Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crevettes – Effets de la pollution de l'eau'
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Soegianto, Agoes. "Impact de polluants métalliques sur la structure des tissus de la cavité branchiale chez la crevette penaeus japonicus." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30063.
Full textLignot, Jean-Hervé. "Effets de deux polluants (l'oxyde de tributylétain et le fénitrothion) sur l'osmorégulation de crevettes pénéides (crustacés décapodes)." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20032.
Full textPerrin-Ganier, Corinne. "Dispersion et transformation de l'isoproturon dans le sol et l'eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL074N.
Full textLn order to identify processes that act on herbicide isoproturon transfer in soil and water, several experimental studies were attempted. Ln the field, isoproturon appeared to reach surface soil water early after treatment. Then, the same soil was used to fill lysimeters placed under natural climatic conditions. Rainwater was able to produce large exportations only during the first month after treatment, because isoproturon, not yet fully degraded, was very mobile. Last, experiments under laboratory controlled conditions showed that isoproturon was sorbed only weakly on soil components. On the opposite, some of its degradation products, which rapidly represent the greatest part of residues, were more strongly held to soil
Fernandez, Maria. "Effets toxiques, génotoxiques et tératogènes engendrés par des agents physiques et des polluants hydriques chez l'amphibien Pleurodeles waltl : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30167.
Full textLaville, Nathalie. "Évaluation de l'(éco-)toxicité et du potentiel perturbateur endocrinien de contaminants aquatiques à l'aide de modèles cellulaires humains et de poisson." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20208.
Full textVoccia, Isabelle. "Effets immunomodulateurs des effluents d'usine de pâte blanchie chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10009.
Full textDuchemin, Matthieu. "Validation des outils immunotoxicologiques pour l'étude des effets biologiques des contaminants chimiques en milieu marin." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2008.
Full textIndustrial, agricultural, and urban sewages, loaded in various pollutants, draw a chronic ecotoxicological risk on coastal marine ecosystems. For twenty years, the toxic effects of chemicals on the immune system have been studied in ail ecological groups, especially in bivalves, to characterize that risk in aquatic ecosystems. To define an operating framework of these immunotoxicological tools, several methodological questions were addressed. Then, was studied the impact of natural endogenous and environmental factors on the immunotoxic signal emitted by a pollutant. Through a French and Canadian framework, two-year surveys n the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, took place in France (Rade de Brest) and gave evidence of the critical role of sex and reproductive cycle on the seasonal patterns of immune parameters, despite the environmental factors of the water column. In the meantime, batches of “in tubo” exposures of blue mussels, in Quebec, at two different seasons, showed also the importance of sex and reproductive cycle in the measurement of the immunotoxic signal, but, most of ail, in the immunotoxic sensitivity. Finally, this research built an operating framework for the use of immunotoxicoiogical biomarkers, for chemical risk assessment in coastal marine ecosystems. Furthermore, these findings showed the dramatic role of the studied confounding factors to assess with accuracy the danger of chemical
Mathieu, Anne. "Variations des activités de biotransformation chez les poissons marins : application à la surveillance biologique de l'environnement." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30046.
Full textMalotaux, Christophe. "Les Triazines-atrazine entre autres, présences dans l'environnement et dans l'eau." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P242.
Full textAndre, Jean-Marc. "Recherche en écotoxicologie marine sur la contamination des Delphinidés par les micropolluants : métaux-traces et composés organochlorés." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10613.
Full textHarika, Elias. "Impact d'une pollution des lubrifiants par de l'eau sur le fonctionnement des organes de guidage des machines tournantes." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/bccb92b6-d7d4-425a-b98e-84b64f473dc0.
Full textLubricant contamination with water is well-known as detrimental for lubrication. It has been shown that the presence of water leads to the viscosity modification and subsequently to the lubrication failure. Nevertheless, the literature does not present any detailed study of the progression of the failure directly after the contamination of the lubricant circuit by the water. The present work aims to study the effect of water contamination on the behavior of a hydrodynamic tilting-pad thrust bearing. The experimental work shows that a contamination rate of 10% by mass is not necessarily dangerous. This result is true only for some exceptional oil/water mixture structure and operating conditions. A theoretical study is also presented in order to model the effect of the contamination on the bearing performance over the studied conditions. The main assumption is to consider a homogeneous emulsion with a droplet size relatively small compared to the lubricant film. Thus, a viscosity modeling is presented according to the water rate and temperature. This viscosity model is then used to accomplish the lubrication modeling. Numerical simulations of a tilting-pad thrust bearing lubricated with water-in-oil emulsion are then presented. The relative effect of the presence of water on the studied characteristics of the thrust bearing has the same magnitude numerically and experimentally. Thus, at short term, the presence of water is not detrimental on lubrication as it could have been expected
Cosnefroy, Anne. "Evaluation intégrée in vitro et in vivo des effets oestrogéniques de substances environnementales chez le poisson zèbre." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0028.
Full textThe aim of the present work is to contribute to the implementation of an integrated in vitro and in vivo approach to evaluate estrogenecity of chemicals in a model fish species, the zebrafish. To achieve this goal, new fish cells lines with luciferase reporter gene were developed and compared with existing in vitro models to evaluate potential inter-species (rainbow trout, human and zebrafish receptors) and/or inter-models differences. First, the comparison of xeno-estrogens effects on human estrogen receptor (hER) or rainbow trout estrogen receptor (rtER) showed the selectivity of some families of compounds for the rtER, including myco-oestrogens and derivatives of benzophenone (BPs), further demonstrating the interest of using specific fish models to assess estrogenic effect of compounds on aquatic species. Then, three specific zebrafish reporter gene models expressing each one of the three subtypes of zebrafish estrogen receptor (zfER) were developed from the liver cell line ZFL (zebrafish liver). These three new cell lines (ZELH-zfERα, ZELH zfERβ1-and-ZELH zfERβ2) have been characterized toward reference ligands and evidenced selective affinity according to the receptor. Finally, these new cell lines were used together with in vivo assays for the evaluation of estrogenic effects of 10 BPs. The BPs are used as UV filters in sunscreens and were detected in many environmental matrices. In vivo, we measured the expression of vitellogenin (Vtg) in adult male fish exposed during 7 days and the expression of brain aromatase (Aro b) in the larval stage (0-5 days post fertilization), by using transgenic zebrafish expressing GFP under the control of the Aro b promoter (cyp19a1b). This integrated approach has shown an adequacy between BPs in vitro effects on zfERβ2 and in vivo effect on aro b. Nevertheless, some discrepancies between the estrogenic effects across levels of biological organization are observed, for example, the benzophenone 2 (BP2) is strongly estrogenic in vitro and in vivo on adult fish but has no effect at the larval stage. Conversely, BP3 had weak estrogenicity in vivo (Vtg) and in vitro only on ZELH-zfERβ2. In conclusion, this study highlights the interest of using an integrated in vitro and in vivo approach to assess the estrogenicity of chemicals
Slaby, Sylvain. "Intérêts de l’ovocyte de Xenopus laevis en écotoxicologie ? : Caractérisation des effets de contaminants environnementaux sur ce modèle alternatif." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R048/document.
