Journal articles: 'Cremations'

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van der Smissen, Doris, Margaret A. Steenbakker, Martin J. M. Hoondert, and Menno M. van Zaanen. "Music and cremation rituals in The Netherlands: A fine-grained analysis of a crematorium’s playlist." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy068.

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Abstract Although music is an important part of cremation rituals, there is hardly any research regarding music and cremations. This lack of research has inspired the authors to conduct a long-term research project, focusing on musical and linguistic aspects of music played during cremations. This article presents the analysis of a playlist consisting of twenty-five sets of music, each consisting of three tracks, used in a crematorium in the south of The Netherlands from 1986 onward. The main objective is to identify the differences and similarities of the twenty-five sets of musical tracks regarding content and musical properties. Consequently, we aim to provide insight in the history of (music played during) cremation rituals in The Netherlands. To analyze the musical properties of the sets, the authors use both a qualitative approach (close reading and musical analysis) and a computational analysis approach. The article demonstrates that a combination of a close reading and musical analysis and a computational analysis is necessary to explain the differences in properties of the sets. The presented multi-method approach may allow for comparisons against musical preferences in the context of current cremations, which makes it possible to trace the development of music and cremation rituals.

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De Mulder, Guy, Mark Van Strydonck, Mathieu Boudin, and Ignace Bourgeois. "Unraveling the Occupation History of the Cremation Cemetery at Wijnegem/Blikstraat (Belgium)." Radiocarbon 59, no. 6 (November 20, 2017): 1645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.109.

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ABSTRACTRecently a cremation cemetery was excavated at the site of Wijnegem where 29 cremation graves and 9 funerary monuments were uncovered. Thirty radiocarbon (14C) dates were carried out, mostly on cremated bone but also 10 charcoal samples were dated. Twenty-four cremations were studied. Four ring ditches were dated by charcoal samples from the infill of the ditch. The 14C dates showed an interesting long-term occupation of the cemetery. Different phases were ascertained. The history of the cemetery starts in the northern part of the site around a circular funerary monument. Two cremations were dated at the transition of the Early to Middle Bronze Ages. Two other graves represent the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Ages. The main occupation period dates between the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Finally, an isolated cremation grave marks the definite abandonment of the site during the Late Iron Age.

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Harman, Mary. "Cremations." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, S3 (1987): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078749.

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All the extant cremation deposits were examined. The following details are given in the table below to convey some impression of the character of each deposit: the weight, the maximum length of the largest surviving piece of bone, and an assessment of the general size of the fragments. Large bones have a maximum dimension over 50 mm, medium are equal to or between 25 and 50 mm and small are less than 25 mm.

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Allen, Carol S. M., Mary Harman, and Hazel Wheeler. "Bronze Age Cremation Cemeteries in the East Midlands." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, no. 1 (1987): 187–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00006198.

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Two Bronze Age cremation cemeteries excavated between 1968 and 1975 are reported and discussed. At Coneygre Farm, Notts., fifty-one cremations were excavated, thirty-one in pots, six in cists, and fourteen uncontained. Cremations were deposited in a roughly linear arrangement and no barrow was found. At Pasture Lodge Farm, Lincs., twenty-seven pots were found, of which twenty-five had associated cremations, and fifteen further sherds could represent burials. Vessels in this cemetery form a small cluster. Pottery from these two cemeteries is broadly similar to Deverel-Rimbury ware and with vessels from other sites in the region is considered to form an East Midlands group of Bronze Age pottery. Vessels of this type from Frieston and Grantham, Lincs., are illustrated for the first time. Examination of thin sections of the pottery from the two cemeteries suggests that most, although not all, of the materials used could have been found locally. Organic remains found in thin sections provide environmental information. The effect of soils on durability of pots and their probable function is discussed. A direct relationship is noticed for the first time between the age of the cremated individual and the capacity of the pot in which the cremation was deposited.

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Bugajska, Karolina. "Cremation Burials of Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers on the European Plain." Światowit, no. 59 (June 27, 2021): 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0082-044x.swiatowit.59.4.

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Cremation burials of Stone Age hunter-gatherers were found at 21 sites across the European Plain (including southern Scandinavia). In total, there are 54 graves and deposits containing bones of at least 89 individuals. Sites with Mesolithic cremations are unevenly spread over the European Plain and there are some regions where this type of burial was more common, such as the Seine Valley and the Low Countries, southern Scandinavia or north-eastern Poland. In all of these regions, the oldest burials are dated to the Early Mesolithic, which indicates a parallel and independent origin of this custom. Moreover, each region or even cemetery has its own features of the cremation rite. In both the Western European Plain and southern Scandinavia, most burials are dated to the Middle Mesolithic and there are only a few examples linked to the Late Mesolithic. North-eastern Poland, including the Dudka cemetery, is probably the only region where cremation was practised on a wider scale in the Late Mesolithic and para-Neolithic. The share of cremations among all burial types differs between regions and cemeteries. It was probably a dominant practice in the Middle Mesolithic in the Netherlands. In other cases, cremation probably involved a large part of the local hunter-gatherer society, for instance at the Dudka cemetery in Masuria or in the Middle Mesolithic of Vedbæk Fiord (Zealand), whereas at the cemeteries in Skateholm it amounted to only a few percent, suggesting that it was practised in the case of the deceased of particular status or in unusual circumstances only.

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Stead, S. "Appendix I: Report on the Cremations from Sarn-Y-Bryn-Caled, Welshpool, Powys." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, S1 (1994): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078336.

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The adults appear to be healthy and relatively young. None has vertebral degeneration nor any trace of osteoarthritis. There is no dental pathology. As for age deduced from dental attrition, only the primary cremation from the timber circle (site 1) and cremation 3 from site 2 have useful molar crown fragments (either first or second). Both show some flattening of die occlusal surface but with wear limited to level 3. This would give an age of 17-25 if first molars and 25-35 if second - in any case an upper limit of 35. The secondary cremation in the timber circle (site 1) and cremation 1 in the floor of the southern ditch terminal of site 2 arc young adults between 17 and 25.The sexing of cremations in general has to be prefaced with a ‘probable’ because of the absence of the relevant pelvic remains, Le. the complete girdle with sub-pubic angle, etc.

