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1
ZEFA, EDISON, LUCIANO DE PINHO MARTINS, CHRISTIAN PETER DEMARI, RIULER CORRÊA ACOSTA, ELLIOTT CENTENO, RODRIGO ANTÔNIO CASTRO-SOUZA, GABRIEL LOBREGAT DE OLIVEIRA, et al. "Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced." Zootaxa 5209, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4.
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The knowledge of bioacoustics of the Neotropical crickets (Orthoptera, Gryllidea) is incipient, despite the great species diversity in the region. There are few cricket song-files deposited in the major World Sound Libraries, compared to other groups such as birds and amphibians. In order to contribute to the knowledge of the bioacoustics of Brazilian crickets, we organize, analyze and make available at Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV) and Orthoptera Species File (OSF) our bank of cricket songs. We deposited 876 cricket’s song files in the FNJV, belonging to 31 species and 47 sonotypes. The songs were field/lab recorded, and all individuals were collected to improve species/sonotypes taxonomic determination accuracy. We present photos (in vivo) of most recorded crickets, as well as calling song spectrograms to facilitate the species/sonotype recognition. Samples of the songs can be found online on the FNJV website, using the codes available in this work, as well as on the OSF, linked to the species name. As a result, we advance the knowledge of the songs of crickets and the current perspective of the Brazilian cricket bioacoustics. We encourage researchers to share with the public their collections of their cricket file songs both in the FNJV and the OSF.
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Ando, Noriyasu, Hisashi Shidara, Naoto Hommaru, and Hiroto Ogawa. "Auditory Virtual Reality for Insect Phonotaxis." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0494.
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Insects have a sophisticated ability to navigate real environments. Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful tool for analyzing animal navigation in laboratory studies and is the most successful when used in the study of visually guided behaviors. However, the use of VR with non-visual sensory information, such as sound, on which nocturnal insects rely, for analyzing animal navigation has not been fully studied. We developed an auditory VR for the study of auditory navigation in crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus. The system consisted of a spherical treadmill on which a tethered female cricket walked. Sixteen speakers were placed around the cricket for auditory stimuli. The two optical mice attached to the treadmill measured the cricket’s locomotion, and the sound pressure and direction of the auditory stimuli were controlled at 100 Hz based on the position and heading of the cricket relative to a sound source in a virtual arena. We demonstrated that tethered female crickets selectively responded to the conspecific male calling song and localized the sound source in a virtual arena, which was similar to the behavior of freely walking crickets. Further combinations of our system with neurophysiological techniques will help understand the neural mechanisms for insect auditory navigation.
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Mitchaothai, Jamlong, Nils T. Grabowski, Rachakris Lertpatarakomol, Tassanee Trairatapiwan, and Achara Lukkananukool. "Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Resistance in Two-Spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and House (Acheta domesticus) Cricket Rearing and Harvesting Processes." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2024): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070295.
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Food safety for cricket production is a crucial factor in producing edible crickets with safety for consumers and sustainability for two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as house (Acheta domesticus) cricket production. This study was conducted by simultaneously rearing two cricket species, comprising two-spotted crickets (G. bimaculatus) and house crickets (A. domesticus). A total of 16 rearing crates were used for the present study, which were allocated into 8 rearing crates for each studied cricket species, including paper egg cartons. Cricket eggs were incubated in the rearing crates. Once the crickets hatched, tap water and powdered feed were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. At the end of this study (35 and 42 days for the two-spotted and house crickets, respectively), all crickets were harvested, rinsed in tap water, and boiled in water for 5 min. During the rearing and harvesting processes, samples were collected from various potential contamination points for bacteria, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. There were samples of the initial input (feed, drinking water, and staff hands), rearing environment (water pipe, crate wall, living cartons, frass, and cricket surface), and harvesting crickets (harvested, washed, and boiled crickets), with a 2-week sampling interval, except for the last round of sampling for the two-spotted crickets. Subsequently, all samples were submitted to isolate and identify contaminated bacteria. The samples from the last round of sampling for both kinds of crickets were submitted to quantify the level of contamination for E. coli and Salmonella spp., including antimicrobial resistance by the disk diffusion method for the positive isolate. The results showed that bacterial contamination was found in the rearing of both cricket species, primarily involving Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., mainly found in prepared drinking water and the water pipes of drinking water supply equipment, which are potential sources of contamination with cricket frass. E. coli was found in 4.8% and 4.3% of the two-spotted and house crickets, respectively, while no presence of Salmonella spp. was detected in any submitted samples. The quantification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. indicated E. coli contamination near the water pipe and the frass of two-spotted crickets, but Salmonella spp. was undetectable in both two-spotted and house crickets. The antimicrobial resistance of isolated E. coli mainly involved penicillin G, amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and tiamulin. Thus, good farm management with proper sanitation practices (such as cleaning and keeping the environment dry), as well as boiling crickets during the harvesting process, may help ensure the safety of edible cricket production.