Full textAmphibians are one of the most imperiled group of extinction. Nevertheless, few toxicological studies are interested in the earliest steps of their life cycle, even if gamete emission, fertilization and embryogenesis are directly exposed to water pollution. In this context, this PhD thesis aims to bring new data about xenobiotic exposure effects on Xenopus laevis oocytes, to highlight targets inside this germ cells and to contribute to the elaboration of a new model in ecotoxicology to assess aquatic environment quality.As a well-known gamete, the xenopus oocyte makes possible to establish suitable experimental designs to assess toxicity. Many endpoints were defined regarding the oocyte maturation, the fertilization and also the development. The experiments were conducted in metal (cadmium, lead, copper) and in phytopharmaceutical (Bordeaux mixture, glyphosate, RoundUp® GT Max, deltamethrin) contaminated conditions, but also in environmental samples from various aquatic habitats.The xenopus oocyte appeared to be sensitive to contaminant exposures and specially to cadmium and both formulations of glyphosate. Never observed effects were reported. Pollutant signatures were also pointed up, like the double cytological structures induced by glyphosate exposures.The observed responses and results from environmental water experimentations show that X. laevis oocyte is a pertinent model in ecotoxicology and allow to recommend the first steps of the amphibian life cycle in aquatic toxicology
Mamaca, Emina. "Étude du comportement à court terme de produits chimiques flottants après leur déversement en mer et recherche d'un indicateur d'exposition biologique." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2030.
Full textLarge volumes of chemicals are produced each year. Shipment of these chemicals by boats and barge transiting along coastal marine route are numerous. Recent examples of chemical spiils as Fiwa Maru (2002) sinking with 5000 T of xylène from 20 nm of Tokyo and less far from our coastline the levoli Sun (2000) which sank and release 1000 T of styren has raised concern about the general lack of information of the fate of chemicals at sea. The goal of this study is to characterize the behaviour of some selected chemicals at sea in order to evaluate the cinetic of natural dispersion, emulsification and evaporation. This study is done in three scale in laboratory with a new methodologie created for this purpose, in a pilot scale (in Brest Harbour) and in open sea. In order to complete this physico chemical study, a biological test was also performed to evaluate the impact of chemicals on mussels (mytilus edulis), the lysosomal membrane stability is assessed by the NRRT assay
Marchand, Adrien. "Pertinence écologique des biomarqueurs d'immunotoxicité en surveillance environnementale . Evaluation of chlorpyrifos effects, alone and combined with lipopolysaccharide stress, on DNA integrity and immune responses of three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS049.
Full textThe natural variability of cellular innate immunomarkers in a model species in ecotoxicology, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus was studied in order to determine immunomarker reference values useful for passive biomonitoring Thus, effects of three confounding factors, sampling period, sex, and fish body size, were investigated in controlled laboratory conditions. This first phase enabled the construction of a mathematical model that predicts immunomarker mean values in function of the three considered confounding factors, along with a range of reference values in laboratory conditions. To be used for biomonitoring, it is important to know if the laboratory model is correctly predicting other conditions. Therefore, laboratory reference ranges were compared to data obtained from fish sampled in semi-natural conditions (mesocosm conditions) and fish sampled in natural conditions, in one uncontaminated site (field condition). Results of this comparison allowed to construct a predictive model of the natural variations of immunomarker values in each experimental condition. Tested in a biomonitoring context, the use of field reference range allowed to i) discriminate between contaminated and uncontaminated sites and ii) identify false positives that are due to the morphological heterogeneity of fish sampled in the different sites
Shinn, Cândida. "Impact of toxicants on stream fish biological traits." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1131/.
Full textIn order to guarantee a basis for adequate water quality for humans and the natural environment, the European Union has requested that all member states attain at least good ecological and chemical water quality in all surface waters by 2015, in what is know as the Water Framework Directive. Biologically-based tools are thus needed to adequately assess the ecological status of water bodies. Such tools will aid water managers in assessing, reporting, and eventually protecting such an important resource. The main objective of this thesis work was to evaluate the status of native fish populations in toxicant-impacted rivers in South-West France using a number of fish biological traits. The historically polluted environment of the River Lot has been strongly impacted by heavy metals during and after mining activities took place in certain parts of the river basin. The concentration of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were quantified in muscle and liver of 3 fish species, as well as in environmental samples (water, sediment, moss) in 1987 and 2007. The situation of the River Lot has improved over the last 2 decades although there is still margin for amelioration according to criterion for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. The average concentrations of cadmium in fish muscle in 2007 were above the maximum safe for human consumption defined by the European Commission. More than half of the Adour-Garonne river catchment area is covered by agricultural land. In this context, the impact of agrochemical pollution on wild gudgeon and chub populations was assessed. A set of biological traits were measured for each species and the link to pesticide toxicity levels tested. Upon removal of confounding effects (genetic variation, geographical distance, water parameters), 4 of the 17 morphological traits studied on the gudgeon were significantly linked to pesticide toxicity. Such differences in body shape are susceptible to take place during early developmental stages, thus indicating that fish were indeed exposed to change-inducing stressors such as toxicants throughout their development. Chub general condition decreased while gonad size increased with increasing toxicity. Histopathological observations of liver tissue indicate that chubs from more polluted sites have reduced lipid storage and increased immunological stress. In order to verify whether pesticides found in the Adour-Garonne river basin cause sub-lethal effects on fish, farm-raised juvenile rainbow trout were exposed in laboratory conditions to low levels of a mixture of herbicides (atrazine, linuron and metolachlor). During the 5-day exposure, trout behaviour was monitored. The increase in number of aggressions of control fish was reflected in an increase of movements per fish, whilst this relationship was not seen in exposed fish. In average, exposed fish tended to occupy lower compartments than control fish. Juvenile trout exposed to a mixture of pesticides thus presented a general hypoactivity, possibly a handicap to survival in the long term. The overall results of these investigations indicate that fish are relevant as environmental bioindicators and as model test organisms to evaluate the effect of sub-lethal levels of contaminant mixtures, in the field and in laboratory conditions. When testing whether there is a significant relationship between contamination and a biological response, it is important to take into account multiple confounding factors, both environmental as well as innate to the organism. In this way, the link between presence/magnitude of contamination and effect on the ecosystem can be clearly established, and used to promote preventive and protective measures for species conservation and the protection of a basic resource - water
Gold, Caroline. "Étude des effets de la pollution métallique (Cd/Zn) sur la structure des communautés de diatomées périphytiques des cours d'eau : approches expérimentales in situ et en laboratoire." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12487.