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Minozzi, Simona, Valentina Giuffra, Jasmine Bagnoli, Emanuela Paribeni, Davide Giustini, Davide Caramella, and Gino Fornaciari. "An investigation of Etruscan cremations by Computed Tomography (CT)." Antiquity 84, no. 323 (March 1, 2010): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099865.

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The cremation urn is a tiny archaeological site of its own, with finds, features, stratification and structure. The old prescription was to take the pot apart, or slice it, and micro-excavate with inevitable damage and loss. Here is a new methodology – the application of a CT scan as used in medicine. The authors evaluate the results on 35 Etruscan cremations, finding that CT not only provides an excellent guide for micro-excavation, but allows the degree of fragmentation to be appreciated inside the pot and maps those metal objects that have corroded to a crust and do not survive excavation. They emphasise the value of the method in making a ‘first resort’ primary record especially in commercial archaeology.

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Bewley, R. H., I. H. Longworth, S. Browne, J. P. Huntley, G. Varndell, P. Craddock, and I. Freestone. "Excavation of a Bronze Age Cemetery at Ewanrigg, Maryport, Cumbria." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004217.

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Excavations at Ewanrigg, Maryport, Cumbria (NY035353) took place in 1983 and 1985–87. The site of a Bronze Age cremation cemetery was discovered whilst fieldwalking a crop-mark enclosure site; this site had been trial excavated in 1956 and shown to be a Romano-British settlement. During the excavations 28 burials were discovered, 26 being cremations and two inhumations. Both inhumations, one a Beaker burial and the other a cist burial with a Food Vessel, had been disturbed. The Bronze Age pottery assemblage was a mixture of Collared Urns and Food Vessel Urns; the Collared Urns are mainly Secondary Series with one showing some Primary Series traits. Fragments of two Beakers were discovered, one an N/MR Beaker and the other more in the long-necked Northern series tradition. All the pottery, except the N/MR Beaker, was made from local clay. Within one of the cremation burials a clay connecting rod for a furnace was discovered and apart from one other site this is the only discovery which shows any link between metal-working and the burials within the Collared Urn tradition. Also within the cremations were a number of toggles and pins made from animal bone. The human cremated bone was sufficiently well preserved to allow analysis to show that there were six female and five male burials. Radiocarbon samples, mainly on charcoal, gave a date range for the Collared Urns of 2460–1520 BC (calibrated to two standard deviations).

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McKinley, J. "Park of Tongland: Cremations." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, S2 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00079287.

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Harrington, David E. "Markets: Preserving Funeral Markets with Ready-to-Embalm Laws." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.4.201.

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Thirty-nine states currently have ready-to-embalm laws, which typically require that all firms selling any type of funeral service (even those specializing in cremations) have embalming preparation rooms and all funeral directors be trained as embalmers. Ready-to-embalm laws are designed to preserve the status-quo in funeral markets, thereby protecting currently licensed funeral directors from the ravages of competition. These laws attempt to preserve funeral markets as they existed in the mid-twentieth century, markets that centered on traditional funerals sold by small, full-service funeral homes. The economic chemicals needed to preserve the status quo are harsh, leading to higher funeral prices and often poorer-quality services. The empirical evidence suggests that these laws reduce the cremation rate, the market share of Internet casket retailers, the penetration of national chains, and the number of funeral directors who are immigrants. They also appear to substantially increase the retail price of direct cremations and the cost of traditional funerals. Commissions in several states have recently recommended repealing ready-to-embalm laws, arguing that they are anticompetitive. The evidence presented in this paper should make their recommendations harder to ignore.

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Mikhaylova, E. "Kurgan traditions of the North-West of the Russian Plain: the problem of the evolution and continuity." Archaeological News 31 (2021): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-31-196-207.

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The funerary kurgan traditions of the 1st millennium (culture of the Pskov long barrows, a kurgan presumably of the East-Lithuanian type, Mologa-Suda kurgans, sopki) are considered in this paper in comparison with the data on unmounded cemeteries with cremations. Many features of the burial rite of the two groups of cremation burials are similar (scattered deposition of the cremated remains, their incompleteness, the presence of collective burials, the presence of animal bones). The kurgans with inhumations of the Old-Russian period demonstrate a qualitatively dif- fering phenomenon as part of the Old-Russian Christian culture spreading, together with other cultural features, from urban centres to the rural localities.

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De Mulder, Guy, Mark van Strydonck, and Wim De Clercq. "14C Dating of “Brandgrubengräber” from the Bronze Age to the Roman Period in Western Flanders (Belgium)." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048141.

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A Brandgrubengrab entails a specific way of depositing human remains whereby the cremated remains of the deceased and other remnants of the funeral pyre, such as charcoal and burnt objects, are jointly deposited onto the bottom of a pit. This type of burial became increasingly popular during the Late Iron Age and the Roman period, when it was the main basic funerary structure used in western Flanders. In recent years, more attention has been paid to establishing a more precise chronology for these funerary structures by applying radiocarbon dating. A set of 40 14C dates obtained from samples originating from small cemeteries and isolated cremations now offers new insights in the development of this specific cremation burial ritual.

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O'Brien, Leonora, Victoria Clements, Mike Roy, and Neil Macnab. "Neolithic Pits, a Bronze Age Cremation and an Early Iron Age Ring-Ditch at Newton Farm, Cambuslang, Lanarkshire." Scottish Archaeological Journal 31, no. 1-2 (October 2009): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2010.0002.