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Nugroho, Anwari Adi, Namira Hanin Sal Sabilla, Dwi Setyaningrum, Fikih Putri Prastin, and Talila Rima Dani. "STUDI POLA INTERAKSI PERILAKU JANGKRIK (Gryllus bimaculatus ) JANTAN DAN BETINA." Florea : Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/florea.v7i1.6038.
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<p><em>The purpose of this study was to observe the behavior of male and female cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) interactions. The objects of this study were five male crickets and one female cricket that had been isolated for twenty-four hours. This research is an exploratory descriptive study observing all male and female cricket (gryllus bimaculatus) behaviors. The research method used is ad libitum which is observing all visible activities, both social behavior and daily behavior of male and female crickets. Retrieval of data using direct observation, recording sounds and then recorded in the observation sheet, observation notes, and documentation tools. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques that describe the behaviors that arise during observation. The results showed that the behavior that is often performed by crickets is sounding, eating, climbing, mating and attacking other crickets. Crickets perform sounding behavior to attract the attention of female crickets, show their existence and to defend their territory and food sources. crickets also often climb, to escape from the container because crickets want to live freely. Crickets perform eating behavior to maintain life and will show aggressive behavior when fighting over food and when maintaining their partners. Female crickets will mating if captivated by male crickets.</em></p>
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Storm, Jonathan J., and Steven L. Lima. "Predator-naïve fall field crickets respond to the chemical cues of wolf spiders." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 11 (November 2008): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-114.
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Few studies have addressed whether terrestrial insects assess predation risk via chemical cues. We exposed predator-naïve fall field crickets ( Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, 1838) to filter paper containing the chemical cues of three wolf spiders ( Hogna helluo (Walckenaer, 1837), Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer, 1837), Rabidosa punctulata (Hentz, 1844)), the house cricket ( Acheta domesticus L., 1758,) and blank filter paper. Crickets exhibited greater immobility and reduced speed of movement when exposed to chemical cues of all three spider species. Crickets exhibited reduced speed with increasing mass of R. punctulata, suggesting that larger spiders may pose a greater risk. Cricket response did not differ between cues of H. helluo fed conspecific crickets versus H. helluo fed house crickets, suggesting that crickets cannot distinguish between cues from H. helluo fed phylogenetically similar crickets. Our work nevertheless demonstrates that naïve field crickets respond to chemical cues of several species of wolf spiders.
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Stauch, Kiri Li N., Riley J. Wincheski, Jonathan Albers, Timothy E. Black, Michael S. Reichert, and Charles I. Abramson. "Limited evidence for learning in a shuttle box paradigm in crickets (Acheta domesticus)." Journal of Orthoptera Research 30, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.65172.
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Aversive learning has been studied in a variety of species, such as honey bees, mice, and non-human primates. Since aversive learning has been found in some invertebrates and mammals, it will be interesting to know if this ability is shared with crickets. This paper provides data on aversive learning in male and female house crickets (Acheta domesticus) using a shuttle box apparatus. Crickets are an ideal subject for these experiments due to their well-documented learning abilities in other contexts and their readily quantifiable behaviors. The shuttle box involves a two-compartment shock grid in which a ‘master’ cricket can learn to avoid the shock by moving to specific designated locations, while a paired yoked cricket is shocked regardless of its location and therefore cannot learn. Baseline control crickets were placed in the same device as the experimental crickets but did not receive a shock. Male and female master crickets demonstrated some aversive learning, as indicated by spending more time than expected by chance in the correct (no shock) location during some parts of the experiment, although there was high variability in performance. These results suggest that there is limited evidence that the house crickets in this experiment learned how to avoid the shock. Further research with additional stimuli and other cricket species should be conducted to determine if house crickets and other species of crickets exhibit aversive learning.
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Costa, Thaiany M., Eileen A. Hebets, Diogo Melo, and Rodrigo H. Willemart. "Costly learning: preference for familiar food persists despite negative impact on survival." Biology Letters 12, no. 7 (July 2016): 20160256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0256.
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Animals often rely on events in their environment that provide information (i.e. experience) to alter their future decision-making in ways that are presumed to be beneficial. Such experience-based learning, however, does not always lead to adaptive decision-making. In this study, we use the omnivorous harvestman Heteromitobates discolor to explore the role of past diet on subsequent food choice and survival. We first tested whether a short-term homogeneous diet (rotten crickets, fresh crickets or dog food) influenced subsequent food choice (rotten cricket versus fresh cricket). We next examine the impact of diet on survival. We found that following experience with a homogeneous cricket diet, adult harvestmen displayed a learned preference for familiar food, regardless of whether it was rotten or fresh crickets; individuals experiencing dog food were equally likely to choose rotten versus fresh crickets. We additionally found that individuals that ate rotten crickets suffered shorter survival than those that ate fresh crickets. Together, our results suggest that the diet an individual experiences can lead to maladaptive food preferences—preferences that ultimately result in reduced longevity.
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Mitchaothai, Jamlong, Nils T. Grabowski, Rachakris Lertpatarakomol, Tassanee Trairatapiwan, Ty Chhay, Sath Keo, and Achara Lukkananukool. "Production Performance and Nutrient Conversion Efficiency of Field Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) in Mass-Rearing Conditions." Animals 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172263.