Full textDrèze, Vincent. "Effets de deux perturbateurs endocriniens (le 4 nonylphénol et la 17α-ethynylœstradiol) chez un poisson, la Gambusie (Gambusia Holbrooki) : Étude à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique." Metz, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001METZ027S.
Full textThe results of our study were used to evaluate the abilities of the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, in the perspective of analysis of xenobiotics effects at different level of biological organization including population. Our results showed that : 4-n-nonylphenol is biotransformed by mosquitofish ; sexual differentiation and growth of larvae were impaired during a 4-nonylphenol and 17α -ethynylestradiol exposure. These effects were persistent ; Gametogenesis of adults were impaired during a 4-nonylphenol exposure ; Mesocosms study showed that it is possible to conduct experimental study at the population level with this species and that effects observed in laboratory are partly translated at the population level. So all this results can allow us to hypothesize that mosquitofish might be an interesting model in risk assessment process concerning the xenobiotic use. Indeed, on the other hand we have showed that biological responses were observed at environmental concentrations of xenobiotics and in the other hand we have showed that it was possible to use this species in different experimental context that permit integrative approach of xenobiotics effects (from the cellular level on the population level)
Lebreton, Morgane. "Caractérisation des effets d'un anxiolytique (oxazépam) sur le cycle de vie d'un gastéropode d'eau douce, Radix balthica." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30291.
Full textFreshwater contamination by pharmaceuticals is becoming a major concern over the last decades. Antibiotics and hormonal treatments have been the focus of attention but some pharmaceutical families are not subject to many studies yet. This is especially true for psychoactive drugs, and particularly anxiolytics. Among anxiolytics, oxazepam is one of the most frequently detected psychotropic in surface waters in connection with its high consumption but also to its status of metabolite of many benzodiazepines. This molecule has been subject to some ecotoxicological studies mainly focused on behavioural disturbance in fish. However, very few studies are interested in its effects on aquatic invertebrates. Thus, this thesis aims to assess the impact of environmental relevant oxazepam concentrations on the life cycle of a freshwater gastropod widespread in Europe, Radix balthica. We asked if and how oxazepam affected three important steps of the life of this organism: reproduction, embryonic development and growth, coupling physiological, behavioural and molecular approaches. This work consists into three parts, corresponding to the three steps previously described (reproduction, embryonic development and growth). For each of these stages, organisms have been exposed to relevant oxazepam concentrations: 10 µg/L corresponding to the maximal concentration found in STEP effluents and 0.8 µg/L corresponding to the maximal concentration found in river. Numerous physiological (e.g. reproductive apparatus state, fertility, hatching rate, growth, feeding rate) and behavioral parameters (e.g. social interactions, locomotion) have been tested to answer the question raised. Studies on embryogenesis and growth have been completed by a transcriptomic analysis to bring information on potential toxicity mechanisms at molecular level. Results showed that, at the adult stage (reproduction), oxazepam increased spermatozoa density at high concentration (10 µg/L) and decreased the number of eggs per eggmass at low concentration (0.8 µg/L). A decrease of the locomotor activity has also been observed for both oxazepam concentrations. Studies led on the embryonic stage showed a high inter-population variability which did not allow conclusions on potential effects of oxazepam. Finally, concerning the juvenile stage, results showed a significant effect of oxazepam on feeding rate with an activator effect at low concentration and an inhibitory effect at high dose. A reduction of mortality after exposure has also been demonstrated at the lowest concentration. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a global under-expression of genes involved in neural transmission linked to many functions, such as feeding behavior, growth, locomotion or chemoreception. Taken together, these results enhance the ecotoxicological knowledge of oxazepam impact on an aquatic invertebrate
Chaumot, Arnaud. "Écotoxicologie et modélisation spatiale en dynamique de population : exemple d'une population de truites exposée à une pollution dans un réseau de rivières." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10066.
Full textBertrand, Carole. "Nanomatériaux à travers un gradient de salinité : exposition et effets écotoxicologiques au cours de leur cycle de vie." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1013/document.
Full textDue to numerous innovations and industrial opportunities, increased attention is given to nanotechnology. Nanomaterials present particular physico-chemical properties, largely different in comparison to the bulk material. A large number of uncertainties remains on accidental (or not) release of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) at different stages of the value chain (usage, end of life) in aquatic environment. In the framework of the ANR NanoSALT program, this PhD has been achieved in two partner laboratories (LIEC (Metz) and MMS (Angers-Nantes)). The aim was to assess the impact of silver and cerium dioxide ENM on two bivalve species living across a large salinity gradient, Corbicula fluminea and Scrobicularia plana. Organisms have been exposed to realistic and chronic ENM concentrations at different stage of the value chain and at different salinities. Research have been conducted in laboratory using more and more realistic exposure conditions (micro and mesocosm). This work highlight salinity impact on physico-chemical fate and behavior on ENM. Ecotoxicity assessment of ENM on both endobenthic species, using a battery of biochemical and behavioral biomarkers (multi-marker approach), allowed to highlight ENM effects through fresh-marine water continuum on both bivalves
Ghillebaert, François. "Le développement précoce des poissons en écotoxicologie : exemple : la carpe commune (Cyprinus carpiol L.) : importance des facteurs environnementaux et de leurs interactions, diversification des critères de toxicité." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Ghillebaert.Fran%C3%A7ois.SMZ9611.pdf.