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Fieldwork at Newton Farm, Cambuslang (NGR NS 672 610) was undertaken in advance of housing development in 2005–6. A cluster of six shallow Neolithic pits were excavated, and a collection of 157 round-based, carinated bowl sherds and a quern fragment were recovered from them. The pits produced a date range of 3700 to 3360 cal BC. Most of the pits yielded burnt material, and one of the pits showed evidence of in situ burning. The pottery may form ‘structured deposits’. A Bronze Age adult cremation placed in a Food Vessel dated to 3610±30 BP (2040–1880 cal BC) was set in a wider landscape of single and multiple cremations and inhumations on the river terraces overlooking the Clyde. A possible unurned cremation was also identified. This was cut by the course of a small ring-ditch dated to the very late Bronze Age or early Iron Age 2520±30 BP (800–530cal BC).

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Rose, Helene Agerskov, John Meadows, and Mogens Bo Henriksen. "Bayesian Modeling of Wood-Age Offsets in Cremated Bone." Radiocarbon 62, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.3.

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ABSTRACTExperimental studies have shown that significant carbon exchange occurs between bone-apatite and the pyre atmosphere during cremation, which can cause a calendar date offset between the radiocarbon (14C) event and the date of cremation. There are limited empirical data available to assess the magnitude of such wood-age offsets, but the aim of this paper is to test if they can be modeled statistically. We present new 14C dates on modern bone cremated in realistic open-air experiments and on archaeological samples of cremated bone and associated organic material. Experimental results demonstrate a wide range of carbon exchange with a mean of 58.6 ± 14.8%. Archaeological results indicate that the wood-age offsets have an approximately exponential distribution. We test whether the default Charcoal Outlier_Model in OxCal v4.3, developed to reduce the impact of wood-age offsets in dates of charcoal, is appropriate for cremated bone, but find that it slightly underestimates apparent offsets. To counter the intrinsic age of both pyre fuel and unburned bio-apatite, we instead propose a bespoke Cremation Outlier_Model, which combines an exponential distribution of calendar age offsets with a minimum offset, and provides better estimates of the actual dates of cremations.

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Musgrave, Jonathan. "Dust and Damn'd Oblivion: A Study of Cremation in Ancient Greece." Annual of the British School at Athens 85 (November 1990): 271–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015689.

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In this paper – the revised text of a public lecture given in Athens on 23 February 1989 – the author reviews both the historical and anatomical evidence for identifying the occupants of the royal tombs at Vergina as: Tomb I: not known; Tomb II: Philip II and either Cleopatra or Meda; Tomb III: Alexander IV. The case for Philip III Arrhidaios and Eurydice in Tomb II is shown to be anthropologically weak. The paper also includes a catalogue of the human remains from Tomb II antechamber (Cleopatra or Meda) and Tomb III (Alexander IV). The arrival of cremation in Greece, and both Homeric and later Macedonian attitudes to the rite are also discussed. The general conclusion is that cremations are a valuable source of biological and archaeological information.

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Reiter, Samantha S., Niels Algreen Møller, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, Jens-Henrik Bech, Anne-Louise Haack Olsen, Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov, Flemming Kaul, Ulla Mannering, and Karin M. Frei. "Into the fire: Investigating the introduction of cremation to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark: A comparative study between different regions applying strontium isotope analyses and archaeological methods." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0249476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249476.

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Changes in funerary practices are key to the understanding of social transformations of past societies. Over the course of the Nordic Bronze Age, funerary practices changed from inhumation to cremation. The aim of this study is to shed light on this fundamental change through a cross-examination of archaeometric provenance data and archaeological discussions of the context and layouts of early cremation graves. To this end, we conducted 19 new provenance analyses of strontium isotopes from Early Nordic Bronze age contexts in Thisted County and Zealand and Late Bronze Age contexts from Thisted County and Vesthimmerland (Denmark). These data are subsequently compared with data from other extant relevant studies, including those from Late Bronze Age Fraugde on the Danish island of Fyn. Overall, the variations within our provenience data suggest that the integration and establishment of cremation may not have had a one-to-one relationship with in-migration to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark. Moreover, there seems to be no single blanket scenario which dictated the uptake of cremation as a practice within this part of Southern Scandinavia. By addressing habitus in relation to the deposition of cremations as juxtaposed with these provenance data¸ we hypothesize several potential pathways for the uptake of cremation as a new cultural practice within the Danish Nordic Bronze Age and suggest that this may have been a highly individual process, whose tempo may have been dictated by the specificities of the region(s) concerned.

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De Mulder, Guy, Mark van Strydonck, Rica Annaert, and Mathieu Boudin. "A Merovingian Surprise: Early Medieval Radiocarbon Dates on Cremated Bone (Borsbeek, Belgium)." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047263.

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Radiocarbon dating of cremated bone is a well-established practice in the study of prehistoric cremation cemeteries since the introduction of the method in the late 1990s. 14C dates on the Late Bronze Age urnfield and Merovingian cemetery at Borsbeek in Belgium shed new light on Merovingian funerary practices. Inhumation was the dominant funerary rite in this period in the Austrasian region. In the Scheldt Valley, however, some cremations are known, termed Brandgrubengräber, which consist of the deposition of a mix of cremated bone and the remnants from the pyre in the grave pit. 14C dates from Borsbeek show that other ways of deposition of cremated bone in this period existed. In both cases, bones were selected from the pyre and wrapped in an organic container before being buried. Recent excavation and 14C dates from another Merovingian cemetery at Broechem confirmed the information about the burial rites and chronology from Borsbeek. This early Medieval practice of cremation rituals seems an indication of new arrivals of colonists from northern regions where cremation remained the dominant funerary rite. Another case at Borsbeek shows the reuse of a Late Bronze Age urn in the Merovingian period. This practice is known from Viking burials in Scandinavia, but was not ascertained until now in Flanders.

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Eckert, William G., Stuart James, and Steve Katchis. "Investigation of Cremations and Severely Burned Bodies." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 9, no. 3 (September 1988): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198809000-00002.