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Currently, there is an increased interest in mass producing edible insects, e.g., field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), due to their market value and sustainable development. The current study aimed to measure the production performance of field crickets and to quantify the major nutrient deposition rate using a new approach for a nutrient conversion efficiency calculation for the field crickets under mass-rearing conditions. The field crickets were reared under mass-rearing conditions in the rearing crates and fed with a commercial cricket feed. Measurements for daily feed offered, final body weight, and dead cricket quantity were carried out during the feeding trial period. There were three production rounds with the same procedure for farmed cricket management. The samples of diet, adult crickets, and dead crickets were collected and then analyzed for chemical analysis of macronutrients. The production performance and nutrient conversion efficiency were calculated and then compared with applicable earlier reports for both field and house (Acheta domesticus) crickets. The production performance for the studied field crickets under mass-rearing conditions had final a body weight, an average daily gain (ADG), a feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a survival rate of 0.95 g, 23.20 mg/day, 2.94 and 88.51%, respectively. The field crickets had nutrient conversion efficiency for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of 13.26, 8.03, 28.95, 88.94, 34.87, and 1.85, respectively, with an adjusted nutrient conversion efficiency of 14.85, 8.99, 32.37, 99.17, 38.95, and 2.10, respectively. Thus, the production of field crickets could be performed under mass-rearing conditions, and the nutrient conversion efficiency for both adjusted and non-adjusted values could be measured.
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Srygley, Robert B., and David H. Branson. "Power Bars: Mormon Crickets Get Immunity Boost from Eating Grasshoppers." Insects 14, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14110868.
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In addition to feeding on plants, Mormon crickets Anabrus simplex Haldeman, 1852 predate on invertebrates, including one another, which effectively drives their migration. Carnivory derives from lack of dietary protein, with Mormon crickets deprived of protein having less phenoloxidase (PO) available to combat foreign invaders, such as fungal pathogens. Because Mormon crickets commonly occur with grasshoppers that feed on the same plants, we investigated interactions between grasshoppers and Mormon crickets, and hypothesized that if Mormon crickets are predatory on grasshoppers, grasshopper abundance would influence the protein available to Mormon crickets and their immunity. In a field setting, we varied densities of Mormon crickets (0, 10, or 20 per cage) and grasshoppers Melanoplus borealis (0, 15, 30, or 45) in 68 1-m2 cages. After one month, we measured Mormon cricket dietary preferences and PO activity. As predicted, artificial diet consumption shifted away from protein as grasshopper density increased, and immunocompetence, as measured by PO activity, also increased with grasshopper availability. Although nitrogen availability in the vegetation decreased with increasing insect density, predation became an important source of protein for Mormon crickets that enhanced immunity. Grasshoppers can be an important source of dietary protein for Mormon crickets, with prey availability affecting Mormon cricket immunity to diseases.
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Suga, Yutaka. "INDEPENDENT PAPER. CHINESE CRICKET-FIGHTING." International Journal of Asian Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591405000239.
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The so-called hua niao yu chong (“flower, bird, fish, insect”) culture of China is a tradition related to the growth and raising of small and easy-to-care-for plants and animals. Typical of this culture is that of fighting crickets. Cricket fights, between two male crickets, is an amusement especially popular among urban dwellers. In the past it was followed by the emperor and the nobility, by the rich and by intellectuals such as the literati. Because of this, previous research into Chinese culture has tended to emphasize only the glamorous side of cricket fighting and paid scant attention to those who sustained it in the background. Nevertheless we cannot ignore those people in rural areas who go out to catch the crickets that will provide amusement for cricket-fight aficionados in the cities. In fact, both urban dwellers, as consumers, and farmers, as providers, sustain the culture of cricket fighting, but there are wide differences between them in terms of folk knowledge and skills. The knowledge and skills of the farmers who hunt crickets are concerned closely with the habits of crickets and resemble the type of knowledge that is based on observation, and so can be explained in terms of entomological ecology and behavioural science. Urban aficionados, on the other hand, care for crickets in terms of how they think crickets should live, quite differently from their natural habitat. They have anthropomorphized them, rearing them as if they were associating with other human beings, and in general have inserted human values into their lives.
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Aleknavičius, Dominykas, Juliana Lukša, Živilė Strazdaitė-Žielienė, and Elena Servienė. "The Bacterial Microbiota of Edible Insects Acheta domesticus and Gryllus assimilis Revealed by High Content Analysis." Foods 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11081073.
