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Journal articles on the topic 'Creoles (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Mark, Peter, and Sylvie Kande. "Terres, Urbanisme et Architecture "Creoles" en Sierra Leone XVIIIe-XIXe siecles." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525309.

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2

Goerg, Odile. "Sierra Leonais, Créoles, Krio: la dialectique de l'identité." Africa 65, no. 1 (January 1995): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160910.

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The study of phenomena relating to identity has prompted new approaches to the subject on the part of historians as well as anthropologists. They include the study of ethnicity, a dynamic combination of socio-economic, religious, cultural and political factors. In this regard the population of Freetown is particularly interesting, for it stems from several discrete migrations from the end of the eighteenth century onwards. Some of the immigrants came direct from the African continent, ‘Liberated Africans’ disembarked on the Sierra Leone peninsula, while others, formerly slaves, came from the UK, North America or the West Indies. The result of this diversity of origin was the formation of a very rich and specific society, with a mixture of European, African and West Indian characteristics. Among the town dwellers are those called successively Sierra Leoneans, Creoles and Krio.Since the 1950s several studies have focused on these people. After a polemical article published in 1977, new research was undertaken. Krio identity, which is at the same time a historical theme and politically contested territory, remains at the heart of the debate. In this article, emphasis is placed on terminology, to address the question of ‘ethnicity’ as applied to those known as Creoles. What were they called by administrators or historians (past and present)? What did they call themselves? How did they react to the various attempts at categorisation? How did the names, which are the visible aspect of ethnicity, evolve? What did the terms really mean and how can one move from a given name to the object it represents? These questions take into account several points of view, from within Krio/Creole society and from outside it.

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3

Thayer, James Steel. "A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone." Cahiers d’études africaines 31, no. 121 (1991): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cea.1991.2116.

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4

Hair, P. E. H. "Aspects of the Prehistory of Freetown and Creoledom." History in Africa 25 (1998): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172183.

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The immediate circumstances which led up to the founding of Freetown in the 1790s were highly contingent, even freakish. Christopher Fyfe has stressed the role of the scientist and dubious adventurer, Henry Smeathman, in publicizing the misguided view that the Sierra Leone district provided an ideal ecological environment for settlement. More recently, Stephen Braidwood has shown that the 1787 choice of Sierra Leone as a suitable locality for settlement by the Black Poor of London, the earliest settlers, came about as a result of acceptance of Smeathman's view, not by the white philanthropists and politicians who masterminded the exodus of the Black Poor, but by the London Blacks themselves—who knew nothing of Sierra Leone from personal experience but were convinced by Smeathman's rhetoric. That the Blacks were allowed to insist on their choice might itself be regarded as freakish.Yet, seen in a wider historical context, the foundation of Freetown, and the subsequent development of the community eventually termed “Creole,” appear less accidental and extraordinary. Why, for instance, did Smeathman chose Sierra Leone for his butterfly-collecting on his only visit to Africa? Presumably it was because he was aware that he could obtain the support and protection of the trading settlements in the Banana Islands, on Sherbro Island, and along the coast between—settlements which had been established in earlier decades by the English-speaking families of the Caulkers, Parkers, and Tuckers, families whose very names (even if corrupted from African names) point back to the later seventeenth century and the activities on this coast of the Royal African Company. And perhaps Smeathman had read John Newton's published account of his early career as a resident trader on the same coast which, although full of complaints about his treatment by his African employers, at least showed that a white could survive there.

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5

Childs, G. Tucker. "Expressiveness in Contact Situations." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.2.03chi.

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Typically not the focus of linguistic analysis, the expressive function nonetheless represents a core linguistic behavior. Throughout Africa, ideo-phones robustly manifest that function. When adult speakers learn and begin to use a second language, particularly in contact situations with limited L2 input, they often draw on structures and resources from L1. These facts suggest that when languages with ideophones serve as the substrate for a contact language, ideophones will be found in that new language, as is the case for, e.g., Krioulo (Guinea Bissau), Krio (Sierra Leone), and Liberian English. Yet, not all African contact languages possess ideophones. This paper characterizes the distribution of ideophones in pidgins, Creoles, and other contact varieties.