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Alunni, Veronique, Gilles Grevin, Luc Buchet, and Gérald Quatrehomme. "Forensic aspect of cremations on wooden pyre." Forensic Science International 241 (August 2014): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.023.

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Caswell, Edward, and Benjamin W. Roberts. "Reassessing Community Cemeteries: Cremation Burials in Britain during the Middle Bronze Age (c.1600–1150 calbc)." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84 (October 8, 2018): 329–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.9.

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The Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600–1150 calbc) in Britain is traditionally understood to represent a major funerary transition. This is a transformation from a heterogeneous funerary rite, largely encompassing inhumations and cremations in burial mounds and often accompanied by grave goods, to a homogeneous and unadorned cremation-based practice. Despite a huge expansion in the number of well excavated, radiocarbon dated, and osteologically analysed sites in the last three decades, current interpretations of Middle Bronze Age cremation burials still rely upon a seminal paper by Ellison (1980), which proposed that they comprise and represent an entire community. This paper analyses 378 cremation sites containing at least 3133 burials which represent all those that can be confidently dated to the Middle Bronze Age in Britain. The new analysis demonstrates that relatively few sites can be characterised as community cemeteries and that there are substantially more contemporary settlement sites, though few contemporary settlements are in close proximity to the cemeteries. The identifiable characteristics of cremation-based funerary practices are consistent across Britain with little evidence for social differentiation at the point of burial. It is also evident that only a minority of the population received a cremation burial. There is a substantial decrease in archaeologically visible funerary activity from the preceding Early Bronze Age (c. 2200–1600 calbc) and a further decrease in the proceeding Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–800 calbc) in Britain. This is comparable in form, and partially in sequence, to Bronze Age funerary practices in Ireland and several regions in North-west Europe.

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Ellis, P., and R. King. "Gloucester: The Wotton Cemetery Excavations, 2002." Britannia 45 (August 13, 2014): 53–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x14000397.

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AbstractThe report summarises results from an excavation site within the Wotton cemetery on the outskirts of Gloucester. A total of 20 cremations and 54 inhumations were excavated and are the subject of a detailed human bone report. The earliest cremation urns were of pre-Flavian date and could be paralleled by pots from the Kingsholm fortress. Cremation rite continued into the early second century, but was then replaced by inhumation burials. These dated from the later first/early second century till the fourth century. Part of a ditched enclosure, perhaps with an earlier precursor, was laid out in the second century and survived, respected by burials, into the later Roman period. The layout of this part of the Wotton cemetery is not in the orderly rows expected for urban burial in the province and this circumstance is compared both with other urban cemeteries and with practices known on rural sites. Analysis of the human bone suggested working people were buried in this part of the cemetery. At least one of the burials seems likely to have been a soldier and another may have been a person of importance very late in the life of the town.

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Whittle, A., R. J. C. Atkinson, R. Chambers, N. Thomas, M. Harman, P. Northover, and M. Robinson. "Excavations in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Complex at Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1947–1952 and 1981." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 143–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000414x.

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From 1946 to 1952. excavations were undertaken in advance of destruction by gravel workings of a series of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age monuments at Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxon. These included a long enclosure, a cursus, a double ditched henge, pit circles and ring ditches with primary and secondary cremation burials and a notable Beaker burial. Sites I, II, IV, V and VI, all pit circles or ring ditches, were published in 1951. This report describes sites III, VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIII and XIV. By the early 1950s much of the Neolithic complex had been quarried for gravel, and other adjacent areas subsequently were dug away. In 1981 the construction of a bypass led to the excavation of further surviving parts of the complex: site 1, a long D-shaped enclosure incorporated in the southern end of the cursus, and sites 2, 3 and 4.Both sets of sites are presented together, largely following the chronological scheme proposed for the complex by Bradley and Chambers (1988). Site VIII and site 1 are long enclosures of Earlier Neolithic date, with human remains. The latter site has a calibrated date of 3773–3378 BC. Site III is a cursus at least 1600 m long which cuts site VIII and incorporates site 1. A date of 3360–3040 BC was obtained from the primary fill of its ditch. Site XI is a three-phase ring ditch, perhaps successive enlargements of a barrow, but its innermost ditch is cut by a pit circle with cremations. There are Ebbsfleet sherds in the outermost ditch, and dates of 3037–2788 and 3024–2908 BC from the innermost, perhaps primary, ditch. Site XIV is a ring ditch succeeded by the Big Rings henge. Site 3 is a post circle between the ditches of the southern part of the cursus, with some secondary cremations. It has dates from the outer wood of its posts of 2890–2499, 2886–2491 and 2872–2470 BC; dates on charcoal associated with secondary cremations were 2880–2470, 2870–2460 and 2123–1740 BC. Site 2 is a penannular ring ditch with a primary date of 2912–2705 BC, and secondary cremations. Site XII is a notable Beaker burial within a two-phase ring ditch. An adult man was laid crouched on a bier and was accompanied by a fine W/MR beaker, a stone bracer, a tanged copper knife and a small riveted knife with at least one rivet of tin bronze. Traces of a stretcher-like feature were found in an adjacent pit which cuts the inner ring ditch. Site XIII, the Big Rings, is a large double ditched enclosure with central bank and opposed entrances. There was Beaker pottery in the primary fill of the inner ditch, but very little material was found in either ditch, and there were minimal features in the interior, part of which was stripped. Site 4 consists of two conjoined ring ditches within the southern end of the cursus. It encloses cremation burials. One, accompanied by an awl and Collared Urn, has a date of 2290–1910 BC. Traces of a ditched field system (originally referred to as a droveway, site IX) of later Bronze Age date were found cutting sites III, VIII and XIII, and paired ditches on site 1 may be related.The complex is related to its local and regional context, and the sequence of development is discussed. A timescale measured in generations is advocated, with phases of continuity and episodes of little activity both represented. Several aspects of monuments are considered: their differing scales including the monumental, their ability to endure and create tradition, and finally the choice of designs, from the locally customary to the exotic.