Full textThe study of a selected sample of the past ten years literature points out the relatively reduced part of toxicological practises stemmed from researches on fish early life stages. By evolving the carp embryo-larval model (Cyprinus carpio L), the thesis tries to explore the possibilities of multicriteria and multifactorial toxicological methods. Variuous experimental conditions are tested, especially the ovocytes in vivo preservation, the oxygenation of incubation mediums and the use of hydrophilic vessel walls for the exposure to hydrophobic substances. Different criteria of toxic effects are studied, particularly the total strength influence on survival, mobility and growth of reference solutions and the shape of survival and mobility graphs according to time. A critical of egg-layings quality criteria is realized. Beside classical criteria like survival and growth, other criteria are tested on different molecules and effluents, such as larval mobility, eggs cleavage rythm, hatching and respiratory activity. They are reveal themselves as being sensitive criteria of toxicity and of easy use. The unidimensional pattern of total larval proteins are subordinated to incubation temperature. In the presence of xenobitics non effect has been disclosed in a reliable way. Immunological assays suggest the presence in larvae the antigens crossing with anti universal stress protein antibodies of Escherichia coli. In the field embryo-larval tolerance : pH 6. 9 to 9. 0, calcium superior to 1. 10(-4) to 1. 10(-2) M and humic acids inferior to 500 mg/l, captafol, deltamethrin and DNOC toxicity may vary with a factor superior to 8. This modification could be explained by damage or changes in molecules structure (conformation) and bioavailability, and in embryos and larvae specific receptivity. The bioavailability is modified both by larvae presence and by the nature of solid substrates in touch with solutions
Tlili, Sofiène. "Approche multi-marqueurs pour l'évaluation de l'état de santé du golfe de Tunis : étude des réponses biochimiques, physiologiques et cytologiques des mollusques bivalves exposés aux effluents des oueds." Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=a9c18211-0afe-43f3-a5a8-792d9a713502.
Full textResearch in ecotoxicology currently focuses to fill the gap existing between sub-organismal responses (e. G. Biomarkers) to toxicants and effects occurring at higher levels of biological organisation (e. G. Population). In this context, the main objective of this PhD thesis was to contribute to the eco-toxicological risk assessment of the Gulf of Tunis across the use of the intra-sedimentary bivalve Donax trunculus. A battery of biomarkers measured at different level of biological organization (biochemical, physiological and population) was assessed. Links between the responses at the infra-individual level (core biomarkers) to supra-individual level (structure and population’s dynamic) were depicted. Results of biochemical markers were incorporate into two biomarkers integrated indices (Integrated Biomarker Response: IBR and Health Status Index: HIS). Finally, a new biomonitoring tool based on the combined use of reproduction endpoints, allometry relationships and biological indices was proposed and discussed
Ausseil, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude de la multipollution des hydrosystèmes fluviaux : étude de l'influence de micropolluants métalliques et organiques sur la bioaccumulation des radionucléides par les poissons d'eau douce." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11026.
Full textDucrot, Virginie. "Compréhension et modélisation des relations entre les caractéristiques biologiques et écologiques et la sensibilité aux contaminants des communautés d'invertébrés benthiques : perspectives pour l'évaluation des effets des substances chimiques." Metz, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2005/Ducrot.Virginie.SMZ0513.pdf.
Full textWe sought to improve the ecological relevance of the existing effect assessment methods for benthic invertebrate communities. We have thus developed a method, which permits to build test batteries that are representative of the functioning of natural communities. It is based on the statistical analysis of the combinations of 22 biological and ecological traits for 479 western European invertebrate species. We used this method in order to build a test battery that represents the functioning of benthic communities that inhabit fine sediments of lowland rivers and lakes in Western Europe. This battery gathers five species: Chironomus riparius, Valvata piscinalis, Branchiura sowerbyi, Lumbriculus variegatus and Sericostoma personatum. We have then sought to characterize the biological response to zinc of lab populations for C. Riparius, V. Piscinalis and B. Sowerbyi. For these species, we developed handling and breeding methods and described their life cycle at the lab in clean sediments. Then, we ran toxicity tests to characterize the effects of zinc on individual survival, growth and reproduction. Test data were first analyzed at the individual level using mechanistic models based on the perturbation of energy budgets by the toxicant. On the basis of both the data from toxicity tests and the effects models, we estimated the effects of zinc at the population level using matrix population models. Finally, we used population level results to derive a no effect concentration for the benthic community. The study of population effects of zinc on C. Riparius, V. Piscinalis and B. Sowerbyi allowed us to estimate (at the lab) a no effect concentration for the benthic community, which is reliable when compared to field results. The validation and the adaptation the methods we used for routine effect assessment of chemicals represents the major prospects of our work
Deviller, Geneviève. "Traitement par lagunage à haut rendement algal (LHRA) des effluents piscicoles marins recyclés : évaluation chimique et ecotoxicologique." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON13521.
Full textSmaoui-Damak, Wafa. "Effets de la contamination in situ (golfe de Gabès) par le cadmium sur la synthèse des métallothionéines et sur le potentiel reproducteur de la palourde Ruditapes decussatus." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT25VS.
