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Sigvallius, Berit. "Funeral pyres : Iron Age cremations in North Spånga /." Stockholm : Osteological research laboratory, Stockholm university, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35723233x.
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Trautmann, Iris. "The significance of cremations in Early Neolithic communities in Central Europe." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006.
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Franzén, Emelie. "Rituellt, traditionellt eller funktionellt : en osteologisk analys och jämförelse av två förromerska gravfält från Skogome i Bohuslän och Smörkullen i Östergötland." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1356.
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This paper concerns a comparative analysis between two pre-Roman burial ground and the cremated individuals buried there, Skogome cemetery in Bohuslän and Smörkullen cemetery in Östergötland. The comparative analysis consists of several parts that concern both cemeteries inner and outer burial customs, and the osteological analysis of a total of 18 cremated invidvidulas. By studying the different parts separately, it has been possible to identify similarities and differences between the two contemporary cemeteries. There are great similarities between the cemeteries, differences were mainly observed in the osteological material relating to the amount of bone in each burial. The smaller amounts of bone in the graves of Skogome also holds a higher degree of fragmentation, but can not be explained by a higher combustion rate than the skeletal material from Smörkullen. This may indicate differences in the management of the individual’s remains after the cremation at the two sites. According to Borgström (1973) all agegroups probably buried in the cemetery Smörkullen, which also was observed trough the osteological analysis of the graves from Skogome. No gender assessments have been conducted since the methods have shown a need to further development in order to be applied on cremated individuals (Franzen 2011). Thus, questions about the gender distribution of the two grave fields remain unanswered. Mortality, health and gender assessments within of the two populations may be performed if the remaining graves from the burial grounds were further studied. The osteological analysis showed similar skeletal lesions of degenerative changes in the vertebraes in the two skeletal materials.The larger proportion of the graves contained no today preserved archaeological artefacts. The artefacts that occur are mainly different tools and costume details. The discussion has been an attempt to interpret these similarities and differences in order to identify if they could have a ritual, traditional or functional background. A clear distinction has been difficult. The analysis requires larger archaeological contexts, and further comparisons before this can be done. Local differences have been observed, but the great similarity between of the two burial grounds reflects the pre-Roman Iron Age expression in the mortuary traditions of the two populations.
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Aunér, Mimmi. "Gravmönster under yngre järnålder : en jämförelse mellan åländska och svenska gravfält." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1513.
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I denna uppsats har en osteologisk analys genomförts på ett material från åtta gravhögar med en vikt på 12 kg. Benmaterialet kommer från Finström 12.1, ett åländskt gravfält från yngre järnåldern. Syftet var att se om det fanns ett mönster i gravinnehållet och om det fanns en korrelation mellan kön, ålder, djurarter och fynd. Det osteologiska resultatet samt fyndmaterialet jämfördes sedan med tre åländska och tre svenska gravfält från samma tidsperiod för att se om det finns likheter eller skillnader mellan dessa lokaler i förhållande till gravsammansättning. Speciellt fokus har satts på relationen mellan människa och djur för att undersöka om kön eller ålder av den begravda individen har haft betydelse för vilka djur man gravlagts med. Resultatet blev att de djurartkombinationer som förekommer på Finström 12.1 fanns i varierande grad på de gravfält som användes i jämförelsen. Ingen djurart kunde kopplas till ett kön och det enda fynd som i detta material kan ses som könsbundet är björnklor som här endast förekommer i mansgravar. Ett mönster finns i gravläggnigen av djur; där får/get och svin nedlades i styckade kroppsdelar medan katt, hund och häst är hela individer. I gravar utan djur eller med endast får/get finns individer från barn till äldre vuxen representerade, medan gravar innehållande katt, får/get och katt, samt gravar med får/get, hund, häst och svin förekommer endast i vuxengravar. Individer begravda med får/get, hund, häst och svin kan möjligen alla ha ett ålderspann mellan 35-64 år. Baserat på de gravar som använts i analysen upplevs gravinnehållet vara individuellt utformat.In this thesis the burial pattern of Iron Age graves is studied. As a case study eight graves from Finström 12.1, Åland are analysed. The aim is to see if there is a correlation between sex, age, animal sacrifices and archaeological finds. The result of the analysis is compared against three Iron Age cemeteries from the Åland Islands and three from Sweden. All of the animal combinations present at Finström 12.1 existed in varying degree in some or all of the selected cemeteries. Bones from animals found in the graves, did not show a correlation to sex, except claws from bear that were found only in male graves. The individuals that were buried with no animals or with sheep/goat had an age span from children to old adults, while those who were buried with cat, sheep/goat and cat, and sheep/goat, dog, horse and pig all were adult individuals. Those buried with sheep/goat, dog, horse and pig are in the age between 34-64 years old. Based on the graves used in this analysis no distinct burial pattern is found, rather the graves seem individually formed.
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Tellier, Geneviève. "The analysis of funerary and ritual practices in Wales between 3600-1200 BC based on osteological and contextual data." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15063.
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This thesis examines the character of Middle Neolithic to Middle Bronze Age (3600-1200 BC) funerary and ritual practices in Wales. This was based on the analysis of chronological (radiocarbon determinations and artefactual evidence), contextual (monument types, burial types, deposit types) and osteological (demographic and pyre technology) data from a comprehensive dataset of excavated human bone deposits from funerary and ritual monuments. Funerary rites in the Middle Neolithic (c. 3600-2900 BC) sometimes involved the deposition of single inhumation or cremation burials in inconspicuous pit graves. After a hiatus in the Late Neolithic (c. 2900-2400 BC), formal burials re-appeared in the Chalcolithic (c. 2500-2200 BC) with Beaker burials. However, formal burials remained relatively rare until the Early Bronze Age (c. 2200-1700 BC) when burial mounds, which often contained multiple burials, became the dominant type of funerary monument. Burial rites for this period most commonly involved the cremation of the dead. Whilst adult males were over-represented in inhumations, no age- or gender-based differences were identified in cremation burials. Patterns in grave good associations suggest that perceived age- and-gender-based identities were sometimes expressed through the selection of objects to be placed in the graves. The tradition of cremation burials carried on into the Middle Bonze Age (c. 1700-1200 BC), although formal burials became less common. Circular enclosures (henges, timber circles, stone circles, pit circles), several of which were associated with cremated human bone deposits, represented the most persistent tradition of ritual monuments, with new structures built from the end of the fourth millennium BC to the middle of the second millennium BC in Wales.
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Westerberg, Sophia. "Frigjord i eld : En osteologisk analys av brända ben från Uppgarde, Vallstena." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295987.
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The main focus of this thesis is the study of the burned bones from Uppgarde, Vallstena, on the island of Gotland. Vallstena is a place where artifacts, graves and other activities are dated from the Stone Age to the Late Iron Age. This indicates that Vallstena was a place humans frequently used for a long period of time and a prominent remain is a Stone Ship Setting that once was placed here but when excavations were carried out in the 1970s only the depressions of the stones became visible. The purpose of this study is toco-analyse osteological and archaeological material found, to obtain a clearer image of the place and contribute to the existing research of this area. The goal study is to determine the nature of the activities seen in relationship to the analysis of the cremated bones found here and how they were connected to the surrounding landscape. The basis for this analysis is a combination of thorough examinations of the osteological material, archaeological features as well as relevant literature.
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Franzén, Emelie. ""Förbrända men icke förintade" : en osteologisk analys av kremerade individer från förromersk järnålder från gravfältet Smörkullen, Alvastra, Östergötland." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1039.
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Cremated remains have long been regarded as a highly complex material that often provides unsatisfactory results. This essay discusses the problems that arise when methods commonly used on unburned bone material are used in a cremated skeletal material. The present essay discusses the results from osteological analysis of seven cremations from Pre-Roman Iron Age from a large cemetery in Alvastra, Smörkullen. Several methods were ultimately not applied in the present study as they were insufficient for application on the relevant material. Since the methods were inapplicable and fragments available for gender assessments too low, no sex assessments were made. All individuals were considered adults, a more detailed age assessment were not possible. The combustion rate for four of the graves were assessed to Grade 2, three graves to Grade 2 with the transition to Grade of 3, and only one grave has been assessed at Grade 3. The combined average size of the fragments was about 2.7 cm. In four of the graves the bone content corresponded to a whole individual, i.e. the grave contained the remains of a whole body. The study raise the issue of explore and develop further methods on cremated remains, foremost for sex- and age assessments.
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Axelsson, Anton. "Hittite Mortuary Practices." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324808.