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6

Yakpo, Kofi. "Inheritance, contact, convergence." English World-Wide 40, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 202–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00028.yak.

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Abstract This article provides a comparative analysis of the suppletive allomorphy of two personal pronouns in the five African English-lexifier Creoles (AECs) Krio (Sierra Leone), Pichi (Equatorial Guinea), Ghanaian Pidgin English, Nigerian Pidgin, and Cameroon Pidgin. The alternation of the 3sg object forms =àm (a clitic) and ín (a non-clitic) is conditioned by a tonal obligatory contour principle (ocp), a vowel height ocp, animacy, and focus in different constellations across the five AECs. In addition, an epenthetic /r/ is recruited in four of the AECs to ensure that the ocp is not breached. The analyses suggest that pronominal suppletion in the AECs has been fashioned by processes of change and differentiation typical of geographically extensive language families, such as migration from linguistic homelands, acquisition by non-founder populations, interlectal cross-diffusion, as well as contact and convergence with adstrate, substrate, and superstrate languages.

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7

Arsan, Andrew Kerim. "Roots and Routes: The Paths of Lebanese Migration to French West Africa." Chronos 22 (April 7, 2019): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v22i0.451.

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We have no way of knowing when the first migrant from present-day Lebanon arrived in West Africa. Some amongst the Lebanese of Dakar still clung in the 1960s to tales ofa man, known only by his first name — 'Isa — who had landed in Senegal a century earlier (Cruise O'Brien 1975: 98). Others told ofa group of young men — Maronite Christians from the craggy escarpments of Mount Lebanon — who had found their way to West Africa some time between 1876 and 1880 (Winder 1962:30()). The Lebanese journalist 'Abdallah Hushaimah, travelling through the region in the 1930s, met in Nigeria one Elias al-Khuri, who claimed to have arrived in the colony in 1890 (Hushaimah 1931:332). The Dutch scholar Laurens van der Laan, combing in the late 1960s through old newspapers in the reading rooms of Fourah Bay College in Freetown, found the first mention of the Lebanese in the Creole press of Sierra Leone in 1895 (van der Laan 1975: l).

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8

International Monetary Fund. "Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 237 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498369824.002.

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9

Parker, Peter. "Sierra Leone." Lancet 328, no. 8504 (August 1986): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92147-1.

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10

FYFE, CHRISTOPHER. "Sierra Leone." African Affairs 92, no. 369 (October 1993): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098683.

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11

Nicol-Wilson, Melron C. "SIERRA LEONE." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 2, no. 1 (2004): 1474–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x01485.

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12

Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "SIERRA LEONE." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 3, no. 1 (1998): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160698x00636.

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13

Lisk, D. R. "Sierra Leone." Practical Neurology 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.120089.

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14

Adeola, Romola. "Sierra Leone." African Disability Rights Yearbook 3, no. 1 (2015): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-7138/2015/v3n1a10.

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15

Walle, Nicolas Van De, and Michael Jackson. "In Sierra Leone." Foreign Affairs 83, no. 3 (2004): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034026.

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16

Baker, Bruce, and Roy May. "Reconstructing Sierra Leone." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 42, no. 1 (March 2004): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662040408565568.

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17

Veeken, H. "Letter from Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone: people displaced because of diamonds." BMJ 309, no. 6953 (August 20, 1994): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6953.523.

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18

Conteh-Morgan, Miriam. "English in Sierra Leone." English Today 13, no. 3 (July 1997): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840000986x.

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19

Devi, Sharmila. "FGM in Sierra Leone." Lancet 391, no. 10119 (February 2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30189-2.

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20

Davies, V. "Sierra Leone: ironic tragedy." Journal of African Economics 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2000): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/9.3.349.

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21

SUTTON, P. M., E. P. WHITESIDE, and R. T. ODELL. "SOME SIERRA LEONE SOILS." Soil Science 148, no. 1 (July 1989): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198907000-00003.