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In the concept of novel food, insects reared under controlled conditions are considered mini livestock. Mass-reared edible insect production is an economically and ecologically beneficial alternative to conventional meat gain. Regarding food safety, insect origin ingredients must comply with food microbial requirements. House crickets (Acheta domesticus) and Jamaican field crickets (Gryllus assimilis) are preferred insect species that are used commercially as food. In this study, we examined cricket-associated bacterial communities using amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene region (V3–V4). The high taxonomic richness of the bacterial populations inhabiting both tested cricket species was revealed. According to the analysis of alpha and beta diversity, house crickets and Jamaican field crickets displayed significantly different bacterial communities. Investigation of bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) diversity revealed cricket species as well as surface and entire body-associated bacterial assemblages. The efficiency of crickets processing and microbial safety were evaluated based on viable bacterial counts and identified bacterial species. Among the microorganisms inhabiting both tested cricket species, the potentially pathogenic bacteria are documented. Some bacteria representing identified genera are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans, forming a normal intestinal microflora and performing beneficial probiotic functions. The novel information on the edible insect-associated microbiota will contribute to developing strategies for cricket processing to avoid bacteria-caused risks and reap the benefits.
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Brandenburg, R. L., Y. Xia, and B. Watson. "Comparative Toxicity and Efficacy of Selected Insecticides in Field and Greenhouse Assays Against Tawny and Southern Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-40.2.115.
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The toxicity of thiamethoxam against nymphs and adults of the tawny mole cricket, Scaptericus vicinus Scudder, and the southern mole cricket, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, was evaluated in the field and greenhouse. Thiamethoxam demonstrated varying levels of mole cricket control in the field studies. The performance of the insecticide appeared to be related to the application timing and formulation. Applications made in late June 1998 provided the best mole cricket control compared to the other two field studies. The LC50 and LC90 values of thiamethoxam against adult southern mole crickets were 1,816 and 9,978 ppm, respectively, using a greenhouse bioassay technique. Another greenhouse study indicated that thiamethoxam at application rates ranging from 154 to 616 g (ai)/ha did not provide acceptable control against medium sized nymphs (third to six instars) of tawny and southern mole crickets. An additional study with fipronil, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin compared mortality of the two species of mole crickets in greenhouse bioassays. In these assays, all insecticides resulted in different levels of mole cricket mortality between the two species. The use of bifenthrin resulted in significantly higher mortality of tawny than southern mole crickets.
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Miantsia, F. O., F. Meutchieye, and S. Niassy. "Relationship between new farming practices and chemical use and the consumption of giant cricket (Brachytrupes membranaceus Drury, 1770)." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2018.0010.
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The current work is aimed at generating information on giant crickets and the impact of commonly used pesticides on the natural population of these crickets. Data was collected based on interviews and complemented with field observations. Out of 319 respondents surveyed, 290 were aware of the use of the giant cricket as a food source, and 161 were active consumers. Regarding the availability of the giant cricket, respondents reported that the crickets’ populations were diminishing because of farming practices. About 219 persons reported that commonly used herbicides harm giant crickets at different stages. This could be attributed to the scarcity of this species, as mentioned by 233 respondents. The results showed that 130 respondents were engaged in gathering giant crickets for consumption. This insect gathering is related to soil tilling. Chi-square test showed a significant dependence relationship between herbicides use and cricket scarcity. Although less than a majority (129) of respondents are making regular use of persistent pesticides (herbicides), it has been observed that intensive use of pesticides could become a popular practice in smallholder farming categories. This paper thus suggests the need for training and surveillance concerning the trade of pesticides in the region and proposes further investigations into pesticides residues or traces in collected giant crickets consumed in the study site and in all areas with similar conditions.
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S. Ginting, M Tafsin, A Sadeli, and E Sulistyowati. "Feeding Concentrate and Market Waste on the Performance of Collared Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus)." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 12, no. 1 (May 21, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v12i1.16319.
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In Indonesia, crickets (Gryllus sp.) are used as feed for pet animals, especially insectivorous animals, one of which is the kalung/collared cricket. Collared crickets have a short life cycle, high egg hatchability, fast growth, low feed conversion, and have softer body skin that is preferred by birds and other insectivorous animals. Feed is very important in intensive cricket rearing, especially in hatching crickets. The feed given to crickets is generally in the form of concentrates and leaves. This study aims to determine the effect of giving concentrates and market waste (kale, cabbage, cassava leaves) on the performance of collared crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). This research was conducted at the Livestock Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, from March to April 2020. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomised design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of P0 = 100% market waste, P1 = 75% market waste + 25% concentrate, P2 = 50% market waste + 50% concentrate, P3 = 25% market waste + 75% concentrate. The results of this study showed that the provision of concentrate and market waste (kale, cabbage, and cassava leaves) had no significant effect on the performance of collared crickets. The average mortality in this study was 6.4%, the feed consumption value was 8.74 g/head/day, the average body weight gain was 0.43 g/head/day, and the average feed conversion was 20.71 g/head. In conclusion as there is no difference between each treatment on cricket performance, the 100% market waste treatment can be used for collared cricket feed.
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Lumban Tobing, Ersan Riaji, Nevy Diana Hanafi, and Sayed Umar. "The Use of Various Media on Hatchability, Hatching Time and The Vitality of Honey Cricket Tillers (Gryllus mitratus)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 3, no. 1 (May 17, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i1.3209.
