan, and Yi Qi. "Temperature-Reduction Value of Conductor with Large Aluminum-Steel Section Ratio Based on Creep Test." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.902.

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Through experimental study on creep characteristics of conductors with large aluminum-steel section ratio, the creep characteristic curve of conductors with aluminum-steel section ratio between 11.34 and 14.47 are obtained. It is recommended that the conductor should have a temperature-reduction value of 25°C according to the conductor temperature-reduction value analyzed by amount of creep, which can be used for reference during line design and construction.

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11

Zhan, Li Hua, Yan Guang Li, Ming Hui Huang, and Jian Guo Lin. "Comparative Study of Creep and Stress Relaxation Behavior for 7055 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.772.

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In order to study the similarities and dissimilarities between creep and stress relaxation behavior of age formed aluminum alloys, both creep ageing and stress relaxation ageing experiments have been conducted with plate shaped 7055 aluminum alloy specimens on the 100 KN tensile testing machine performed at 120 °C for 20 h, under different stress levels from 190.0 to 357.8 MPa. The experimental results show that similar variation trends for creep and stress relaxation behavior were observed. Both creep and stress relaxation curves can be divided into two stages. During the first stage, higher creep rate and stress relaxation rate occur, which increase with stress levels but decrease with ageing time. While during the second stage, both the creep rate and the stress relaxation rate reach its lowest value and keep constant. A set of unified creep ageing constitutive equations has been developed and calibrated from creep experimental data, which can be used to predict the creep strain under age forming conditions perfectly. But the experimental results from stress relaxation ageing tests cannot be predicted with the established creep ageing constitutive equations, which shows that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between creep and stress relaxation, creep deformation is the most important but not the only reason for stress relaxation under age forming condition.

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12

Kim, Kyungmok. "Creep–rupture model of aluminum alloys: Cohesive zone approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 8 (July 10, 2014): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214543413.

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In this article, a creep–rupture model of aluminum alloys is developed using a time-dependent cohesive zone law. For long-term creep rupture, a time jump strategy is used in a cohesive zone law. Stress–rupture scatter of aluminum alloy 4032-T6 is fitted with a power law form. Then, change in the slope of a stress-rupture line is identified on a log–log scale. Implicit finite element analysis is employed with a model containing a cohesive zone. Stress–rupture curves at various given temperatures are calculated and compared with experimental ones. Results show that a proposed method allows predicting creep–rupture life of aluminum alloys.

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13

Thongkam, Saravut, Sirikul Wisutmethangoon, Jessada Wannasin, Suchart Chantaramanee, and Thawatchai Plookphol. "Creep of Rheocast 7075 Aluminum Alloy at 300 °C." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.288.

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Creep of rheocast 7075-T6 aluminum alloy produced by the Gas Induced Semi-Solid (GISS) process was investigated at temperature of 300 °C and stress range of 20-70 MPa and compared to that of wrought 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. The rheocast 7075-T6 alloy exhibited lower minimum creep rate and longer rupture time than the wrought 7075-T651 alloy. The total rupture strain of the rheocast alloy was shorter than that of the wrought one. According to the power law creep, the stress exponents, n of the rheocast 7075-T6 and the wrought 7075-T651 alloys were 5.9 and 7.9 respectively. Based on the determined n values, the creep deformation of both alloys was possibly controlled by the dislocation glide and climb-controlled mechanism.

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14

Jaglinski, Tim, and Roderic Lakes. "Creep Behavior of Al-Si Die-Cast Alloys." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1789953.

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Commercial, aluminum die-cast alloys are subject to long-term stresses leading to viscoelastic material responses resulting in inefficient engine operation and failure. Constant load creep tests were conducted on aluminum die-casting alloys: B-390, eutectic Al-Si and a 17% Si-Al alloys. Rupture occurred in the primary creep regime, with the eutectic alloy having the longest times to failure. Primary creep was modeled by Jt=A+Btn with A, B, and n dependent on stress. Poor creep performance is linked to the brittle fracture of the primary silicon phase as well as other casting defects.