Full textOur study related to the in situ bioaccumulation of Cd in the clam, and its effects on their reproductive potential, in two sites of the gulf of Gabès: "El Hofra" strongly contaminated and "Bordj d'Ungha" less impacted. The clams from El Hofra present the strongest Cd concentrations, with seasonal fluctuations reflecting the phenomenon of biological dilution, primarily related to the stage of development of gonads. The concentrations of Cd and metallothioneins (MTs) are higher in digestive gland than in the gills. They are significantly correlated in the digestive gland for the clams of the two sexes from El Hofra, and for the males from Bordj d'Ungha. The study of the reproductive cycles revealed a delay of the maturity of the gametes in the females of the contaminated site. Cd could disturb the activity of the gonads by creating an hormonal imbalance. The shift with the period of maturity of the males could influence the reproductive potential of this species
Fenet, Hélène. "Les biomarqueurs chez l'anguille européenne en cage : application à la biosurveillance des eaux superficielles." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13505.
Full textLaviale, Martin. "Effet des polluants sur les communautés périphytiques naturelles : apport des mesures de fluorescence chlorophyllienne en lumière modulée (PAM)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10055.
Full textLn the context of the European Water Framework Directive implementation, new tools for river toxicity assessment have to be developed. Periphytic communities, which play a fundamental role in the trophic web in lotic systems, could be regarded as early wamings for detection of acute toxicant exposure by monitoring its physiological state. Several studies were then carried out by means of the chlorophyll fluorescence measurement in modulated light technique (P AM fluorescence) which helps to estimate the photosynthetic activity in a non-intrusive way. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of several pollutants commonly found in aquatic ecosystems (Cu, Zn, Cd, atrazine, isoproturon) on stream periphyton physiology and to highlight the role of light as an addition al potentially stressful parameter. Our results showed a relative resistance of the natural biofilms to the pollutants on a short term scale (< 1 day) which depended both on the mechanism of action of the toxicant (herbicides vs heavy metals) and the biofilms architecture. By combining novel experimental designs both in field and laboratory conditions, we also demonstrated that periphyton can be more affected when another stress, such as light, is applied. This work confmns the usefulness of chlorophyll fluorescence-based methods in ecotoxicological studies, particularly in order to detect in situ herbicide toxic effects
Magaud, Hélène. "Modélisation des effets létaux de rejets pluviaux urbains sur la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) à l'aide d'essais de laboratoire." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10220.
Full textAsanthi, Hewa Bandulage. "Etude des assemblages ichtyologiques et accumulation de métaux dans des écosystèmes lagunaires au Sri Lanka." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON13506.
Full textNasfi, Foued Habib. "Évaluation de la pollution mercurielle des poissons tunisiens : emploi de l'absorption atomique sans flamme." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE18001.
Full textArehmouch, Latifa. "Embryo-toxicologie des poissons : les salissures biologiques : toxicité du Mexel® 432, un agent anti-salissure industriel, vis-à-vis du développement précoce de la carpe commune (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Metz, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997METZ032S.
Full textThe launching of new molecules or procedures requires a laboratory tests to evaluate their intrinsic potential toxicity and hazards related to their utilization at the industrial level. A sytnhetic bibliography exposes the principal knowledge on the aquatic fouling and the treatments used or recommended in the industrial domain. An experimental study is carried out on the lethal effects of Mexel 432, a new antifouling agent, on the embryolarval development of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. ) which was used as an ecotoxicological model. The principal characteristic of Mexel 432 and the common carp embryolarval test are presented. In synthetic water, at continuous exposure from fertilization without feeding, the mean LC50 measured were 1. 13 +- 0. 35 mg/L after 3 days of exposure, 0. 88 +- 036 mg/Lafter 7 days and 0. 69 +- 0. 32 mg/L afer 9 days. The lowest and highest LC50 are 0. 34 and 1. 58 mg/L afer 7 days of exposure. At sublethal concentrations, the embryolarval growth is reduced. Histopathological examination seems to show that gill epithelium could to be affected. In natural water samples, the toxicity of Mexel 432 is immediately reduced related to an "immediate demand" of this product due to its adsorption on suspended matters (clays) or to its complexation with dissolved organic matters (humic acids). The essential of the Mexel toxicity involves its fatty-amines content. The adjunction of an antifreezing interfere with the normal sticking of eggs and thus, the principle of a quantitative method of this effect is proposed. The temperature, pH and the concentration of calcium have a little effect on Mexel toxicity. The latter has a little influence on the toxicity of various hydrophobic or hydrophilic xenobiotics. The use of standardized method of EDF (colorimetric dosage by methyl-orange in acidic medium), allows to reach, in laboratory water, a thresholds of detection and measurement respectively of 0. 29 and 0. 58 mg/L. The slope of the calibration curve is 18. 02 +- 0. 22 in the range of concentration 0. 1-12. 8 mg/L of Mexel
Jacob, Hugo. "Effet des microplastiques sur les jeunes stades de vie des poissons marins." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP075.
Full textEnvironmental plastic pollution is a major ecological and societal concern today. Over the last 10 years, a broad range of laboratory and experimental studies have complemented field observations in the hope of achieving a better understanding of the fate and impact of micro- and/or nano-plastics (MP/NP) on diverse organisms (e.g. birds, fish and mammals). However, plastic pollution remains challenging to monitor in the environment and to control under laboratory conditions, and plastic particles are often naturally or experimentally co-contaminated with diverse chemical pollutants. In fish, the most significant effects reported after exposure to MP / NP were observed on behavioral and neurological functions, intestinal permeability, metabolism and intestinal microbiome diversity. However, plastic pollution remains difficult to quantify in the environment and to control in the laboratory, and plastic particles are often co-contaminated naturally or experimentally with various chemical pollutants. Therefore, studies on the behavioral and physiological effects associated with ingestion of virgin MP / NP in early life stages of marine fish are still few at present. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to study the effects of two types of plastic frequently encountered in the marine environment, namely polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), in the form of microplastics (from 10 to 100 μm), on the early life stages of marine fish, known to be particularly sensitive to environmental stresses. Thus, larvae and juveniles of different model fish species (Tropical: Acanthurus triostegus and Temperate: Sparus Aurata) were selected. Several physiological and behavioral parameters were studied after exposure to MP via different pathways (water and food) in various experiments on these model species. Current results do not show any marked effects of this stressor at environmental concentrations, however some results, such as increased mortality and metabolic disturbances, at higher doses, show toxicity following ingestion of these particles. Thus, this thesis reveals that the toxicity of virgin PM / NP on fish should be evaluated more systematically using rigorous laboratory methods, in order to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity to fish
Kosmala, Anne. "Evaluation écotoxicologique de l'impact des effluents de stations d'épuration sur les cours d'eau : intérêt d'une approche intégrée." Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Kosmala.Anne.SMZ9819.pdf.