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The Hittite burial material consists of a very heterogeneous material. The material shows some shared aspects between the different cemeteries and their grave types. However, this material lacks previous extensive comparative studies in central Anatolia. This study aims to problematize this funerary material, by re-evaluating the previous interpretation and by creating links between the different types of material and the cemeteries it was found in. This will be achieved by analyzing four different categories of Hittite graves from the three cemeteries: Osmankayasi, Gordion and Ilica. The total material consists of 268 graves: 91 from Osmankayasi, 46 from Gordion and 131 from Ilica. The material was originally excavated and published during the fifties and sixties by the three archaeologists Kurt Bittel, Machteld Mellink and Winfried Orthmann. The burial material will be analyzed to establish parallels and differences between the three sites, their materials and grave categories. Literary sources and empirical data will be used to supplement previous research but also the new interpretations discussed in this thesis. Keywords: Hittite, cemeteries, mortuary practices, Osmankayasi, Gordion, Ilica, cremations, pithos burials, pit graves, cist-graves, ethnicity, status, equidsDet Hettitiska begravnings materialet består av ett väldigt heterogent material. Materialet visar ändå vissa delade aspekter mellan de olika gravfälten och gravtyperna. Dock saknar detta material tidigare omfattande komparativa studier i centrala Anatolien. Denna studie avser att problematisera detta gravmaterial, genom att skapa kopplingar mellan de olika typerna av materialet och mellan de utvalda platserna som det återfanns i. Detta mål avses att uppnås genom att analysera fyra olika typer av Hettitiska gravar från de tre platserna Osmankayasi, Gordion och Ilica. Det totala grav antalet består av 268 gravar: 91 från Osmankayasi, 46 från Gordion och 131 från Ilica. Materialet var ursprungligen utgrävt och publicerat under femtio och sextio-talet av de tre arkeologerna Kurt Bittel, Machteld Mellink och Winfried Orthmann. Gravmaterialet kommer att analyseras för att etablera paralleller mellan de tre platsernas material och dess gravkategorier. Litterära källor och empiriskdata kommer att användas för att komplettera den tidigare forskningen och de nya tolkningarna i denna studie.
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Acosta, Ebaristo Katherine Virginia, Ortiz Milagros Esther León, Cueva Karym Teresalina Pérez, Cuadros Johanna Mónica Salazar, and Martel de Tolentino Julia Katherine Tapia. "Implementación del negocio de sepulturas temporales en los camposantos funerarios de Lima metropolitana y Callao." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656222.
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El modelo de negocio de Sepulturas Temporales tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de implementar y ofrecer este servicio en los cementerios de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, como servicio adicional a las tradicionales sepulturas perpetuas y cremación. Este modelo permite atender la creciente demanda del servicio debido al aumento de la tasa de mortalidad sumado a las preferencias por las sepulturas perpetuas sobre la cremación, y una oferta limitada por la escasez de espacios disponibles para implementar nuevas áreas de sepulturas cuando la rentabilidad del terreno es más alta en otras áreas inmobiliarias.
Se ofrecen Sepulturas Temporales por diez años siguiendo la normativa vigente; al final del plazo, se realiza una exhumación de restos para ser reducidos y trasladados a cinerarios, liberando así el espacio temporal para reutilizarlo en un nuevo servicio.
La metodología de investigación aplicada fue una encuesta estructurada y estandarizada con alternativas de respuesta abierta y cerrada para analizar la aceptación o rechazo del mercado objetivo, dando como resultado que, de todo el universo encuestado entre quienes prefirieron sepulturas perpetuas, cremaciones o aún no se decidieron, el 22% tendría la intención de adquirir la Sepulturas Temporales, con esta participación se realizó la modelación financiera proyectando el flujo de ingresos y gastos a diez años: plazo para la primera reutilización de espacios e incluye el costo de oportunidad de reposición por la venta del servicio perpetuo. La demanda se consideró constante y no se ha considerado el efecto pandémico del COVID-19.The Temporary Graves business model's objective is to analyze the feasibility of implementing and offering this service in the cemeteries of Metropolitan Lima and Callao, as additional service to the traditional perpetual graves and cremation. This model makes it possible to meet the growing demand for the service due to the increase in the mortality rate added to the preferences for perpetual graves over cremation, and a limited supply due to the scarcity of available spaces to implement new graves areas when the profitability of the land is higher in other real estate areas. Temporary Graves are offered for ten years following current regulations; at the end of the term, there is an exhumation of remains to be reduced and transferred to cineraries, thus freeing up the temporary space to reuse it in a new service. The applied research methodology was a structured and standardized survey with open and closed responses alternatives to analyze the acceptance or rejection of the target market, resulting in that, of the entire universe surveyed among those who preferred perpetual graves, cremations or still did not decide, 22% would have the intention of purchasing the Temporary Graves, with this participation the financial modeling was carried out projecting the flow of income and expenses over ten years: term for the first reuse of spaces and including the opportunity cost of replacement from the sale of perpetual service. The demand was considered constant, and the pandemic effect of COVID-19 has not been considered.
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León, Ortiz Milagros Esther, Cueva Karym Teresalina Pérez, Martel de Tolentino Julia Katherine Tapia, Ebaristo De Aramburú Katherine Virginia Acosta, and Cuadros Johanna Mónica Mercedes Salazar. "Implementación del negocio de sepulturas temporales en los camposantos funerarios de Lima metropolitana y Callao." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656222.
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El modelo de negocio de Sepulturas Temporales tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de implementar y ofrecer este servicio en los cementerios de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, como servicio adicional a las tradicionales sepulturas perpetuas y cremación. Este modelo permite atender la creciente demanda del servicio debido al aumento de la tasa de mortalidad sumado a las preferencias por las sepulturas perpetuas sobre la cremación, y una oferta limitada por la escasez de espacios disponibles para implementar nuevas áreas de sepulturas cuando la rentabilidad del terreno es más alta en otras áreas inmobiliarias.
Se ofrecen Sepulturas Temporales por diez años siguiendo la normativa vigente; al final del plazo, se realiza una exhumación de restos para ser reducidos y trasladados a cinerarios, liberando así el espacio temporal para reutilizarlo en un nuevo servicio.
La metodología de investigación aplicada fue una encuesta estructurada y estandarizada con alternativas de respuesta abierta y cerrada para analizar la aceptación o rechazo del mercado objetivo, dando como resultado que, de todo el universo encuestado entre quienes prefirieron sepulturas perpetuas, cremaciones o aún no se decidieron, el 22% tendría la intención de adquirir la Sepulturas Temporales, con esta participación se realizó la modelación financiera proyectando el flujo de ingresos y gastos a diez años: plazo para la primera reutilización de espacios e incluye el costo de oportunidad de reposición por la venta del servicio perpetuo. La demanda se consideró constante y no se ha considerado el efecto pandémico del COVID-19.The Temporary Graves business model's objective is to analyze the feasibility of implementing and offering this service in the cemeteries of Metropolitan Lima and Callao, as additional service to the traditional perpetual graves and cremation. This model makes it possible to meet the growing demand for the service due to the increase in the mortality rate added to the preferences for perpetual graves over cremation, and a limited supply due to the scarcity of available spaces to implement new graves areas when the profitability of the land is higher in other real estate areas. Temporary Graves are offered for ten years following current regulations; at the end of the term, there is an exhumation of remains to be reduced and transferred to cineraries, thus freeing up the temporary space to reuse it in a new service. The applied research methodology was a structured and standardized survey with open and closed responses alternatives to analyze the acceptance or rejection of the target market, resulting in that, of the entire universe surveyed among those who preferred perpetual graves, cremations or still did not decide, 22% would have the intention of purchasing the Temporary Graves, with this participation the financial modeling was carried out projecting the flow of income and expenses over ten years: term for the first reuse of spaces and including the opportunity cost of replacement from the sale of perpetual service. The demand was considered constant, and the pandemic effect of COVID-19 has not been considered.
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Medina-Pettersson, Cecilia Aurora Linnea. "Bronze Age urned cremation burials of Mainland Scotland : mortuary ritual and cremation technology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9946.
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Tracing the treatment of the body before, during and after cremation, this thesis aims to reconstruct and theorise the mortuary rituals associated with urned cremation burial in Bronze Age Scotland. It is an attempt to bridge the gap between theoretical perspectives from funerary archaeology and up-to-date methods for understanding heat-related changes to bone from osteoarchaeology and forensic anthropology. As with other types of mortuary treatment, the physical aspects of cremation detected by osteological analysis are interconnected with the meaning and symbolism of the ritual. The research involved the osteological analysis of a sample of urned cremation burials from the collections of The National Museums of Scotland. The analysis aimed to estimate not only the age at death and sex of the remains, but also to investigate factors such as the number of individuals in an urn, the effectiveness of the cremation process, whether the bodies had been cremated as fresh corpses or dry bones, the position of the body on the pyre, the range of pyre goods and the selection of remains included in the urns. In total, 75 urned cremation burials from 50 sites were analysed, a significant addition to the corpus of osteologically analysed Bronze Age urned burials from the Scottish Mainland. The results suggested a significant discrepancy between how fleshed bodies and bodies which had been through the pyre were perceived. Whereas fresh corpses were not modified, the burnt remains could be extensively manipulated until their final deposition within the urn.