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Crickets are the most demanded commodity because there have the most interest in ornamental livestock such as birds, while the presence of crickets in nature has diminwashed because their natural habitat has been increasingly eroded by city development. The important thing to consider in cricket farms was when incubating cricket eggs which requires special treatment to maintain their temperature and humidity. Thwas study aims toknow the hatching ability of cricket, egg hatching duration and the vitality of honey cricket age 0-10 days, in different media. The research was conducted at the Biology Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. A. Sofyan No. 3 Medan, which started from November 2018 until December 2018. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) 4 treatments (Q0: river sand hatch media; Q1: sand hatch media; Q2: kapok hatch media; Q3: rice straw hatch, and 5 replications (each conswasting of 100 honey cricket eggs Grylus mitratus).The use of various media for honey cricket hatching eggs has a positive influence on the hatchability of eggs, the duration of hatching eggs and the vitality of honey crickets tillers. River sand hatching media (P0) is the best hatching media for the parameters of hatching eggs of honey cricket and the vitality of honey crickets tillers.
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Veenenbos, M. E., and D. G. A. B. Oonincx. "Carrot supplementation does not affect house cricket performance (Acheta domesticus)." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 3 (September 2017): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0006.
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The demand for house crickets as a source of food or feed is increasing. Meeting this demand will require efficient production systems. House crickets are often fed a combination of dry feed and fresh plant material. Supplying fresh plant material could improve growth and development, but also increases labour and costs. Two experiments were conducted to verify that provision of fresh plant materials has a beneficial effect on house cricket performance. In the first experiment, house crickets were provided with an ad libitum supply of chicken feed, a water dispenser, and with carrots at different frequencies: (1) daily; (2) three times a week; (3) first week daily then three times a week; (4) two weeks daily then three times a week; and (5) no carrots. When the first cricket in a container reached adulthood, all crickets in that container were harvested. Survival, development time and body weight were determined. In a second experiment feed conversion efficiency of house crickets, either provided with carrots daily or not at all, was compared. No effects of carrot provision on survival, development time, body weight or feed conversion efficiency were found. The outcomes of these parameters were similar to other studies in which crickets were provided with chicken feed. The results indicate that supplying carrots in addition to a suitable dry feed and water does not improve house cricket survival, development time, body weight and feed conversion efficiency.
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Quek, X. T., L. Liang, H. H. Tham, H. Yeo, M. K. Tan, and H. T. W. Tan. "Are the growth and survival of Acheta domesticus comparable when reared on okara, waste vegetables and premium animal feed?" Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0039.
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The domesticated house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758), has been lauded as a more sustainable protein source than traditional livestock to meet the ever-increasing demand for food. There is also a potential of using waste food, such as okara (soybean residue from the manufacture of soy milk and tofu) and waste vegetables which are commonly available in many parts of Southeast Asia, to feed these insects. Food wastage can be reduced while increasing the food supply if the crickets can grow and survive well on waste food. Thus, we investigated the viability of rearing A. domesticus on oligidic diets, specifically waste vegetables and okara, to optimise the use of waste food as feed to the crickets. We monitored cricket mortality and fresh weight of 32 individually housed crickets subjected to different diet treatments, every other day for 45 days. The crickets reared on Brassica rapa (xiao bai cai; XBC) and okara mixture did not grow and survive as well as those reared on the XBC and dog food mixture, contradicting our initial prediction that okara is a suitable cricket feed, even though it has been considered one of the best oligidic diets. We also did not find any evidence that crickets reared on mixed diets of XBC and okara food grew or survived better than single diets of XBC or okara. This showed that okara cannot always replace premium animal feed to rear A. domesticus crickets.
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Tseng, Shu-Ping, Po-Wei Hsu, Chih-Chi Lee, James K. Wetterer, Sylvain Hugel, Li-Hsin Wu, Chow-Yang Lee, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, and Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang. "Evidence for Common Horizontal Transmission of Wolbachia among Ants and Ant Crickets: Kleptoparasitism Added to the List." Microorganisms 8, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060805.
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While Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterial symbiont, is primarily transmitted maternally in arthropods, horizontal transmission between species has been commonly documented. We examined kleptoparasitism as a potential mechanism for Wolbachia horizontal transmission, using ant crickets and their host ants as the model system. We compared prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia across multiple ant cricket species with different degrees of host specificity/integration level. Our analyses revealed at least three cases of inter-ordinal Wolbachia transfer among ant and ant crickets, and also showed that ant cricket species with high host-integration and host-specificity tend to harbor a higher Wolbachia prevalence and diversity than other types of ant crickets. This study provides empirical evidence that distribution of Wolbachia across ant crickets is largely attributable to horizontal transmission, but also elucidates the role of intimate ecological association in successful Wolbachia horizontal transmission.
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Mitchaothai, Jamlong, Rachakris Lertpatarakomol, Tassanee Trairatapiwan, and Achara Lukkananukool. "Influence of Incubation Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Egg Hatchability Pattern of Two-Spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and House (Acheta domesticus) Crickets." Animals 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2024): 2176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14152176.