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15

Yousefi, Mohsen, Mehdi Dehnavi, and S. M. Miresmaeili. "Microstructure and impression creep characteristics Al-9Si-xCu aluminum alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/101.

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The effects of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 wt.% Cu additions on the microstructure and creep behavior of the as-cast Al-9Si alloy were investigated by impression tests. The tests were performed at temperature ranging from 493 to 553 K and under punching stresses in the range 300 to 414 MPa for dwell times up to 3000 seconds. The results showed that, for all loads and temperatures, the Al–9Si–3.5Cu alloy had the lowest creep rates and thus, the highest creep resistance among all materials tested. This is attributed to the formation of hard intermetallic compound of Al2Cu, and higher amount of α-Al2Cu eutectic phase. The stress exponent and activation energy are in the ranges of 5.2- 7.2 and 115 -150 kJ/ mol, respectively for all alloys. According to the stress exponent and creep activation energies, the lattice and pipe diffusion- climb controlled dislocation creep were the dominant creep mechanism.

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16

Zhan, Li Hua, Xiao Long Xu, and Ming Hui Huang. "Influence of Element Types on Springback Prediction of Creep Age Forming of Aluminum Alloy Integral Panel." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.512.

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Creep Age Forming (CAF) is an effective forming technique combined forming and heat treatment, based on creep and age hardening characteristics of some aluminum alloys. It has been widely used to manufacture large integral panels with airfoil sections and complex curvatures of high strength aluminum alloy. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of element types on springback prediction of creep age forming of aluminum alloy integral panel. Firstly, the finite element models are built by 3D-solid elements and Shell elements separately. And then a set of creep aging constitutive equations of 7055 aluminum alloy are implemented into the commercial FE solver MSC.MARC through user defined subroutine. Finally, springback values predicted by 3D-solid elements model and Shell elements model respectively are compared under different height to width ratios. Some important conclusions were drawn. For the reinforcing panel with the height to width ratio is more than 5:1, shell elements should be used to get more accurate springback prediction result. If the height to width ratio is less than 5:1, solids elements should be used. Above conclusions provide theoretical basis for the study of CAF of the aluminum alloy integral panel by finite element simulation method.

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17

Elavarasi, R. "A View on Creep Failure in Distribution Transformers." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i1.pp49-52.

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This paper insight about reasons of disappointment in distribution transformers. It has been suggested that crawl may be a noteworthy purpose behind such disappointments. The impact of anxiety, temperature, and material on unfaltering state killjoy rate on aluminum and copper wires (utilized as a part of 25 KVA distribution transformers) have been introduced. Proposed study affirms that the disappointment rate of aluminum wound DTs is higher than the disappointment rate of copper injury DTs in force insufficient ranges and poor conveyance systems. The higher disappointment rate of aluminum wound DTs has been credited to the lifted enduring state wet blanket rate of the aluminum wire than copper wire.

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18

Huang, Xia, Yuan Song Zeng, and Pen Tao Gai. "Experimental Studies and FEM Analysis on the Creep Age Forming for Aluminium Alloy 7050." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.144.

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Creep age forming (CAF) is a combined creep forming and age hardening treatment process. How to control the springback after forming is one of the key problems for the process. In this paper, Creep tests were conducted for different stress levels at 160°C for 25h, which is the suitable parameters for CAF process of aluminum alloy 7050T451. Based on experimental results, a set of mechanism-based creep constitutive equations was formulated. The six material constants of the constitutive equations were determined by non-linear least squares fitting methods. The creep age forming process for aluminum alloy 7050T451 plate was simulated by using FE software ABAQUS through the subroutine CREEP. The effects of the forming parameters on the springback were analyzed. Finally, experimental research was performed. It is found that the developed numerical simulation can be used to simulate the whole process of creep age forming process. The maximum relative error is 6.9%.

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19

Tian, Jun, and Shou Yan Zhong. "Tensile Creep Damage and Rupture of Al₂O₃-SiO₂(sf)/AZ91 Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.257.