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Navarro, Sigourney Nina. "The Crematorium of Hanga Hahave on Rapa Nui (Easter Island): What stories can the skeletal remains reveal." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325498.
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This paper uses an osteological approach and applies the study of entanglement in an attempt to understand the crematoria on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), which represent a unique tradition within the ceremonial spheres of the Polynesian area. Skeletal remains from the crematorium of ahu Hanga Hahave, which consist of both cremated - and unburned remains, have been analysed to reveal the different practices that took part in the cremation process and to identify the individuals that were deposited in such structure. Ethnohistorical records were applied to interpret the osteological evidence and to discuss the circumstances surrounding the possible use of the crematorium, as either a site for sacrificial offerings or a site for burials. This paper aims at creating an underlying basis for the study of crematoria on Rapa Nui and provides an overview of the processes central to the disposal of the dead and the usage and significance of this structure. The results of this study showed that the ancient Rapanui through the practice of cremation, followed an internalised structure within their society to complete each cultural act that constituted the crematorium, and these were divided in the construction of the crematorium, the making of fire, and the treatment of the dead. The complexity of each cultural act presents the possibility that an organised society, with at least one designated head, may have been in charge of the practice of cremation physically and spiritually. The skeletal remains could not be applied to determine whether the crematorium of Hanga Hahave was used for sacrificial offering or for burial since the analysed remains only represented one-fifth of the entire bone collection from the crematorium. However, the findings of this study have pointed towards a burial practice rather than a sacrificial one.Denna uppsats använder ett osteologiskt tillvägagångssätt och Hodders’’entanglement’ studie i tolkningen av krematorierna på Rapa Nui (Påskön), som representerar en unik tradition inom Polynesien. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave har analyserats för att upptäcka de olika metoder som deltog i kremeringsprocessen och identifiera vilka individer som deponerades här. Etnohistoriska källor användes också i tolkningen av det osteologiska materialet och för att behandla frågorna kring krematoriernas användning: antigen som en plats för offring eller en plats för begravning. Syftet är att skapa en underliggande grund för studiet av krematorierna på Rapa Nui för att ge en överblick på de centrala processerna. Resultatet visade att den forntida Rapanui följde en internaliserad struktur inom sitt samhälle för att slutföra varje kulturell handling som utgjorde kremerings praktik och var uppdelade i konstruktionen av krematoriet, bruken av eld och hantering av de döda. Komplexiteten hos varje handling möjliggör att ett organiserat samhälle, där minst en ledare har varit ansvarig i fysisk eller andlig form. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave kunde inte användas för att bestämma krematoriets användning eftersom det analyserade materialet endast representerade en femtedel av den totala bensamlingen, dock pekar studiet på en begravningsritual snarare än en offer.
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Downes, Jane. "Cremation practice in Bronze Age Orkney." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14578/.
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McMillin, Ryan J. ""That the dead will cause no offense to the living" the cremation of corpses, religion, and public hygiene in Victorian England /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1243981292.
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Sharma, Bal Krishna. "Funerary rites in Nepal : cremation, burial and Christian identity." Thesis, Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.732966.
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Jupp, Peter Creffield. "The development of cremation in England 1820-1990 a sociological analysis /." Thesis, Online version, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.283146.
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Weekes, Jason Richard. "Styles of Romano-British cremation and associated deposition in south-east England." Thesis, University of Kent, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418539.
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This thesis develops and tests an analytical method of delineating ritual styles within the context of a particular type of ritual sequence: Roman period cremation and associated deposition. Part one deals with theoretical issues, initially discussing the inherent problem of seeking `monolithic' meanings for ritual sequences, focussing attention on the reconstruction of ritual action from the archaeological record, and developing diagnostic indices (selection and modification of objects, temporal and spatial features) along which ritual sequences might be compared, and profiles of ritual styles at regional, local, site- and burial- level produced. A method that will take account not only of homogeneity but also diversity at these levels is proposed. Current theoretical debates on cremation and associated deposition are then re-evaluated. Finally the methodology used is outlined and discussed, with particular emphasis on transparency of analytical criteria. Parts two and three report findings, developing profiles of cremation and associated cremation burials from east Kent case studies focussed on Canterbury and comparative case studies from Colchester, Essex, and east London respectively. Part four compares the profiles generated in previous chapters, delineating homogeneity and diversity in ritual styles and meaning. Cremation practices appear to have been quite uniform, governed by the need for specialist knowledge and skill; there is some evidence however that pyre side ritual could be more diverse. The data suggest an overall increase in cremation burials in the second and third centuries, and while general traditions in certain components of burials are clear, so too is considerable and increasing diversity at local, and especially burial level in terms of accessories. Each ritual sequence seems to have had the capacity to incorporate region wide references, as well as many more diverse meanings contingent on the locality and even personality of ritual participants and those whose remains were afforded such treatment
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Perry, Gareth John. "United in death : the pre-burial origins of Anglo-Saxon cremation urns." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3786/.
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This thesis represents a major re-evaluation of pottery from early Anglo-Saxon (c. AD 425-625) England, examining the pre-burial origins of cremation urns through a variety of methods. It takes a use-alteration approach to the study of urns from two cemeteries, Elsham and Cleatham (North Lincolnshire), and the pottery recovered from 80 non-funerary find-sites that surround them, in order to determine a pre-burial biography for each individual urn. This reveals that the majority of urns were involved in production and consumption activities prior to their use as containers for the dead, whilst ethnographic comparisons indicate that the brewing of beer may have been their primary use in the domestic sphere. It is argued that this pre-burial use was an extremely significant concern in the selection of appropriate vessels for burial. The forms of cremation urns are then considered in light of their functional properties, and each form is placed in the context of pre-burial use. Meanwhile, analysis of the decoration of both the funerary and non-funerary pottery demonstrates that urn decoration was directly linked to pre-burial function, and that individuals may have been buried in plots relating to community, kin or household groups. These results are complemented by an analysis of ceramic fabrics, revealing that ceramic paste recipes were dictated by cultural, rather than geological, constraints. The distribution of these fabrics further supports the notion that the dead were buried in community or household areas. Finally, through detailed petrographic analysis of ceramic fabrics from the cemeteries and non-funerary sites, the geographical origins of vessels are identified, and the catchment areas of these large cremation cemeteries are revealed.
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Thomas, Jayne-Leigh. "Late Bronze Age skeletal populations of Slovenia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5982.
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Within the field of archaeology, cremation studies have the potential to provide important information regarding regional demography, pyre technology, burial rituals, and social rites. The development of recognized value and study of cremated remains has been stimulated by the establishment of proper methods of analysis and the increased awareness of the varying characteristics the bones exhibit after having been exposed to firing. During the Late Bronze Age, cremation was the principal method of disposing of deceased individuals throughout central and southern Europe. Three Urnfield Culture sites which had the most preserved material were selected for this study; from these sites, 169 individuals were selected for osteoarchaeological research. In addition to a standard osteological examination, cremation-related changes to the skeleton were studied such as temperature of firing, fracture patterns, element survival, and overall fragmentation and preservation. Demographics such as age and sex were established for each individual when possible and any animal bones present were acknowledged. This research is important because it is the first major osteological study done on cremated remains from Urnfield Culture sites in Slovenia. It is bringing to light new information on population demographics, the effectiveness of the cremation process during the time of the Urnfield Culture, and will supplement current research on the Late Bronze Age in Slovenia.
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Hale, Edwin J. "Pastoral implications of a postmodern theological perspective for Christian funeral services and associated pastoral care." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282478.
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Bucheit, Charles. "Death and the Detail: Moments of engagement along a Catholic cremation ritual procession." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337101182.
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Hussein, Ian Emir. "The case for a London-wide authority and agency responsible for burial and cremation." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2000. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13406/.