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22

SUTTON, P. M., E. P. WHITESIDE, and R. T. ODELL. "SOME SIERRA LEONE SOILS." Soil Science 148, no. 2 (August 1989): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198908000-00004.

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23

Casey, K., and R. Glennerster. "Reconciliation in Sierra Leone." Science 352, no. 6287 (May 12, 2016): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7874.

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24

Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "SIERRA LEONE SPECIAL COURT." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 1, no. 1 (2004): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x00062.

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25

Yakpo, Kofi. "Two types of language contact involving English Creoles." English Today, April 12, 2021, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078421000146.

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The two African English-lexifier Creole languages Krio (Sierra Leone) and Pichi (Equatorial Guinea) are closely related. A close look at specific aspects of their grammar, however, shows divergence due to differing contact ecologies since their split in the 19th century. Krio has been spoken alongside its lexifier (the main lexicon-providing language) and superstrate (the socially dominant colonial language) English since its beginnings and Pichi alongside its superstrate Spanish for almost two centuries, but not alongside English. Resulting differences in contact outcomes transpire in the expression of tense, aspect, and mood, and the use of prepositions for the marking of participants. In these two areas, Krio has converged more with English than Pichi with Spanish because existing overlaps between Creole and lexifier forms have facilitated transfer from English. There is therefore evidence for different contact outcomes in Creoles depending on whether they continue to be in contact with a superstrate that is simultaneously the lexifier (in this case English), or not. No previous work has compared Krio and Pichi nor looked at these two Creole languages from the viewpoint of their differing linguistic ecologies and their resulting differentiation.

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26

Van de Vate, Marleen. "Prepositions in Krio." Nordlyd 33, no. 2 (January 10, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.83.

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This paper is part of Peter Svenonius’ Adposition Seminar at the University of Tromsø which was taught in 2005-2006. The main focus was the distinction between locative path and locative place constructions. The aim of this paper is descriptive in nature and focuses on the complete prepositional system of Krio, an English-based Creole language spoken in Sierra Leone. The paper starts with a general introduction to prepositions in Krio. Three different categories are distinguished. This is followed by a description of each preposition individually and a discussion of intransitive prepositions and verb-particle constructions.

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27

"Sierra Leone:." IMF Staff Country Reports 18, no. 371 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484391396.002.

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28

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 19, no. 217 (July 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498324885.002.

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Actions by the new government since taking office in April 2018 helped to stabilize macroeconomic conditions, but the situation remains challenging. Overall growth remained subdued. While elevated, inflation is tracking down. Program performance is broadly on track, though progress on structural measures has been slower than anticipated. Healthy revenues and significant underspending resulted in a lower-than-programed fiscal deficit. All quantitative targets were met, except the end-December performance criterion on net domestic assets (NDA) of the central bank and the end-March indicative target on poverty-related spending.

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29

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 19, no. 218 (July 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498324960.002.

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The Government of Sierra Leone’s new Medium-term National Development Plan (MTNDP) 2019–2023 has been founded on a strong political commitment to deliver devel-opment results that would improve the welfare of Sierra Leone’s citizens. The plan charts a clear path towards 2023 en route to the goal of achieving middle-income status by 2039 through inclusive growth that is sustainable and leaves no one behind. For the next five years, the Free Quality School Education Programme is the government’s flagship programme to provide a solid base to enhance human capital development and to facilitate the transformation of the economy.

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30

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 19, no. 171 (June 26, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498355568.002.

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This paper discusses Sierra Leone’s First Review Under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) Arrangement, Request for Modification of Performance Criteria (PC), and Financing Assurances Review. Program performance has been strong. All PCs were met with comfortable margins, and all indicative targets (ITs) were met, except for the one on poverty-related spending that was missed owing to enhanced monitoring of domestic investment execution and delayed budget support. Economic growth momentum continued in 2013, with output expanding by 20 percent. The IMF staff recommends completion of the first review under the ECF arrangement.