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This study aimed to determine the influence and optimal conditions of incubation temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the egg hatchability patterns of two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and house (Acheta domesticus) crickets. Experiment I involved 100 cricket eggs per hatching box for each species, with six replications for each controlled incubation temperature of 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 °C at 70% RH. Experiment II used all the same procedures as Experiment I, except for incubation temperatures of 29, 30, 31, and 32 °C tested with varied RH levels of 65%, 70%, and 75%. In Experiment I, two-spotted crickets (9.47 ± 1.99 days) exhibited faster hatching than house crickets (13.70 ± 2.78 days). Additionally, the onset of hatching decreased with higher incubation temperatures for both types of crickets. In Experiment II, an incubation temperature of 31 °C and 70% RH resulted in a hatching rate of 79.75% for two-spotted crickets, with hatching beginning in 6 days. For house cricket eggs, the optimal conditions of 30 °C and 65–75% RH led to a peak daily hatching rate of 62.00–65.50% and hatching onset in 12 days. Thus, this study established the optimal incubation temperature and RH for egg hatching of two-spotted and house crickets.
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Kataoka, Kosuke, Yuki Togawa, Ryuto Sanno, Toru Asahi, and Kei Yura. "Dissecting cricket genomes for the advancement of entomology and entomophagy." Biophysical Reviews 14, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12551-021-00924-4.
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AbstractSignificant advances in biophysical methods such as next-generation sequencing technologies have now opened the way to conduct evolutionary and applied research based on the genomic information of greatly diverse insects. Crickets belonging to Orthoptera (Insecta: Polyneoptera), one of the most flourishing groups of insects, have contributed to the development of multiple scientific fields including developmental biology and neuroscience and have been attractive targets in evolutionary ecology for their diverse ecological niches. In addition, crickets have recently gained recognition as food and feed. However, the genomic information underlying their biological basis and application research toward breeding is currently underrepresented. In this review, we summarize the progress of genomics of crickets. First, we outline the phylogenetic position of crickets in insects and then introduce recent studies on cricket genomics and transcriptomics in a variety of fields. Furthermore, we present findings from our analysis of polyneopteran genomes, with a particular focus on their large genome sizes, chromosome number, and repetitive sequences. Finally, how the cricket genome can be beneficial to the food industry is discussed. This review is expected to enhance greater recognition of how important the cricket genomes are to the multiple biological fields and how basic research based on cricket genome information can contribute to tackling global food security.
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Luong, Lien T., and Harry K. Kaya. "Infection dynamics of a sexually transmitted nematode (Mehdinema alii) in the decorated cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-098.
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We investigated the transmission dynamics of a sexually transmitted nematode, Mehdinema alii, in the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus. Adult crickets were experimentally inoculated with infective stages of the nematode, called dauerlarvae, to determine the role of the female cricket in nematode transmission. We found that female crickets serve only as a means of mechanical transmission, so nematodes do not require passage through a female cricket to be infective. Dauerlarvae were experimentally placed on the genitalia of both sexes. In the male, the dauerlarvae migrated into the gut and proceeded to develop into adult nematodes, whereas those that were inoculated into the female genitalia failed to migrate into the gut. When dauerlarvae were inoculated directly into the female rectum, the nematodes failed to develop. Therefore, the female gut is not a suitable environment for nematode development. Dauerlarvae persisted in the female cricket for up to 12 days post inoculation and remained infective to male crickets.
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Lund, Henrik Hautop, Barbara Webb, and John Hallam. "Physical and Temporal Scaling Considerations in a Robot Model of Cricket Calling Song Preference." Artificial Life 4, no. 1 (January 1998): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454698568468.
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Behavioral experiments with crickets show that female crickets respond to male calling songs with syllable rates within a certain bandwidth only. We have made a robot model in which we implement a simple neural controller that is less complex than the controllers traditionally hypothesized for cricket phonotaxis and syllable rate preference. The simple controller, which had been successfully used with a slowed and simplified signal, is here demonstrated to function, using songs with identical parameters to those found in real male cricket song, using an analog electronic model of the peripheral auditory morphology of the female cricket as the sensor. We put the robot under the same experimental conditions as the female crickets, and it responds with phonotaxis to calling songs of real male Gryllus bimaculatus. Further, the robot only responds to songs with syllable rates within a bandwidth similar to the bandwidth found for crickets. By making polar plots of the heading direction of the robot, we obtain behavioral data that can be used in statistical analyses. These analyses show that there are statistically significant differences between the behavioral responses to calling songs with syllable rates within the bandwidth and calling songs with syllable rates outside the bandwidth. This gives the verification that the simple neural control mechanism (together with morphological auditory matched filtering) can account for the syllable rate preference found in female crickets. With our robot system, we can now systematically explore the mechanisms controlling recognition and choice behavior in the female cricket by experimental replication.
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Weigel, T., S. Fèvre, P. R. Berti, V. Sychareun, V. Thammavongsa, E. Dobson, and D. Kongmanila. "The impact of small-scale cricket farming on household nutrition in Laos." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0005.