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Each year around 55,000 Londoners are buried or cremated within one of 122 municipal cemeteries and 17 crematoria. The 32 London boroughs, the Corporation of London and 7 borough joint committees and boards run these separately. This report was completed to determine whether there is a case for these 40 separate municipal agencies, and the one cemetery run by the Government's Royal Parks Agency, being put under a single London Burial and Cremation Authority. The way in which municipal cemeteries and crematoria are run reveal myriad of problems that the current providers have not been able to address as individual burial and cremation authorities. The main problems faced may be summarized as follows: London is running out of burial space: by 2010 most of central London will have run out of space for new graves; the absence of any coherent policy and resources to deal with the hundreds of thousands of old gravestones that are dilapidated and unstable, making cemeteries unsafe places to visit; the deterioration of historic cemetery landscapes and a continual decline in the fabric and infrastructure of London's cemeteries, most of which date back to the nineteenth century; annual deficit of £5M per annum on London's municipal cemeteries and crematoria; inequality in burial and cremation fees and charges for Londoners. No pan-London strategic approach to the control of pollution from cemeteries and crematoria; and no career structure to facilitate professional development or to attract high calibre people. These problems are inter-related and feed-off each other and have led to the idea of a single authority. They are also dated and no sustained attempt has been made to address them in a sensible and realistic manner. The absence of any Government response is put down to the fact that the disposal of the dead is a taboo subject with no political kudos. Cemeteries and crematoria became the remit of the London boroughs by political default and a political unwillingness to address strategically a highly sensitive public concern. This also occurred due to the relatively small nature of these services (in terms of physical size, financial implications and the number of people dependent upon the service at any one time) which are 'lost' in the massive scale of metropolitan local government. However, when considered on a pan-London basis, the important and significant role that municipal cemeteries and crematoria play, in the lives of Londoners and London per se, is evident. Their impact upon the urban landscape is formidable. Unfortunately, they are not seen or treated as such at the borough level. A third of Londoners come into contact with a cemetery or crematorium each year and ultimately everyone is dependent upon these services: they deserve more than they are getting and this is only likely to be achieved by the boroughs acting on a collective basis. Ideally, the provision of cemeteries and crematoria should come under the new Greater London Authority, which provides the right and natural platform for a pan-London approach. However, such a proposal has been rejected by the Minister for London and the Government Office for London, and would also be strongly opposed by the Association of London Government and the London Boroughs generally. Political reality dictates that any attempt to pursue such a proposal would be unlikely to gain the support and co-operation of the boroughs, which would be necessary for the initiative to work. For these reasons and on the basis that the proposal is unrealistic, the possibility of the GLA taking a major role in the provision of municipal cemeteries and crematoria has been discounted.
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Coxon, Sarah. "Tradition, practice and creativity : an exploration of Middle and Late Bronze Age Belegis cremation urns." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/386646/.
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Understanding similarity and difference is perhaps a cornerstone of archaeological enquiry. What is it that makes two objects similar and what is it that makes them different? Furthermore, how do we distinguish and explain these similarities and differences? This thesis explores similarity and difference within Middle and Late Bronze Age Belegiš ceramic urns from the region of Vojvodina in Serbia. This material comprises a corpus of cremation vessels that are similar to each other, yet also display differences, most noticeably in decoration. It therefore presents itself as an ideal case study to explore similarity and difference. Traditional approaches to the Belegiš phenomenon have rested upon typological classification within a culture-historical paradigm, meaning that similarities and differences have been explained in terms of cultural ethnicity, both spatially and temporally. Yet these attempts to categorise Belegiš urns have fallen short of sufficiently dealing with and explaining the complexity of the material, leading to confusing and often contradictory typological narratives. In order to redress these issues and elucidate the underpinnings of similarity and difference, this thesis focuses on how the vessels were made. The analysis of technological traces is used to shed light on three aspects of production; tradition, practice and creativity. Each of these three axes is suggested to provide a framework for exploring commonalities and variation within vessel manufacture. Exploration of Belegiš ceramic technology through tradition offered a macro-scale investigation and enabled the isolation of aspects of production that were shared across the region of Belegiš distribution. Analysis of the dataset demonstrated a clear core set of manufacturing principles. Despite this, urns from different sites show differences in the way in which the guidelines of tradition were used. It is suggested that trends in the data demonstrate that there were three communities of Belegiš practice; eastern Srem, southern Banat and southern Bačka. It is additionally suggested that creativity within Belegiš manufacture accounts for some of the variation present which sits within the relationship between maker and the collective. Each example of creativity is shown to be a reworking of existing manufacturing practice.
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Tartari, Manuela. "Les representations du corps dans la pratique funeraire de cremation, de l'antiquite au monde moderne." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0083.
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Ce travail est issu d'une decouverte qui concerne un concours de l'institut de france en 1 799 pour decrire un nouveau rituel funeraire, que j'ai faite au cours d'une recherche sur les raisons du choix de cremation chez un groupe de membres d'une societe de cremation italienne. En verifiant les donnees concernant le xviiieme siecle, je me suis trouvee face a une tentative complexe de structurer un nouveau rite funebre. Le changement qui a eu lieu est important et concerne non seulement notre facon de traiter les defunts, mais l'attitude differente envers le corps, la nouvelle gestion des rapports entre ici-bas et l'au-dela et, en definitive, les liens culturels de l'angoisse de la mort. J'ai utilise ces materiaux pour comprendre quelles sont les differentes representations du corps qui se dessinent a l'interieur de la cremation moderne et, dans ce but, j'ai abordes certains themes tires de l'inde des vedas et de la grece homerique; ils constituent le paradigme antique, qui nous donne une grille d'interpretation suffisamment ample. Suit une reflexion sur le christianisme primitif, entendu comme ce moment ou l'occident consolide un choix funeraire d'inhumation, sans pour autant abandonner la production de metaphores de transformation a travers le feu, qui deviendront centrales dans la pensee alchimique et conflueront, en version modernisee, au sein des grandes decouvertes du xvii-xviiieme siecle sur la chaleur et l'electricite. Ces donnees servent de cadre a l'etude de ce processus que je definis la naissance d'un rituel. La signification rituelle du feu interagit avec l'identification de deux representations particulieres concernant les rapports entre corps et ame, qui, a mon avis, jouent un role fondamental dans la pensee occidentale. Synthetiquement, je les definis comme corps prison et corps miroir. Au fil du temps, les deux representations ont connu des fortunes diverses, mais n'ont jamais totalement disparu; selon mon hypothese, les dernieres annees du xviiieme siecle voient la suprematie du corps miroir, apres un processus de bouleversement qui a dure des siecles. J'essaierai de demontrer que lorsqu'une des deux representations prend le dessus, l'autre devient l'apanage de groupes marginaux, preuve d'un antagonisme qui puise ses racines jusque dans la diversite des facons de se rapporter au corpsThis work deals with the modifications in the images of the body during the funeral rite of cremation, all along the centuries from the ancient times to nowadays. It is studied starting from the indian pattern certified by the veda, it is explored in the ancient greek world, it is seen through the primitive christian wooden metaphors, and through the alchemy ones, till the illusions of positivism. The starting point is a research on the recent motivation of the cremation choice, which has given the evidence of the re-proposal of the 19th century cremation, being a secular and modern rite. This work wants to explore the two main images of the body, which are playing a basic role in the western funeral rite, concise named: the mirror body and the prison body
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Hirschmann, Gregory Scott. "Filled With Absence: Spaces for Mourning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36449.
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Long ago the stories common to men were clearly present in their architecture. Sculpture, mosaics, paintings, stained-glass windows, all blatantly told the beginning, the morals, the epics, and future of humanity. Today these elements have all but disappeared along with the stories that they told. One story still common to humanity is the act of death, transcending culture, nationality, or creed. The pages to follow disclose an architecture for the emotional state of mourning. The seven spaces of this architecture exist in three dimensions: the narrative, the emotive, and sacred.Master of Architecture
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Ellison, Samuel C. "Forming Ritual Reality." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1282576025.
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Burwinkel, David. "Death and the City." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427897764.
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Squires, Kirsty Elizabeth. "An osteological analysis and social investigation of the cremation rite at the cemeteries of Elsham and Cleatham, North Lincolnshire." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/3091/.
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This thesis provides a detailed osteological and social analysis of the cremated human remains from the early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries (5th-6th centuries AD) of Elsham and Cleatham, both located in North Lincolnshire. Primarily, the results of this assessment address demography, identity and pyre technology. The cremated remains of 566 burials from Elsham and 979 from Cleatham were subjected to osteological analyses. These results were then statistically interrogated in order to observe patterns between the demographic profile of the burial population, their differential grave assemblages, and their spatial distribution within each cemetery. This comprehensive contextual assessment highlights the fact that the Anglo-Saxon cremation rite was deeply symbolic, multi-layered, and communicated a multitude of messages concerning the deceased’s identity. A number of significant correlations were found between grave provisions and the demographic profile of the deceased and these are suggested to have related to the construction of various identities through the mortuary ritual. Similarly, social significance was also observed in the cremation process itself. An analysis of pyre technology, which assessed the effects of burning on bone (using histomorphometry and FTIR analysis alongside an examination of the macroscopic appearance of cremated skeletal remains), examined the duration, temperature and oxidising conditions to which the body was exposed, and found duration to be an especially variable factor, and one that may have had social significance. These new results from Elsham and Cleatham significantly increases the number of Anglo-Saxon cremation cemeteries from which osteological data is currently available. Therefore this study makes an important contribution to our sum of knowledge as well as offering some original social interpretation and analysis.
