Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cribado cáncer de pulmón'
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González, Marrón Adrián. "Mujeres con alto riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de pulmón en la Unión Europea: estrategias de prevención primaria y secundaria de cáncer de pulmón." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668431.
Full textFumar és un dels principals factors de risc evitables de morbimortalitat. Per l'epidèmia de tabac, la prevalença de dones fumadores ha augmentat durant les últimes dècades. Entre les causes de mortalitat associades a fumar que major impacte tenen en salut pública es troba el càncer de pulmó. Per l'alta taxa de letalitat del càncer de pulmó, la prevenció primària orientada a la no iniciació i a la deshabituació del tabac és essencial per a disminuir la mortalitat específica per aquesta causa. Fins i tot, després d'un diagnòstic de càncer de pulmó, l'abandonament del tabac està associat a una major supervivència i a millors estadis funcionals, entre altres beneficis. En aquest sentit, l'ajuda per a deixar de fumar forma part integral de l'estratègia MPOWER de l'Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS), l'objectiu de la qual és la implementació efectiva de mesures de control del tabac incloses en el Conveni Marc de l'OMS per al Control del Tabac. Respecte a la prevenció secundària, des de fa aproximadament dues dècades s'estan duent a terme diferents assajos clínics amb l'objectiu d'avaluar l'eficàcia de la tomografia computada de baixa dosi com a prova de cribratge de càncer de pulmó. Pel seu disseny, els assajos més importants van ser el National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) als Estats Units i el Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON) a la Unió Europea (UE). Els criteris d'inclusió que s'han emprat en aquests assajos per a seleccionar a la població que presenta alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó es basen en l'edat, el consum acumulat de tabac i, per a exfumadors, els anys des de l'abandonament. En contraposició a aquests criteris simplificats es troben els models de predicció de risc, que estimen el risc individual d'incidència o mortalitat incorporant més variables, com per exemple, història familiar de càncer o comorbiditats, com a malaltia pulmonar obstructiva crònica o emfisema. En relació amb tot això, els objectius d'aquesta tesi van ser: 1) estimar la proporció de individus a la UE en edat de participar en cribratges poblacionals que presenten alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó; 2) caracteritzar el patró de consum de tabac i estimar la proporció de dones que presenta alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó en un grup de participants en un programa de cribratge poblacional de càncer de mama; 3) comparar les concentracions de biomarcadors d'exposició al tabac (cotinina i nitrosamines específiques del tabac) en mostres de saliva entre fumadors diaris que presenten alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó i fumadors diaris que no presenten alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó; i 4) estimar la associació entre la implementació de polítiques de control del tabac a la UE i la proporció d'individus que presenten alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó. En relació amb el primer i segon objectiu, hem estimat que hi ha una important proporció de dones que estan en edat de participar en cribratges poblacionals que presenten alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó segons els criteris NLST i NELSON i que per tant serien elegibles si finalment s'implementessin programes de cribratge de càncer de pulmó a la UE. No obstant això, i davant la controvèrsia que encara genera la implementació de programes de cribratge de càncer de pulmó a la UE, creiem que es podrien niar programes de deshabituació del tabac en cribratges poblacionals de càncer per l'elevada participació en aquests cribratges, especialment en el de mama, i per tractar-se d'oportunitats d'aprenentatge (teachable moment). En relació amb el tercer objectiu, les concentracions (ajustades per sexe) de nitrosamines específiques del tabac associats amb el desenvolupament de càncer de pulmó (NNK i NNAL) presents en mostres de saliva van ser significativament majors en fumadors diaris que presentaven alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó segons els criteris NLST i NELSON que en fumadors diaris que no presentaven alt risc en una mostra representativa de la ciutat de Barcelona. Per aquest motiu, creiem que les variables relacionades amb la concentració de biomarcadors de consum de tabac en saliva podrien ser incorporades en models de predicció per la seva capacitat de discriminació del risc. Finalment, en relació amb el quart objectiu, hem estimat en una anàlisi exploratòria que una major implementació de polítiques de control del tabac a la UE està associada a una menor proporció d'individus que presenten alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó. En aquest sentit, creiem que els Estats membres haurien d'implementar polítiques de control del tabac de manera àmplia per a reduir la població que presenta alt risc de desenvolupar càncer de pulmó.
MARTÍNEZ, PÉREZ ENCARNA. "Diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de pulmón: Utilidad de la tomografía axial computarizada de baja dosis de radiación." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/88398.
Full text"DIAGNÓSTICO PRECOZ DEL CÁNCER DE PULMÓN: UTILIDAD DE LA TOMOGRAFÍA AXIAL COMPUTARIZADA DE BAJA DOSIS DE RADIACIÓN" El cáncer de pulmón (CP) es uno de los tipos de cáncer más frecuente y el que presenta una mayor mortalidad. Su pronóstico está relacionado directamente con el estadio de la enfermedad en el momento del diagnóstico. Planteamos que un protocolo de diagnóstico bien estructurado basado en la tomografía computarizada de baja dosis de radiación (TCBD), como el desarrollado por I-ELCAP y dirigido a una población de riesgo, es una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad, que puede mejorar su supervivencia. Material y métodos. Se incluyen personas asintomáticas >50 años, fumadores o exfumadores de, al menos, 10 paquetes-año, sin antecedentes personales oncológicos (salvo carcinomas basocelulares de piel). Se realiza una TCBD (<120 kVps y <30 mAs) basal y anual, que identifica todos los nódulos pulmonares. Se establece un algoritmo de evaluación según criterios de tamaño y características morfológicas de los nódulos siguiendo el propuesto por I-ELCAP. En aquellos casos que por su tamaño, evidencia de crecimiento, etc. hay sospecha de malignidad, se realiza estudio histológico. Ante diagnóstico de CP se establece el tratamiento adecuado. Todos los casos de CP son seguidos durante, al menos, 5 años. Resultados: Se estudió a 4.951 personas (65,4% varones) con una media de edad de 56,89±5,26 años. El consumo medio de tabaco fue de 37,45±23,41 paquetes-año, siendo el 54,8% fumadores activos en el estudio basal. En el estudio basal 550 sujetos se identificaron como positivos. De 3.891 nódulos detectados, 692 (19,57%) fueron considerados positivos (sólidos <5 mm o no sólidos <8 mm), de ellos, 38 tumores (36 CP). En el estudio anual, 224 sujetos mostraban uno o más nódulos. De los nódulos detectados, 288 (7,91%) fueron considerados positivos, con 13 CP. En el 80% de los casos el control se realizó con TCBD. En 5,8 y 7,6% de los nódulos positivos, en estudio basal y anual respectivamente, se indicó biopsia. La prevalencia fue del 0,89 y la incidencia del 0,1%. La sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), VPP y VPN en el estudio basal fue del 92,31, 89,54, 6,55 y 99,93% respectivamente (E y VPP discretamente inferiores al considerar nódulos). Estos valores en el estudio anual fueron 76,92, 95,7, 4,52 y 99,94% respectivamente. Se detectó 52 tumores, 49 de ellos CP (79,17% adenocarcinomas), 25 (52,08%) de ellos en estadio I. La supervivencia global de los CP fue de 58,5% a los 5 años y 67,1% la supervivencia cáncer específica (75,8% en los pacientes quirúrgicos). Discusión: Estudiamos voluntarios, en su mayoría varones, con características demográficas similares a otras series. El estudio y la TCBD mostraron unos valores elevados de S, E y VPN. La elevada S resultó en un número elevado de FP. Entre el 90 - 94% de los casos positivos sólo precisaron seguimiento con pruebas de imagen. En menos del 5% se indicó biopsia, sin apenas complicaciones iatrogénicas. La prevalencia de CP fue inferior a otros estudios, justificada por la edad de la población. El 77,92% de los CP fueron sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico, siendo su supervivencia a 5 años, del 75,8%. Conclusiones: La TCBD integrada en un programa elaborado de detección y evaluación de nódulos, permite diagnosticar CP en estadio precoz, cuando el tratamiento quirúrgico puede mejorar la supervivencia global de la población de riesgo.
RESUM El càncer de pulmó (CP) és un dels tipus de càncer més freqüents i el que presenta una major mortalitat. El seu pronòstic està relacionat directament amb l'estadi de la malaltia en el moment del diagnòstic. Plantegem que un protocol de diagnòstic ben estructurat basat en la tomografia computada de baixa dosi de radiació (TCBD), com el desenvolupat per I-ELCAP i dirigit a una població de risc, és una eina útil en el diagnòstic precoç d'aquesta malaltia, que pot millorar la seua supervivència. Material i mètodes. S'inclouen persones asimptomàtiques >50 anys, fumadors o exfumadors de, almenys, 10 paquets-any, sense antecedents personals oncològics (excepte carcinomes basocel¿lulars de pell). Es realitza una TCBD (<120 kVps i <30 mAs) basal i anual, que identifica tots els nòduls pulmonars. S'estableix un algoritme d'avaluació segons criteris de mida i característiques morfològiques dels nòduls seguint el proposat per I-ELCAP. En aquells casos que per la seua grandària, evidència de creixement, etc. hi ha sospita de malignitat, es realitza estudi histològic. Davant el diagnòstic de CP s'estableix el tractament adequat. Tots els casos de CP són seguits durant, almenys, 5 anys. Resultats: Es va estudiar a 4.951 persones (65,4% homes) amb una mitjana d'edat de 56,89 ± 5,26 anys. El consum mitjà de tabac va ser de 37,45 ± 23,41 paquets-any, sent el 54,8% fumadors actius en l'estudi basal. En l'estudi basal 550 subjectes es van identificar com a positius. De 3.891 nòduls detectats, 692 (19,57%) van ser considerats positius (sòlids <5 mm o no sòlids <8 mm), d'aquests, 38 tumors (36 CP). En l'estudi anual, 224 subjectes mostraven un o més nòduls. Dels nòduls detectats, 288 (7,91%) van ser considerats positius. En el 80% dels casos el control es va realitzar amb TCBD. En 5,8 i 7,6% dels nòduls positius, en estudi basal i anual respectivament, es va indicar biòpsia. La prevalença va ser del 0,89 i la incidència del 0,1% La sensibilitat (S), especificitat (E), VPP i VPN en l'estudi basal va ser del 92,31, 89,54, 6,55 i 99,93% respectivament (E i VPP discretament inferiors en considerar nòduls). Aquests valors en l'estudi anual van ser 76,92, 95,7, 4,52 i 99,94% respectivament. Es va detectar 52 tumors, 49 d'ells CP (79,17% adenocarcinomes), 25 (52,08%) d'ells en estadi I. La supervivència global dels CP va ser de 58,5% als 5 anys i 67,1 % la supervivència càncer específica (75,8% en els pacients quirúrgics). Discussió: Estudiem voluntaris, majoritàriament homes, amb característiques demogràfiques similars a altres sèries. L'estudi i la TCBD van mostrar uns valors elevats de S, E i VPN. L'elevada S va resultar en un nombre elevat de FP. Entre el 90 - 94% dels casos positius només van precisar seguiment amb proves d'imatge. En menys del 5% es va indicar biòpsia, gairebé sense complicacions iatrogèniques. La prevalença de CP va ser inferior a altres estudis, justificada per l'edat de la població. El 77,92% dels CP van ser sotmesos a tractament quirúrgic, sent la seua supervivència a 5 anys, del 75,8%. Conclusions: La TCBD integrada en un programa elaborat de detecció i avaluació de nòduls, permet diagnosticar CP en estadi precoç, quan el tractament quirúrgic pot millorar la supervivència global de la població de risc.
Martínez Pérez, E. (2017). Diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de pulmón: Utilidad de la tomografía axial computarizada de baja dosis de radiación [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/88398
TESIS
Gascó, Hernández Amaya. "Perfil molecular en cáncer escamoso de pulmón." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133277.
Full textWithin non-small-cell lung cancer, a great deal of research efforts have focused on adenocarcinomas, both in daily clinical practice and basic research. This histological type is therefore one of the best characterized tumors from the molecular point of view, and targeted therapies against common genetic alterations have been developed which have achieved improvements in survival and quality of life in selected subgroups of patients. In comparison, less attention has been paid to squamous cell carcinoma, and no targeted therapies exist against this subtype for clinical use; neither have any molecular markers with clear predictive or prognostic value been identified. In the present study, we included 95 patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung from the Hospital Universitario Quirón Dexeus and Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol. Clinical data was collected for all patients: age, sex, performance status, smoking habits, and TNM stage at diagnosis. Pathologists from both hospitals selected the tumor samples to be studied and, after evaluation and macro- or micro-dissection, 19 genes were analyzed using four different molecular biology techniques to look for mutations, amplifications and gene expression levels, with the aim of molecularly characterizing this tumor type, analyzing key genes and identifying prognostic or predictive molecular markers. The results of this thesis support the hypothesis that squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is a distinct entity from adenocarcinoma from the molecular point of view. Many genetic alterations (such as EGFR or PIK3CA mutations) have different rates of detection between both histological types, and in some cases the subgroups of genetic alterations also differ (as in the case of K-RAS mutations, G12C being much more frequent in adenocarcinoma in smokers). Finally, some alterations appear to be almost exclusive to squamous cell carcinoma (such as FGFR1, PIK3CA and SOX2 amplification). In this paper we have identified several markers with potential prognostic value in squamous cell carcinoma which it would be interesting to validate in a larger cohort of patients, something which would also permit correlation of these markers with different treatments. In stages I-IIIA, high expression of EZH2 and SOX2 genes has been correlated with statistical significance with better overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Similarly, in advanced stages, K-RAS wild type, co-amplification of PIK3CA + SOX2 and high expression of SIAH2, BRCA1 and EZH2 correlated, also statistically significantly or quasi-significantly, with longer OS. These last three genes were also associated with better PFS. All these markers could be integrated into specific genetic signatures with prognostic value in squamous cell carcinoma. In general, squamous cell carcinoma is considered to be a histological subtype without defined predictive markers and with a limited arsenal of targeted therapies when compared to adenocarcinoma. This thesis demonstrates that this view does not correspond to the reality. In fact, a high percentage of patients with this disease have molecular alterations which are susceptible to treatment with targeted drugs currently in clinical use (such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors) or under investigation in advanced phase clinical trials, such as FGFR1, AXL and MET amplifications or PIK3CA mutations, among others. It would be interesting to initiate more clinical trials to determine the therapeutic benefit of targeted therapies and identify additional biomarkers of response in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
Gallach, García Sandra. "ANÁLISIS DE MICROARNS EN CÁNCER DE PULMÓN NO MICROCÍTICO." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/90428.
Full textEl cáncer de pulmón es una de las principales causas de muerte relacionada con cáncer en el mundo, siendo el tercer tipo de cáncer más común. El cáncer de pulmón no microcítico (CPNM) representa casi el 85% de todos los cánceres de pulmón y la supervivencia a los 5 años es reducida. Los microARNs (miARNs) son un grupo de ARNs no codificantes de pequeño tamaño que regulan postranscripcionalmente la expresión génica y que por tanto están involucrados en procesos esenciales de la célula, encontrándose desregulados en muchas enfermedades incluida el cáncer. Como consecuencia, existe un creciente interés en estudiar su papel como posibles nuevos biomarcadores en cáncer. Por todo ello, el principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es analizar la expresión diferencial de miARNs en un grupo prueba de pacientes mediante secuenciación masiva para posteriormente validar el hallazgo en un grupo independiente de pacientes usando una técnica más sencilla como es la RTqPCR y evaluar su posible correlación con las variables clínico-patológicas y pronósticas en pacientes con CPNM. El análisis mediante secuenciación masiva reveló que 39 miARNs estaban diferencialmente expresados en tejido tumoral: 28 sobreexpresados y 11 infraexpresados. 22 de estos miARNs se validaron mediante RTqPCR en una cohorte independiente. Posteriormente, los análisis de supervivencia revelaron que dos miARNs, miR-21 y miR-188, se relacionaron con pronóstico. Además, el grupo de pacientes con elevada expresión de ambos miARNs (miR-21, miR-188) presentaba una supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE) y una supervivencia global (SG) más cortas que cada miARN analizado individualmente. El análisis multivariante de regresión de Cox reveló que la firma combinada puede considerarse como un biomarcador pronóstico independiente en este grupo de pacientes. Por tanto se puede concluir que la tecnología de secuenciación masiva puede identificar específicamente miARNs desregulados en CPNM en estadios resecables. Además la sobreexpresión del miR-21 y el miR-188 se correlacionó con un peor pronóstico, y la firma combinada de ambos (miR-21alto- miR-188alto) representó un nuevo biomarcador pronóstico independiente en CPNM.