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Porro, Alessandro, Bruno Falconi, Carlo Cristini, Lorenzo Lorusso, and Antonia F. Franchini. "Modernity in medicine and hygiene at the end of the 19th century: the example of cremation." Journal of Public Health Research 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2012.e10.

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Medicine in the second half of the nineteenth century takes on some characteristics of <em>modernity</em>. These characteristics are worthy of our attention because they help us to understand better some of the current problems of hygiene and public health. One of the topics that was most discussed in the scientific-academic milieu of the second half of the nineteenth century was cremation. There was a poetic precedent: the cremation of Percy Bysse Shelley (1792-1822). The earliest apparatus to completely destroy the corpse was made in Italy and Germany in the 1870s. As far as hygiene was concerned, the reasons for cremation were not to pollute the water-bearing strata and an attempt to streamline the cemetery structure. As in an apparent schizophrenia, scientists of the day worked to both destroy and preserve corpses. There is also the unusual paradox that when the first cremations took place, the corpses were first preserved then to be destroyed later. The catholic world (mainly in Italy) and forensic scientists opposed cremation. It was left to the hygienists to spread the practice of cremation. An analysis of scientific literature shows us that if we leave out the related forensic and ethical problems, recent years have seen attention paid to any harmful emissions from crematoria equipment which have poured into the environment. Another issue is the assessment of inadvertent damage which may be caused by the condition of the corpse. Some topics, however, such as the need for preventive autopsies (first proposed in 1884 in Milan) are still a subject of debate, and seem to pass virtually unchanged from one generation to the next.

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Amer, Adan. "The Sustainability Crisis of Deathstyles." Journal of Integrative Research & Reflection 3 (June 9, 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/jirr.v3.1633.

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This paper will focus on the sustainability crisis in the funeral industry, with a particular look at conventional forms of funeral style like burial and cremation. Burials and cremations pose a threat to land scarcity and natural resource pollution. This is especially the case for Mountain View Cemetery in Vancouver, BC. In response to these crises, newer "sustainable" deathstyles have arisen, but they do not come without their own risks. This paper assesses the risks of conventional forms of funeral styles alongside their sustainable counterparts and their inclusion in the current regulatory policies of Ontario. A third section will focus on the social and cultural barriers that resist the just transitions to unconventional deathstyles. The final section includes recommendations to expand current legislation to accommodate the newer forms of disposal and minimize their associated risks, as well as additional consumer rights procedures to address the social barriers that impede the adoption of these alternatives.

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Bond, J. M. "Burnt offerings: Animal bone in Anglo‐Saxon cremations." World Archaeology 28, no. 1 (June 1996): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1996.9980332.

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McKinley, Jacqueline I. "Bone fragment size and weights of bone from modern British cremations and the implications for the interpretation of archaeological cremations." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390030406.

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Borić, Dušan, Jelena Raičević, and Sofija Stefanović. "Mesolithic cremations as secondary mortuary practices at Vlasac (Serbia)." Documenta Praehistorica 36 (December 1, 2009): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.36.16.

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Schutkowski, H., and Susanne Hummel. "Values of wall thicknesses for sex determination by cremations." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 45, no. 1 (March 27, 1987): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/45/1987/43.

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Hayden, Julian D. "Food Animal Cremations of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico." KIVA 50, no. 4 (January 1985): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00231940.1985.11758040.

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Whyte, Thomas R. "Distinguishing Remains of Human Cremations from Burned Animal Bones." Journal of Field Archaeology 28, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jfa.2001.28.3-4.437.

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Škvor Jernejčič, Brina. "The Earliest Cremation Burials in the South-Eastern Alpine Region from the Middle Bronze Age – Signs of Intercultural Connections with the Northern Carpathian Basin." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 95, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 447–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2020-0024.

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AbstractThe article considers cremation graves from the site of Podsmreka near Višnja Gora (Slovenia). Based on the analysis of their pottery, it could be shown that the graves can be dated to the Middle Bronze Age period (Br B2/C1) and thus represent one of the oldest cremation burials of the Bronze Age in Slovenia. First, the ceramic finds from the radiocarbon dated settlement contexts are discussed in order to reach a more exact chronological framework for the vessel forms from graves. A synthesis of all Middle Bronze Age graves, both inhumations and cremations, from central and eastern Slovenia allows us to get a better understanding of when the change in burial practices occurred. Surprisingly, the best analogies for the vessels from graves at Podsmreka near Višnja Gora can be found in the northern Carpathian Basin, where we observe a long-standing tradition of cremation burials. The analysis of radiocarbon samples from two graves from Šafárikovo in Slovakia allowed us to verify the absolute chronology of urn amphorae vessels with particular form and decoration, which we can date between the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 15th century BC. Such astonishing correspondences in the pottery between the northern Carpathian Basin and the south-eastern Alpine region seem to indicate that the very area of the Upper Tisza river, and the territory of the Piliny Culture, played a crucial role in the transmission of new burial practices, not only to Slovenia, but also across wider areas along the Sava and Drava rivers on the distribution area of the Virovitica group.

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Creel, Darrell. "A Primary Cremation at the NAN Ranch Ruin, with Comparative Data on Other Cremations in the Mimbres Area, New Mexico." Journal of Field Archaeology 16, no. 3 (1989): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/529836.

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Creel, Darrell. "A Primary Cremation at the NAN Ranch Ruin, with Comparative Data on Other Cremations in the Mimbres Area, New Mexico." Journal of Field Archaeology 16, no. 3 (January 1989): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1989.16.3.309.

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Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig, and Katharina Rebay-Salisbury. "Landscapes of the body: Burials of the Middle Bronze Age in Hungary." European Journal of Archaeology 11, no. 1 (2007): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957108101241.