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Constant stress tensile creep tests were conducted on an AZ 91–25 vol.% Al2O3-SiO2short fiber composite and on an unreinforced AZ 91 matrix alloy. The creep resistance of the reinforced material is shown to be considerably improved compared with the matrix alloy. The creep strengthening arises mainly from the effective load transfer between plastic flow in the matrix and the fibers. Microstructural investigations by SEM revealed good fiber–matrix interface bonding during creep exposure. Short fibers have a great function in load bearing and load transfer, and greatly hinder the dislocation movement, thus enhancing the creep resistance of the composite. Damage and multiple rupture of aluminum silicate short fiber, quality of the interface combination between aluminum silicate short fiber reinforcement and the matrix, are two important factors of the creep deformation microstructure process control of Al2O3-SiO2(sf)/AZ91 composite. The creep mechanism of the composite is dislocation and grain boundary sliding control.

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20

Sato, Eiichi, Yuto Komiyama, and Yoshimitsu Sato. "Grain-Size Dependency of Low-Temperature Creep in Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.302.

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The grain size dependence of creep behavior from coarse grain to ultrafine grain regions was examined using fully-annealed specimens fabricated from a single process route. For coarse-grained sample, in tensile deformation, stress-strain curves show slow work hardening, and the proof stress shows typical Hall-Petch behavior. On the other hand, creep behavior is observed under the stress above the proof stress, and the creep rate has no grain size dependence. For ultrafine-grained sample, in the tensile deformation, stress-strain curves show yielding behavior, and the yield stress shows Hall-Petch behavior also. On the other hand, creep behavior was observed below the proof stress, but the creep rate decreases with a decrease in grain size.

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21

Lumley, Roger N., A. J. Morton, and Ian J. Polmear. "Enhanced Creep Resistance in Underaged Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 331-337 (May 2000): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.331-337.1495.

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22

Zhou, Q., G. Itoh, and T. Yamashita. "Creep mechanism of aluminum alloy thin foils." Thin Solid Films 375, no. 1-2 (October 2000): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)01234-7.

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23

Parthasarathy, Triplicane A., Tai-Il Mah, and Kristen Keller. "Creep Mechanism of Polycrystalline Yttrium Aluminum Garnet." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 75, no. 7 (July 1992): 1756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb07193.x.

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24

Wolverton, Mark. "A fractal explanation for creep in aluminum." Scilight 2018, no. 15 (April 9, 2018): 150005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5033553.

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25

Uscinowicz, R. "Creep of a laminated aluminum-zinc composite." Materials Science 44, no. 2 (March 2008): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-008-9069-z.

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26

Haag, M., A. Wanner, H. Clemens, P. Zhang, O. Kraft, and E. Arzt. "Creep of aluminum-based closed-cell foams." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34, no. 12 (December 2003): 2809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-003-0182-1.

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27

Danilov, V. I., A. A. Yavorskii, L. B. Zuev, and V. E. Panin. "Wave phenomena during creep in macrocrystalline aluminum." Soviet Physics Journal 34, no. 4 (April 1991): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00898085.

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28

Narivskyi, A. V., M. M. Voron, M. A. Fon Pruss, V. V. Perekhoda, and O. V. Chistyakov. "Principles of Creep-Resistant Aluminum Alloys Development." Casting Processes 143, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/plit2021.01.050.

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29

INOUE, Makoto, Michinori OHKUBO, Makoto SUGAMATA, Junichi KANEKO, Jiro MATSUMOTO, and Yoshio NOGUCHI. "Creep and creep rupture of welded joints of 5083 aluminum alloy plates." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 48, no. 10 (1998): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.48.479.

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30

Skvortsov, Arkady A., Danila E. Pshonkin, Mikhail N. Luk'yanov, and Margarita R. Rybakova. "Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on Creep of Aluminum Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 269 (November 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.269.1.

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The necessity and urgency of studying plastic deformation of metals is determined by both scientific significance of the problem and requirements of practice. So the objective of this work is investigation of aluminum alloy creep under action of static magnetic fields. This subject matter is of practical importance for engineering since the parts of engineering constructions are subject to various loads which may lead to their damage or even creep rupture. Based on the experiments performed by us, it is found that creeping increases under stable magnetic field; the main features appear at the first creep stage. Investigation of these processes will help to predict time dependence of creep strain and its rate as well as durability and plasticity at destruction.