El càncer de pulmó es una de les principals causes de mort relacionades amb càncer al món, sent a més a més el tercer tipus de cáncer més comú. El càncer de pulmó no microcític (CPNM) representa quasi el 85% de tots els casos de càncer de pulmó i la supervivència als 5 anys continua sent molt baixa. Els microARNs (miARNs) són un grup d'ARNs no codificants de petit tamany que regulen postranscripcionalment l'expressió gènica i que per tant estàn involucrats en procesos fonamentals de la cèl¿lula, trobant-se desregulats en moltes malaties inclosa el cáncer. Com a consequència, existeix un creixent interés en estudiar el seu paper com possibles nous biomarcadors en cáncer. Per tot açò, el principal objectiu d'esta tesi doctoral és analitzar l'expressió diferencial de miARNs en un grup prova de pacients mitjançant seqüenciació massiva per a posteriorment validar la trobada en un grup independent de pacients utilitzant una tècnica més senzilla com és l'RTqPCR i evaluar la seu possible correlació amb les variables clinico-patològiques i pronòstiques en pacients amb CPNM. L'ànalisi mitjaçant seqüenciació masiva revelà que 39 miARNs estaven diferencialment expressats en teixit tumoral: 28 sobreexpressats i 11 infraexpressats. 22 d'aquests miARNs van ser validats mitjançant RTqPCR en un grup independent. Posteriorment, les análisis de supervivència revelaren que dos miARNs, miR-21 i miR-188, es relacionaren amb pronòstic. A més a més, el grup de pacients amb elevada expressió de tots dos miARNs (miR-21, miR-188) presentava una supervivència lliure de recaiguda (SLR) y una supervivència global (SG) més curtes que cadascun dels miARNs individualment. L'anàlisi multivariant de regressió de Cox revelà que la firma combinada pot considerar-se com un biomarcador pronòstic independent en aquest grup de pacients. Per tant, se pot concloure que la tecnologia de seqüenciació masiva pot identificar específicament miARNs desregulats en CPNM en estadis resecables. A més, la sobreexpressió del miR-21 i miR-188 correlacionava amb un pitjor pronòstic, i la firma combinada de tots dos (miR-21alt-miR-188alt) va representar un nou biomarcador pronòstic independent en CPNM.
Gallach García, S. (2017). ANÁLISIS DE MICROARNS EN CÁNCER DE PULMÓN NO MICROCÍTICO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90428
TESIS
Rodríguez, de Dios Núria. "Radioterapia radical en el cáncer de pulmón. Factores predictivos de esofagitis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4536.
Full text1-Detectar los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón tratados con esquemas que combinan la quimio y la radioterapia que presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar esofagitis aguda.
2-Analizar el papel de la glutamina como agente preventivo de la toxicidad esofágica aguda secundaria a la radioterapia.
3-Determinar los factores predictivos de la esofagitis aguda radioinducida.
4-Evaluar la capacidad predictiva del parámetro resultante.
El análisis de estos objetivos se concretó en la publicación de dos artículos en el Int J Radiat Oncol Biol. Phys; así, para tratar de responder a los dos primeros objetivos, se realizó un primer estudio piloto, en el que se incluyeron 75 pacientes tratados con radio y quimioterapia (secuencial en 26 casos y concomitante en 49 casos) a los que se administró suplementos de glutamina oral a dosis de 30 gr/día.
Para evaluar los dos últimos objetivos, se han analizado prospectivamente los datos de 100 pacientes tratados con radio-quimioterapia concomitante. En ambos estudios, la toxicidad esofágica se ha valorado según la escala de la RTOG, se han recogido las necesidades analgésicas de los pacientes y se han analizado los siguientes parámetros dosimétricos: longitud y volumen de esófago en el campo irradiado, porcentaje de volumen esofágico tratado con una dosis ≥10, ≥20, ≥30, ≥35, ≥40, ≥45, ≥50, ≥55 y ≥60 Gy, las dosis máxima y media administradas al esófago. Además se ha creado un índice de esofagitis propio, para valorar la toxicidad a lo largo del tiempo. Se ha empleado el análisis mediante curvas ROC para evaluar el parámetro predictivo resultante.
Las conclusiones objetivadas fueron:
1-La administración concomitante de la radio y la quimioterapia produce un aumento de los efectos secundarios a nivel esofágico respecto a su administración secuencial.
2-Los suplementos nutricionales de Glutamina oral administrados de forma precoz y mantenida a los pacientes tratados con esquemas de quimio y radioterapia concomitante podrían tener un papel protector sobre la mucosa esofágica, disminuyendo y retrasando la aparición de la esofagitis aguda.
3-El V50 (% de volumen esofágico que recibe una dosis superior o igual a 50 Gy) es el factor dosimétrico que muestra una mejor correlación con los parámetros de esofagitis aguda analizados: duración de la esofagitis (p= 0,01); duración de la esofagitis grado 1 (p= 0,01); analgesia máxima requerida (p= 0,01); índice de esofagitis (p= 0,02) y esofagitis de grado superior o igual a 1 (p= 0,05).
4-El 30 % del volumen de esófago que recibe una dosis superior o igual a 50 Gy, es el factor predictivo asociado de forma significativa con la esofagitis aguda de grado superior o igual a 1 y con la analgesia máxima requerida. Existe una asociación no significativa con la esofagitis aguda de grado superior o igual a 2.
Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide and its global incidence has been steadily increasing during recent decades. Radiotherapy constitutes one of the main treatment modalities in lung cancer and is indicated, combined with chemotherapy, in around three-quarters of all lung cancer patients. As a result of increasing use of multimodality treatment approaches, esophagitis has emerged as a significant dose-limiting toxicity. The objectives of this work are:
1-Detect lung cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy with higher risk of esophagitis.
2-Asses the role of Glutamine in the prevention of acute esophageal toxicity (AET) caused by radiation.
3- Determine the dose volumetric parameter predictive of acute esophagitis.
4- Test the predictive ability of this parameter to foresee the development of acute esophagitis.
The analysis of these objectives were summarised in two original articles published in Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; so, to answer the first two objectives, seventy-five patients were enrolled; 34.7% received sequential radio-chemotherapy, and 65.3% received concomitant radio-chemotherapy. Every patient received prophylactic glutamine powder in doses of 30 g/24 h.
To asses the latest objectives, the data of 100 patients with lung cancer ,treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy were prospectively analyzed for possible predictors of acute esophagitis. Esophageal toxicity was graded according to the RTOG criteria. The following dosimetric parameters were analyzed: length and volume of esophagus in treatment field, percentage of esophagus volume treated to ≥10, ≥20, ≥30, ≥35, ≥40, ≥45, ≥50, ≥55 and ≥60 Gy and the maximum and mean doses delivered to the esophagus. Also, I developed an esophagitis index ( EI) in order to account the esophagitis grades over treatment time . The predictive abilities of models (sensitivity and specificity) were calculated by ROC curves.
What follow are the conclusions;
1- Whit regard to secuential treatment, the addition of concurrent chemotherapy to radiation appears to lower esophageal radiation tolerance, resulting in markedly higher incidences of esophagitis.
2- The results of this study suggested a clinically beneficial effect of oral glutamine supplementation on the prevention of esophagitis in patients treated with concomitant thoracic radio-chemotherapy.
3- The V50 (% of esophageal volume receiving ≥ 50 Gy) was the dosimetric parameter best correlated with acute esophagitis parameters evaluated: AET duration (p= 0.01); AET grade 1 duration (p=0.01); maximum analgesia employed (p=0.01); esophagitis index (p=0.02); and AET grade 1 or worse (p=0.05).
4- The 30% of esophageal volume receiving ≥ 50 Gy was the most statistically significant factor associated with AET grade 1 or worse and maximum analgesia required by these patients. There was an association with AET grade 2 or worse but it did not achieve statistical significance (p 0.076).
Benito-Aracil, Llúcia. "Evaluación de los Cuidados Enfermeros en los Programas de Cribado de Cáncer." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399928.
Full textOBJECTIVES: Define the role of the nurse in the cancer screening programs. Identify the indicators of the activity. Evaluate the nursing care of the cancer screening program Institut Català d'Oncologia. METHODOLOGY: The first objective was achieved through a review of the literature. Delphi methodology was used to contextualize these activities in population-based programs. And finally, a descriptive study to identify the interventions of the Nursing Interventions Classification. The second objective was solved through a literature review and an expert group consensus. The third objective and was done through a cross-sectional survey of primary care professionals. It was based on a survey of knowledge about colorectal cancer screening procedures, risk factors, post-diagnostic follow-up recommendations, and referral strategies. Subsequently, a cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluated an information intervention. RESULTS: The panel of experts identified 25 activities. The taxonomy experts correlated these activities with 15 interventions of the Nursing Interventions Classification. The expert group selected 7 indicators (adequacy and waiting time for referral of participants, delivery and availability of the process report, understanding of professionals involved in the process, satisfaction and understanding of participants). No statistically significant differences were found between the intervention group and the control group. However, in nine questions the percentage of correct answers in the intervention group was increased, mainly related to the follow-up after the diagnostic exploration. CONCLUSIONS: The activities of the cancer screening nurse are act as case manager and provide information, which favors continuity and coordination during the process. However, ongoing evaluation of cancer screening programs does not include these indicators. Therefore, indicators of adequacy and waiting time for referral, delivery and availability of the process report, understanding of the professionals, satisfaction and understanding of participants are proposed. The results obtained from the measurement of the indicator reveal that, although they are aware of the screening process, there are some aspects that could improve. To improve them, an educational intervention was designed and allowed to improve certain areas of knowledge, but not in a significant way. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement strategies aimed at increasing the knowledge of primary care professionals.
Castillo, Díez Sandra. "Identificación y análisis funcional de nuevos oncogenes amplificados en cáncer de pulmón." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51364.
Full textThe search for novel oncogenes is important because they could be the target of future specific anticancer therapies. To screen for amplicons, we aligned the gene expression data according to the position of transcripts and searched for clusters of over‐expressed genes. We confirmed the presence of two amplicons, at chromosomes 11q12 and 13q34. The p120ctn and DP1 proteins, encoded by two candidate oncogenes, CTNND1 and TFDP1, at 11q12 and 13q34 amplicons, respectively, showed very strong immunostaining in lung tumours with gene amplification. Depletion of TFDP1 expression by small interference RNA in a lung cancer cell line with TFDP1 amplification and protein over‐expression reduced cell viability by 50%. Then, we analyzed DNA copy number and mRNA expression levels in lung cancer cell lines and identified the 6p22.3 amplicon. The SOX4 gene was overexpressed in cells with amplification relative to normal cells. SOX4 expression was also stronger in a fraction of lung primary tumours and lung cancer cell lines. We also found variants of SOX4 in lung primary tumours and cancer cell lines, including a somatic mutation that introduced a premature stop codon. Overexpression of the wildtype and of the non‐truncated variants in NIH3T3 cells significantly increased the transforming ability of the weakly oncogenic RHOA‐Q63L. Ablating SOX4 expression in SOX4‐amplified lung cancer cells revealed a gene expression signature that included genes involved in neuronal development such as PCDHB, MYB, RBP1 and TEAD2. Interestingly, we found that small cell lung cancer was generally characterized by high levels of SOX2, SOX4 and SOX11 along with the SOX4‐specific gene expression signature identified. In conclusion, we report the identification of three novel amplicons, at 13q34, 11q12 and 6p22.3. TFDP1 is a candidate oncogene at 13q34. Within the 6p22 amplicon, SOX4 is overexpressed in lung cancer and we provide evidence of its oncogenic properties. We also identify a functional role for SOX genes and several SOX4 novel targets in SCLC.
Sullivan, Ivana. "Estudios farmacogenéticos y factores pronósticos en el cáncer de pulmón no microcítico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454809.
Full textNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 90% of lung cancer and about two-thirds of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. The overall prognosis is poor with a 5-year survival rate of about 15%. Radical surgery is the main treatment in localized disease, although, an adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (CT/RT) could be indicated depending on clinical factors. In locally advanced disease (stages IIIA/B), chemotherapy (CT) combined with radiotherapy (RT) (concomitant or sequential) is the standard treatment in most of the patients. In the scenario of metastatic disease, CT is the usual treatment in more than 80% of cases. Survival may vary among patients despite similar clinical and pathological features of the disease. The efficacy of the treatment with CT and RT is conditioned by the narrow therapeutic window that make it difficult to establish the balance between doses and the appearance of adverse effects. There is a need to identify genetic biomarkers to optimize treatments trying to increase the survival of NSCLC patients. Genetic variants in the DNA repair genes may play a role in the efficacy of platinum-based CT in NSCLC. In the first study, we analyzed 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 genes (ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, XPA, XRCC1 and XRCC2) involved in the DNA repair mechanisms and their association with efficacy, survival and toxicity in NSCLC patients. This prospective study included patients with stage IIIA/B and IV treated with platinum-based CT plus a 3rd generation drug. In addition, patients with a stage III received concomitant or sequential RT. We found that in stage III the response was significantly associated with SNPs in the ERCC1 and ERCC3 genes, while the toxicity derived from RT was correlated with SNPs in the ERCC2 gene. In patients with stage IV, the response was associated with a genetic variant in the ERCC4 gene and survival with a SNP in the XRCC1 gene. The VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) pathway has been investigated as a prognostic factor in cancer, including NSCLC. In the second study, we evaluated the relationship between 25 genetic variants in 16 genes involved in the VEGF pathway and the relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in 131 stage I-III NSCLC patients treated with surgery. We found that the variants KRAS rs1137282 and PIK3C2A rs4356203 were significantly associated with RFS, both in the univariate and multivariable analyzes. No association between the SNPs analyzed and OS was observed. These results provide not only knowledge in the biomarkers area in NSCLC, but the need to improve the research in this field.
Barroso, Mercado Cynthia Elena. "Estado actual del tratamiento de Cáncer de Pulmón: Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura." Tesis de Licenciatura, Medicina-Quimica, 2014. http://ri.uaemex.mx/handle/20.500.11799/14882.
Full textMorán, Sánchez Senador. "Implantación de un sistema de calidad en un programa de cribado de cáncer colorrectal." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10974.
Full textLa práctica de la colonoscopia ha demostrado ser el método más eficaz en la reducción de mortalidad por cáncer colorectal(CCR). Se han diseñado un número importante de estrategias de cribado en los últimos años, todas ellas son eficaces en la reducción de la incidencia y mortalidad por este tipo de cáncerLa colonoscopia es el método de exploración de referencia del colon. Esta singularidad explica el hecho de que su práctica se lleva a cabo en prácticamente todos los niveles de asistencia hospitalarios. Existen varias líneas de evidencia que sugieren que la calidad de la colonoscopia en la práctica clínica habitual varía de manera considerable, el problema planteado la inexistencia de herramientas capaces de medir estos niveles.En el presente estudio se plantea el proceso de definición de una serie de indicadores que posteriormente serán aplicados en el análisis del nivel de calidad de un programa de cribado de CCR.