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31

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 20, no. 116 (April 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513541273.002.

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Good progress has been made in stabilizing Sierra Leone’s economy. After coming to office in April 2018, the Government moved quickly to implement key reforms. After stabilizing in 2018, growth recovered in 2019. Fiscal execution in line with the budget saw domestic borrowing needs stabilize.

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32

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 20, no. 117 (April 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513541310.002.

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33

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 20, no. 196 (June 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513546964.002.

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The COVID-19 pandemic is severely impacting the Sierra Leonean economy, threatening to wipe out the hard-won gains since the Ebola health crisis just five years ago. The sharp contraction in external demand, and disruptions to mining production and exports are straining the external and fiscal accounts. Proactive measures vital to contain the spread of the crisis are dampening economic activity. The already tight financing situation and fragile health sector, and vast development needs, limit the authorities’ ability to reallocate resources within and across sectors.

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34

"SIERRA LEONE." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 5, no. 1 (2004): 1474–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116060-90000056.

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35

"SIERRA LEONE." Journal of International Peacekeeping 11, no. 1 (2007): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541107x00321.

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36

"Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 55, no. 3 (April 2018): 21790A—21790B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2018.08163.x.

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37

"Sierra Leone." Africa Bibliography 2003 (December 2004): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266673100000441.

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38

"Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 48, no. 3 (May 2011): 19059B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2011.03842.x.

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39

"Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 44, no. 8 (September 2007): 17180B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2007.01175.x.

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40

"SIERRA LEONE." African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online 5, no. 1 (1997): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161797x00194.

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41

"Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 52, no. 2 (April 2015): 20735C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2015.06281.x.

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42

"Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 54, no. 11 (January 2018): 21946A—21946C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2017.08069.x.

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43

"Sierra Leone." Index on Censorship 19, no. 6 (June 1990): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064229008534875.

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44

"Sierra Leone." IMF Staff Country Reports 21, no. 58 (March 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513574578.002.

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Sierra Leone continues to grapple with the serious and persistent economic and social effects of the pandemic. Containment measures and trade disruptions in 2020 weakened domestic demand and exports and caused domestic revenues to fall. Moreover, food insecurity has risen from its already-high pre-COVID-19 level. 2021 is set to be another challenging year, with the ‘second wave’ of infections and vaccine-related uncertainties posing further risks to the recovery. As import growth picks up and development partner support returns to pre-2020 levels, Sierra Leone faces urgent external and fiscal financing needs (both around about 2 percent of GDP). Uncertainty about the outlook and larger near-term financing gaps have impeded the immediate resumption of the program under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF). The authorities are therefore requesting a disbursement under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) of 17 percent of quota (SDR 35.26 million). This follows the June 2020 RCF (50 percent of quota or SDR 103.7 million) and would bring total access for the past 12-month period to 82 percent of quota (or 5½ percent of GDP), well within the 150 percent of quota annual PRGT access limit. The authorities also received debt relief under the Catastrophe Containment and Response Trust (CCRT) and are participating in the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI).

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45

"In Sierra Leone." Choice Reviews Online 42, no. 04 (December 1, 2004): 42–2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-2357.

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46

"Sierra Leone Rise." Radiocarbon 30, no. 3 (1988): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044258.

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Study of the dependence of core top ages for G menardi and G sacculifer on water depth in cores of low sedimentation rate (∼2cm/103 yr). The study was initiated by Lisa Dubois of Brown University on cores originally studied by Curry and Lohmann of Woods Hole Oceanographic (see Table 2).

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47

"FISH: Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 56, no. 3 (May 2019): 22519C—22520A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2019.08865.x.

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48

"HEALTH: Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 52, no. 11 (December 2015): 20804A—20804C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2015.06747.x.

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49

"FISH: Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 48, no. 10 (November 21, 2011): 19317B—19318A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2011.04218.x.

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50

"COCOA: Sierra Leone." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 49, no. 10 (November 23, 2012): 19744A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2012.04828.x.

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