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We examined the potential of cricket farming as an innovative solution to improving household nutrition in Laos, where edible insects are already part of traditional diets. We conducted research with a total of 40 rural households in Central Laos, in which small-scale cricket farming was introduced to 20 intervention households. Nutritional situation and changes of all households and cricket production and consumption of the intervention households were assessed. Malnutrition was prevalent amongst the study population and we found indications for dietary inadequacies. Despite fluctuating harvest results and some production failures, most intervention households successfully produced and harvested crickets over five production cycles. Cricket farming was not only appreciated by the project participants, but also spread to non-project households. 70% of the total cricket harvest were used for own consumption and crickets were eaten by all family members, including small children and women, in amounts that improved nutritional adequacy during the brief period following harvest. To increase the nutritional impact, production has to be stabilised and adapted to provide a more continuous supply of crickets over the year.
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Kurniawan, Isma Dwi, Rahmat Taufiq Mustahiq Akbar, Risda Arba Ulfa, Mentari Kusuma Wardani, and Birama Satria. "Population structure and habitat preference of cave crickets (<i>Rhaphidophora</i> sp. (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)) in Sanghyang Kenit cave, Citatah karst area, West Java." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 73051. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.73051.
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Cave crickets are considered as a keystone species that can be used as a cave ecosystem bioindicator. Developing caves as tourism has considerable potential to disturb cave cricket populations. This study aimed to investigate cave cricket population structure and their habitat preference in Sanghyang Kenit cave one year after it developed into a show cave. Data were collected through standardized visual searching in three cave zones: entrance, twilight, and dark. Besides cave crickets, other macroarthropods discovered in each zone were also recorded. Abiotic parameters of habitat comprised air and soil temperatures, RH, soil moisture, soil pH, and light intensity were measured. Data were analyzed to show cave crickets abundance, density, sex ratio, and age structure. Statistical analysis comprising Kruskal Wallis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and correlation tests were performed. The cave cricket population in Sanghyang Kenit belonged to a single species, Rhaphidophora sp. The population was around 78-108 individuals and distributed in all cave zones. The abundance and density in twilight and dark zones were significantly higher than in the entrance. The number of males outperformed females with a 2.16 ratio. Besides, the population was dominated by the sub-adult class. Environmental parameters of twilight and dark zones tended to be similar to one another compared to the entrance. Cave crickets preferred habitats with dark, humid, and acidic soil pH. Heteropoda sp. and Catagaeus sp. were considered potential predators. This study implies the importance of protecting cave crickets in Sanghyang Kenit.
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Kemsawasd, Varongsiri, Woorawee Inthachat, Uthaiwan Suttisansanee, and Piya Temviriyanukul. "Road to The Red Carpet of Edible Crickets through Integration into the Human Food Chain with Biofunctions and Sustainability: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031801.
Full textAbstract:
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that more than 500 million people, especially in Asia and Africa, are suffering from malnutrition. Recently, livestock farming has increased to supply high-quality protein, with consequent impact on the global environment. Alternative food sources with high nutritive values that can substitute livestock demands are urgently required. Recently, edible crickets have been promoted by the FAO to ameliorate the food crisis. In this review, the distribution, nutritive values, health-promoting properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity), safety, allergenicity as well as the potential hazards and risks for human consumption are summarized. Cricket farming may help to realize the United Nations sustainable development goal No. 2 Zero Hunger. The sustainability of cricket farming is also discussed in comparison with other livestock. The findings imply that edible crickets are safe for daily intake as a healthy alternative diet due to their high protein content and health-promoting properties. Appropriate use of edible crickets in the food and nutraceutical industries represents a global business potential. However, people who are allergic to shellfish should pay attention on cricket allergy. Thus, the objective of this review was to present in-depth and up-to-date information on edible crickets to advocate and enhance public perception of cricket-based food.
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Parametpisit, Peeradapath, Piyapat Panmuang, Amornthep Sonsilphong, and Chaiyong Soemphol. "Experimental investigation of hybrid thermoelectric evaporative air-cooling system for crickets rearing process." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i3.pp1374-1381.
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<span lang="EN-US">Due to the effects of the change in temperature that have resulted in dramatic changes in the livelihoods of crickets. Hence, the implementation of cooling technologies is an important factor for alleviating these negative consequences. This research presents the experimentally investigate the feasibility of employing a thermoelectric cooler in combination with an evaporative air-cooling system for two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) rearing process. The proposed cooling system has been installed to reduce the temperature that appropriate for the cricket rearing. The experimental results show that the product air temperature of cricket rearing pens with thermoelectric evaporative air-cooling system decreases form ambient air. The average temperature of the cricket rearing pens with thermoelectric evaporative air-cooling system is 29.66 °C, with the highest temperature at 31.40 °C. While the average temperature of the cricket rearing pens without thermoelectric evaporative air-cooling system is 33.75 °C, with the highest temperature at 37.10 °C. Furthermore, this research also shows that this proposed system can improve cricket survival rate. The crickets that reared in the prototype system have a survival rate of 88.5%, while survival rate of crickets in an uncontrolled pen is 67.2%. This paper provides a potential of applying thermoelectric evaporative air-cooling for cricket farming.</span>
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Vaga, M., Å. Berggren, T. Pauly, and A. Jansson. "Effect of red clover-only diets on house crickets (Acheta domesticus) growth and survival." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0038.