Posso, Rivera Margarita. "Cribado poblacional del cáncer de mama: aspectos relacionados con la efectividad y coste-efectividad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461297.
Full textBackground In breast cancer screening programmes, double reading of digital mammograms is used since it can detect more lesions. Some of these lesions are not aggressive and may be considered false positives or overdiagnosis. Therefore, it is relevant to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of double reading and to characterize benign lesions. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of double reading of digital mammograms and to characterize the benign breast lesions detected in a breast cancer screening programme. Methods Four studies with different methodological designs were performed. To determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of double reading of digital mammograms, we performed: i) a cost-consequence study; ii) a cost-effectiveness study; and iii) a systematic review of observational studies and economic evaluations. To determine whether the expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Ki-67 receptors in benign lesions increases the risk of cancer, iv) a case-control study was conducted. Results The cost-consequence study included 57,157 digital mammograms. The average cost of the screening process with double reading with consensus and arbitration was 15% higher (44.9 €) than with single reading (39.1 €). Double reading had 0.3% (N = 181) more false-positive results than single reading (P < 0.01). Both reading strategies had similar cancer detection rates (4.6/1000 and 4.2/1000 mammograms, respectively; P = 0.28) and similar positive predictive values (9.3% and 9.1%, respectively, P = 0.81). In the cost-effectiveness study, 28,636 digital mammograms were analysed. The number of cancers detected was 148 (5.2/1000) with double reading, 138 (4.8/1000) with double reading in prevalent screening and single reading in incident screening, and 137 (4.8/1000) with single reading (P = 0.77). The average cost of detecting one cancer was 8,912 €, 8,614 € and 8,287 €, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of double reading in prevalent screening and single reading in incident screening was 53,312 € per detected cancer. This strategy was dominated by extension so it was eliminated from the analysis. The ICER of double versus single reading was 16,684 €. In the systematic review four studies with low risk of bias were included. Three of them were made in Europe and one in Japan. The pooled rate of cancer detection with double reading was 6.0/1000 mammograms and it was 5.7/1000 with single reading (P = 0.76). The proportion of false positives with double reading was 4.7% and 4.1% with single reading (P = 0.12). Single reading plus a diagnosis-aid system was cost-effective in Japan. No studies evaluating mortality, quality of life, or overdiagnosis were identified. The case-control study included 258 benign lesions, 86 were cases and 172 were controls. Compared with benign lesions with low ER (≤ 70%) expression, moderate (71% to 90%) and high (> 90%) expression showed an increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.98 and OR = 2.63, respectively). Lesions with high PR (> 80%) showed an increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.22) compared to those with low expression (≤ 40%). Proliferative lesions with ≥ 1% Ki67 expression did not show an increased risk of cancer (OR = 1.16). Conclusion In the era of digital mammography, double reading significantly increases the frequency of false positives without an important increase in the cancer detection rate. Double reading is not cost-effective when applied only in the prevalent screening and it also appears not to be cost-effective in the incident screening. Benign lesions with high ER or RP expression have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
Cardenal, Alemany Felipe. "Quimioterapia con fármacos nuevos en el cáncer de pulmón de célula no pequeña avanzado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1214.
Full textEl primer estudio se titula: Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine-cisplatin versus etoposide cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer y fue publicado en el Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999;17:12-18. El objetivo principal fue comparar la eficacia, en forma de tasa de respuesta, de la combinación de gemcitabina y cisplatino con la de una combinación convencional: etopósido y cisplatino en pacientes con CPCNP avanzado.
Un total de 135 pacientes con CPCNP avanzado fueron randomizados a recibir o bien gemcitabina 1250 mg/m2 ev días 1 y 8 o etopósido 100 mg/m2 ev el día 1, en ciclos de 21 días.
La tasa de respuesta (validada externamente) fue superior para los pacientes que recibieron gemcitabina-cisplatino que para los pacientes que recibieron etopósido-cisplatino (40.6% versus 21,9%; p=0,02). Esta tasa de respuesta superior se asociaba a un retraso significativo en el tiempo a la progresión (6,9 meses versus 4,3 meses) sin empeoramiento de la calidad de vida. No hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en supervivencia entre las dos ramas (8.7 meses para gemcitabina-cisplatino versus 7,2 meses para etopósido-cisplatino; p= 0.18). La toxicidad global para las dos combinaciones fue similar. Las náuseas y vómitos fueron más frecuentes en el brazo de gemcitabina que en el de etopósido, aunque la diferencia no era significativa. Gemcitabina-cisplatino producía menos alopecia grado 3 (13% versus 51%) y menos neutropenia grado 4 (28 versus 56%) pero más trombocitopenia grado 3 y 4 (56 versus 13%) que etopósido-cisplatino. Sin embargo no hubo complicaciones relacionadas con trombocitopenia en el brazo de gemcitabina.
El segundo estudio se titula: Three-week schedule of irinotecan and cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a multicentre phase II study y fue publicado en Lung Cancer 2003;39:201-207. El objetivo principal era valorar la eficacia de la combinación, irinotecan-cisplatino en CPCNP avanzado, medida por tasa de respuesta. Se utilizó una pauta nueva de irinotecan y cisplatino consistente en una sola dosis de los dos fármacos cada tres semanas que proporcionaba la mayor dosis-intensidad de ambos agentes. Se reclutaron setenta y cuatro pacientes con CPCNP estadio IIIB (no candidatos a radioterapia) o estadio IV para recibir CPT-11 200 mg/ m2 iv y cisplatin 80 mg/m2 iv el día 1 cada 3 semanas. Las dosis-intensidades relativas para CPT-11 y cisplatino fueron 92% y 95%, respectivamente. No se observaron respuestas completas. Veinticinco pacientes de 73 obtuvieron una remisión parcial (34,2%). Las remisiones parciales se confirmaron en 18 pacientes (24.7%: IC 95%, 15,6-36,1%). La mediana de supervivencia fue de 8,2 meses, 9,7 meses para los pacientes con performance status (PS) 0 y 1, y 4 meses para aquellos con PS=2. La tasa de supervivencia al año fue el 31%. Las toxicidades clínivcas más importantes fueron diarrea retardada grado 3 y 4 (29% de los pacientes) y neutropenia febril (14% de los pacientes).
En conclusión: 1) Cuando se compara con etopósido y ciaplatino, gemcitabina y cisplatino proporciona una tasa de respuestas significativamente superior y un retraso en tiempo a la progresión de la enfermedad sin empeorar la calidad de vida.
2) La combinación de CPT-11 y cisplatino una vez cada tres semanas es factible y activa en pacientes con CPCNP avanzado y PS 0 y 1, sin embargo los resultados no parecen superiores a los publicados con otras pautas.
Tejero, Villalba Rut. "Utilidad de la familia miR-200 como marcador pronóstico en dos tumores de origen endodérmico: Cáncer de Pulmón y Cáncer Colorrectal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283447.
Full textMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising molecular markers in multiple cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). The members of the miR-200 family of miRNAs (miR-200a/b/c, miR-141 and miR-429) are associated with the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). In the present study, we have examined the role of the miR-200 family in NSCLC and CRC. We have correlated the expression of the miR-200 family members in tumor samples with patient clinocopathological characteristics and outcome and have investigated the effect on tumor cells in vitro. In patients with NSCLC, high levels of miR-200c were associated with shorter overall survival (OS), and in the subset of patients with adenocarcinoma, high levels of miR-141 were also associated with shorter OS. In NSCLC cell lines, increased miR-200c induced less cell migration and overexpression of miR-141 led to a reduction of KLF6 and an increase of VEGF-A secretion, which correlates with a higher density of vessels in tumor tissue. In patients with CRC, high levels of miR-200a, miR-200c and miR-429 were associated with longer OS, but only high miR-429 levels were correlated with prolonged disease-free survival (DFS). However, in the subset of stage II patients treated with fluoropyrimidines, high levels of miR-200a/c/141/429 were associated with longer OS. The benefit of treatment with fluoropyrimidines has not yet been demonstrated in stage II CRC, and our findings may help identify patients likely to benefit from fluoropyrimidine treatment. Finally, in a CRC cell line, we found that these miRNAs played a role in EMT and modulated the effect of 5-fluorouracil. Our results indicate that different mechanisms are involved in the activity of the miR-200 family in tumorogenesis and can help in the development of new therapeutic targets and in the identification of patients most likely to benefit from treatment.
Romero, Vielva Laura. "Influencia de la linfadenectomía mediastínica en el pronóstico del cáncer de pulmón no célula pequeña." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4307.
Full textLa afectación ganglionar mediastínica es el principal factor pronóstico en el cáncer de pulmón. Una estadificación correcta y lo más precisa posible permite tratar al paciente después de la cirugía de la forma más idónea.
Hipótesis y Objetivos: Conocer la diferencia entre la supervivencia y el tiempo libre de enfermedad de los pacientes con ganglios mediastínicos positivos y negativos. Valorar el papel de la extensión de la linfadenectomía para realizar una estadificación más correcta. Determinar si la linfadenectomía extensa mejora la supervivencia y el tiempo libre de enfermedad en función del número de ganglios obtenidos.
Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 485 pacientes consecutivos operados por cáncer de pulmón entre 1995 y 2001. Se analizan los ganglios mediastínicos resecados. Los grupos en función del factor T se dividen en dos según el número de ganglios resecados (<10 y ? 10). El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa SPSS ver. 12 en entorno Windows. Se realizan tablas de contingencia utilizando el estadístico Chi Cuadrado y test exacto de Fisher, para analizar las diferencias entre la distribución conjunta de las variables cualitativas. Para el análisis de la supervivencia y del tiempo libre de enfermedad se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Para comparar las diferentes curvas de supervivencia y tiempo libre de enfermedad se utilizaron las pruebas de hipótesis log-rank, Breslow y Tarone-Ware. Con el fin de encontrar posibles asociaciones entre los diferentes factores pronósticos y el tiempo libre de enfermedad o supervivencia, se aplicó el modelo de Cox obteniendo los diferentes HR (Hazard Ratio) y su intervalo de confianza al 95%,
Resultados: La media de ganglios resecados fue de 11,16 ganglios (0-48). A mayor numero de ganglios resecados mayor porcentaje de ganglios positivos se obtienen (diferencias estadísticamente significativas, 38,85% de pacientes con ganglios positivos en el grupo de <10 ganglios resecados y 61,14% en el de ?10 ganglios resecados). La supervivencia a 5 años de toda la serie es del 40% y la de los pacientes que presentan algún ganglio positivo a los 5 años disminuye hasta el 21%. El análisis univariante de la supervivencia con las variables estudiadas objetiva que la resección de mayor número de ganglios es un factor protector, disminuyendo el riesgo de muerte. La presencia de ganglios positivos es un factor de riesgo para la supervivencia. En el análisis multivariante se observa que el número de ganglios resecados se comporta también como factor protector tanto en la supervivencia (HR 0,97, I.C. 95%: 0,95-0,99, p=0,001) como en el tiempo libre de enfermedad (HR 0,97, I.C. 95%: 0,96-0,99, p=0,004) disminuyendo el riesgo de recidiva. En los pacientes con ganglios mediastínicos negativos la mediana de supervivencia y el tiempo libre de enfermedad en los que se resecaron más de 10 ganglios es mejor que en el grupo en el que se resecaron menos de 10 ganglios (diferencias estadísticamente significativas). En los pacientes con ganglios mediastínicos positivos la mediana de supervivencia y el tiempo libre de enfermedad en los que se resecaron más de 10 ganglios es mejor que en el grupo en el que se resecaron menos de 10 ganglios (diferencias estadísticamente significativas).
Conclusiones: La supervivencia y el tiempo libre de enfermedad de los pacientes con ganglios mediastínicos positivos es menor. La probabilidad de encontrar algún ganglio mediastínico positivo aumenta en el grupo de pacientes con una linfadenectomía más extensa. En toda la serie los pacientes en los que se resecaron más de 10 ganglios presentan mejor supervivencia y tiempo libre de enfermedad. La linfadenectomía mediastínica completa estadifica mejor y mejora la supervivencia y el tiempo libre de enfermedad, por lo que debe de recomendarse como un paso fundamental en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de pulmón.
Influence of the mediastinal lymphadenectomy in non small cell lung cancer prognosis.
Mediastinal lymph node involvement is the main prognostic factor in lung cancer. The most accurate staging allows giving the patient the most suitable postoperative treatment.
Hypothesis and Objectives: To know the difference between survival and disease free survival of patients with positive and negative mediastinal lymph nodes. To evaluate the role of the extension of the lymphadenectomy to make a more correct staging. To determine if an extensive lymphadenectomy, based on the number of obtained lymph nodes improves survival and disease free survival.
Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of 485 consecutive lung cancer patients operated between 1995 and 2001. The mediastinal lymph nodes resected are analyzed. The groups based on factor T are divided in two subgroups according to the number of lymph nodes resected (<10 and ? 10). Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS ver. 12 software. Contingency tables are made using the statistical Square Chi and exact test of Fisher, to analyze the differences between the joint distribution of the qualitative variables. For the analysis of survival and disease free survival we used Kaplan-Meier's method. In order to compare the different curves from survival and disease free survival we used log-rank, Breslow and Tarone-Ware hypothesis tests. To find possible associations between the different prognostic factors and disease free survival or survival, the model of Cox was applied obtaining different (Hazard Ratio) and their 95% confidence interval.
Results: The average of lymph node resected was of 11.16 (0-48). A greater percentage of positive lymph nodes are obtained when a greater number of lymph nodes are resected (statistically significant differences, 38.85% of patients with positive lymph nodes in the group of <10 lymph nodes resected and 61.14% in the one of ?10 lymph nodes resected). The 5-year survival rate of all the patients is 40%. The 5-year survival rate of patients with positive mediastinal lymph nodes diminishes until 21%. Survival univariante analysis shows that the resection of a great number of lymph nodes is a protective factor, reducing the death risk. The presence of positive lymph node is a risk factor. In a multivariant analysis it is observed that the number of resected lymph nodes also behaves like protective factor as much in survival (HR 0.97, I.C. 95%:0,95 - 0.99, p=0,001) like in disease free survival (HR 0.97, I.C. 95%:0,96 - 0.99, p=0,004) diminishing the relapse risk. Median survival and disease free survival of patients with negative mediastinal lymph nodes is better in the group of patients with more than 10 lymph nodes resected (statistically significant differences). Median survival and disease free survival of patients with positive mediastinal lymph nodes is better in the group of patients with more than 10 lymph nodes resected (statistically significant differences).
Conclusions: Survival and disease free survival of patients with positive mediastinal lymph nodes are worse. The probability of finding some positive mediastinal lymph node increases with a more extensive lymphadenectomy. Median survival and disease free survival of all patients with more than 10 lymph nodes resected are better. A complete mediastinal lymphadenectomy provides a better staging and improves survival and disease free survival. This is the reason why it must be recommended like a fundamental step in the surgical treatment of lung cancer.
Alvarez, Urturi Cristina. "Optimización de la detección de neoplasias de colon en un programa de cribado poblacional de cáncer colorrectal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400207.