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31

Tian, Jun, Wen Fang Li, Li Fa Han, and Ji Hua Peng. "Creep Behavior of an AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Reinforced with Aluminum Silicate Short Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.492.

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Constant stress tensile creep tests were conducted on an AZ 91–25 vol.% aluminum silicate short fiber composite and on an unreinforced AZ 91 matrix alloy. The creep resistance of the composite is shown to be considerably improved compared with the matrix alloy, and the resistance effect is better with the increase of temperature. The steady-state creep rate of the composite is 4.54% of matrix alloy at 473K, and 2.56% of matrix alloy at 573K. The creep strengthening arises mainly from the effective load transfer between plastic flow in the matrix and the fibers. Microstructural investigations by SEM revealed good fiber–matrix interface bonding during creep exposure. Short fibers have a great function in load bearing and transmission load, and greatly hinder the dislocation movement, thus enhancing the creep resistance of the composite. The creep mechanism of the composite is dislocation and grain boundary sliding control.

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32

Kawasaki, Megumi, and Terence G. Langdon. "Characteristics of High Temperature Creep in Pure Aluminum Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1965.

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High purity aluminum was processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) to reduce the grain size to ~1.3 m. Tensile specimens were cut from the as-pressed billets and these specimens were tested under conditions of high temperature creep. The results show excellent creep properties with a well-defined region of steady-state flow. The flow behavior is analyzed by comparing the creep data with the predicted behavior for different fundamental creep mechanisms and by plotting a deformation mechanism map to provide a visual representation of the creep properties.

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33

Ding, J. L., and W. N. Findley. "Simultaneous and Mixed Stress Relaxation in Tension and Creep in Torsion of 2618 Aluminum." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171806.

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The time dependent behavior of 2618-T61 aluminum under mixed loads and constraints (tension relaxation and torsion creep) is investigated. Experiments include tensile relaxation; simultaneous tension relaxation with step changes in torsion creep and reversed torsion; and alternate creep and relaxation. Results were compared with theoretical models developed previously using as input creep and creep recovery data under constant stress states only. Experimental observations were generally well described by strain hardening flow rules. Some failures in describing the material behavior by the state variable approaches (kinematic hardening) are also discussed.

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34

Suárez, Oscar Marcelo, Natalia Cortes-Urrego, Sujeily Soto-Medina, and Deborah Marty-Flores. "High-temperature mechanical behavior of Al-Cu matrix composites containing diboride particles." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0020.

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AbstractAn aluminum-copper matrix composite reinforced with aluminum diboride particles was studied at high temperature via thermomechanometry experiments. The matrix contained 2 wt% Cu, whereas the amount of boron forming AlB2 ranged from 0 to 4 wt%, i.e., 0 to 8.31 vol% of diboride particles. In the first segment of the research, we demonstrated that larger amounts of AlB2 particles raised the composite hardness even at 300°C. To assess the material creep behavior, another set of specimens were tested under 1 N compression at 400°C and 500°C for 12 h. Higher levels of AlB2 allowed the composites to withstand compression creep deformations at those temperatures. By using existing creep models developed for metal matrix composites we were able to determine that viscous slip deformation was the dominant deformation mechanism for the temperatures and stress levels used in our experiments. Additionally, the computed creep activation energy for these aluminum matrix composites were found comparable to the energies reported for other similar materials, for instance, Al/SiCp composites.

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35

Wang, Yu, Yun Lai Deng, Jin Zhang, Yong Zhang, and Xin Ming Zhang. "Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Double Curvature Creep Aging Forming of 2124 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.83.

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This Paper studied the precipitation behaviour and creep deformation of 2124 aluminum alloy based on the concept of complex field. A mechanical vibration field was introduced into the creep aging forming process of 2124 aluminum alloy, and its effects on creep deformation, precipitations behaviour and mechanical properties under the condition of double curvature loading and aging temperature were investigated by three-dimensional scanning technique, TEM and tensile test, respectively. The results showed that the spring back value along the rolling and transverse direction presented after creep aging forming were reduced by 25% and 15% respectively. The volume fraction of precipitates increased and distributed more densely and uniformly. Meanwhile, the yield stress improved by 15MPa and the degree of anisotropy decreased by 17% with mechanical vibration field applied to the manufacturing process.