Full textWastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are continuously discharged in rivers downstream from towns. They bring organic matter, nutrients and micropollutants. If the effects of effluents due to organic and mineral matter are well known, doubts remain as to the impact of micropollutants. In order to characterise the impact of a WWTP effluent, we chose an integrated approach combining both chemical analyses on organic matter, nutrients and micropollutants and biological measurements on invertebrates and fish such as community structure studies to use or morphological, physiological or biochemical matters? We used both fields assessments and controlled conditions experiments, which allowed us to propose a cause-effect relationship between observed ecosystem disturbances and potential effluent toxicity. We identified and analytical and toxicological profile of WWTP effluent from our study on three rivers. Through field studies, we revealed side effects such as pollution brought by stormwater overflow upstream from the WWTP discharge. This first part of our work confirmed the importance of WWTP effluents impact variations and led us to take into account the time factor on the site study. Thanks to various methods, we specified the impact of a WWTP effluent. We evidenced disturbances on invertebrates and we managed to link contaminants presence with observed effects. Moreover, we noticed that the most important impact, measured in summer, is not only due to the instream waste concentration. We classified our methods according to their effect discrimination ability, their ecological relevance, their capacity to identify causative agents but also following their simplicity use. Our integrated process using Chapman Triad's approach allowed for a better impact interpretation. Finally, thanks to our methods classification, we propose an operational integrated process to evaluate the impact of a WWTP effluent through a biological index, a chronic toxicity test and ammonium concentration measure
Quilbé, Renaud. "Transferts de polluants inorganiques par ruissellement en terre de grande culture : approche interdisciplinaire et multi-échelle." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENSF0009.
Full textDjomo, Jean-Emmanuel. "Ecotoxicité en eau douce de certains hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) majeurs d'un pétrole brut : effets sur quelques organismes aquatiques tests." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30016.
Full textAarab, Nadia. "Les biomarqueurs chez les poissons et les bivalves : de l'exposition à l'effet et du laboratoire au terrain." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12818.
Full textThis work relates the different steps used to develop and validate biological markers for biomonitoring, and environmental pollution assessment. Although biomarkers of exposure have been already well-studied in our laboratory, the aim of the present work was to validate their use in multimarker approaches and facilitate their interpretation for routine environmental risk assessment. The studies were carried out within the framework of the European program BEEP for the marine environment (mussels as sentinel species) and within the framework of the program of the Adour Garonne water agency : FISHBIO for freshwater ecosystems (three fish species). Concerning biomarkers of effects, two methods of evaluation were applied : an in vitro study on cultured rainbow trout hepatocytes and an in vivo experiment consisting in an exposure of mussel and turbot to North Sea Oil (NSO) and to a mixture of NSO + PAHs + alkylphenol in aquaria in order to study the variations of the plasmatic steroids and the histological abnormalities in the liver and the gonads, and to provide a link between these two types of approaches for the two models (bivalves and fish)
Faucher, Karine. "Le système latéral du bar, Dicentrarchus labrax, et les conséquences d'un dysfonctionnement sur son comportement : action potentielle des ions métalliques." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS124.
Full textThe lateral system is a sensory organ found in aquatic amphibians and fish. It is used by fish for obstacle identification and localization obstacles, for moving objects (preys, predators) detection, for the detection of vibrations generated by low-frequency sound waves, for intraspecific communication (shoaling and sexual parade) and rheotaxis. The functional and morphologic integrity of this sensory system appears thus as an indispensable element for the presence and the survey of fish in an ecosystem. By its localization at the interface between the animal and the environment, and the fact that it functions via ion flux, this sensory organ, directly and constantly exposed to ambient medium, could then be the target of a natural or anthropic pollution. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of an environmental metallic pollution (and in particular, the cadmium ion) on tissues and function of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L. ) lateral system, then to observe behavioral consequences induced on individual groups evolving in laboratory controlled conditions. A preliminary study concerning morphologic characteristics and spatial distribution of both types of neuromasts composing the sea bass lateral system was realized using scanning electron microscopy. As usually observed in teleosts, the sea bass possesses two types of neuromasts (superficial and canal ones) distributed on the head, trunk and tail. The decreasing gradient of sensory capacity, underlined from the rostral to the caudal ends of the sea bass trunk lateral line system, is really original and could be involved in the lateral system function. The major sensitivity axis of both types of neuromasts from the trunk lateral line system was identified along the fish's long axis, which confers itself a greater sensitivity of stimuli applied along its body. To reveal the behavioral consequences related to a sea bass lateral system dysfunction, both types of neuromasts were artificially damaged. For this, a double specific, efficient, reproducible and few invasive technique for fish was developed in order to alter at most this sensory system. This method combined the lateral system nerves section with an antibiotic bath. The results indicate that the fish lateral system inactivation involves a reduction of its habitat vertical exploration behavior. In contrast, the fish lateral system inactivation has no effect on the fish nocturnal demand feeding when stationary preys constitute food. A sensory compensation system leaning on olfactive system sets very quickly. The behavioral consequences of an acute exposition of sea bass to cadmium ions were then investigated. This study has shown that cadmium at high concentration in seawater (5 µg. L-1) has an inhibitory effect on the fish startle response facing a danger. This behavioral effect goes along with the destruction of both types of lateral system neuromasts observed in scanning electron microscopy. After 21 days, we notice tissue neuromast regeneration as well as fish startle response restoration. In contrast, when exposed to cadmium at the concentration of the contaminated natural environment (0,5 µg. L-1), fish startle response was not modified and neuromast tissues remain intact. However, in this study, the stimuli applied to simulate a danger to fish being of relatively high intensity, we can wonder if after an acute exposition to cadmium at 0,5 µg. L-1, the sea bass will be always able to detect the surreptitious movement of an alive moving prey. This work would earn to be pursued by studies aiming at determining the cadmium threshold concentration responsible to neuromast tissue damages and the one causing behavioral disorders. It would be also interesting to examine the synergetic effect of metallic ions present in natural environment (cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, etc. . . ) on the sea bass lateral system and on this species behavior
Chalghmi, Houssem. "Etude de la pollution marine par les hydrocarbures et caractérisation de leurs effets biochimiques et moléculaires sur la palourde de Ruditapes sp." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0175/document.
