Academic literature on the topic 'Crete'

Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire.<p>Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées).<p>À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises.<p>L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory.<p>The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers).<p>Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities.<p>The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state.<br>Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this PhD thesis is to understand the role of Crete in the economic exchange between Phoenicians and Greeks in the Aegean during the 1st millennium BC. An analysis of the materials found at the site of Kommos and its temple is conducted, as well as an examination of other Cretan sites such as Knossos, the Idaean Cave and Eleutherna. Moreover, the case of Kommos is compared to other Aegean cult structures of similar characteristics, such as the Sanctuary of Apollo in Eretria, the Heraion of Samos, the temple of Kition in Cyprus or the Temple of Vroulia in Southern Rhodes, among other temples. These appear to be not just religious spaces but also places of cultural and economic exchanges, integrated in networks of commercial districts connected by land and sea routes. This thesis aims to understand Phoenician presence and trade in Aegean temples, as well as how Crete shaped its role within the context of Mediterranean trade routes from the East to the West.<br>propósito de esta tesis doctoral es comprender el papel de Creta en el intercambio económico entre fenicios y griegos en el Egeo durante el primer milenio a.C. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de los materiales encontrados en el yacimiento de Kommos y su templo, así como un examen de otros yacimientos de Creta como Knossos, la cueva de Ida y Eleutherna. Además, el caso de Kommos se compara con otras estructuras de culto del Egeo de características similares, como el Santuario de Apolo en Eretria, el Heraion de Samos, el templo de Kition en Chipre o el Templo de Vroulia en Rodas, entre otros templos. Estos parecen no solamente ser espacios religiosos, sino también puntos de intercambio cultural y económico, integrados en redes de distritos comerciales conectados por rutas terrestres y marítimas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo comprender la presencia fenicia y el comercio en los templos del Egeo, así como entender cuál fue el papel de Creta en el contexto de las rutas comerciales del Mediterráneo de este a oeste.<br>El propòsit d'aquesta tesi doctoral és comprendre el paper de Creta en l'intercanvi econòmic entre fenicis i grecs a l'Egeu durante el primer mil·lenni a.C. Es du a terme un anàlisi dels materials trobats al jaciment de Kommos i el seu temple, així com un examen d'altres jaciments de Creta com Knossos, la cova d'Ida i Eleutherna. A més, el cas de Kommos es compara amb altres estructures de culte de l'Egeu de característiques similars, com el Santuari d'Apol·lo a Eretria, l’Heraion de Samos, el temple de Kition a Xipre o el Temple de Vroulia a Rodes, entre altres. Aquests semben ser no només espais religiosos, sinó també punts d'intercanvi cultural i econòmic, integrats en xarxes de districtes comercials connectats per rutes terrestres i marítimes. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu comprendre la presència fenícia i el comerç en els Temples de l'Egeu, així com entendre quina va ser el paper de Creta en el context de les rutes comercials del mar Mediterrani d'est a oest.

This study concerns the central portion of the West wing at Knossos - Evans' Central Palace Sanctuary Area. The aim is to present a full account of the finds, and by their consideration, along with an appreciation of the architecture and stratigraphy, to assess the character and function of the area, in its several phases. The initial chapter largely sets the scene, outlining the course of events of the early excavations, and detailing the primary sources drawn upon here. In each of the following chapters, a separate group of material is presented - a chronological order is maintained in this. In the case of the final phase, the extant architecture is discussed separately from the finds - purely for ease of presentation. A full Catalogue of the Vat Room, Temple Repositories and Final phase funds is then presented; followed by some appendices. The plans, line drawings and plates are in the second volume. The earliest group (late First Palace - MM II essentially) is the Vat Room Deposit: vases and largely fragmentary objects of faience, shell and metals. Recovered from a pit below the gypsum floor, the nature of the finds can reasonably be associated with some cult/ritual activity, but of uncertain nature and position. The abundant material yielded by the Temple Repositories (MM lllb - ?LM la) was stowed away deliberately after some destruction: it includes vases, many faience items, bone and ivory, stone, metal and natural objects. Individually and taken together, their character is incontrovertibly to do with a shrine - the location again being uncertain. Much of the finer details of the architecture is ambiguous, though the overall succession of phases is established. The finds associated with the last are mundane - vases; but there is still some hint of ritual interest there. Thus, a thread of continuity may be observed - though the nature of the overall pattern remains debateable. More excavation will be required to proceed further.