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McCormick, Samantha. "Ashes to art, dust to diamonds : the incorporation of human cremation ashes into objects and tattoos in contemporary British practices." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2015. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/608773/.
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This thesis examines the incorporation of human cremated remains into objects and tattoos in a range of contemporary practices in British society. Referred to collectively in this study as ‘ashes creations’, the practices explored in this research include human cremation ashes irreversibly incorporated or transformed into: jewellery, glassware, diamonds, paintings, tattoos, vinyl records, photograph frames, pottery, and mosaics. This research critically analyses the commissioning, production, and the lived experience of the incorporation of human cremation ashes into objects and tattoos from the perspective of two groups of people who participate in these practices: people who have commissioned an ashes creations incorporating the cremation ashes of a loved one and people who make or sell ashes creations. This qualitative study begins by exploring processes of commissioning; it argues that ashes creations are practices concerned with commissioners’ desires to maintain spatial proximities and an intimate relatedness with their deceased loved ones. The thesis moves on to explore the making of ashes creations, tracing how conceptual and physical boundaries are transcended as creative materials and cremation ashes irreversibly intermingle. The ashes creations that emerge from these processes perform as subjects and objects as they are experienced as loved ones and beloved things. Concluding with an exploration of how ashes creations are lived with in participants’ ongoing lives, this thesis considers the ways in which intimate relatedness is enacted through performances of presence. These performances are characterised by notions of loved ones returning as the deceased continues to participate in the lives of the living. What emerges, across the materially disparate practices of ashes creations, are recurring narratives of relationality, uniqueness, and presence. As cremation ashes are increasingly being located away from landscapes traditionally associated with death and towards the spatial domains of the living, this study contributes to our understanding of the personalised practices that people engage in with cremation ashes.
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Williams, Howard. "'The burnt Germans of the age of iron' : early Anglo-Saxon mortuary practices and the study of cremation in past societies." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342114.
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Cerezo-Román, Jessica Inés. "Unpacking Personhood and Identity in the Hohokam Area of Southern Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312658.
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My research centers on changes in personhood, identity and funerary rituals from the Early Agricultural Period to the Classic Period in the Tucson Basin. The three core papers of my dissertation represent submissions to peer-review journals or book chapters, all of which are connected by similar research themes. The first paper examines changes in funerary rituals from the Early Agricultural Period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50 ) to the Early Preclassic Period (A.D. 475-750) and how these changes modified social relationships between the dead, their families and the community. A total of 21 archaeological sites and 436 burials were analyzed. The predominant mortuary rituals in the Early Agricultural Period were inhumations characterized by variations in body position and location, possibly emphasizing individuality. These rituals changed in the Preclassic Period as cremation became the dominant practice. Cremations during this period were mainly secondary deposits with low quantities of bone located in cemeteries within habitation courtyard groups. Social group membership was emphasized through these cremations. Results suggest that triggers for changes in funerary rituals through time were multicausal, but these changes are reflective of emerging group identities with strong social cohesion, consistent with patterns observed in other archaeological evidence from the area. The second paper explores how the Preclassic Hohokam (A.D. 475-1150) of the Tucson Basin created different pathways to personhood for the dead. This consisted of examining how bodies were treated within cremation practices at four recently excavated Tucson Basin Hohokam archaeological sites and through consideration of different ethnographic accounts of cremation practices among Native American groups from the Southwestern United States. Historical accounts of cremation practices utilized in this work originate from the Pima (Akimel O'odham), Tohono O'odham, and several Yuman-speaking groups. Based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, the ancestors of these historic groups had ancestral connections with the Hohokam. Results of my research suggest dynamic transitions of personhood occurred at death while these transitions occurred both with the dead as well as the living. Subsequent to the cremation pyre bodies were transformed into "body-objects" and continued to evoke memories of the deceased person's life. Furthermore, at these events mutually-identifying relationships were created, transformed or destroyed through interactions of the community, family and deceased. The third paper examines the identification of and changes in aspects of personhood among the Tucson Basin Hohokam from the Preclassic (A.D. 475-1150) to Classic periods (A.D. 1150-1450/1500). This is done by examining the biological profile, posthumous treatment of the body and mortuary practices of remains of 764 individuals from seven sites. Cremation was the predominant mortuary practice in the Tucson Basin during the Preclassic and Classic periods. However, inhumation also co-occurred at lower frequencies, particularly for fetus and infants, possibly due to the undeveloped form of self that these individuals had within the society. Through time cremation rituals changed particularly for individuals older than 15 years at death and adults. In the Preclassic Period, after the body was burned, the remains were fragmented, divided and distributed as inalienable possessions among families and within specific networks. This suggests a social construction of self that was more relational, part-person and part-object. In the Classic Period, these practices decreased and the remains were not divided but left in place or transferred almost wholly to a single secondary deposit. The perceptions of personhood in the Classic Period changed to a self that was considered as bounded units and more-whole even after its transformation during the cremation fire. It is possible that this transition through time occurred as a result of more centralized and private rituals, and by a general decrease in emotive networks. The changes in mortuary rituals are similar to broader sociopolitical changes observed in the Classic Period where an increase in social differentiation and complexity has been postulated.
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Ching, Choi-king Katie. "Culture and land use : a study of burial policy in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1232324X.
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Bruno, Sánchez Henry Jimmy, and Espada Brigitt Angela Osorio. "MorPet." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651973.
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Morpet consiste en prestar servicio de cremación de mascotas brindando tranquilidad y respeto a sus dueños por la pérdida de su mascota, esto a través de un servicio personalizado y personal capacitado. Actualmente, en Lima Moderna existen 477,457 hogares con mascota del cual el 70% está dispuesto a tomar el servicio. La ubicación de nuestro local, sería en el sector de Lima Moderna, donde no hay mucha oferta de este servicio, se cuenta con un plan de comercialización e introducción donde se ha establecido que la empresa dará a conocer sus servicios a través de redes sociales y tener un crecimiento de 10% anual, asimismo se establecerán alianzas con las veterinarias del sector, las cuales contribuirán en dar a conocer el servicio de Morpet. Nuestra fuerza laboral estará constituida por 9 empleados, que nos permitirá atender de lunes a sábado en horario de oficina, el costo anual para mantener la planilla es de S/. 19,600. Asimismo, Para iniciar se contará con 10 hornos de marca Crema Can- EC50, que será adquirido con capital propio, el costo será de $ 3,500.00. Por otro lado, se requiere una inversión externa como capital de trabajo de S/.99,303.95 que es el 40% y la diferencia será financiado por los accionistas de la empresa como parte de su aporte para la constitución. Finalmente, cabe precisar que Morpet tendrá una utilidad neta a partir del 2do año de S/190,886.14, es decir en dos años ya se verán resultados del retorno de la inversión.Morpet is to provide pet cremation service providing peace and respect to their owners for the loss of their pet, this through a personalized service and trained personnel. Currently, in modern Lima there are 477,457 homes with pets, of which 70% are willing to take the service. The location of our premises, would be in the modern Lima sector, where there is not much offer of this service, it has a marketing plan and introduction where it has been established that the company will publicize its services through social networks and have an annual growth of 10%, also establish partnerships with veterinarians in the sector, which will contribute to publicize the Morpet service. Our workforce will consist of 9 employees, which will allow us to attend from Monday to Saturday during office hours, the annual cost to maintain the return is S /. 19,600. Likewise, to start, there will be 10 Crema Can-EC50 brand ovens, which will be purchased with own capital, the cost will be $ 3,500.00. On the other hand, an external investment is required as working capital of S / .99.303.95 which is 40% and the difference will be financed by the shareholders of the company as part of their contribution for the constitution. Finally, it should be pointed out that Morpet will have a net profit from the 2nd year of S / 190,886.14, that is to say, in two years results of the return of the investment will be seen.
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Mirnig, Nina. "Liberating the Liberated : A History of the Development of Cremation and Ancestor Worship in the Early Saiva Siddhanta - Analysis, Texts and Translations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519804.
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Williams-Ward, Michelle L. "Buried identities : an osteological and archaeological analysis of burial variation and identity in Anglo-Saxon Norfolk." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16101.