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36

Ma, Z. Y., S. C. Tjong, and S. X. Li. "Static and cyclic creep behavior of in situTiB2 particulate reinforced aluminum composite." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 12 (December 1999): 4541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0616.

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Static and cyclic creep tests of Al–15 vol% TiB2in situ composite were carried out at 573–623 K. The values of apparent stress exponent and activation energy for cyclic creep of the composite were much higher than that for static creep. Furthermore, the cyclic creep rate tended to decrease with increasing percentage of unloading amount but was independent of the loading frequencies under the frequency ranges investigated. Finally, the true stress exponent of the composite was equal to 8, and the true activation energy was close to the value for the lattice self-diffusion of aluminum by incorporating a threshold stress for the analysis.

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37

Ding, J. L., and W. N. Findley. "Nonproportional Loading Steps in Multiaxial Creep of 2618 Aluminum." Journal of Applied Mechanics 52, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3169111.

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Experimental data on the creep behavior of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy under nonproportional loadings are presented. Among the important findings are the anisotropy induced by creep strain, synergistic effects during creep recovery, and strongly nonlinear material behavior at high stress levels. Data were compared with two theoretical models, a viscous-viscoelastic (VV) model and a viscoplastic (VP) model. In the VV model the time-dependent strain was decomposed into recoverable (viscoelastic) and nonrecoverable components. The VP model differs from the VV model in that all the time-dependent strain is assumed nonrecoverable. In each model, three viscoplastic flow rules based on different hardening natures, namely, isotropic strain hardening, kinematic hardening, and independent strain hardening were derived to describe the time-dependent nonrecoverable strain component, and compared with experiments. The viscoelastic component in the VV model was represented by the third-order multiple integral representation combined with the modified superposition principle. Predictions for all theories used material constants obtained from creep and recovery data only. Possible causes for the discrepancies between theories and experimental data were discussed. Further experimental and theoretical work necessary for the study of the time-dependent material behavior at high temperature were also suggested.

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38

Ma, Yunlong, Feng Xia, Lihua Zhan, and Yongqian Xu. "Study on Multi-Step Creep Aging Behavior of Al-Li-S4 Alloy." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070807.

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Creep age forming (CAF) is a new technology developed for manufacturing large aluminum components in the aerospace industry. Aluminum–lithium alloys may be used in aerospace components because of their high modulus, specific strength and specific stiffness. Therefore, the creep deformation, mechanical properties and aging precipitation of Al-Li-S4 alloy under CAF conditions were studied. It was found that the creep behavior presents double steady state creep stages during the creep aging process. With the increase of stress level, the first steady creep rate increased, but the second steady creep rate was slightly reduced. Coincidentally, in the first steady state creep stage, the yield strength of the studied alloy also showed a slow increase stage. TEM observation showed that Al-Li-S4 alloy mainly contains two precipitation phases, T1 phase and θ’ phase. A few precipitates form during the first steady creep stage. Then, a lot of nucleation and growth of T1 phase resulted in rapid increase of yield strength. At the same time, the increase of stress level effectively inhibited the growth of T1 phase, which resulted in these strengthening phases being more uniform, and thus improved the mechanical properties of materials. On this basis, the relationship between the multi-step behaviors of creep, mechanical properties and aging precipitates are discussed. It is considered that the main reasons for the multi-step phenomenon of creep and mechanical properties are strongly related to the nucleation, growth and distribution of T1 phase.

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Zuo, Xiao Jun, Jun Chu Li, Da Hai Liu, and Long Fei Zeng. "Establishment of an ANSYS-Based Constitutive Modeling for Age Forming of Aluminum Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1497.

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Constructing accurate constitutive equation from the optimal material constants is the basis for finite element numerical simulation. To accurately describe the creep ageing behavior of 2A12 aluminum alloy, the present work is tentatively to construct an elastic-plastic constitutive model for simulation based on the ANSYS environment. A time hardening model including two stages of primary and steady-state is physically derived firstly, and then determined by electronic creep tensile tests. The material constants within the creep constitutive equations are obtained. Furthermore, to verify the feasibility of the material model, the ANSYS based numerical scheme is established to simulate the creep tensile process by using the proposed material model. Results show that the creep constitutive equation can better describe the deformation characteristics of materials, and the numerical simulations and experimental test points are in good agreement.