Full textThe objective of this doctoral thesis is to develop the knowledge on optimization in colon neoplasias detection strategies. The findings of the studies offer an important contribution to the knowledge in the field of the colorectal cancer screening. The thesis consists of two separate projects. The first of them is focused on the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and its objective is to evaluate its performance at different positivity cut-off values in a population-based colorectal cancer screening program, stratified by age and sex. This study shows that FIT cut-off values could be individualized by age and gender to improve the performance of the test in CRC screening programs. The study gives useful information to optimize resources and to plan a screening program. The second project is focused on colonoscopy, and it analyses the prevalence of serrated polyps and its relationship with synchronous advanced neoplasia. This study shows that large serrated polyps have low prevalence in average-risk individuals and, independently of their proximal or distal location, they are associated with the presence of synchronous advanced neoplasia. Advanced neoplasm associated risk is of the same magnitude to the risk of having three or more small tubular adenomas. This reinforces the recommendation of surveillance after three years. Furthermore, proximal hyperplastic polyps are related to the presence of synchronous advanced neoplasia, although further studies are needed to determine definitely the risk of patients with proximal hyperplastic polyps. These results emphasize the importance of endoscopic detection of these lesions with high quality screening examination. Both projects are based on the COLONPREV study, a population-based, multicenter, nationwide, randomized controlled trial designed to compare the efficacy of one-time colonoscopy and biennial FIT in reducing CRC-related mortality. The strength of both projects is that they are based on a recent, large, nationwide, controlled randomized and multicenter trial, which ensures the reliability of the data. On the other hand, the projects have some limitations as well. In the first project, results were analysed based on one FIT screening round, which does not reflect real world practice, in which people urdergo repeated testing. Prospective studies conducted over consecutive rounds are needed to determine if results are altered. Another limitation is that the study was performed in one country only, and that other factors such as smoking status, or body mass index were not evaluated and could have an influence on the results. Finally, test sensitivity and specificity could not be determined because only FIT positive individuals underwent colonoscopy. The second project also has some limitations, the most important being that pathologic criteria for the diagnosis of serrated polyps were not centrally reviewed. Interobserver variation among pathologists could have therefore influenced the results. Other limitations are that the relationship between each type of non-hyperplastic serrated polyp could not be determined, and that the relationship between large serrated polyps and CRC could not be established due to the few cases of diagnosed CRC. Both projects have been published in indexed journals with a total impact factor of 8.332, and this thesis is presented as compendium of both publications. Finally, this thesis opens the door to future research projects, both in the area of average-risk individuals that undergo colorectal cancer screening and in the surveillance of CRC screening diagnosed lesions.
Martínez, Rodríguez Pablo. "Cáncer de pulmón de célula no pequeña ALK positivo. Prevalencia y características. La inmunohistoquímica como método diagnóstico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/292738.
Full textBackground: ALK rearrangement represents a novel molecular target in a subset of non small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Our aim is to explore fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as diagnostic methods, prevalence and clinical outcomes of ALK rearrangement patients in a selected population of NSCLC. Methods: Patients with NSCLC previously screened for EGFR mutation at our institution between June 2006 and January 2010 were selected. ALK rearrangement was identified by using FISH and the value of IHC (D5F3 monoclonal antibody-mAb) was explored. For IHC ALK protein expression positivity was defined as tumor-specific staining of any intensity in ≥10% of the tumour cells. Results: 99 patients were identified with median age was 61.5 years (range 35-83), 80% were adenocarcinomas, 7% squamous and 13% NOS carcinomas. 51% patients were female. All were caucasian. 32% of the patients were never smokers and 30% former smokers. 7 (7%) patients were ALK rearranged positive by FISH, 13 (13%) were EGFR mutant and 65 (65.6%) were wild type (WT/WT) for both ALK and EGFR. ALK rearrangements and EGFR mutations were mutually exclusive. ALK rearranged patients tend to be younger than EGFR mutated or WT/WT patients (median age of 56.7, 63 and 62.3 years, respectively). Patients with ALK positive tumors were predominantly never smokers (71.4%) and adenocarcinomas (71.4%). ALK positive and EGFR mutant patients have a better survival than WT/WT. All patients with ALK FISH negative tumors were negative for ALK IHC. Out of 7 patients positive for ALK FISH, 5 were also positive for ALK IHC, 1 negative and in the other there was not enough tissue to perform the analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of ALK rearrangement is 7% in a caucasian selected population of NSCLC. ALK positive patients have different clinical features and a better prognostic than EGFR WT and ALK negative patients. IHC with D5F3 mAb against ALK is a promising method for detecting ALK rearranged NSCLC patients.
Martín, Sánchez Juan Carlos. "Predicción mediante un enfoque bayesiano del consumo de tabaco y mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en España." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398009.
Full textAcera, Pérez Amèlia. "Evaluación de tres estrategias para la captación de mujeres con cribado incorrecto de cáncer de cérvix: Estudio CRICERVA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398960.
Full textRegular screening for cervical cancer has proven to reduce the incidence and the mortality from this disease. The objective of this study was to improve the participation and the coverage of the screening for cervical cancer in women from 30 to 70 years, to evaluate the impact in the coverage and to know the characteristics (place and periodicity) of it, after the women that in our database had no screening or were poorly screened received one personalized invitation, of three different kinds. Methods The CRICERVA study is a cluster clinical trial targeted to women from 30 to 70 years of age that were registered, in December 2010, in the Primary Health Care Service (SAP) Cerdanyola area in Barcelona. A total of 32,858 women were registered and had an assigned doctor in one of the ABS (Public Health Care) within the study area (checked from the Register on December 2010). After this, the screening registers were extracted from the clinical history of each woman, and all the women with no record of cervical cytology during the previous 3.5 years were identified, making a total of 15,965 women. These women were randomly assigned to one of four different clusters. The first one (GI1) consisted of a personalized invitation letter to participate in the screening program. The women in the second cluster (GI2) received the invitation plus an informative leaflet. The third cluster (GI3) also received a personalized phone call. Finally, the cluster with no intervention (GNI) was used as a control group, and was based on spontaneous demand. From the 15,965 women, 13,886 were assigned to one of the Intervention Groups (GI) and 2,079 to the No Intervention Group (GNI). Out of these 13,886, it was not possible to contact with 4,263 women, and 4,263 didn’t need screening. The remaining 5,341 were rescued with an insufficient screening. The protocol about the cervical cancer screening of the Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya was applied to these final women, and it was complemented with an HPV test if indicated. An analysis of costs of intervention versus increase of coverage was made. A personalized interview offered to all women that participated in the Intervention Groups during the visit, and also to women in the No Intervention Group, but after the study was complete. The last screening visit was performed in December 2013. Statistical Analysis The coverage in every group was estimated as the proportion of women that were correctly screened at the end over all the women susceptible of being screened. It is considered as final coverage the one reached in the total period of 4 years. The qualitative variables are described with absolute frequency and percent value. The quantitative variables, however, are expressed with averages and standard deviations. The Chi Squared test was used in the comparison of qualitative variables, and the Analysis of Variance for the analysis of quantitative variables. The comparison between groups was performed by Chi Squared Distributions, and it was considered that a difference was statistically significant when the p-Value was lower than 0.05. The Confidence Intervals are of the 95%. The analyses were performed with the software Statistical SPSS for Windows, v.20.0. Results From all women initially registered with a poor screening, a 20.6% went to Private Health Care regularly, and a 10.2% did not need active following. The cervical screening coverage for the Cerdanyola SAP after the CRICERVA study in the intervention groups was estimated to be at 84%, which represents an increase of the 31% from the baseline coverage. The highest coverage was registered within women with less than 40 years (95.2%) and the lowest in women older than 60 years (64.3%). The strategy that obtained the highest coverage was the GI3 group for all ages. In the analysis by age it was also observed that the coverage before and after the study were higher with women younger than 40 years. The coverage of the control group (GNI) increased in a 9% during the study. The analyses of the personalized interviews show that approximately a 30% of women with screening records went to Private Health Care. The women with the highest educative and economic level are those who mostly go to Private Health Care. The lack of information about the importance of the detection was the most important factor for not following the screening recommendation. The study identified in 2,500 women with criteria of insufficient screening: 18 CIN2, 10 CIN3 and 4 cases of invasive cervical cancer. The economic evaluation of the interventions estimated that the implementation of sending a letter would cost an average of 490€ per thousand women. Conclusions * The CRICERVA study has estimated the population coverage of cervical cancer screening in the Cerdanyola SAP with a mixt approach, which includes the analysis of the electronic clinical history, personalized interviews and a gynecological visit in the frame of a randomized test of intervention. * The analysis of the clinical history and the personalized interviews show that a 34% of the women of the Cerdanyola SAP had a poor screening compared to the Departament de Salut recommendations. * The intervention strategy that obtained the highest coverage included a personalized invitation letter, an informative leaflet and a phone call three days before the visit. * In a population like Catalonia’s, with approximately 40% of women between 30 and 70 years with poor screening, the implementation of the first intervention strategy (sending a letter) would cost 490€ per thousand women. * The CRICERVA Study results are informative; to ease the implementation of efficient strategies that allow a transition from opportunistic screening to planned population strategies. * The clinical history analysis performed in the CRICERVA Study has allowed eliminating a considerable proportion of errors in the register, which would point to the necessity to regularly check the validaty of the clinical electronic medical records to improve the quality of these registering systems.
Barrionuevo, Rosas Leslie Margaret 1977. "Desigualdades sociales en salud y el cribado de cáncer de cuello uterino y de mama en el Perú." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/319716.
Full textEl objetivo general de esta tesis fue estudiar las desigualdades sociales en salud en el cribado del cáncer de cuello uterino y de mama en el Perú. Para ello se realizaron dos artículos: 1) se estudió la asociación del seguro de salud sobre la realización del Papanicolaou, asimismo se analizó como influían en esta relación los factores sociales como el nivel de educación, el nivel socioeconómico, la etnia y el área de residencia y 2) se estudió las desigualdades en la realización del examen clínico de las mamas según etnia. Estos estudios encontraron grupos vulnerables de menor cribado siendo estos, las mujeres sin seguro de salud, de nivel de educación baja, de nivel socioeconómico bajo, aquellas que vivían en las áreas rurales y las mujeres indígenas. Las mujeres indígenas tenían menor participación en las pruebas de cribado que sus pares españolas-hablantes
Hernández, Illán Eva. "Profundizando en el riesgo (epi)genético a cáncer colorrectal: Nuevos genes responsables y marcadores moleculares para el cribado." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/57220.
Full textEscobar, Campuzano Ignacio. "Valor pronóstico de la determinación del antígeno Ki-67 en estadios quirúrgicos del cáncer de pulmón no célula pequeña." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78923.
Full text1) INTRODUCTION Lung cancer has a high case-fatality rate. Prevalence is low because of the similarity between incidence and mortality rates (55,8 and 49,2 cases/100.000, respectively). Pathological stage (pTNM) is considered the most relevant prognostic factor for survival in this disease, although several other tumor-related factors, including histological group, tumor size, degree of cellular differentiation, and the Standardized Uptake Values (SUVmax) as measured by Positron Emission Tomography (PET), are also important. Attempts to identify new prognostic indicators have led to the discovery of cell proliferation receptors, in particular, the Ki-67 antigen. Ki-67 is a marker of cell proliferation in bronchogenic carcinoma and is considered a prognostic factor. 2) OBJECTIVES Main objectives: To determine the agreement between the Ki-67 antigen and the best prognostic factors: histologic group, pTNM, tumor size, tumor SUVmax, and degree of cellular differentiation. Secondary objectives: To determine the association between the Ki-67 antigen and rates of tumor recurrence and postoperative mortality. 3) MATERIAL AND METHODS Between August 2006 and June 2008, 173 patients with lung cancer underwent surgery at our institution. Of these, 61 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. These patients were followed for a period ranging from 12 to 34 months. Statistical analysis included a descriptive analysis of central tendency and dispersion, as well as frequencies. This was followed by a multivariate analysis of the Ki-67 index, and relapse and mortality rates. 4) RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The Ki-67 tumor antigen is significantly associated with the factors that have the greatest prognostic value in lung carcinoma: histology group, tumor size, tumor SUVmax, degree of cellular differentiation, and pathological stage. The Ki-67 antigen is not, however, significantly associated with relapse rates, disease-free interval, mortality, or survival time. Nevertheless, Ki-67 provides clinically relevant information when the index is above 25%; when compared to patients with a Ki-67 < 25%, relapse rates were twice as high, tumor recurrence occurred 6 months earlier, there were 3 times as many deaths secondary to disease progression, and survival was 4 months less.
Ruiz, Martinez Marc. "Estudio del gen YKT6 y miRNAs asociados en la liberación de exosomas en pacientes quirúrgicos de cáncer de pulmón." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401865.
Full textCancer-derived exosomes are involved in metastasis. YKT6 is a SNARE protein that participates in the regulation of exosome production and release, but its role in non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been examined. This study has allowed us to investigate the importance of YKT6 in the process of releasing exosomes in cell lines, its mechanisms of regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs), as well as to evaluate the possible prognostic role in patients with non-small cell lung cancer . In the in vitro study with the lung cancer cell line A549, we observed that the inhibition of YKT6 produced a drastic decrease in the release of exosomes. In addition, we identified and validated miR-34a, miR-134, miR-135a and miR-135b as miRNAs capable of regulating the expression of YKT6 mRNA. The effect of overexpression of miR-134 and miR-135b, miRNAs that most effectively decreased YKT6 expression also led to a decrease in the release of exosomes in A549 cells. In non-small cell lung cancer patients we observed that the expression of YKT6 was underexpressed and that in contrast the expression of miRNAs miR-134 and miR-135b were overexpressed in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue. Although no negative correlation between miRNAs and YKT6 expression in the tumor tissue was observed, in the normal tissue, we observed a significant negative correlation between miR-135b and YKT6 expression. Analysis of YKT6 expression in patient tumor samples resulted in the classification of patients according to high or low expression levels of YKT6, with a worse prognosis in the group of patients with high expression in terms of lower overall survival and disease-free survival. These results indicate that the study of the exosome release processes and their possible release mechanisms, in this case YKT6 through miRNAs, may be useful in cancer.
González, Pérez Víctor. "Tomografía computerizada de doble energía en patología pulmonar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/111822.
Full textThe implementation of dual energy computed tomography (DECT) technology allows the quantification of parameters such as Hounsfield Units, the absorbed iodine in the tumour, atomic number or spectral curves. This Doctoral Thesis aims the analysis of this technology in relation to lung cancer. We start from the hypothesis that those quantitative data include characteristics of the angiogenesis process and could be related to lesion features as benign - malignant status, histological type, necrosis presence, grade, or stage. Likewise, could be related to phenotype, which is linked to the different cancer biomarkers and to the tumour aggressiveness that affects to the patients' survival. The analysis was performed retrospectively on a cohort of 252 patients with 256 lung lesions. They underwent a DECT study in Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología due to lung cancer suspected. Lesions were assessed by Pathological Anatomy Service and results were related to quantitative dual energy computed tomography parameters. Those parameters were collected in a robust and reproducible way. The results show that a set of DECT parameters are statistically significant related to the benign - malignant status, type, pattern, grade, stage and necrosis status in the tumour. Similarly, relations to Ki-67 value were found, showing tumour growth properties. It has also been exhibited a prognostic connection between the dual energy computed tomography study in the diagnosis and the patients progression-free and overall survival. In conclusion, several parameters specific of DECT were found to be correlated to tumour features in lung cancer and connected to tumour aggressiveness as shown in the survival analysis of the cohort.