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Middle Bronze Age Hungary provides an opportunity to investigate prehistoric ‘landscapes of the body’, as perceptions and attitudes to the body affect burial practices and other body practices, including the wearing of dress and the use of pottery. This article explores the cultural diversity expressed by the roughly contemporary and neighbouring groups of the Encrusted Ware, Vatya, and Füzesabony Cultures. Amongst others, differences between the three groups are articulated through their burials (scattered cremations, urn burials as well as crouched inhumations) and the diverse use of material culture. At the same time, despite formal differences in the burials, the analysis shows that cremations and inhumations in this area share a number of characteristics, and it is the other practices through which the dead body is manipulated that are the primary means of expressing regional differences. Simultaneously, whilst being a means of formulating understandings of the deceased body, burial practices are also tied into subtle differences in lifestyles, daily routines and regional subsistence strategies, as the landscapes of the living provide metaphors, know-how and practical understanding.

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Rottoli, Mauro, and Elisabetta Castiglioni. "Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20, no. 5 (April 19, 2011): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-011-0293-3.

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Reid, Malcolm, Ian Brooks, Jim Innes, Stuart Needham, Fiona Roe, Ian Smith, Sam Walsh, and Ann Woodward. "Once a Sacred and Secluded Place: Early Bronze Age Monuments at Church Lawton, near Alsager, Cheshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (November 12, 2014): 237–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.12.

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Two round barrows were excavated in 1982–3 at Church Lawton near to the eastern edge of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain. One of the barrows was defined by a ring of nine glacial boulders and it is possible that these monoliths initially formed a free-standing stone circle. The remains constitute a rare example of the use of stone to enhance a Bronze Age barrow in the lowlands of central western England. Beneath the mound demarcated by the boulders were the burnt remains of a small, roughly rectangular turf stack associated with fragments of clay daub and pieces of timber. No direct evidence of burial was found within the monument. A radiocarbon date suggests that the structural sequence began sometime in the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium calbc. The other barrow was principally a two-phased construction and contained urned and un-urned cremation burials. A battle-axe was placed next to one of the burials. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the cremations and associated deposits indicate that individuals were being interred from the late 3rd or early 2nd millennium calbc, with the practice continuing until the middle of the 2nd millennium. The barrows formed part of a cemetery, consisting of three known mounds.

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Grinsell, L. V. "The Bronze Age Round Barrows of Kent." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 355–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004229.

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About 170 round barrows and 15 flat graves from Kent are here recorded, almost all on the Chalk. In addition there are at least as many ring-ditches, mostly of ploughed-out round barrows, in Thanet, only a small selection of which are here included as a full list is being prepared by the Trust for Thanet Archaeology. Nine sites have yielded primary central inhumations and ten have contained primary central cremations. Four sites have yielded burials in their encircling ditch. Warrior equipment has come from two sites, and ‘Wessex’ interments from another two. Barrow Wouldham 1/THAN contained a central primary cremation in a four-post mortuary structure with parallels in the Toterfout-Halve-Mijl cemetery in the Netherlands, with which area relations are suggested. One site (Lydden 1/DOV) is identified as the Ellenbeorge of an Anglo-Saxon land charter. Several Bronze Age round barrows were used by the Jutes and Saxons for their intrusive burials, and there are two instances of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery being sited to adjoin a Bronze Age round barrow. More than twenty sites have recorded local names of which the most frequent general name is Mount. Some of the best surviving barrows are beside or near the North Downs Way and the Pilgrims' Way.

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Juss, Satvinder Singh. "Sikh Cremations and the Re-Imagining of the Clash of Cultures." Human Rights Quarterly 35, no. 3 (2013): 598–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2013.0034.

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Noy, David. "‘Half-burnt on an Emergency Pyre‘: Roman Cremations which Went Wrong." Greece and Rome 47, no. 2 (October 2000): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gr/47.2.186.

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In an ideal Roman cremation, the body was carried in procession from the house of the deceased to a place outside the city, where it was burnt on a pyre until it was reduced to bones and ashes (cineres or favilla). The pyre should be built specifically for the deceased; having to use someone else's pyre was a sign of poverty, or an emergency procedure. The cremated remains might be buried where they had been burnt, usually in a ditch which was filled in and covered or marked; in this case the tomb was called a bustum. More usually, the cremation was carried out somewhere other than the final resting place, at a spot designated ustrina in Latin literature. This might be within the same tomb-precinct or columbarium, as in many tombs at Ostia, or at a separate public site. The bones and ashes therefore had to be collected up and placed in a container, preferably a specially made and ornamented one (cinerarium, oss(u)arium, olla, urna), to be placed in the tomb. The force of the fire, the raking and collapse of the pyre during burning, and eventual quenching with cold liquid would together normally be sufficient to reduce the bones to small fragments which would fit easily into the container. This sort of burial of the remains is assumed in such wishes for the dead as:I pray that you rest quiet and safe in the urn, bones,And that the earth is not burdensome to your ashes.

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Go, Matthew C., and Dada Docot. "Fire and fear: Rapid cremations in the Philippines amidst COVID-19." Forensic Science International: Synergy 3 (2021): 100132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.100132.

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Castro, José Luis López. "Colonials, merchants and alabaster vases: the western Phoenician aristocracy." Antiquity 80, no. 307 (March 1, 2006): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00093273.

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Long characterised as merchants in pursuit of metals, the Phoenician settlers on the Iberian peninsula are here given an alternative profile. The author shows that a new aristocracy, visible in the archaeology of both cemeteries and settlements, was engaged in winning a social advancement denied it at home in the east. In particular, the Egyptian alabaster vases found in Spain, far from being the products of pillage or trade, were appreciated as prestige objects which often ended their days as receptacles for high status cremations.