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40

Chen, Xue Ying, Li Hua Zhan, Hai Long Liao, and Yuan Gao. "Anisotropy in Compression Creep-Ageing Behavior of 2219-T3 Aluminum Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 315 (March 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.315.31.

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Creep age forming technology (CAF) has been widely used to manufacture large integral panels in aerospace industry. However, due to the bending of the sheet metal, the stress states usually changes along the thickness direction during the CAF process, resulting in a complex distribution of stress. In addition, deformation texture is introduced when the sheet has a large pre-deformation, which also greatly affects the shape and performance of the component after aging. In this paper, the anisotropy in compression creep-ageing behavior of 2219-T3 aluminum alloy was studied. It was found that there is obvious anisotropy of compressive creep strains, the creep strain is the largest when the applied stress is along the rolling direction (RD) and the smallest when the applied stress is along the transverse direction (TD). The results of room temperature (25 ° C) and high temperature (165 ° C) tensile property test shows that the as-received material properties has obvious in-planar anisotropy, and the yield strength in the RD is the largest, but the 45° and TD are basically the same. Interestingly, the anisotropy of yield strength after SFA and compressive stress creep aging has basically disappeared, that is,the material properties tended to be isotropic after ageing.

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Wilshire, Brian, H. Burt, and N. P. Lavery. "Prediction of Long Term Stress Rupture Data for 2124." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1041.

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The standard power law approaches widely used to describe creep and creep fracture behavior have not led to theories capable of predicting long-term data. Similarly, traditional parametric methods for property rationalization also have limited predictive capabilities. In contrast, quantifying the shapes of short-term creep curves using the q methodology introduces several physically-meaningful procedures for creep data rationalization and prediction, which allow straightforward estimation of the 100,000 hour stress rupture values for the aluminum alloy, 2124.

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Higane, Kenta, Hiroshi Masuda, Hirobumi Tobe, Koichi Kitazono, and Eiichi Sato. "Low-temperature creep mechanism in ultrafine-grained aluminum." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 67, no. 6 (2017): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.67.228.

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Liu, Lingfeng, Lihua Zhan, and Wenke Li. "Creep Aging Behavior Characterization of 2219 Aluminum Alloy." Metals 6, no. 7 (June 29, 2016): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met6070146.

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Li, Chao, Min Wan, Xiang-Dong Wu, and Lin Huang. "Constitutive equations in creep of 7B04 aluminum alloys." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 16-17 (June 2010): 3623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.02.047.

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Zhao, Bin, Baoxing Xu, and Zhufeng Yue. "Indentation creep-fatigue test on aluminum alloy 2A12." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 16-17 (June 2010): 4519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.013.

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Andrews, E. W., J. S. Huang, and L. J. Gibson. "Creep behavior of a closed-cell aluminum foam." Acta Materialia 47, no. 10 (August 1999): 2927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(99)00161-5.

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47

Jahromi, S. A. Jenabali. "Creep behavior of spray-cast 7XXX aluminum alloy." Materials & Design 23, no. 2 (April 2002): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(01)00065-6.

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Modlinski, R., P. Ratchev, A. Witvrouw, R. Puers, and I. De Wolf. "Creep-resistant aluminum alloys for use in MEMS." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 15, no. 7 (June 20, 2005): S165—S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/15/7/023.

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Wolfenden, A., ZL Gong, and TR Hsu. "Deformation of Aluminum Alloy under Cyclic Creep Loadings." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 19, no. 1 (1991): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12524j.

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Du, Z. W., G. J. Wang, X. L. Han, Z. H. Li, B. H. Zhu, X. Fu, Y. A. Zhang, and B. Q. Xiong. "Microstructural evolution after creep in aluminum alloy 2618." Journal of Materials Science 47, no. 6 (December 16, 2011): 2541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6077-4.

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