La implantació de la tecnologia en la tomografia computeritzada amb energia dual (TCED), permet la quantificació d¿una sèrie de paràmetres, com ara, les unitats Hounsfield, el nombre atòmic efectiu i les corbes espectrals. Esta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu l'anàlisi d'esta tecnologia aplicada al càncer de pulmó. Per això, partim de la hipòtesi que estos paràmetres quantitatius arrepleguen característiques del procés d'angiogènesis relacionat amb característiques de la lesió com la seua benignitat-malignitat, tipus, patró, presència de necrosi, grau o estadi de la malaltia. Així mateix, amb el fenotip de la lesió que estaria vinculat amb els distints marcadors genètics del càncer i amb l'agressivitat tumoral que afecta a la distinta supervivència dels pacients. S'han estudiat de forma retrospectiva 252 pacients que presentaven un total de 256 lesions els quals van acudir a la Fundació Institut Valencià d'Oncologia (FIVO) i es van realitzar un estudi TCED davant de la sospita de càncer de pulmó. Estes lesions van ser analitzades pel Servici d'Anatomia Patològica del FIVO i els seus resultats es van relacionar amb els paràmetres quantitatius arreplegats per mitjà de l'estudi TCED. Aquests paràmetres han sigut arreplegats per mitjà d'una metodologia robusta i reproduïble. Els resultats mostren que una sèrie de paràmetres es relacionen de manera estadísticament significativa amb el caràcter benigne - maligne de la lesió; amb el seu tipus, patró i grau histològic, amb la seua estadificació i presència de necrosi en la tumoració. Així mateix, s'ha trobat una relació de diversos paràmetres amb la proteïna Ki-67, que ens indica el creixement tumoral. També s'ha demostrat que es relaciona de manera pronòstica un conjunt de paràmetres de l'estudi realitzat en el moment del diagnòstic amb la supervivència sense progressió de la malaltia i de la supervivència global dels pacients. En conclusió, s'ha trobat que nombrosos paràmetres específics de la TCED es relacionen amb característiques de la tumoració en càncer de pulmó i que estan relacionats amb l'agressivitat tumoral com reflecteix un estudi de supervivència de la mostra de pacients.
González Pérez, V. (2018). Tomografía computerizada de doble energía en patología pulmonar [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/111822
TESIS
Iranzo, González-Cruz Vega. "Análisis molecular y de marcadores pronóstico en sangre periférica en pacientes con cáncer no microcítico de pulmón en estadio localmente avanzado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/31519.
Full textIranzo González-Cruz, V. (2013). Análisis molecular y de marcadores pronóstico en sangre periférica en pacientes con cáncer no microcítico de pulmón en estadio localmente avanzado [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31519
TESIS
Gallardo, Martín Elena. "Importancia clínica de los micrornas de la vía de p53 en cáncer de pulmón no microcítico: miR-34a y miR-16." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51569.
Full textNon small cell lung cancer is more common today, in industrialized countries and is the leading cause of cancer death in men. Its incidence continues to increase gradually, and their treatment, despite the research efforts of recent years, it remains ineffective in most cases, putting the overall survival at five years about 13%. The high rate of relapse, even in early stages susceptible to radical surgery, justifies the interest in studying prognostic markers of survival and relapse. This would help us distinguish risk groups, whose interest lies in helping to meet the need and effect of adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as opening the door to possible new therapeutic tools. Given the high incidence of alterations in the p53 pathway in non small cell lung cancer, and likely its prognostic role, our hypothesis is that there are alterations in the expression levels of miRNAs directly regulated by p53, as well as in intermediate regulators of p53 function with potential prognostic value on relapse and survival of patients undergoing non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Then, we try to identify the role of miRNAs as useful markers for the prognosis of NSCLC in initial stages, after radical surgery. More specifically determine the possible prognostic role in relapse and survival of the family miRNAs miR-34: miR-34a, miR-34b and miR-34c, whose transcription is activated by p53. Also define the possible prognostic role in relapse and survival of the miRNAs miR-16 and miR-143, whose final levels in the cell are modulated by p53. And, determine whether there are possible interactions between miR-34a, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-16 and miR-143 as regards prognosis. To do this, we have proposed a retrospective study, with the tumor tissue and paired normal in 70 patients, diagnosed and treated of non small cell lung cancer stages I-III, between February 1996 and September 2002, at the Hospital Clínic, in Barcelona. We performed RNA extraction and quantification. Determining levels of microRNAs mentioned. Determining the status of methylation of the promoter region of the gene MIR34A. Determining the presence of p53 mutations between exons 5-8. Following, the results obtained from these studies have been published in two articles. The first in the journal "Carcinogenesis" and the second in the "Journal of Surgical Oncology." In the first article, entitled "miR-34a as a Prognostic marker of relapse in surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer", we relate the levels of miR-34a with the tumor relapse, establishing three groups according to the rate of relapse: the group with low levels of miR34a, with 67% relapse, those with high levels, with 43% relapse and those with the highest levels with a 0% relapse. Furthermore, in univariate analysis for risk of relapse, the mutational status of p53, the levels of miR-34a and stage IA vs the rest, were correlated with likelihood of relapse. Two multivariate analyzes were performed, including or not the P53 mutational status, remaining in both analyzes the expression of miR-34a, as an independent factor for tumor relapse. It was observed that patients with p53 mutations had a mean expression of miR-34a lower. It was noted that the subgroup of patients in which the expression levels of miR-34a low coincided with the presence of p53 mutations, had a high rate of relapse. In patients without mutations of p53, there is a significant difference in expression levels of miR-34a between the patients with the methylated promoter region MIR34A vs. those without. For all this, we found that miR-34a is shown as a novel biomarker with prognostic significance in patients relapsed NSCLC undergoing surgery, opening the possibility of a future tool in the therapeutic decision algorithm. In the second article, entitled "Prognostic Implications of miR-16 Expression Levels in Resected Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer", from the hypothesis that p53 activates transcription of the family of miRNAs miR-34 and regulates the maturation of miR-16 to miR-143, we studied the expression levels of miR-143 and miR-16 in the paired normal and tumor tissue of each patient in the series, mentioned above, in 70 patients. So patients were classified according to the expression levels of miR-16 (high, normal and low). Patients with normal levels had the best clinical course, while those with higher levels had the worst. The disease-free survival (DFS) was 22.4 months for patients with high levels of miR-16, 71.8 months for normal levels of 55.8 months for low levels. Overall survival (OS) was 23.9 months for those with high levels of miR-16, from 97.6 months for those with normal levels and 63.5 months for those with low levels. No correlation was observed between the levels of miR-143 and the clinical course of patients. Multivariate analysis showed miR-16 as an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS. In a secondary analysis, we examined the potential correlation between the expression of miR-16 and miR-34a and the mutational status of P53. There was no correlation between p53 mutational status and miR-16, but observed an interaction between miR-16 and miR-34a. In patients with high levels of miR-34a, there were differences between DFS and OS, according to the expression levels of miR-16, whereas in patients with low levels of miR-34a had a poor prognosis, regardless of expression levels of miR-16. These results indicate the possible prognostic value of miR-16 in patients operated for NSCLC, as well as possible synergism between miR-34a and miR16
Centeno, Clemente Carmen Angela. "Optimización de la estadificación mediastinica y del analisis molecular en el cáncer de pulmón no celula pequeña mediante punción-aspiracioón guiada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670448.
Full textLa presente Tesis Doctoral se ha basado en la compilación de dos artículos que tratan de evidenciar la utilidad de punción aspiración transbronquial guiada por ecobroncoscopia (PATB-EBUS) en dos subgrupos de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no célula pequeña (CPNCP). El primer artículo se basó en la utilidad de la PATB-EBUS en la estadificación ganglionar sistemática en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón (CP) y mediastino normal (N0/N1) por PET/TC. El segundo artículo se basó en la realización del estudio molecular secuencial (EGFR, KRAS, ALK, ROS-1, ERBB2, BRAF y MET) a partir de muestras citológicas obtenidas mediante PATB-EBUS o punción aspiración con aguja fina por ultrasonografía endoscópica con ecobroncoscopio (PAAF-US-B), en pacientes con CPNCP . Las conclusiones fueron: 1) El primer estudio nos evidencia que la PATB-EBUS sistemática es un método muy preciso para estadificación ganglionar en pacientes con CPNCP sin compromiso mediastínico en la PET/TC; así también nos evidencia la nula prevalencia de afectación ganglionar N3 contralateral (mediastínica e hiliar/interlobar) en nuestra serie, lo que nos cuestiona la necesidad del muestreo en regiones hiliar/interlobar durante la PATB-EBUS. 2) El segundo estudio nos muestra que las muestras citológicas obtenidas por PATB-EBUS y/o PAAF-EUS-B pueden ser suficientes para el estudio molecular secuencial, individual y parcial; así también nos evidencia que las extensiones en membrana son válidas para el estudio de alteraciones oncogenéticas.
The present doctoral thesis is based on the compilation of two articles that demonstrate the usefulness of Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in two subgroups of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The first paper was based on the utility of systematic mediastinal lymph node staging via EBUS-TBNA in patients with lung cancer and normal mediastinum (N0/N1) by PET/ CT. The second paper was based on the performance of sequential molecular study (EGFR, KRAS, ALK, ROS-1, ERBB2, BRAF and MET) from cytological samples obtained by EBUS-TBNA and/or Oesophageal ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration with an echobroncoscope (EUS-B-FNA), in patients with NSCLC. The conclusions were: 1) The first study shows us that the systematic EBUS-TBNA is a very precise method for lymph node staging in patients with NSCLC without mediastinal compromise on PET/CT; This also shows us the infrequence of contralateral N3 lymph node involvement (mediastinal and hilar / interlobar) in our series, which questions the need for sampling of hilar / interlobar regions during TBNA. 2) The second study shows us that the cytological samples obtained by EBUS-TBNA and / or EUS-FNA may be sufficient for the sequential, individual and partial molecular study; it also proves that membrane extensions are valid for the study of oncogenetic alterations.
Taus, García Álvaro. "Estudio de mutaciones de EGFR y KRAS en ADN circulante en pacientes afectos de cáncer de pulmón de célula no pequeña." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671917.
Full textEl análisis molecular del tumor se ha convertido en un procedimiento fundamental para definir el manejo de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón. Aunque el análisis del tejido tumoral se considera la técnica de elección para el estudio molecular, esta aproximación tiene una serie de limitaciones, como la ausencia de material tumoral suficiente o la imposibilidad para capturar la heterogeneidad tumoral. El uso de la biopsia líquida podría ayudar a superar estas limitaciones. En este trabajo analizamos la capacidad de la biopsia líquida de detectar mutaciones de EGFR o KRAS en plasma. Utilizando la biopsia líquida hemos detectado mutaciones de EGFR en un 83% de los casos (100% en casos con diseminación extratorácica) y en un 82% de los casos KRAS mutados (96% en casos con más de una localización metastática). Además, nuestro trabajo demuestra la capacidad del análisis de la dinámica de la carga mutacional circulante de prever la respuesta o progresión con antelación. En los casos EGFR mutados, la dinámica de la carga mutacional permitió predecir la respuesta en un 83% de los casos y la progresión en un 89% con una antelación mediana de 38 y 80 días respectivamente. En los casos con mutaciones de KRAS, la tasa de predicción de la respuesta y progresión radiológicas fue del 93% y 63% respectivamente con una antelación mediana de 33 y 50 días. Por otro lado, tanto en los casos EGFR como en los KRAS mutados, la supervivencia libre de progresión fue significativamente superior en los casos en los que, tras el inicio de tratamiento, las mutaciones dejaron de ser detectables en ADN tumoral circulante. En resumen, nuestro trabajo demuestra, en un entorno de práctica clínica habitual, la utilidad de la biopsia líquida para el manejo de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón.
Molecular profiling of the tumor has become a crucial procedure in the management of patients with lung cancer. Although the analysis of the tumor tissue is considered the gold standard for the molecular profiling, this approach has some limitations, such as the absence of the required amount of tissue or the inability to capture the tumor heterogeneity. The use of liquid biopsy may help to overcome these limitations. In this work we analyze the ability of the liquid biopsy to detect EGFR or KRAS mutations in plasma. Using liquid biopsy, we detected EGFR mutations in 83% of cases (100% in cases with extrathoracic metastases) and in 82% of mutated KRAS cases (96% in cases with more than one metastatic location). Furthermore, our work demonstrates the ability of the analysis of the circulating mutational load dynamics to predict the response or progression well in advance. In the EGFR mutated cases, the dynamics of the mutational load allowed predicting the response in 83% of the cases and the progression in 89% with a median advance of 38 and 80 days respectively. In the cases with KRAS mutations, the radiological response and progression prediction rate was 93% and 63%, respectively, with a median lead time of 33 and 50 days. On the other hand, in both EGFR and KRAS mutated cases, progression-free survival was significantly higher in cases in which, after starting treatment, the mutations became undetectable in circulating tumor DNA. In summary, our work demonstrates, in a routine clinical practice setting, the utility of liquid biopsy for the management of patients with lung cancer.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Medicina
Mengual, Ballester Mónica. "Características y supervivencia de los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer colorrectal en una campaña de cribado frente a pacientes diagnosticados en fase sintomática." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119322.
Full textntroducción: El diagnóstico del cáncer colorrectal (CCR) a partir de la clínica se hace en etapas demasiado tardías, siendo la estrategia para reducir su mortalidad la detección precoz y la extirpación de lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas en sus estadios más tempranos, antes incluso de que aparezcan los primeros síntomas, mediante las campañas de cribado. Objetivos: Demostrar que los pacientes intervenidos de CCR diagnosticados mediante campaña de cribado presentan factores pronósticos más favorables, mayor supervivencia y supervivencia libre de enfermedad que los diagnosticados en fase sintomática. Material y métodos: Se toman como muestra todos los pacientes intervenidos de forma programada de CCR en el Hospital JM Morales Meseguer, entre 2004 -2010. Se recogen los distintos factores pronósticos de la serie de forma prospectiva. Resultados: Los pacientes con CCR diagnosticados mediante el cribado presentan factores pronósticos más favorables, una mayor supervivencia, menor recidiva y menor tratamiento adyuvante.
Egoavil, Cecilia. "Prevalencia del Síndrome de Lynch en Pacientes con Cáncer de Endometrio no Seleccionado." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/72756.
Full textFlores, Arévalo Jaime. "Expresión del factor 1 de transcripción tiroideo en los carcinomas primarios de pulmón de los pacientes del Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen año 2009 - 2010." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11762.
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Determina la relación de la expresión del factor 1 de transcripción tiroideo como marcador inmunohistoquímico en los carcinomas primarios de pulmón de los pacientes del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen año 2009-2010. Estudio de tipo observacional descriptivo, de secuencia temporal de tipo correlacional, analítico y con relación cronológica de tipo retrospectivo. La población estudio son todas las muestras histológicas de pacientes que dieron resultados para carcinomas primarios de pulmón de los años 2009 y 2010 con registro de 107 casos. Los resultados muestran que el 50.5% tienen edad de 50 a 70 años y el 52.3%% son de sexo masculino. Así mismo en la presente investigación encontramos que la topografía más frecuente se encuentra en pulmón, (52.3%); el 59.8% tuvieron tipo de muestra biopsia endoscópica, 77% del total de pacientes presentan adenocarcinoma y sub tipo histológico más frecuente el tipo acinar.Se encontró que en la población estudiada el 26.2% presentan Inmunohistoquímica positivo y el 50.5% presenta grado de diferenciación medianamente diferenciado. Los datos evidencian que del total de pacientes con IH negativo el 81.3% presentan tipo histológico adenocarcinoma y el 62.9% presentan sub tipo histológico acinar, así mismo los pacientes con IH positivo el 64.3% presentan tipo histológico adenocarcinoma y el 52.6% presentan sub tipo histológico acinar. Se encontró relación estadística entre la Inmunohistoquímica y Tipo histológico P<0.05 y sub tipo histológico P<0.05. Existe relación estadísticamente significativo entre la expresión del factor 1 de transcripción tiroideo como marcador inmunohistoquímico en los carcinomas primarios de pulmón de los pacientes del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen año 2009-2010.