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The thesis explores burial practices across all three phases (early, middle and late) of the Anglo-Saxon period (c.450–1066 AD) in Norfolk and the relationship with the identity of the deceased. It is argued that despite the plethora of research that there are few studies that address all three phases and despite acknowledgement that regional variation existed, fewer do so within the context of a single locality. By looking across the whole Anglo-Saxon period, in one locality, this research identified that subtler changes in burial practices were visible. Previous research has tended to separate the cremation and inhumation rites. This research has shown that in Norfolk the use of the two rites may have been related and used to convey aspects of identity and / or social position, from a similar or opposing perspective, possibly relating to a pre-Christian belief system. This thesis stresses the importance of establishing biological identity through osteological analysis and in comparing biological identity with the funerary evidence. Burial practices were related to the biological identity of the deceased across the three periods and within the different site types, but the less common burial practices had the greatest associations with the biological identity of the deceased, presumably to convey social role or status. Whilst the inclusion of grave-goods created the early Anglo-Saxon burial tableau, a later burial tableau was created using the grave and / or the position of the body and an increasing connection between the biological and the social identity of the deceased, noted throughout the Anglo-Saxon period in Norfolk, corresponds with the timeline of the religious transition.
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Nilsson, Susanna. "When I die, I want to be recycled - a study of the view of the funeral industry on the handling of metals in cremation." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24011.
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Kremering är idag det vanligaste jordfästningssättet i Sverige, de allra flesta som avlider kremeras och gravsätts i urna. Frågan om hur de metaller som finns i kroppen men inte får plats i urnan hanteras har hittills inte väckt så stor uppmärksamhet, speciellt inte ur miljösynpunkt. Dock handlar det om åtskilliga ton metall som varje år grävs ner på kyrkogårdar runt om i landet. Denna metall påverkar dels miljön negativt, dels kommer det att ta upp mer och mer plats på kyrkogårdarna i framtiden, och att gräva ner metaller imarken är inte ett miljöoptimerat sätt att hantera dessa. Det finns dock andra saker än bara miljön att ta hänsyn till i denna fråga. Etiska ställningstaganden om vad som är riktigt att göra med t.ex. inopererade kroppsdelar efter döden spelar stor roll för hur hanteringen ser ut idag. Detta kan kopplas till relationen till döden i allmänhet och hur människor förhåller sig till sin egen dödlighet. Svårigheterna i denna fråga ligger i denna spänning, mellan en spänd relation till döden som begrepp och den miljöhänsyn som genomsyrar fler och fler av samhällets delar. I denna studie har fyra personer som arbetar inom begravningsbranschen intervjuats och ett antal teman har diskuterats för att försöka komma underfund med varför hanteringen inte är miljöoptimerad idag och försöka ge ett antal möjliga förklaringar till var svårigheterna i det här problemet ligger. Slutsatserna av undersökningen kan sammanfattas med att tre olika problemområden identifierats: det svåra samtalet om döden, fokus på en antropocentrisk etik i både samhället i stort och i branschen samt attityder och hur dessa kan förändras. Dessa tre är alla sammankopplade när det kommer till denna fråga och alla är en del av början på en lösning av detta problem.Today, cremation is the most common burial method in Sweden, the vast majority of the deceased are buried using this method. The question of how the metal parts from bodies that will not fit in the urn are handled has not attracted much attention, especially not from an environmental standpoint. However, several tons of metal are buried in cemetaries easch year. This metal will take up more and more space as the use of spare parts in our bodies increases. Apart from this, to bury the metals in the soil is not an environment optimized way to handle them. However, there are several other factors to consider when discussing this issue. Ethical decisions about what is right to do with implanted body parts after death plays a major role in how the issue is delat with today. This can also be linked to the relationship with death in general and how people relate to their own mortality. The difficulty of this question lies in this tension, between a tense relationship with the concept of death and the environment that permeates more and more of society. In this study, four people working in the funeral industry has been interviewed and a number of themes have been discussed to try to figure out why the management of this matter is not environmentally optimized today. I try to give a number of possible explanations as to where the difficulties lie in this problem. The conclusions of the study can be summarized by the three problem areas identified: fear of death, the focusi on an anthropocentric ethics in both the wider community and the industry as well as environmental concerns and attitudes. These three are all connected when it comes to this issue and they are all a part of the beginning of a solution of this problem.
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Johansson, Evelina. "Tunas brandgravar : stensättningar och individer i förändring." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1105.
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The Iron Age cemetery at Tuna in Badelunda parish, Västmanland, is a complex and unique burial ground used for only 69 graves during a period of roughly 700 years, between 300 - 1050 AC. The individuals buried at Tuna show an impressive variety of gravegods as well as stonesettings formed above the grave. Who where these people that were cremated at Tuna, among the mysterious women in the boats and the rich women in grave X? As we study the graves of the cremated individuals we reach a new understanding of the cemetery; from its social structure down to every individual. Through the analysis of the stonesettings, gravegods and bones we see a how these subjects, when analysed, show a picture of the individuals and social structure of the cemetery. It was a cemetery for the higher society and unique individuals rather then the average people.
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Santos, Aline Silva. "Morte e paisagem: os jardins de memória do Crematório Municipal de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-08092015-143806/.
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A despeito de ser considerado o único animal consciente de sua própria finitude, sendo capaz de raciocinar e elaborar ritos para lidar com esta realidade, o ser humano, principalmente a partir da modernidade, nega cada vez mais sua mortalidade. Apesar da superexposição decorrente da violência dos grandes centros e da mídia, a morte, no contexto atual, geralmente é pensada como um fato abstrato, colocada de forma longínqua, do outro. Dentro deste quadro, diversos autores relacionam este \"tabu\" em relação ao tema com o desenvolvimento de novas formas de lidar com os mortos. A cremação, prática relativamente recente nos meios urbanos ocidentais, foi considerada como um método que possivelmente poderia reforçar esta mentalidade de interdição: dispensaria os túmulos e locais para homenagem, sendo uma maneira racional de lidar com o cadáver e sua decadência após o falecimento. Diante do exposto, a presente dissertação busca uma crítica a esta visão a partir das atitudes encontradas no Crematório Municipal de São Paulo. Constituído por um edifício locado em meio a um jardim que se assemelha a uma configuração de parque, seus espaços livres possuem as mais diversas apropriações, dentre as quais chamam a atenção as delimitações constituídas pelos enlutados para a disposição de cinzas de seus entes queridos. Locais de homenagem e retorno para visitação, delineados à moda de pequenos jardins dentro de um grande jardim, são muitas vezes cercados e personalizados, de maneira a se constituírem como únicos e identitários de seus mortos. Assim, estes lugares, por suas características e papel evocativo de lembrança, foram denominados pela pesquisa de \"jardins de memória\". Entendendo-se paisagem como uma categoria sensível e ligada a natureza, poder-se-ia estabelecer um diálogo com esta forma de lidar com a morte no Crematório expressa pelos jardins. Assim, procurou-se um embasamento nos estudos da filósofa Adriana Serrão, que muito se apoia em Rosário Assunto, filósofo que entende o sentimento de paisagem ligado a um tempo circular, ligado à natureza, onde a apreensão estética humana, com um sentimento de pertença, seria fundamental. Desta forma, assumindo a existência de um sentido de paisagem no local, buscou-se entender em que medidas este poderia se relacionar com tais expressões nos espaços livres do Crematório, estabelecendo-se um diálogo entre a morte, símbolo da finitude, com a vida, em uma dialética revelada pela paisagem.In spite of be considered the only animal conscious of his own finitude, being able to reason and elaborate rituals to deal with this reality, the human being, especially from modernity, increasingly deny their mortality. Although the overexposure due to the violence of the urban centers and the media, death, in the current context, it is generally thought as an abstract fact, placed distantly on the other. In this framework, several authors relate this \"death taboo\" with the development of new ways of dealing with the dead. Cremation, relatively recent practice in Western urban areas, was considered as a method that could strengthen this mentality: dispense the tombs and places to honor, being a rational way to deal with the body and its decay after death. Therefore, this research seeks a critique of this view from the attitudes found in the São Paulo Municipal Crematorium. Formed by a building within a garden that resembles a park, its open spaces have the most diverse appropriations, of which draw attention the places established by the mourners for the disposal of their loved ones ashes. Sites for reverence and visit, like little gardens in a big garden, most of them are surrounded and presents individual objects in reference to the dead. Therefore, by reason of this characteristics, this places were named \"memory gardens\". Considering Landscape as a sensitive category and connected to the nature, it can establish a dialogue with the way of dealing with death expressed by the memory gardens. Thus, were studied texts of the philosopher Adriana Serrão, that much is based in philosopher Rosario Assunto: he consider the sense of landscape related to a circular time, connected to the nature, where the human aesthetic apprehension, with a sense of belonging , be essential. Therefore, assuming the existence of a landscape sense on site, it looked for to understand how could to relate this with the memory garden in Crematorium spaces, establishing a dialogue between death and life in a dialectic revealed by the Landscape.