Full textFirstly, biomonitoring of Tunis lagoon was conducted during one year using an approach combining chemicals and biological analyses and the bioindicator species Ruditapesdecussatus. This approach high lighted the high contamination of the Tunis lagoon by tracemetals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Seasonal variation of contaminant bioaccumulation levels in clam was found to be strongly associated with physico chemical changes in surrounding environment and physiological processes in organism. Biological responses investigated through a battery of exposure and effect biomarkers located at differentlevels of biological organisation: molecular (expression of five genes), biochemical(benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, glutathione S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities and malondialdehyde concentration) and tissular (histopathological damages),demonstrated a defense process modulation by pollution and showed histopathological alterations in gills and digestive gland involving severe impact of contaminants on health stateof clam. The study of spatio temporal interactions between abiotic and biotic factors identified temperature and reproduction as main parameters affecting defense and effect biochemical response. The principal component analysis (PCA), using all analyzed parameters during thespring, allowed to identify site Z2 as the most affected by pollution. Secondly,benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), already identified in Tunis lagoon, was used in controlled conditions at the laboratory in order to characterize the molecular and biochemical responses in bivalves(Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas) facing a subacute and acute exposures tothis contaminant. This study showed a modulation of biochemical biomarkers of metabolism,oxidative stress and neurotoxicity and expression of genes involved in process of metabolisation, mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defense, reproduction and immune defense. The analysis of DNA damages revealed a high and early genotoxicity effect of BaPin both bivalves
Guilmet, Martine. "Impact des rejets urbains et industriels de la région Toulouse-sud sur l'écosystème aquatique de la Saudrune." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT001A.
Full textL'Haridon, Jacques. "Influence de la lumière sur les potentialités toxiques et génotoxiques d'eaux polluées par des hydrocarbures chez l'amphibien Pleurodeles Waltl." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30059.
Full textCaner-Chabran, Anne. "(TRAPEZE) Transfert de Polluants organiques et minéraux En Zone viticole : évaluation de l’Efficacité des bassins de rétention à réduire la contamination des eaux de surface." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS043.
Full textOrganic and mineral pesticides from the vineyard are transported in the environment through volatilization and/or runoff. To limit their transfer towards surface and groundwaters, constructed wetlands have been installed downstream in vineyard hillsides. The objectives of this work were (1) to evaluate the efficiency of the hybrid constructed wetland (i.e. built of four units) of Nogent-l’Abbesse (Champagne vineyard, Marne, France) to receive runoff waters and to reduce contaminant concentrations from vineyard and (2) to determine the behaviour of the contaminants within the constructed wetland by identifying the processes leading to their degradation, their mobility or their retention inside the units. Thus, the hydrological behavior of the catchment and the hydraulic behavior of the constructed wetland were studied during one year. The runoff was quantified, the main factors were determined and the reaction of the wetland to various runoff events were described. The concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) and numerous pesticides were determined in runoff waters, suspended solids, and the others compartments of the wetland. Heavy metals were mainly transported in the particulate fraction while pesticides were mostly transported in the dissolved fraction. The decantation and the phytoremediation units are the most efficient to remove pollutants from the waters via different physico-chemical processes such as decantation and adsorption. This study will be a decisionmaking tool for the management, building or renovation of other constructed weetlands
Delhaye, Hélène. "Développement d'un bioessai de toxicité chronique en microcosme aquatique de laboratoire et évaluation de l'outil au travers de l'étude des effets du cadmium." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814732.
Full textCharoy, Christine. "Indices comportementaux dans des tests de toxicité de courtes durées : analyse de la nage et de l'alimentation chez le rotifère Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas)." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10186.
Full textAbdou, Melina. "Cycles biogéochimiques du platine dans les environnements côtiers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0068/document.
Full textPlatinum (Pt) is a Technology-Critical Element (TCE) and an emerging contaminant increasingly released into all Earth compartments, but its environmental occurrence, distribution, and dynamics are under- documented. The present research combines laboratory observations and field monitoring studies on Pt biogeochemistry in coastal systems (Atlantic Ocean and northwestern Mediterranean Sea), including its distribution between seawater, particles, and living organisms. Exposure experiments with oysters facing a wide range of exposure levels provide the first Pt accumulation kinetics in marine bivalves, supporting uptake of Pt from seawater in line with field observations. At environmentally-relevant Pt levels (50 and 100 ng.L-1), the positive linear relation between exposure and Pt accumulation in tissues justifies the use of oysters as integrative sentinels for seawater Pt contamination. At relatively high Pt levels (10,000 ng.L-1), deleterious physiological effects (e.g. increased oxidative stress and energetic stock mobilization) occurred in oysters. Field observations at contrasting sites have provided regional background Pt concentrations in seawater in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts (0.05 ng.L-1 and 0.08 ng.L-1, respectively) and bioconcentration factors for phytoplankton (~ 104), and bivalves (oysters and mussels ~ 103). Spatial distribution of Pt levels in seawater, plankton and bivalves suggest higher contamination along the northwestern Mediterranean coast, especially in semi-enclosed, industrialized/urbanized systems (Toulon Bay and Genoa Harbor). Historical records in sediments (~ 1900 - 2010) and bivalves (1980 to present) from the Gironde watershed and the Toulon Bay showed past Pt contamination due to industrial (metallurgic, oil-refining, coal) activities, whereas the strong recent increase in Pt contamination originates from emerging Pt sources, e.g. car catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and sewage. High temporal resolution observation of Pt partitioning, together with environmental master variables (O2, Salinity, Chl-a, nutrients etc.), suggests that in coastal systems, biogeochemical processes including phytoplankton production and degradation may play an important role in Pt behavior and fate
Arcanjo, Caroline. "Etudes des effets de l'eau tritiée sur les stades de développement précoces chez le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) : caractérisation des modes d'action." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0379/document.