Trabajo académico
García, Román Silvia. "Descubrimiento y evaluación biológica de un sistema pirido[2,3-d]pirimidínico como potencial pan-inhibidor para el tratamiento del cáncer de pulmón." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401388.
Full textEl laboratorio de síntesis del IQS posee amplia experiencia en la síntesis de compuestos heterocíclicos con estructura pirido[2,3-d]pirimidínica similares a ITQs cuyo uso clínico está ampliamente extendido como ibrutinib. Así pues, se seleccionaron 60 de estos compuestos para ser estudiados frente 24 tirosina-quinasas, de los cuáles en los 16 con mejores resultados se iniciaron sus estudios biológicos in vitro. Tres de estos compuestos resultaron activos con IC50 inferiores a 5 µM. Sin embargo, la elevada toxicidad selectiva y la sencillez sintética de uno de ellos, propiciaron que el desarrollo posterior tan solo se llevó a cabo con PB1. PB1 es una molécula orgánica pequeña con una ruta sintética simple que ha presentado una elevada actividad contra la proteína DDR2 purificada en sus formas wt y mutada. El compuesto se ha probado posteriormente en un panel de líneas celulares tumorales de diferentes orígenes e histologías en las que mostró una buena actividad antiproliferativa con IC50s inferiores a 1 μM frente: i. Líneas celulares SCC con mutaciones de DDR2 como la H2286 y la HCC366. ii. Líneas celulares tumorales de pulmón SCC con DDR2 wt como la H520 y la H1703. iii. Algunas líneas celulares de adenocarcinoma pulmonar con mutaciones de KRAS como la A549. iv. La línea celular SW48 de adenocarcinoma colorrectal con la mutación puntual G719S del exón 18 de EGFR. Las dos líneas celulares ensayadas portadoras de la mutación activadora I638F de DDR2 son extremadamente sensibles a PB1, con una IC50 en el rango nanomolar. El compuesto también muestra una buena actividad contra células con la mutación L239R de DDR2. Se han generado dos líneas celulares resistentes a dasatinib, un inhibidor de DDR2, derivadas de las líneas celulares H2286 y HCC366. Las células han mostrado IC50s para dasatinib superiores a 25 μM, pero permanecen sensibles a PB1, con IC50s de 0,6 μM y 5,92 μM, respectivamente. Finalmente, cuando PB1 se ha ensayado en líneas celulares no tumorales no se ha observado toxicidad a las concentraciones ensayadas (hasta 50 μM) indicando un buen índice terapéutico del compuesto. Los estudios de western blot se han utilizado para estudiar los efectos de la activación en DDR2, ERK y AKT en presencia de PB1 en distintas líneas celulares y elucidar su mecanismo de acción. Los estudios anteriores se han complementado con estudios preliminares in vivo para decidir sobre la continuación del desarrollo de PB1.
The Laboratori de Síntesi de l’IQS has developed some highly efficient heterocyclic synthetic procedures for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines that are structurally similar to some well stated TKs inhibitors whose clinical use is widely extended such us ibrutinib. 60 of these compounds were selected to be tested in front of 24 tyrosine kinases. The 16 compounds with better results were used to initialize the in vitro experiments. 3 of these compounds have IC50 below 5 µM. However, the selective toxicity and the simple synthetic route of PB1, propitiate that the consequent biological development was only done with it. PB1 is a small organic molecule with a simple synthesis route that showed a strong inhibitory activity against wt and mutated purified DDR2 protein. The compound was subsequently tested in a panel of tumor cell lines from different origins and histologies. PB1 showed a good antiproliferative activity, with IC50 below 1 µM against: i. SCC cell lines with DDR2 mutations such as H2286 or HCC366. ii. SCC lung tumor cell lines wt for DDR2 such as H520 or H1703. iii. Some lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with KRAS mutations such as A549. iv. ADC colorectal cell line, SW48, with the mutation G719S in the exon 18 of EGFR. Remarkably, the two cell lines tested carrying the I638F DDR2 activating mutation were extremely sensitive to PB1, with an IC50 in the nanomolar range. The compound also showed a good activity against cells harboring the L239R DDR2 mutation. We also generated two cells lines resistant to dasatinib derived from the H2286 and HCC366 cell lines. The cells showed IC50s for dasatinib over 25 µM, but they remained sensitive to PB1, with IC50s of 0.6 µM and 5.92 µM, respectively. Finally, when PB1 was tested in non-tumor cell lines, no toxicity was observed at the tested concentrations (up to 50 µM) indicating a good therapeutic index of the compound. Western blotting was used to study the effects of PB1 in DDR2, ERK and AKT activation in different cell lines and to elucidate its mechanism of action. The previous studies were completed with in vivo preliminary studies to decide about the project development.
Hardy-Werbin, Max. "Caracterización de los eventos inmunológicos diferenciales en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de célula pequeña tratados con quimioterapia con o sin ipilimumab." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668695.
Full textSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. More than half of patients are diagnosed at extensive stage, where platinum-based chemotherapy has been the systemic standard treatment since the mid ‘80s. Although robust and often dramatic clinical responses are achieved after first-line treatment, disease progression takes place soon and it is usually resistant to available treatments. In this scenario, outcomes remain poor, with a median overall survival that rarely exceeds one year. SCLC is characterized by the presence of autoinmmunity, reflected by the incidence of autoimmune paraneoplastic syndromes. This fact, as well as the high tumor mutational burden found in this disease suggest that immune modulation is a promising strategy in SCLC. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies have showed activity and durable responses. In fact, an anti-PD-L1 has been recently approved in first line treatment in addition to standard chemotherapy. The aim of this project was to identify the differential immunological events observed in patients treated with chemotherapy and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody) vs. those in patients treated with standard chemotherapy, and in those patients treated with ipilimumab with long survival vs. those with short survival. To this end we had availability of serial samples from patients treated with ipilimumab + chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone over time. We assessed cytokine and autoantibody profiles in serum samples, and peripheral lymphocyte populations by flow cytometry. We found that unlike autoantibodies, serum cytokines and specific lymphocyte peripheral subpopulations were modulated after CTLA-4 blockade. We were able to verify the prognostic role of autoantibodies, and to ascertain the predictive role of cytokines. Lastly, we detected particular patterns of peripheral T and NK cells populations linked to survival and toxicity in SCLC. With this project we were able to depict a comprehensive scene of the relevant immunological events in SCLC, which will lead us to a better selection of patients who could benefit from immunotherapy and thus to design appropriate clinical trials.
Salazar, Zaffaroni María Fernanda. "Detección de hipermetilación aberrante de CHFR en suero y su influencia en la supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no microcítico avanzado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4542.
Full textLa supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no microcítico avanzado es muy pobre y hasta ahora sólo se han obtenido mejores índices de respuesta con los distintos esquemas terapéuticos empleados y se carece información sobre la supervivencia global de los pacientes después de recibir segundas líneas de tratamiento.
El estudio de las distintas alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas en ADN tumoral circulante en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no microcítico avanzado podría ser de gran ayuda para el hallazgo de nuevos marcadores moleculares predictivos de respuesta a los distintos esquemas terapéuticos y encontrar subgrupos de pacientes que se beneficiarían.
En este trabajo se analizó el estado de metilación de CHFR en suero de 308 pacientes incluidos en el estudio GILT del Grupo Español de Cáncer de Pulmón tratados con inhibidores de los microtúbulos y la influencia de segundas líneas de tratamiento en la supervivencia global de este grupo de pacientes.
Posteriormente, en un panel de 7 líneas celulares de cáncer de pulmón se caracterizó el tratamiento secuencial de cisplatino con erlotinib y dichos resultados se correlacionaron con el estado de metilación de CHFR.
No se encontró una asociación directa entre el estado de metilación de CHFR en suero y la supervivencia de los pacientes analizados. Sin embrago, el grupo de pacientes mayores de 66 años con CHFR metilado presentaron mayor supervivencia y tiempo a la progresión al recibir tratamiento con agentes antimicrotúbulos.
Dos hallazgos fundamentales se desprenden del tratamiento en segunda línea de este grupo de pacientes. Aquellos pacientes que recibieron en primera línea docetaxel/cisplatino seguido de EGFR TKIs en segunda línea presentaron una supervivencia de 19,2 meses (p=0.0002), significativamente más prolongada que los 10,6 meses de aquellos tratados en segunda línea con quimioterapia. Sin embargo, en aquellos pacientes tratados en primera línea con gemcitabina/docetaxel no se halló diferencia significativa en la supervivencia según el tipo de tratamiento recibido en segunda línea. El otro dato interesante es la asociación entre el estado de metilación de CHFR y la supervivencia. La supervivencia media de los pacientes con CHFR no metilado tratados en segunda línea con EGFR TKIs fue de 21,3 meses, sorprendentemente más prolongada que los 11,2 meses de aquellos pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia (p=0.0001); no observándose diferencia para el grupo de pacientes con CHFR metilado de a cuerdo al tipo de segunda línea recibida.
En los ensayos llevados a cabo en las líneas celulares de cáncer de pulmón, sólo aquella que no expresaba CHFR mostró un comportamiento antagónico al ser tratada secuencialmente con cisplatino y erlotinib.
En conclusión:
· Los pacientes mayores de 66 años y que presentan hipermetilación de CHFR pueden beneficiarse del tratamiento con agentes antimicrotúbulos.
· El tratamiento en segunda línea con EGFR TKIs mejora la supervivencia de los pacientes que reciben un tratamiento en primera línea con cisplatino.
· La expresión de CHFR confiere mayor supervivencia en los pacientes tratados en segunda línea con EGFR TKIs.
Lung Cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer in the developed countries. Each year more than one million of new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed. About 80% of these correspond to non- small cell lung cancer. Smoking is the major etiological factor involved in the development of this pathology.
The survival of patients with advance non- small cell lung cancer is very poor. None of the combination therapy has been shown to be better. Moreover the potential impact of second line therapy in overall survival has not been fully investigated.
The study of the different genetic and epigenetic alterations in circulating tumor DNA in cancer patients could be a tool for findings new molecular markers. These markers could be used in tailoring chemotherapy regimens and improving survival and responds in subgroups of patients.
In this paper, we firstly analyzed the methylation status of CHFR in serum DNA of 308 patients included in a large randomized study of the Spanish Lung Cancer Group.
Secondly, we investigated the outcome of second-line chemotherapy or EGFR TKIs and correlated the results with first-line treatment and CHFR methylation status.
A panel of seven human NSCLC cell lines was characterized for their sensitivity to sequential treatment with cisplatin and erlotinib, and the results were correlated with CHFR.
No differences in survival were observed according to CHFR methylation. However, when patients were broken down by methylation status and age, those patients older than 66 years old and with CHFR methylated showed better survival and longer time to progression.
Two novel findings emerge from the study of second line treatment in this group of patients. Firstly, patients who received first-line cisplatin/docetaxel and second-line EGFR TKIs attained a median survival of 19.2 months, in contrast with 10.6 months for those receiving second-line chemotherapy (p = 0.0002). However, in patients who received first-line gemcitabine/docetaxel, no significant difference was observed between those receiving EGFR TKIs and those receiving chemotherapy.
Secondly, median survival in patients with unmethylated CHFR who received second line therapy with EGFR TKIs was 21.3 months, remarkably longer than the 11.2 months for those patients receiving chemotherapy (p = 0.0001). No differences in survival were observed for the group of patients with methylated CHFR according to the type of second line received.
In the only lung tumour cell line not expressing CHFR, pre-treatment with cisplatin was antagonistic to erlotinib, while it was synergistic in the other six lines.
In conclusion:
· Patients older than 66 years old with methylated CHFR could benefit from treatment with antimicrotúbulos agent
· Second lines treatment with EGFR TKIs improves survival of patients received a first line treatment with cisplatin
· The expression of CHFR confers increased survival in patients treated with second line EGFR TKIs.
Rodríguez, Salés Vanesa 1982. "Prevención secundaria del cáncer de cuello uterino en Cataluña : análisis de la historia clínica electrónica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586041.
Full textCervical cancer could be prevented by vaccination and screening. To assess the main strategies undertaken for the prevention of cervical cancer Catalonia since 2006 we estimated the major indicators associated to different recommendations. We evaluated the coverage, participation, interval between visits and the use of human papillomavirus test in cytological findings of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US), in the National Health System from 2008 until 2015. In the present thesis, we highlight the importance of improvement adherence in cervical cancer screening activities. Furthermore, the introduction of the HPV test as a triage test proved to be in line with significant screening improvements. The use of centralized data bases is crucial for an adequate surveillance of the screening activities. These conclusions are covered by the protocol for a cervical cancer prevention program recently approved by Health Department of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
Guillot, Morales Mònica. "Detección de ADN tumoral y análisis del gen de la tubulina en el suero de pacientes intervenidos de cáncer de pulmón no microcítico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4386.
Full textLos objetivos de este trabajo son determinar la posibilidad de aislar el ADN tumoral en el suero de pacientes con CPNM estadio I-IIIA intervenidos quirúrgicamente, y valorar el significado de este hallazgo; y segundo, estudiar las mutaciones del gen de la b-tubulina en el ADN genómico de los pacientes, y determinar su importancia como factor pronóstico de CPNM.
Se estudió una serie de 52 pacientes intervenidos de CPNM estadio I-IIIA en el Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol. Se aisló sangre periférica de los 52 pacientes y de 112 individuos sanos utilizados como muestra control. Se procedió a (1) aislar y cuantificar el ADN sérico, mediante un espectrofotómetro, y (2) se amplificó el gen de la b-tubulina mediante PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) y se estudiaron las mutaciones de dicho gen por secuenciación directa de los productos de la PCR. Los resultados se correlacionaron con la evolución clínica de los pacientes.
Se detectó ADN en el suero de todos los pacientes con una concentración media de ADN sérico de 7.5 µg/mL, frente a una concentración media de 3.6 µg/mL en los individuos sanos (p= 0.0001). La concentración media de los pacientes que presentaban mutación en el gen de la b-tubulina era similar a la de los pacientes sin mutación. El estudio del gen de la b-tubulina mostró la presencia de mutaciones en 21 de 52 pacientes (40%). Todas las mutaciones se encontraron en el exón 4 del gen de la b-tubulina, y localizadas en dos regiones principales que llamamos región 1 y región 2. Las mutaciones en la región 1 (codones 102-264, en la zona de unión al GTP) mostraban una tendencia hacia una peor supervivencia, frente a las mutaciones localizadas en la región 2 (codones 277-425, región más superficial de la proteína) que tenían una tendencia hacia una mejor supervivencia.
Por tanto, en la práctica clínica, disponemos de una muestra tumoral fácilmente accesible (ADN sérico) que nos permite estudiar parámetros biomoleculares (gen de la b-tubulina) como marcadores pronósticos en pacientes afectos de CPNM.
Lung cancer is among the most commonly occurring malignancies in the world. Approximately one million people worldwide die from lung cancer each year, and 80 percent of all cases are non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment in NSCLC is not well established, and the actual prognostic factors (performance status and TNM stage) are clearly insufficient as predictive factors.
The purposes of this study were to determine tumor-derived serum DNA in resected NSCLC stage I-IIIA and to correlate the results with clinical outcome; and second, we evaluated whether b-tubulin mutations could be detected in serum DNA and whether they could be a prognostic marker in human NSCLC.