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Julin, Linnéa. "Tuna i Badelunda : Ett järnåldersgravfält i Västmanland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295898.
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This paper is about an Iron Age cemetery at Tuna in Badelunda parish, Västmanland. Tuna is a complex burial ground that contains a total of 66 graves that consists of 68 individuals. The grave field was used during a period of roughly 700 years from around the year 300 AD until the year 1050 AD. Three types of grave constructions are identified in Tuna, 53 cremation graves, eight boat graves and five chamber graves. This paper will investigate the placements of the grave constructions on the cemetery to study if they are divided by sex, age and grave type. The paper will also analyse and discuss the sex/gender assessments of individuals from Tuna, both the osteological assessments of sex and/or gender assessments are based on? The usual presumptions from earlier research about Tuna are that it was a cemetery mainly for females, but the report about Tuna in Badelunda indicates a diffrent conclusion.
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Röst, Anna. "Fragmenterade platser, ting och människor : Stenkonstruktioner och depositioner på två gravfältslokaler i Södermanland ca 1000–300 f Kr." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-134704.
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It is generally considered that cairns and stone constructions of different shapes and sizes make up the grave monuments of the Late Bronze Age (1000–300 BC) in the province of Södermanland in Sweden. However, these “monuments” often contain only small amounts of burnt bone, and often no human remains at all. At the same time, human bones are found in settlement sites and other "non-grave" contexts. The materiality of human remains thus appears to be far more complex than a modern definition of "burial" or "grave" would allow. This thesis investigates practices beyond the common terminology of burial archaeology, and focuses on the practices of collecting, enclosing and scattering stones, human remains, pottery and metal objects in stone constructions traditionally labeled "graves". The study is conducted through a detailed micro-level analysis combining constructions, depositions of artefacts and human remains in a perspective of perception, formation processes and temporality. Based on the results from studies of two Late Bronze Age burial grounds in Eastern Sweden, it is argued that there is a need to differentiate the meaning content of cremated bone within in what we refer to as burial grounds. Results indicate that the passage rituals in connection with death and disposal of remains do not end when the cremated bone is deposited in the stone constructions. The constructions and deposits are subject to further attention and actions, altering the meaning of the cremated bones while the individual undergoes transformation to a fully transformed substance. The stone constructions themselves do not appear to have been built for eternity, but rather as functional nodes of transformation, constructed to facilitate the passage rituals.
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Rainsford, Clare E. "Animals, Identity and Cosmology: Mortuary Practice in Early Medieval Eastern England." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17224.
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Arts & Humanities Research Council Studentship under the Collaborative Doctoral Award scheme with Norwich Castle Museum as the partner organisation.The full text will be available at the end of the embargo, 18th July 2021
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Čekanavičius, Nerijus. "Laidotuvių reglamentavimas kanonų teisėje ir Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080605_110718-55781.
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Šiame darbe norima atskleisti laidotuvių reglamentavimą kanonų teisėje bei Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje. Darbe nagrinėjama tema yra aktuali, nes su ja neretai susiduriama praktiniame tikinčiųjų gyvenime.
Šį magistro darbą sudaro keturios dalys. Pirmoje dalyje aptariami ligos ir mirties istoriniai ir teologiniai aspektai Senajame ir Naujajame Testamentuose bei Bažnyčios Tradicijoje. Šioje dalyje kalbama apie ligą kaip sunkiausią išmėginimą žmogaus gyvenime ir apie mirtį kaip žmogaus žemiškosios kelionės pabaigą.
Antroje dalyje aprašoma žmogaus teisė į palaidojimą įvairaus amžiaus tarpsniuose: laidojant nekrikštytus kūdikius ir katechumenus, kūdikius ir vaikus bei suaugusius žmones. Šioje dalyje apžvelgiama krikščioniškos laidotuvių apeigos, laidojimo būdai bei vietos.
Trečioje dalyje pateikiama laidotuvių sąvoka kanoninėje doktrinoje. Šioje dalyje aprašomas Bažnyčios požiūris į laidotuves; atskirai įvardijami atvejai, atsakant laidotuves. Daug dėmesio skiriama kremavimui plintančiam mūsų dienomis, bei Bažnyčios požiūris į kremavimą.
Ketvirtoje dalyje apžvelgiamas laidotuvių reglamentavimas LR Civilinėje teisėje. Šioje dalyje analizuojamas kremavimo reglamentavimas LR Civilinėje teisėje bei įstatymai susiję su kapinėmis ir jose esančiomis laidojimo apeigomis.
Šį darbą galima panaudoti praktikoje – t.y. savo parapijos liturginėje ir teisinėje veikloje ir taip pat naudoti kaip medžiagą dalinantis darbo patirtimi įvairiuose seminaruose, konferencijose, paskaitose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]This work has an aim to present funeral regulation in Canon Law and in Lithuania legal system. The topic of the work is important because it is often met in practical life of believers. This master work consists of four parts. The first part discusses historical and theological aspects of illness and death in the Old and the New Testaments, as well as in Church Tradition. This part introduces illness as the most difficult trial in human life, and death as the end of human journey in Earth. The second part describes a human right to burial in different life periods: burial of non-baptized babies and catechumen, babies and children, and adults. This part gives an overview of Christian burial services, ways and places of burial. The third part presents a burial term in Canon Doctrine. This part describes the point of view of Church to burial; the cases for denying of burial are listed separately. Much attention is paid to cremation, that is so widespread nowadays, and to the point of view of Church regarding cremation. The fourth part gives an overview of burial regulation in Lithuania Civil law. This part analyses regulation of cremation in Lithuania Civil Law, and the laws about cemeteries and their burial services. This work can be used in practice – i.e. in the liturgy and law of own county, as well as material for exchanging experience at different seminars, conferences, lectures or as teaching material in Faith lessons.
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Eriksson, Pontus. "Land for the Dead : Access to and Evolvement of Necral Land in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-39975.
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This thesis is aiming to describe and understand the access to and evolvement of necral land (burial and crematory grounds) in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania and one of the most rapid growing cities in Africa. The study is based on field work conducted in Kinondoni District during the spring of 2010. It could partly be described as intensive research, because it is done like a pioneer study, trying to describe and understand a phenomena; not so much trying to find out how widespread the phenomena is. The data was primarily produced through interviews with persons representing different actors. The result from the field study is that even if there are differences in costs and needs for permits to access the land, it seems like there are ways for everyone to bury or cremate a dead body. One common way of manage costs is to collect financial contributions from friends, family and neighbours. The problem however is the evolvement, where centrally located burial grounds are considered full but still used and the cemetery established by the municipality outside the centre is not used by city dwellers, because of the lack of information and the transportation cost.
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Hermansson, Frida. "En hinduisk död i Sverige : En enkätstudie om hur begravningsbyråer och krematorier i Sverige anpassar dödsceremonin kremering." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-82675.
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We are all going to die. Despite how the human lives, the path to death has different patterns. For hinduism a vital ritual for a good death is to be cremated, especially in the holy city Varanasi. Therefore this essay has studied how Hindus in diaspora, Sweden, want to be cremated and what their wishes from funeral homes and crematoriums are. The research questions that this study aims to answer are: How do funeral homes in Sweden adapt to Hindus' wishes for funeral ceremonies? How do cremation staff adapt the funeral rite of cremation for Hindus in Sweden? How does the Swedish Hindu diaspora’s funeral ceremony and cremation differ from the traditional way in Varanasi?The method used for this study was a mix between qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method for this essay is used for the qualitative analysis of the data that the study has received. The quantitative method was used for the e-mail survey that was sent out to the informants, but also for the coding that the study made. The results presented were related to previous research and theories about phenomenology, diaspora and death studies.The study shows that the most important thing the funeral homes and crematoriums do is to accelerate the funeral rites and cremation. The individual significance from the funeral home is also to transport the dead to different places, a rite the Hindus in Varanasi do by themselves. For the crematoriums, one of the most important things is to let the oldest son or an other family member start the cremation.
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Liauksminaitė, Eglė, and Yarema Donata Damanskaitė. "Kremavimo paslaugų sukūrimo prielaidos Šiaurės Lietuvoje." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_083736-15804.
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Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe tiriamos ir vertinamos kremavimo paslaugų sukūrimo prielaidos Šiaurės Lietuvoje, naudojantis PEST analize ir M. Porter penkių jėgų modeliu.
Darbe nagrinėjami teoriniai paslaugų kūrimo ir įvedimo į rinką ypatumai, laidojimo ir kremavimo paslaugų istorija bei ypatumai Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje.