Full textIn France, tritium is mainly released as tritiated water (HTO) by nuclear power plants and nuclear reprocessing plants. The developmental and reprotoxic effects of tritium have already been studied. However, few studies focus on molecular effects. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of HTO on the embryo-larvae stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Two dose rates, 0.4 and 4 mGy/h, were tested. A protocol for the measurement of activity in organisms was developed. It has (i) confirmed that the internalization of HTO is rapid, (ii) allowed the discrimination of the tissue-free-water-tritum and organically bound tritium forms, and (iii) allowed the calculation of the dose permitting to link the observed effects to a received dose. The effects of HTO were evaluated at different biological levels. At the molecular level, a transcriptomic analysis (mRNAseq) showed the modulation of genes involved in muscle contraction and eye development at 24hpf, as well as in the circadian rythm and the response to oxidative stress at 96hpf. Modulation of genes involved in the DNA damage repair was shown. At higher levels of organization, some alterations of muscle fibers were observed for both dose rates. A decrease in swimming velocity was shown at 96 hpf after exposure to 0.4 mGy/h. This work allowed a better understanding of the tritium internalization, to characterize the absorbed dose in organisms and to better understand the effects of tritium
Boukadida, Ammar Khouloud. "Etude des réponses de la moule Mytilus spp exposée à des stress métallique et thermique durant les stades embryo-larvaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0571/document.
Full textCoastal marine ecosystems are subject to anthropogenic and natural pressures that place aquatic organisms in multi-stress situations. The aim of this doctoral work was to assess the impact and better understand the adaptation mechanisms of mussel early life stages exposed to two major environmental factors : metallic pollution and increasing temperatures in coastal marine waters. The effects induced by exposure to two model metal pollutants (Cu and Ag) and moderatethermal stress alone or in combination were evaluated on the early life stages of development of two mussel species : Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulisas well as their hybrids. Our results show a significant increase in the percentageof malformed D-larvae with increasing temperature. Moreover, Ag is significantly more toxic than Cu for larvae. In addition, the toxicity of metals increases with increasing temperature. Co-exposure to metals and a moderate temperature increases the antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and increases cellular content of metallothioneinsand lipid peroxidation. At a higher temperature of 22 °C, a significant decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes is observed. DNA damage in M. galloprovincialis larvae was evaluated using the comet assay with and without Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase treatment. Co-exposure to metals and/ortemperature increase significantly increased DNA lesions on mussel larvae, witha more pronounced effect on oxidative damage. It has also been shown that Cuand Ag are accumulated differently in the larvae as a function of the exposure temperature. The study of the gene expression by RT-qPCR of 18 genes involvedin antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, apoptosis, proteolysis, transcription, thermal stress and metal detoxification was conducted in D-larvae of M. galloprovincialis.Under moderate thermal stress, a tendency of over expression of the cell defense pathways is observed. However, in the case of metallic and thermal co-expositions, the pathways of apoptosis and cellular alteration are rather induced. A pluginand macro were developed for the evaluation and characterization of behavior oflarvae of M. galloprovincialis. A significant increase in the maximum speed of D larvaewith increasing temperature is observed without affecting the mean velocity. In contrast, exposure to Cu and Ag at 22 °C significantly increases average and maximum larval speed. Under controlled conditions at 18 °C, larvae mainly follow rectilinear trajectories (88 %). With increasing temperature and/or exposure to metals, circular trajectories increase considerably at the expense of rectilinear trajectories. These changes in behavior may be related to the induction of malformations but also to the modulation of neuronal activity. Thus, a significant increase in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the larvae is observed following exposure to a temperature gradient and/or metals. Viable and normally developed D-larvae were obtained by hybridization of M. galloprovincialis and M.edulis. Larvae of M. edulis are more sensitive to temperature than larvae of M. galloprovincialis.No significant sensitivity differences between species are observed whatever the metal used. Moreover, the hybrid larvae from female M. galloprovincialis are more tolerant to the increase of temperature compared to the hybrid larvae issues from rom female of M. edulis
Smith, Rose-Michelle. "Transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé entre les compartiments sol/sédiment et eau en présence de cuivre- Effet cocktail." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS047.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying the behaviour of pharmaceuticals in the environment at sediment/soil-water interfaces in order to better understand the involved processes following their release, their fate and their impact. Thus, the retention of four pharmaceuticals was investigated on different solids (soil/sediment). The cation exchange capacity has been identified as the parameter governing the propranolol retention and the pH value governing sotalol adsorption. In the case of contaminant mixtures, a competition for the surface sites was evidenced with in particular a decrease of sotalol and furosemide adsorption.The influence of copper, a ubiquitous metal in the environment, on pharmaceutical retention was also studied. Although copper did not influence the retention of propranolol, sotalol and furosemide, its presence increased the mobility of sulfamethoxazole in the environment by decreasing its adsorption. Finally, it has been shown that the presence of these pollutants in the environment induced toxic effects on aquatic organisms
Calla, Simon. "Des poissons, des hommes et des rivières : sociologie d'un problème de pollution en Franche-Comté." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC020.
Full textBetween 2009 and 2015, several rivers in the Doubs department were the scene of episodes of fish mortality. Summarising the uncertainties and concerns about the sustainability of fishing practices and potential health risks, this phenomenon has most often been explained by "river pollution". However, it seems that such a qualification casts a veil on the attempts at solutions put in place by the actors. Returning to the various surveys through which the actors concerned by this situation mobilize different resources to understand the causes of fish mortality episodes and control them, this work shows that the complexity of the phenomenon, the diversity of the issues it covers and its geographical size exceed the singular capacity of resolution specific to each group (environmental associations, structures representing the agricultural world, public authorities...) and require collective but always uncertain activity to define the problem and its solutions. It also appears that these investigations carry with them the risk of mutual denunciation and attribution of responsibilities. Also, while river advocates are engaged in denouncing agricultural activities and sanitation management leading to the opening of a conflict situation, experts mandated by government representatives conclude that the phenomenon is multifactorial and leads to a dilution of responsibilities. The situation then remains partly undetermined and the explanation by "river pollution" becomes a political solution, or even a "diplomatic tool" for a collective problem that is difficult to make sense of