Fifty-two stage I-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer patients from the Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol were included in this study. DNA was extracted from the patients' serum as well as from the serum of 112 healthy control subjects. We have first isolated serum DNA and then we have quantified the serum DNA with a spectrophotometer, and (2) b-tubulin gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and b-tubulin mutations were detected by direct sequencing of the PCR product in both directions. Results were correlated with clinical outcome.
We detected serum DNA in all patients; the median concentration of soluble DNA in serum was 3.6 µg/ml in control subjects and 7.5 µg/ml in patients (p= 0.0001). The median concentration for patients with b-tubulin mutations was similar to that for patients without mutations. b-tubulin mutations were detected in serum DNA from 21 of 52 patients (40 percent). b-tubulin mutations were detected in exon 4 and clustered in two main domains that we called region 1 and 2. Mutations in region 1 (codons 102-264, near or at the GTP binding sites) were associated with a tendency forward worse survival; and mutations in region 2 (codons 277-425, located at the surface of the protein) were associated with better survival.
In conclusion, in the clinical practice, we can easily isolate tumor-derived DNA from the serum/plasma of patients with resected stage I-IIIA NSCLC, and therefore we can study bio molecular parameters (b-tubulin gene) as a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
Higuera, Urbano Mónica. "Regulación de las vías MAPK y Akt-FoxO1 en el mecanismo molecular de acción del Minerval contra el cáncer de pulmón y glioma." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84107.
Full textMorán, Bueno María Teresa. "Mutaciones del gen del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) en pacientes con carcinoma no microcítico de pulmón: cribado poblacional, significado predictivo y pronóstico y estrategias terapéuticas a la progresión." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667726.
Full textThe present doctoral thesis is based on the compilation of two articles that deal with the study and treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who harbor mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR). The thesis includes two studies that are focused on therapeutic strategies and blood genotyping in the same population of patients whose disease has progressed to treatment with first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). The first study includes the safety and efficacy results of the combination of afatinib and sirolimus in patients with acquired resistance to first generation TKI. The second study explores the usefulness of liquid biopsy in the detection and monitoring of the T790M mutation in a group of patients treated with osimertinib, a third-generation TKI. The T790M mutation represents the main mechanism of resistance in these patients. The study also explores the correlation of the evolution of T790M in blood with the clinical and radiological response of patients. The conclusions have been the following: 1. The combination of afatinib and sirolimus in patients with NSCLC with mEGFR in progression to first- and second- generation TKI provides a similar response to that obtained with afatinib monotherapy and with a high rate of adverse effects. These results do not justify the development of new studies with this combination. 2. The detection of T790M in blood sample is feasible. The disappearance of T790M in blood in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and T790M-mediated acquired resistance is associated with clinical and radiological response to osimertinib. The reemergence of T790M could be a marker of resistance to osimertinib in those patients in which T790M mutation had previously disappeared and remains as the main mechanism of acquired resistance.
Campayo, Guillaumes Marc. "Anàlisi de polimorfismes d’una sola base (SNPs) com a factors predictius de recaiguda en pacients amb càncer de pulmó de cèl•lula no petita quirúrgic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78909.
Full textGuiriguet, Capdevila Carolina. "Efectividad de una alerta en la historia clínica informatizada de atención primaria para aumentar la participación en un programa poblacional de cribado de cáncer colorrectal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565666.
Full textBACKGROUND: Participation rates in colorectal cancer screening are below recommended European targets. Reminders on electronic medical records may contribute to increase uptake in such programmes. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of an alert in primary care electronic medical records to increase individuals’ participation in an organized, population-based, faecal immunochemical test-based colorectal cancer screening programme compared to usual care. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cluster randomised controlled trial in primary-care centres of Barcelona. METHODS: Participants were all men and women aged 50-69 invited to the first round of a faecal immunochemical test-based screening programme (n=41,042), and all their primary care professionals. The randomisation unit was the physician-cluster (n=130). Patients were blinded to the study group. The control group followed usual care contemplated in the colorectal cancer screening programme. In the intervention group, plus usual care, an alert to health professionals (cluster level) to promote screening, was introduced in the individual’s primary-care electronic medical record during one year. The main outcome was colorectal cancer screening participation at individual participant level. RESULTS: 67 physicians and their 21,619 individuals in the intervention group, and 63 physicians and their 19,423 individuals in the control group were randomised and analysed respectively by intention-to-treat approach. Screening participation was 44.1% and 42.2%, respectively (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.20; p=0.146). No significant improvements were found after adjusting for clustering and other confounding variables. However, in the per-protocol analysis screening uptake in the intervention group showed a statistically significant increase, after adjusting for potential confounders (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.22; P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The use of an alert in individual’s primary care electronic medical record is not associated with a statistically significant increased uptake of an organized, faecal immunochemical test-based colorectal-cancer screening programme with a moderate baseline participation rate. Nevertheless, a statistically significant increased uptake in patients attending primary care centres is observed.
Courtier, Bonafont Ricardo. "Análisis de la participación y cumplimiento de la prueba de cribado en un programa de detección precoz de la neoplasia colorrectal. Influencia de la forma de contacto con la población diana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4243.
Full textObjetivos:El objetivo de éste estudio ha sido demostrar si es posible conseguir un aumento significativo de la participación mediante la invitación a la población diana por medio del contacto directo comparado frente al método estándar de invitación por carta.
Pacientes y Método: Se ha realizado un ensayo controlado con dos grupos. Como sujetos de estudio se han utilizado a todas las personas de ambos sexos de edad comprendida entre los 50-74 años integradas en un Centro de Asistencia Primaria, pertenecientes a una mútua de empleados municipales de Barcelona (PAMEM) . Como criterio de exclusión solo ha sido utilizado la existencia de antecedentes personales de CCR (n=2026).
Un grupo ha recibido la invitación y dos receptáculos para la recogida de muestras de heces a través del correo (Grupo Estándar, n=1060), mientras que el otro grupo (Grupo de Contacto Directo, n=966), ha recibido la visita de una persona no sanitaria que le ha entregado la misma documentación que al Grupo Estándar.
La prueba de cribado ha consistido en un método inmunológico para la detección de sangre oculta en heces ("Hexagon Obti test"-Human H.), que no precisa dieta previa. Se han recogido muestras en dos dias sucesivos.
Se ha realizado una llamada telefónica de refuerzo.
Se han determinado la tasa de participación y el nivel de cumplimiento de la prueba de cribado, y posterior análisis de éstas variables principales en función de la forma de invitación (dieferencias entre grupos), sexo, y edad.
Resultados: Ha existido un aumento significativo de la participación en el Grupo de Contacto Directo (558/966, 57,8%) en relación con el Grupo Estándar (387/1060, 36,5%) con una p<0,005.. El cumplimiento de la prueba de cribado, también ha sido mayor en el Grupo de Contacto Directo (417/556), 75,1%) en relación con el Grupo Estándar (263/387, 68%) con una p<0,014. No ha habido diferencias por grupo de edad ni sexo, ni en la participación ni en el cumplimiento.
Conclusiones: Es posible aumentar la participación y el cumplimiento de la prueba de cribado en los programas de detección precoz del CCR, mediante la invitación por contacto directo efectuada por una persona no sanitaria.
Purpose of the Study: The reduction in mortality associated with Colo Rectal Cancer (CRC) provides scientific evidence for the effectiveness of CRC screening programs based on the detection of faecal occult blood. However, participation in such populational screening programs must be increased in order to obtain the desirable levels of effectiveness.
The objective of the present study was to analyze participation through the invitation of the target population by means of direct contact compared with the standard method of invitation by letter.
Method: A controlled trial with two groups was carried out. All individuals of both sexes aged between 50 and 74 years enlisted in one Primary Health Care Centre affiliated to a private health insurance scheme for municipal employees in Barcelona (PAMEM) were included. Subjects were excluded if they had a clinical history of CRC (n=2026).
One group received the invitation and two containers for the collection of faecal specimens by post (the Standard group, n=1060), while the other group (Direct Contact group, n=966) were visited by a non-health professional (previously trained to transmit the required message) who supplied them with the same documentation as the Standard group. A reminder telephone call was made to subjects who did not respond to the initial contact.
The screening test consisted of an immunological method for the detection of faecal blood which does not require any prior specific dietary measures (the "Hexagon Obti test" - Human H). Specimens were collect on two successive days.
Participation rates and the level of compliance with the screening test were determined, and these variables subsequently analyzed as a functions of the method of invitation (group differences), sex and age.
Results: A significantly higher participation was observed in the Direct Contact group (558/966, 57.8%) compared to the Standard group (387/1060, 36,5%) with a p<0.005. Compliance with the screening test was also higher in the Direct Contact group (417/556, 75.1%) compared to the Standard group (263/387, 68%) with a p<0.014. There were no differences in terms of either age group or sex for the participation, nor for level of compliance.
Conclusions: Participation and level of screening test compliance can be raised in CRC screening programs, by means of an invitation made through direct contact by a non-health professional.
Ramos, Pascual Miguel. "Evaluación de métodos de Monte Carlo de equipos de mamografía digital del programa de cribado de la Comunidad Valenciana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1861.
Full textRamos Pascual, M. (2006). Evaluación de métodos de Monte Carlo de equipos de mamografía digital del programa de cribado de la Comunidad Valenciana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1861
Palancia
Serra, Martínez Yolanda. "Diseño y creación de un programa de promoción para la salud para incrementar el cribado de cáncer colorrectal en Puerto Rico. Siguiendo los pasos de Intervention Mapping." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586263.
Full textIntroducción El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) lidera las causas de mortalidad por cáncer en Puerto Rico (PR). A pesar de ser altamente prevenible mediante su cribado y el tratamiento de pólipos precancerosos, la incidencia y mortalidad por este cáncer sigue creciendo en la Isla, mientras que las ratios de cribado permanecen bajas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es describir el proceso de diseño y creación de componentes educativos para un programa de promoción para la salud que pretende incrementar el cribado del CCR en pacientes de 50 años o más pertenecientes a los Centros Federales de Salud Primaria (Federally Qualified Health Centers; FQHC) de PR. Métodos Para ello se utilizó Intervention Mapping (IM), un marco de planificación sistemática basado en la teoría y en la evidencia que nos guio en la planificación y diseño de un programa de promoción para la salud cuya finalidad es incrementar el cribado de CCR entre los puertorriqueños de 50 años o más que sean pacientes de los FQHC. IM consta de seis pasos con tareas específicas. En esta tesis se presentan los cuatro primeros (valoración de necesidades, matriz de objetivos de cambio, selección de métodos y estrategias y creación del programa). Los pasos 5 y 6 (implementación y evaluación del programa) quedan planteados como futuras fases de la investigación. Resultados En un primer paso, determinamos la incidencia y las tasas de mortalidad de CCR usando información el Registro de Cáncer de PR. Condujimos una revisión de la literatura para entender mejor los determinantes personales y factores del entorno relacionados con el CCR y su cribado en puertorriqueños y poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos y, finalmente, recolectamos nuevos datos mediante grupos focales. Condujimos 7 grupos focales (N=56) para identificar las necesidades y recursos de la población, sub comportamientos específicos (objetivos de acción) y determinantes relacionados con el cribado del CCR. En un segundo paso, creamos las matrices de objetivos de cambio que guiaron el contenido. En un tercer paso, seleccionamos los métodos generales entretenimiento educativo y periodismo conductual, y desarrollamos aplicaciones prácticas, materiales y mensajes que, a su vez, contenían otros métodos como modelaje, persuasión, información y tailoring, y se determinó el tipo de formato para cada componente educativo. En el paso 4, desarrollamos una intervención multimedia interactiva adaptada (tailored interactive multimedia intervention; TIMI), una revista, diversas hojas informativas, infográficos, y un plan de acción. Del mismo modo, creamos un recordatorio para proveedores de salud, mediado por los propios pacientes, con la finalidad de incrementar la recomendación de los médicos acerca del cribado del CCR y, a su vez, mejorar la comunicación paciente-proveedor; y diseñamos un protocolo de llamadas de recordatorio de las pruebas para pacientes. Finalmente, se llevaron a cabo grupos focales (N=19) para valorar la usabilidad, atractivo, sensibilidad cultural, y motivación generada por los componentes para realizarse las pruebas de cribado. Las sugerencias de los participantes fueron valoradas por el equipo de investigación e incorporadas a la versión final de los componentes educativos.
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer- related mortality in Puerto Rico (PR). Despite being highly preventable through screening and treatment of precancerous polyps, the incidence and mortality from CRC in PR continues to grow while screening rates remain low. The objective of this dissertation is to describe the process of designing and creating educational components for a health promotion program that aims to increase CRC screening in patients aged 50 years or older belonging to the Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) in PR. Methods We used Intervention Mapping (IM), a systematic framework using theory and evidence to plan and design a health promotion program that aims to increase CRC screening among Puerto Ricans 50 years or more who are patients of the FQHC. IM consists of six steps with specific tasks. This dissertation presents the first four (needs assessment, matrix of change objectives, selection of methods and strategies and creation of the Program). Steps 5 and 6 (program implementation and evaluation) are considered as future phases of the research. Results To inform the development of a logic model of the problem during the needs assessment phase, we determined the CRC incidence and mortality rates in Puerto Rico using recent data from the PR Cancer Registry, conducted a literature review to better understand behavioral and environmental factors influencing CRC among Hispanics in general and in Puerto Ricans, and collected new data. We conducted 7 focus groups (n=56) to identify community needs and resources, specific sub behaviors related to CRCS (performance objectives) and the determinants of CRCS. We then developed matrices of change objectives that would guide the content, behavioral change method selection and the practical applications that would be included in the program. We selected two overarching methods: entertainment education and behavioral journalism and developed practical applications, materials and messages containing several other methods including modeling, persuasion, information, and tailoring. We developed and pre-tested a tailored interactive multimedia intervention, newsletter, fact sheets, infographics, and an action plan. We also developed a patient mediated provider prompt to increase provider recommendation and improve patient provider communication and designed a protocol for support calls for patients. Finally, we conducted focus groups (N = 19) to assess the usability, attractiveness, cultural sensitivity, and motivation generated by the components to perform the screening tests. The suggestions of the participants have been evaluated by the research team and are being incorporated into the final version of the educational components.
Bocanegra, Arana Luis. "Hallazgos radiológicos en estudios de Screening, cribado para detectar cáncer de mama en el Hospital I Octavio Mongrut Muñoz en el periodo de enero – diciembre del 2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2016. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/486.
Full textFernández, Araujo Esther. "Carcinoma broncogénico. supervivencia quirúrgica de pIIIpN2." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664284.
Full textManagement of Stage IIIA-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLS) that represents locally advanced disease with the involvement of ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes remains highly controversial and is hotly debated during every major conference of thoracic oncology and surgery. The main reason is that Stage IIIA-N2 NSCLS is not a homogeneous disease entity and comprises quite distinct subgroups. The most studies shows a 5-year survival between 6-35% after surgery alone. Although unexpected N2 seems to have a better overall survival. The aim of this study is to analyze the survival of patients NSCLS without clinical suspicion of mediastinal lymph node involvement who underwent complete resection and whose lung cancer were finally proven to be pathologic N2 (pN2). We analyze the survival in this subjects: one pN2 station vs multiple pN2 station, survival in patients with pN1 + pN2, survival in squamous cell and adenocarcinoma in patients pN2, T factor and pN2 and upper lobes lung cancer and upper mediastinal lymph node pN2. This is a retrospective study that includes two series. Serie 1 from 1995 to 2001 and series 2 from 2008 to 2011. A total of 121 patients unexpected pN2 in series 1 and 31 patients unexpected pN2 in series 2 were analyzed. 5-year survival rates were 18% and 40% respectively and that’s the first bigger difference between two series. In both series we met a better survival in only one pN2 station versus multiples pN2 stations and a also a better survival in right upper lobe lung cancer and 4R lymph node involvement and a trend to a better survival in upper left lobe lung cancer and 5-6 involvement. We cannot demonstrate a better survival in patients with “skip metastasis”. We also cannot identify a correlation between histology and T status with pN2. In conclusion the rate of unsuspected pN2 in recent patients is low thanks to the introduction of new technology for staging lung cancer as PET-TAC and EBUS. Therefore, resection of properly staged unexpected pN2 NSCLC is reasonable and should not be avoided especially if a lobectomy is feasible.