Teisinė - politinė aplinka sudaro sąlygas kremavimo paslaugų sukūrimui, nes yra priimti teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys kremavimo paslaugomis užsiimančių įmoniu veiklą. Šiuolaikinė kremavimo techninė įranga nekenksminga aplinkai. Jos pasiūla didelė, įrangą galima importuoti iš Europos Sąjungos šalių. Dėl ekonominių veiksnių kremavimo paslaugos kaina turi būti nustatyta atsižvelgiant į vartotojų perkamąją galią. Socialinė – kultūrinė aplinka religiniu aspektu kremavimo veiklai vykdyti yra palanki, nes Lietuvoje vyraujančios religijos – katalikybės – bažnytiniai kanonai neprieštarauja palaikų kremavimui. Vertinant sociokultūrinę aplinką ekologiniu aspektu, kremuotų palaikų laidojimas yra ekologiškesnis ir mažiau kenksmingas aplinkai nei tradicinis laidojimas.
Šiuo metu Lietuvoje yra du krematoriumų projektų rengėjai, kurių iniciatyva krematoriumai gali būti pastatyti Šiaulių rajone ir Kėdainiuose.
Atlikus Šiaurės Lietuvos gyventojų apklausą, paaiškėjo, jog didžioji dalis gyventojų kremavimui ir krematoriumo statyboms pritaria; beveik pusė visų respondentų po mirties norėtų būti kremuoti.
Apibendrinant galima teigti, jog krematoriumui statyti Šiaurės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In the bachelor‘s undergraduate thesis are investigated and evaluated the presumptions of cremation services development in the Northern Lithuania using PEST analysis and M.Porter‘s five forces model. Theoretical work deals with service development and features of market introduction, burial and cremation services, history and peculiarities of the world and Lithuania. The political - legal environment enables the development of cremation services, as there is a law governing the cremation business. Modern hardware is not harmful to the environment. Also there is a high supply of the cremation equipment. It can be imported from the countries of European Union. Due to the economic environment, the cost of cremation services must be settled according to the consumers‘ purchasing power. Sociocultural environment, in religion aspect, is favorable for cremation activities, because cremation is not prohibited by the Catholic Church canons. Assessing the sociocultural environment in ecological aspect, burial of cremated remains is environmentally friendly and less harmful to the environment than traditional burial. Lithuania currently has two potential promoters of the crematorium, who are planning to establish crematoriums in Šiauliai region and Kėdainiai town. Survey in North Lithunia (regions of Šiauliai, Telšiai and Panevėžys) showed that the majority of the respondents agree with a cremation service development and building crematorium. Almost half of all respondents after death... [to full text]
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Nicholls, Rebecca A. "More than bones. An investigation of life, death and diet in later prehistoric Slovenia and Croatia." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16764.
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The East Alpine region formed an important crossroads in later prehistoric Europe, through which ideas, people and objects flowed. This was particularly the case during the Late Bronze Age/ Early Iron Age, when an increasingly competitive society was evolving, with the formation of more complex social structures and the rise of ‘elites’. This has been evidenced in a shift in burial customs, from Urnfield-type cremation burial to the construction of tumuli and the adoption of elaborate inhumation burial.
This multidisciplinary, multi-scalar approach to the analysis of human remains aims to explore the evolving structure, homogeneity and heterogeneity of communities inhabiting central and eastern Slovenia, and north-eastern Croatia, during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The application of multiple methods, including the osteological analysis of cremated and non-cremated human remains, radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium) and aDNA analysis has facilitated the exploration and interpretation of later prehistoric social structure and lifestyle. The use of carbon (from enamel carbonate and collagen) and nitrogen stable isotope analysis has highlighted important dietary distinctions between communities inhabiting this region and previous studies from elsewhere in contemporary Europe – specifically a high dependence on millet as a staple crop. This has been evidenced by δ13C values of between -17‰ and -15.3‰ from bone collagen. δ15N values of between 7.6‰ and 9.1‰ support this interpretation as they do not indicate the consumption of marine protein. Increased δ15N values of up to 13.5‰ from deciduous dentine have been interpreted as the influence of dietary and metabolic conditions, particularly in the presentation of an Infant exhibited palaeopathological evidence of severe metabolic disease. Complementary isotopic methods, including oxygen isotope ratios and enamel carbonate carbon, have also highlighted heterogeneity in childhood diet, reflecting the transition from a high lipid diet of breastmilk, to a diet of carbohydrates, indicative of weaning.
In addition to these findings, the application of radiocarbon dating on cremated and nio-cremated human bone has expanded the current understanding of mortuary practices in this study area. Inhumation burial, previously thought synomemous with the Iron Age, has been now been identified throughout the Bronze Age at the cemetery of Obrežje.
The application of this multi-scalar approach to combining and interpreting these data sets has allowed for the investigation of individual biographies, as well as regional trends. This research illustrates the advantages of bringing together multiple lines of evidence for the creation of informed interpretations regarding the life, death and diet of prehistoric peoples of the East Alpine region, and beyond.The Encounters and Transformations in Iron Age Europe (ENTRANS) Project, led by Ian Armit, with the Slovenian and Croatian principal investigators, Matija Črešnar and Hrvoje Potrebica. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 291827. The project is financially supported by the HERA Joint Research Programme (www.heranet.info) which is co-funded by AHRC, AKA, BMBF via PT-DLR, DASTI, ETAG, FCT, FNR, FNRS, FWF, FWO, HAZU, IRC, LMT, MHEST, NWO, NCN, RANNÍS, RCN, VR and The European Community FP7 2007-2013, under the Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities programme.
The Appendices A-H are not available online.
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Wolf, Aaron B. "Determining Whether Spectrophotometer CIE L*a*b* Color Analysis is an Effective Alternative to Munsell Soil Color Charts for the Study of Burnt Bones: Insights From Analysis of Bab edh-Dhra EB II-III Burnt Bones." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1305140303.
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Johansson, Hanna. "Gravar i Fångstmarken : En osteologisk analys av 10 gravar från Vindförbergs udde i norra Dalarna." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296202.
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This essay include the osteological analysis of ten cremation burials from the burial ground of Vindförberg in Ore parish, Dalarna. The burial ground on Vindförberg was used between the years 100 and 550 AD. during the Iron age. Vindförberg is a hunting burial ground which is one of two burial practices that existed during this age in Dalarna. The hunting ground graves are located far from settlements and their origin is under debate. Theories about these graves say that they are either settlers from the south or hunting-gatherer groups from the north and west. The questions this essay is if it is possible to see the structure of the community the people behind the burial ground at Vindförberg had. This will be achieved with the help of age and sex determinations to study the relationship between the different graves at Vindförberg. In excess of previous question, it was also of interest to compare the result from Vindförberg with four other contemporary burial grounds to inquire similarities and differences. Of the 43 graves on the burial ground, ten were analyzed in this essay. A total weight and volume of nine kilograms and twelve liters was analyzed. Human, dog, bear, elk, beaver, and fish were the identified species from Vindförberg. Because of the very fragmented material, the determinations of age and sex proved difficult to estimate. This led to the discussion being more about the ancient people’s conception of the world and rituals as well to social structure.
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Gustavsson, Anders. "Gravar i stenskepp : Osteologisk analys av brända och obrända ben från skeppssättningar på Gotland." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1060.
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In this study bone material from six stone ship settings and a total of seven deposits of bones from two sites on the island of Gotland have been analyzed. Four ship settings from the burial site at Gålrum in Alskog parish and two from Tängelgårda in Lärbro parish. The ships contained both cremated remains and inhumations. Human remains were identified in five of the analyzed ship settings and a minimum of six individuals was identified in total. Animals were found in three of the ship settings, where one of them contained only the burned remains of a dog. Two of the ships contained inhumations, one in Gålrum and one in Tängelgårda. The one from Gålrum was determined to 17-19 years of age but of undetermined sex. The inhumation from Tängelgårda was determined to a male of 35-64 years of age. Of the cremated remains none could be determined to sex but all were determined as adult individuals. The temperature that the cremated bones had been exposed to during the cremation was similar between the different ship settings, with one exception which had been exposed to a slightly higher temperature. The results of the material have also been compared with those of other osteological analysis from ship settings on Gotland. The interpretation of this has been that the amount of bone and the number of individuals that has been buried in stone ship settings vary from different sites. Some ship settings have contained several burials and have been interpreted as family graves (Pettersson 1982) which do not fit with the results from this analysis where all the ship settings contained a maximum of one or two human individuals, so the results from the ship settings on Gålrum and Tängelgårda differ from earlier interpretations of ship settings on Gotland.
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Ching, Choi-king Katie, and 程彩琼. "Culture and land use: a study of burial policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974739.
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