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Teleaga, Emilian, Adrian Bălăşescu, Andrei Soficaru, and Werner Schoch. "Die Scheiterhaufen aus Cugir und Tarinci. Ein Beitrag zu den Bestattungssitten der Balkanhalbinsel und des vorrömischen Dakiens in der Spätlatènezeit." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 89, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 305–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2014-0021.

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Zusammenfassung: Die genaue Grabungsdokumentation der Scheiterhaufengräber unter den Tumuli aus Cugir und Tarinci, die paläobotanischen, anthropologischen und -zoologischen Untersuchungen sowie die Metallanalysen der Bronzegegenstände aus dem Wagengrab in Cugir, die ethnografischen und (experimentell-)archäologischen Analysen der Scheiterhaufenverbrennung eröffnen neuen Wege in der Forschung der Scheiterhaufenbestattungen der Spätlatène- bzw. der frühen Kaiserzeit an der unteren Donau, auf der Balkanhalbinsel und für das vorrömische Dakien. Zunächst wurden die Anlage der Verbrennungsstellen und der Aufbau der Scheiterhaufen herausgearbeitet: Die bei den Ausgrabungen entdeckten Bestattungsspuren mit dem für die Verbrennung des Leichnames, der Tierkadaver und der Grabausstattung benötigtem Brennmaterial sowie die Untersuchung der Verbrennungsspuren an den Knochen und den Gegenständen ermöglichten sowohl die Rekonstruktion des Scheiterhaufens als auch die des Verlaufs der Begräbniszeremonie. Der Scheiterhaufen, die Grabausstattung und der Grabhügel selbst vermitteln den Aufwand (d. h. die soziale Energie) bei der jeweiligen Bestattung auch durch den Vergleich mit anderen Gräbern aus dem Umfeld. Auf diesem Wege wird die Position des Toten in der jeweiligen Gemeinde beleuchtet. Somit kann die Scheiterhaufenbestattungssitte sowohl in den griechisch-westpontischen Kolonien – in denen sie eine traditionelle Grabform war – als auch in den Bestattungen des Typus Padea-Panagiuriski kolonii (zumeist Waffengräber) sowie in den frühkaiserzeitlichen Hügelgräbern Thrakiens nachvollzogen werden. Résumé: La documentation de fouilles de bûchers funéraires découverts sous les tumulus de Cugir et de Tarinci, les analyses archéobotaniques, archéozoologiques et ostéologiques, l’examen de la composition métallurgique des objets en bronze de la tombe à char de Cugir, ainsi que les enquêtes ethnologiques et expérimentales de bûchers funéraires ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les rites de crémation pendant le période de La Tène Finale et des débuts de l’époque Romaine dans les régions du bas Danube, des Balkans et de la Dacie. Notre enquête commence par établir comment les sites d’incinérations étaient organisés et comment les bûchers funéraires étaient construits. Les données relatives à la crémation des défunts et au combustible nécessaire, les carcasses d’animaux et le mobilier funéraire ainsi que l’examen de traces de combustion sur les ossements et les objets nous permettent de reconstruire non seulement les bûchers mais aussi les rites funéraires. Les bûchers, le mobilier funéraire et les tumuli nous permettent du juger l’investissement (donc l’énergie sociale) que représentent ces monuments funéraires par rapport à d’autres sépultures de la région et ainsi de mieux comprendre le niveau social des défunts au sein de leurs communautés. Le rite de la crémation sur bûcher, documenté dans les colonies grecques et de l’ouest du Pont Euxin (riches en traditions funéraires) comme aussi dans les sépultures de type Padea-Panagiuriski kolonii et les tumulus du Haut Empire en Thrace, peut ainsi être mieux appréhendé. Abstract: The detailed excavation records of the pyres under the barrows of Cugir and Tarinci, the analysis of the human, animal and plant remains they contained, the metallurgical examination of the bronze objects from the vehicle burial of Cugir, and the ethnographic and experimental investigations of pyre cremations open new research perspectives concerning cremations of the Late La Tène and Early Roman period in the lower Danube, Balkan and Dacian regions. This investigation attempts to ascertain how cremation sites were set up and how pyres were constructed. The archaeological evidence for cremated bodies and the fuel needed for the incineration of humans, animal corpses and grave goods, as well as the examination of traces of cremation on bones and artefacts enable us to reconstruct not only the pyres themselves but also the funerary rites involved. Pyres, grave goods and barrows give an indication of the level of funerary investment (i.e. social energy) when compared to other burials in the region. From this it becomes possible to gain insights into the social position of the deceased within their communities. The rite of cremation on pyres documented in the Greek/western Pontic colonies (which is rich in such traditions) as well as the burials of the Padea-Panagiuriski kolonii type (mainly weapon burials) and those of the Early Roman barrow burials of Thrace can thus be better comprehended.

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MASSER, PAUL, and ANN MacSWEEN. "Early Bronze Age Pits at Inchbelle Farm, Kirkintilloch, East Dunbartonshire." Scottish Archaeological Journal 24, no. 1 (March 2002): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2002.24.1.49.

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A group of four pits was excavated on a low gravel terrace above the floodplain of the River Kelvin to the north of Kirkintilloch, East Dunbartonshire (National Grid Reference NS 6677 7518). One pit contained sherds from four collared urns, while another contained fragments from a fifth collared urn. Radiocarbon dating suggests an 18th-16th century BC date for these features. Whereas almost all known collared urns accompany cremations, this was not the case with the material from Inchbelle Farm, and alternative reasons for the deposition of the pottery are discussed.

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Park, Jin-Hoon. "Cremations for the Bureaucrats’ Families in Goryeo - Based on the Data of Epitaphs." Korean Historical Review 229 (March 31, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.16912/tkhr.2016.3.229.1.

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Holubiev, Andrii. "Hosudariv Yar, a SaltivMaiaky Burial Ground with Cremations in Donets River Upper Region." Archaeology, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2017.02.057.