Main concerns in the building industry includes the development of alternative building materials that reduces the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process and easier to work with. Wood-crete is a composite material developed in this study, made up of wood waste (sawdust), paper, tradical lime and water. Wood-crete is developed to provide an alternative material in construction solving problems associated with the delivery of low-cost housing across all income earners, reducing the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process of construction materials and the ease with which these construction materials are developed and solve issues related to waste management. This thesis presents the processing technologies, factors which affect the performance and properties of wood-crete. Wood-crete properties were found to be closely related to the composition of the constituent elements though compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were low when compared to other building materials like concrete and steel. In a bid to improve the strength of the developed wood-crete, the properties were investigated based on the modification of sawdust by hot water boiling and alkaline treatments which help to modify cellulose fibre surface to reduce the hydrophilic nature of sawdust thereby improving the sawdust-matrix bonding. It was found that the surface modification, processing of cellulosic fibril and the extraction of lignin and hemi-cellulosic compounds with alkali had an effect on the compressive strength of wood-crete, with treating sawdust with 4% NaOH at 140mins of boiling time achieving the highest compressive strength and boiling sawdust from 100mins to 140mins had a gradual increase in compressive strength but reduced at higher boiling time. Furthermore, treating sawdust with NaOH more than 4% weakened the individual wood particles thus leading to poor strength of wood-crete. Additionally, the properties of wood-crete were investigated based on the type of wood sawdust – hardwood (beech and oak) and softwood (pine and cedar). Apart from individual wood density having a significant effect on the density of wood-crete, other factors such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose contents including fibre length of individual wood species affect the strength properties of wood-crete. The compressive strength of wood-crete was closely related to the wood species, with highest compressive strength of 3.93MPa recorded for hardwood wood-crete compared to 1.37MPa and 0.26MPa of wood-crete from softwood and mixed wood respectively. Results from thermal conductivity tests on wood-crete also show that wood-crete blocks can be produced with good insulating properties for building construction. Addition of different types of paper fibres to reduce the density of wood-crete and improve the insulating properties of composite developed also had a dominant influence on both strength and thermal conductivity, reflecting its effect on the structure of composite and contribution of self strength of paper fibres. The addition of various percentages of waste paper (de-fibred) had a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of wood-crete with 75% addition of waste paper achieving a thermal conductivity value of 0.046W/mK performed with the TCi thermal conductivity analyser. Thermal conductivity results for wood-crete made from hardwood and softwood sawdust was closely related to the chemical composition of various wood species, with softwood wood-crete having about 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to hardwood wood-crete. The developed wood-crete was able to withstand impact load and considered, like hempcrete, most suitable for wall panelling or other non- and semi-structural applications with good thermal insulating properties. Findings of this study provides an alternative new material for the construction industry and an important background for achieving better strength of wood-crete, choosing what type of sawdust to be used for development of wood-crete and for directing a better use of this potential material with very small embodied energy and carbon negative.

Cnossos est principalement connue pour ses vestiges minoens et peu de travaux ont été menés sur les périodes postérieures malgré la multiplication des études sur la Crète historique depuis une vingtaine d’années. La période antique est pourtant fondamentale dans son histoire. En effet, entre le Ve siècle av. J.-C. et le milieu du Ier siècle ap. J.-C., c’est l’histoire d’une cité puissante politiquement en Crète puis d’une colonie romaine prospère qui se dessine grâce aux sources archéologiques et textuelles publiées, ainsi qu’à un corpus monétaire inédit. La première partie de la thèse est une étude des monnaies produites à Cnossos pendant toute l’histoire de l’atelier ; elle présente d’abord un catalogue de 2970 monnaies cnossiennes, les contextes de découverte des monnaies cnossiennes dans le monde grec et les monnaies de fouilles de Cnossos, puis une étude de chaque série (typologie, étude de coins, métrologie et datation). La seconde partie est une étude de l’histoire de Cnossos divisée en trois sections correspondant aux périodes classique, hellénistique et impériale. Pour chacune, sont examinés les frontières, l’aménagement du territoire et les événements historiques en prenant en compte la totalité des sources disponibles, numismatiques bien sûr mais aussi les autres vestiges archéologiques et les textes épigraphiques et littéraires. Ces deux parties sont accompagnées d’un volume d’annexes et de planches (volume 2) qui comprend notamment une liste des vestiges mis au jour sur le site entre les premières fouilles de la fin du XIXe siècle à aujourd’hui, le détail des tombes fouillées et les textes épigraphiques découverts à Cnossos et/ou relatifs à la cité<br>Knossos is mainly known for its Minoans remains and little work has been undertaken on the later periods in spite of the many studies on historic Crete published in the last twenty years. Antiquity is nevertheless fundamental in its history. Indeed, between the 5th century BC and the middle of the 1st century AD, it is the story of a city politically powerful in Crete and then a prosperous Roman colony which can be seen because of the published archaeological and textual sources, and an unpublished coin corpus. The first part of the thesis is a study of the coins struck at Knossos during the entire operational period of the mint; it shows first a catalogue of 2970 Knossian coins, the archaeological contexts of the Knossian coins in the Greek world and the coins found during excavations of the site. Then, each series is studied (typology, die study, metrology and dating). The second part is a study of Knossos divided into three sections corresponding to the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. For each, the borders, the spatial organisation and historical events are studied with all available sources: numismatics, archaeological remains and epigraphic and literary texts. These two parts work with an annexe and illustrations volume (volume 2) which is composed mainly of a remains list dug between the end of the 19th century and today, the tombs and the epigraphic texts discovered at/or about the city