Chalela, Rengifo Roberto José 1985. "Somatic genomic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma : non-invasive molecular diagnosis and prognosis impact of driver mutations in non-tumoral airway cells." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665653.
Full textThe main hypothesis of this thesis is that during the process of cancerification of the pulmonary epithelium, "driver-mutations" can appear not only in malignant cells but also in any cell of the pulmonary epithelium without necessarily producing clonal expansion. We also wanted to demonstrate that the use of cytological samples obtained by bronchial brushing is valid for the molecular study in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. This thesis consists of 5 articles, two prospective cohorts of patients with resected adenocarcinoma where we could demonstrate the presence of oncogenes mutations in healthy tissue and its association with poor prognosis. A third article where we demonstrated that the cytological samples preserved in RPMI medium are sufficient to perform an extended molecular study. The last two articles are a comprehensive review of the etiopathogenesis of adenocarcinoma and an editorial on how immunological phenotypes affect the response to immunotherapy in patients with cancer and COPD.
Cortés, Giràldez Roldàn. "Evaluación de la actividad antitumoral de nuevos compuestos metálicos y estudio de la reprogramación metabólica en cáncer de pulmón: búsquerda de nuevas dianas terapéuticas y biomarcadores diagnósticos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277377.
Full textThe purpose of this Thesis is to explore new possibilities in the treatment and diagnostic of lung cancer, and especially of non-small cell lung cáncer with activating mutations in KRAS. In order to do so, the objectives of this Thesis include the determination of the biological activity of new metallic compounds with antitumor activity, the characterization of lung cancer metabolic reprogramming in order to find new metabolic therapeutic targets, and the development of a non-invasive diagnostic method able to detect the presence of lung cancer in exhaled air samples. The following goals have been achieved in this Thesis: 1- The biological activity of new metalic compounds over lung cáncer cells viability has been determined. a) The antiproliferative activity of new seven-membered cycloplatinated complexes has been characterized. b) The antiproliferative activity of new platinum compounds with polyfunctional imines has been characterized. c) The antiproliferative activity of new platinum and palladium platinum compounds derived from pyrazol has been characterized. d) The antiproliferative activity of new ferrocene-indole hybrids has been characterized. e) The antiproliferative activity of new platin(II) compounds derived from ferrocene has been characterized. 2- The mechanism of action of the antiproliferative activity of new platin(II) compounds derived from ferrocene 6a over lung cancer cell lines has been characterized. 3- The metabolic reprogramming of KRAS-mutated lung cancer cell lines has been characterized, and the study of this reprogramming has been exploited in the development of new antiproliferative therapies. 4- A new system for the analysis of volatile metabolites in breath samples has been developed, in order to diagnose diseases like lung cáncer and COPD in a non-invasive way. The achievement of these goals allows the definition of new paths in the fight against lung cancer’s high mortality rate, from either a therapeutic or a diagnostic point of view.
Honguero, Martínez Antonio Francisco. "Análisis de VEGF-A y HIF-1 en el pronóstico de los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer de pulmón no microcítico tratados con cirugia mediante exéresis reglamentaria y linfadenectomia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78863.
Full textIntroduction: lung cancer is one of the most frequent neoplasm in developped countries and has a high mortality rate. Neovascularization provides tumours nutrients and oxygen to grow up. This phenomenon is named angiogenesis, and VEGF-A and HIF-1a are among main factors. Under hypoxic conditions the HIF-1a protein is stabilized and activates transcription of genes implicated in tumoral angiogenesis and cellular proliferation. Objetives: to quantify relative expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1a through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on patients operated on non-small cell lung cancer and to study its relation with clinicopathologic characteristic, survival, and tumoral recurrence. Method: 106 patients were enrolled in this study and were operated on from April 2004 to July 2008. After pulmonary rection both a piece of tumour and lung were kept in ribonucleic acid stabilizer (RNAlater®). Expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1a in tumoral tissue related to non-tumoral tissue and standarized by β-actin gen was performed with RT-PCR. Results: VEGF-A and HIF-1a showed a non-normal distribution. Both molecules were associated with statistical significant association (p<0.01, R2=0.06). VEGF-A expression was higher in male gender and smokers (p<0.01 and p=0.02 respectively). Tumoral recurrence was more frequent in patients with lower HIF-1a expression (p=0.055). Intrathoracic recurrence was higher in patients with higher VEGF-A expression (p=0.02). Patients with lower HIF-1a expression had a tendency to short survival and also those with higher VEGF-A expression (p=0.17 and p=0.23 respectively). Patients expressing the combination of higher VEGF-A and lower HIF-1a expression showed shorter survival (p=0.047). None of those molecules was independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: VEGF-A and HIF-1a analysis with RT-PCR was feasible in lung cancer specimens directly obtained in operating room after surgical resection and immediate preservation in RNAlater®. Patients with tumoral recurrence had lower HIF-1a expression (marginal statistical significance). When recurrence was exclusively intrathoracic VEGF-A expression was higher. Subgroup of patients showing at the same time lower expression of HIF-1a and higher VEGF-A expression had shorter survival.
Juan, Linares Eva. "Los juicios de control sobre los agentes de salud: variable moduladora de la calidad de vida de los enfermos de cáncer de pulmón avanzado sometidos a tratamiento paliativo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4737.
Full textTodas estas posibilidades que ofrece el estudio del control han determinado el desarrollo de multitud de formulaciones teóricas sobre el tema, con más o menos interrelaciones entre ellas, que se apoyan en un amplio número de conceptos aparentemente sinónimos pero de difícil integración. Debido a la gran diversidad teórica que engloba el control, en este estudio pretendemos presentar una propuesta integradora de la Psicología del Control, donde consideraremos el Locus de Control como un constructo más. Y dentro de este marco, el papel del Locus de Control de Salud se redefine y no deberá contemplarse como una variable predictora de las conductas de salud específicas, sino más bien como una variable moduladora de los efectos de las demás variables.
A partir de aquí, consideramos que un factor primordial para entender el papel del control en la conducta y las emociones, es el grado con el que el sujeto considera que existe control sobre la situación. Por lo tanto, creemos que el concepto crucial es el Juicio de Control, ya que va a permitir superar las limitaciones que ha conllevado en el campo de la Psicología de la Salud, por un lado, el uso del constructo Locus de Control, y por otro, los diferentes conceptos relativos al control y aportados por otras teorías.
EN el presente trabajo, a partir de la presentación de los Juicios de Control, se ha elaborado un modelo de Psicología de Control que intenta incluir otros constructos pertenecientes al campo del control y así clarificar la gran diversidad teórica que engloba el control.
El objetivo principal de este estudio longitudinal es el de averiguar la influencia moduladora de los Juicios de Control en la Calidad de Vida (entendida ésta como la valoración subjetiva que el paciente hace de diferentes aspectos de su vida, en relación con su estado de salud y evaluada con un instrumento de 32 escalas análogico-visuales denominado CVCP) y la Supervivencia de una muestra de 92 enfermos de cáncer de pulmón avanzado sometidos a dos tipos de tratamiento anticanceroso diferentes (Radioterapia o Quimioterapia), para ello se ha elaborado un instrumento específico para evaluar los Juicios de Control de los Agentes de Salud de los enfermos con cáncer de pulmón a partir de una adaptación del instrumento de Locus de Control desarrollado por Font (1989).
En la discusión de este trabajo, planteamos la adecuación de los instrumentos utilizados, así como la contrastación de los planteamientos teóricos con los datos empíricos obtenidos.
Y como conclusiones relevantes de este estudio podemos decir, por un lado, que no hemos podido explicar que los Juicios de Control jueguen un importante papel en la Calidad de Vida de estos enfermos, sin embargo, por otro lado, parece que sí tienen un papel relevante en la supervivencia pues los sujetos que reciben QT y tienen un Juicio de Control Interno bajo-moderado viven el doble que los que reciben RT y más de un tercio que los tienen un Juicio de Control Interno alto (independientemente de que reciban QT o RT).
This research in psycho-oncology is located within the general context of Health Psychology, and more specifically, of Control Psychology. Nowadays, it is believed that having control or simply having the sensation of having control upon any situation it is beneficial for the person itself.
However, it is also true that in certain cases, having control may be negative for the individual. For example, giving control to persons who do not wish it, or who may not use it effectively, is harmful because it may increase the anxiety and depression levels of those persons.
On the other hand, there are situations in which the individual may want to exercise control but it is impossible, in such a way that emotional problems may increase when the individual keeps on trying to exercise control.
Besides, not only negation, but also high optimism may also be negative because the subject may have illusion of control. This may produce the effect that the person does not follow the steps to achieve it (Shapiro, Schwartz, and Astin, 1996).
All these possibilities that the study of control offers have determined the development of multiple theoretical formulations about the subject, with more or less interrelations between them, that rely in a wide number of concepts apparently synonyms, but of difficult integration due to the high theoretical diversity that surrounds the concept of control.
In this study we pretend to present an integrative proposal of the Control Psychology where we consider the Locus of Control as another construct to be taken into account. The role of the Locus of Control is redefined and must not be considered as a variable that predicts specific health behaviours, but as a variable that modulates the effects of the other variables.
From this point of view, we consider that one of the principal factors to understand the role of control in conduct and emotions is the degree of control that the subject thinks that he has in a certain situation. Therefore, we believe that the crucial concept is the Judgement of Control because it permits to surpass the limitations that the construct of the Locus of Control on the one hand, and the different concepts relative to control contributed by other theories on the other, have brought to the field of Health Psychology.
In this work, and starting from the presentation of the Judgements of Control, we have elaborated a model of Control Psychology that tries to include other constructs belonging to the field of control to clarify the enormous theoretical diversity that comprises the control.
The main goal of this longitudinal study is to discover the modulating influence of the Judgements of Control in the Quality of Life (understood as the subjective assessment that the patient makes of the different life aspects with regard to his health condition and evaluated as with an instrument of 32 analog-visual scales called CVCP) and the Survival of a sample of 92 patients of advanced lung cancer under 2 different treatments: chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Thus, we have elaborated a specific instrument to evaluate the Judgements of Control of the Health Agents of lung cancer patients from an adaptation of Font's 1989's Locus of Control evaluation instrument.
In the discussion of this work we question the suitability of the instruments that we have used, as well as the confrontation of the theory with the empirical data that was obtained.
The relevant conclusions of this study are, on the one hand, that we have not been able to explain that the Judgements of Control play an important role in the Quality of Life of this patients, however, on the other, we have found that it seems that they play an important role in the Survival because the subjects that receive chemotherapy and have a low-moderated Internal Judgement of Control live twice than those who receive radiotherapy, and one third more than those who have a high Internal Judgement of Control.
Call, Caja Sergi. "Estadificación y reestadificación ganglionar mediastínica de máxima certeza en el tratamiento del carcinoma broncogénico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401657.
Full textPreoperative mediastinal nodal assessment is essential to define prognosis and guide treatment for patients with lung cancer. The current North American and European guidelines for preoperative mediastinal nodal staging for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recommend tissue confirmation with endoscopic techniques or with surgical staging when computed tomography shows enlarged mediastinal nodes, when positron emission tomography shows an increased uptake in the mediastinum or the hilum, and in central tumours. This thesis is based on two published and related articles, the objectives of which are: to evaluate the accuracy of repeat mediastinoscopy (reMS), to analyse survival in the group of patients who underwent induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for pathologically proven stage III-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer and to evaluate the results of video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy (VAMLA) for staging NSCLC. The first publication is a retrospective study (1992-2009) that includes 101 repeat mediastinoscopies (reMSs). The staging values of this technique in its main indication (restaging after induction therapy) were: sensitivity 0.74, specificity 1, positive predictive value 1, negative predictive value 0.79 and diagnostic accuracy 0.87. The median survival time in patients with true negative reMS was 51.5 months, and in the combined group of patients with positive and false-negative reMS, the median survival time was 11 months. The difference between these two groups was significant (p= 0.0001). The complication rate was 4%. One patient died due to haemorrhage from the origin of the innominate artery. The second publication is a prospective study (2010-2015) of all consecutive VAMLA for staging NSCLC (n=160). The rate of unsuspected N2–3 disease was 18% for the whole series: 40.7% for clinical (c) N1, 22.2% for cN0 and tumour size greater than 3 cm, and 6.4% for cN0 and tumour size less or equal than 3 cm. Staging values were sensitivity 0.96, specificity 1, positive predictive value 1, negative predictive value 0.99 and diagnostic accuracy 0.99. The complication rate was 5.9%. There were no deaths related to the procedure. Based on the results from these studies, it can be concluded that both techniques, reMS and VAMLA, should be included in the current staging and restaging algorithms.
Mateu, Jiménez Mercè 1990. "Mechanisms and pathways involved in lung tumor development in patients with chronic respiratory conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664501.
Full textLas enfermedades crónicas respiratorias, y en especial la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), así como diversos mecanismos moleculares, podrían ser factores de predisposición al desarrollo de cáncer de pulmón (CP). Hipótesis: La hipótesis de trabajo fue que diferentes mecanismos biológicos como el estrés oxidativo, los procesos inflamatorios y las modificaciones epigenéticas, podrían alterar diversos procesos celulares involucrados en el inicio y en la progresión tumoral en pacientes con EPOC. Objetivos: En tejido pulmonar (tumoral y no tumoral) y en sangre, explorar las diferencias potenciales entre pacientes con CP con y sin EPOC, en diversos mecanismos biológicos que subyacen el desarrollo del tumor pulmonar. Evaluar el perfil diferente de estos mecanismos moleculares entre el pulmón tumoral y no tumoral, tanto en pacientes con CP como en pacientes con CP y EPOC. Métodos: Se determinaron marcadores de estrés oxidativo y nitrosativo, sistemas antioxidantes, citosinas Th1 y Th2, eventos epigenéticos y sus biomarcadores efectores, en el pulmón tumoral y no tumoral de pacientes con CP, con y sin EPOC. También se evaluó el estrés oxidativo y nitrosativo, así como las citosinas Th1 y Th2, en la sangre de pacientes con CP, con y sin EPOC. Resultados: En el tumor pulmonar y en la sangre de los pacientes con CP y EPOC, se observó un aumento del estrés oxidativo y nitrosativo, así como un incremento de la respuesta inflamatoria Th1. La expresión de microRNAs específicos, los niveles de metilación del ADN, y los biomarcadores efectores se vieron alterados en el tumor pulmonar de pacientes con CP y EPOC, lo que a su vez promovió en estos pacientes un aumento de la proliferación celular, la invasión y la angiogénesis. En el tumor pulmonar de los pacientes con CP, con y sin EPOC, se observó un aumento del estrés oxidativo y nitrosativo, un incremento de las citosinas Th1 y Th2, así como alteraciones en los eventos epigenéticos y en los niveles de los biomarcadores efectores. Conclusiones: En los tumores pulmonares y en la sangre de los pacientes con CP y EPOC, existe un perfil de expresión diferente de diversos mecanismos moleculares implicados en el desarrollo tumoral, lo que podría predisponer a los pacientes con EPOC a un mayor riesgo de desarrollar CP.