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Holubiev, Andrii. "Saltiv-Maiaky Burial Ground with Cremations near Nyzhnii Byshkyn at Siverskyi Donets River." Archaeology, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2017.04.105.

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Cattaneo, C., K. Gelsthorpe, R. J. Sokol, and P. Phillips. "Immunological Detection of Albumin in Ancient Human Cremations using ELISA and Monoclonal Antibodies." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 4 (July 1994): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1055.

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Russell-White, C. J., C. E. Lowe, R. P. J. McCullagh, S. Boardman, S. Butler, G. Collins, T. Cowie, et al. "Excavations at Three Early Bronze Age Burial Monuments in Scotland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 285–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004205.

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The excavations of the cemetery groups at Balneaves, Loanleven and Park of Tongland facilitate an examination of many aspects of Bronze Age burial practices in Scotland. They are notable as much for the differences in burial ritual they imply as for the very narrow chronological period in which they were used. The three sites produced a total of seventeen14C dates, two of which are aberrant, with means of the remaining fifteen falling within a period of 250 years (3370–3610 bp in radiocarbon years). The excavations were sponsored by Historic Scotland (formerly Historic Buildings and Monuments, Scotland).At Balneaves, a penannular ditch enclosed sixteen features, including a group of seven pits with cremation burials, four of which were associated with a distinctive assemblage of collared urns. The cremated bone was well preserved. At least one large standing stone had been erected on the site, and this was buried in the medieval period.At Loanleven, only a segment of the enclosing ring-ditch survived, within which were four cists, two containing inhumations and two cremations, one of the latter (Cist 2) associated with a fragment of a food vessel. A decorated slab, in so-called ‘Passage Grave Style’, was recovered from Cist 1, and the same cist produced palynological evidence for grave furnishings in the form of a mat of plant material which probably underlay the body.14C dates give a terminus ante quem of 3620±50 bp (GU–2543) for the re-use of the decorated slab, and aterminus post quemof 3410±50 bp (GU–2542) for the food vessel grave.Park of Tongland, regarded as a Four-Poster stone circle, was excavated after the fall of a standing stone. It was shown to be of multi-period construction, consisting of a cairn which overlay seven pits containing fragmentary cremation burials, two associated with collared urns. The standing stones may not all have been erect at the same time. A series of14C dates fell within the range of 1480–1530 bc.

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Plekhanova, Liudmila, Natalya Kashirskaya, and Alexander Syrovatko. "Cellulosolitic Microorganisms Activity as an Indicator of Details Funeral Ceremony." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2020): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.6.

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The article describes the results and the methodology for determining the initial presence of wares containing cellulose in the Vyatichi funeral ceremony in the Middle Ages in the natural zone of the southern taiga, Moscow region. Cellulose is a high molecular weight polymer. Cellulose (in other words – fiber) contains up to half of all the organic carbon of the biosphere, therefore, the prevalence of various microorganisms utilizing cellulose is quite high. In addition, the prevalence of this trophic group of microorganisms significantly complicates the diagnosis in archaeological contexts, since it’s necessary to understand the total number of these microorganisms on different depths in certain soil types and certain climatic zones. To overcome this difficulty, we conducted a two-month experiment to determine the rates of decomposition of the added cellulose substrate by soils from the adjacent structures of cremated burials using method, providing results comparable with published data. For the first time, there was made an attempt to identify soils of cremated burials with an increased content of cellulose, by analogy to microbiological methods of identifying keratin-containing substrates of ancient burials. The presence of cellulolytic microorganisms was identified by counting of colony forming units after planting on a solid nutrient environment – soil agar enriched in carboxymethyl cellulose. The object of the experiments was soil samples from medieval burials with cremations. Comparisons were made with the background soil of the same age as cremations (XII century), which have been developing according to the zonal type on the kurgan mound nearby to cremated burials. Three sites with maxima activity were revealed, according to the archaeological context. The article continues the cycle of experimental planting of trophic groups of microorganisms for the purpose of indicating substances that entered the soil at different periods of time, from antiquity to the Middle Ages, and have been utilized by microorganisms up to nowadays.

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Cavazzuti, Claudio, Tamás Hajdu, Federico Lugli, Alessandra Sperduti, Magdolna Vicze, Aniko Horváth, István Major, Mihály Molnár, László Palcsu, and Viktória Kiss. "Human mobility in a Bronze Age Vatya ‘urnfield’ and the life history of a high-status woman." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e0254360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254360.

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In this study, we present osteological and strontium isotope data of 29 individuals (26 cremations and 3 inhumations) from Szigetszentmiklós-Ürgehegy, one of the largest Middle Bronze Age cemeteries in Hungary. The site is located in the northern part of the Csepel Island (a few kilometres south of Budapest) and was in use between c. 2150 and 1500 BC, a period that saw the rise, the apogee, and, ultimately, the collapse of the Vatya culture in the plains of Central Hungary. The main aim of our study was to identify variation in mobility patterns among individuals of different sex/age/social status and among individuals treated with different burial rites using strontium isotope analysis. Changes in funerary rituals in Hungary have traditionally been associated with the crises of the tell cultures and the introgression of newcomers from the area of the Tumulus Culture in Central Europe around 1500 BC. Our results show only slight discrepancies between inhumations and cremations, as well as differences between adult males and females. The case of the richly furnished grave n. 241 is of particular interest. The urn contains the cremated bones of an adult woman and two 7 to 8-month-old foetuses, as well as remarkably prestigious goods. Using 87Sr/86Sr analysis of different dental and skeletal remains, which form in different life stages, we were able to reconstruct the potential movements of this high-status woman over almost her entire lifetime, from birth to her final days. Our study confirms the informative potential of strontium isotopes analyses performed on different cremated tissues. From a more general, historical perspective, our results reinforce the idea that exogamic practices were common in Bronze Age Central Europe and that kinship ties among high-rank individuals were probably functional in establishing or strengthening interconnections, alliances, and economic partnerships.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cremations'

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