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This study evaluated the potential of red clover as a sole diet for house crickets (Acheta domesticus, AD) and the effect of ensiling or drying red clover biomass on growth, survival and water consumption of AD. Wild AD were caught near Uppsala, Sweden, and reared in a climate-controlled room under a 12-h light regime. One day-old third-generation cricket nymphs (n=2,880) were used in a 56-day feeding trial. The experimental diets (n=8) were early-cut (pre-bloom) and late-cut (late-bloom) red clover, preserved as frozen-fresh, dry-silage, haylage and hay, and a control diet. All clover diets were fed as sole diets with salt block available ad libitum in every treatment. Feed dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg feed dry matter per kg weight gain), number and weight of crickets and water consumption were recorded every five days. FCR was higher for late-cut than early cut-red clover, but overall cricket weight and survival rate did not differ between cutting times (P=0.939). FCR, weight and survival were not affected by forage conservation method. Total feed consumption was highest for red clover hay. Crickets fed red clover diets had lower (P<0.01) weight and higher FCR than crickets fed the control diet, but their survival rate was not different from that of control crickets during the first 25 days of life. Water consumption of AD fed the control diet was about half that reported for pigs and poultry. Crickets fed on fresh red cover had lower (P=0.04) water consumption compared with crickets fed dried or ensiled red clover, but ensiling did not reduce water consumption compared with hay. Red clover cannot be recommended as a sole feedstuff for AD, but early and late-cut red clover had similar effects. The possibility to partly include late cut red clover in cricket diets is interesting from an ecosystem service perspective since the flowering crop will provide feed for declining populations of bees and other pollinators.
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Kawabata, Kuniaki, Hitoshi Aonuma, Koh Hosoda, and Jianru Xue. "A System for Automated Interaction with the Cricket Utilizing a Micro Mobile Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 25, no. 2 (April 20, 2013): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2013.p0333.
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This paper describes our trials in developing automated interaction systems with crickets by using a micro mobile robot for attracting pheromone behavior. The cricketGryllus bimaculatusmodifies its behavior based on experience that is based on pheromone interactions between individuals. In developing systems, a micro mobile robot with a cricket’s head is controlled based on online visual tracking information. In this paper, we describe implementing automated micro mobile robot control based on image processing and attempt experimental trials in interaction between the cricket and micro mobile robot. The cricket shows a typical response to the pheromone stimulus for approaching by the micro mobile robot. Results also show that the developed system could contribute to novel biological research, for example, manipulable experimental conditions for interactive experiments.
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Widiyaningrum, Priyantini. "PERTUMBUHAN TIGA SPESIES JANGKRIK LOKAL YANG DIBudidaya KAN PADA PADAT PENEBARAN DAN JENIS PAKAN BERBEDA." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.14.2.20099.
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In the development of cricket farming, important information in regard with cultivated method, type of crickets, feedstuff, density level, and it’s productivity is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different density level and rations on growth performace of three species of local crickets, i.e Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer, Gryllus mitratus Burn and Gryllus testaceus Walk. Three levels of box square density (500, 750 and 1000 cricket/box) and two levels of additional feed (mustard green and papaya leaves) were used as treatments. The results showed that the density level of approximately 1000 cricket/box had no significant influence on growth performance of the three species local crickets. Nevertheless, higher density level tended to increase mortality rate especially for G. bimaculatus (rate of mortality = 45.86%). The use of feed combination of formulated ration plus mustard green resulted in better growth performance and higher egg production compared to the combination of formulated ration plus papaya leaves.
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Brodfuehrer, P. D., and R. R. Hoy. "Integration of ultrasound and flight inputs on descending neurons in the cricket brain." Journal of Experimental Biology 145, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.145.1.157.
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In response to ultrasonic stimuli, tethered flying crickets perform evasive steering movements that are directed away from the sound source (negative phonotaxis). In this study we have investigated the responsiveness to ultrasound of neurons that descend from the cricket brain, and whether flight activity facilitates the responsiveness of these neurons. 1. Ultrasonic stimuli evoke descending activity in the cervical connectives both ipsilateral and contralateral to the sound source. 2. Both the amount of descending activity and the latency of this response in the cervical connectives are linearly correlated with ultrasonic stimulus intensity, regardless of the cricket's behavioral state. 3. Flight activity significantly increases the amount of descending activity evoked by ultrasound at all stimulus intensities, and significantly decreases the latency of the response in the cervical connectives compared with non-flying crickets. Flight activity, however, does not significantly affect the activity in an interneuron (Int-1) carrying ultrasound input to the brain. Thus, the increase in the amount of descending activity produced during flight activity is due to the integration of input from Int-1 and the flight motor system to ultrasound-sensitive neurons in the cricket brain. 4. Descending units recorded in the cervical connectives originate in the cricket brain. A reduction in the amount of descending activity is correlated with a decrease in the magnitude of the negative phonotactic response of the abdomen during flight activity, suggesting that these descending units play a role in eliciting negative phonotaxis.
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Poulet, J. F., and B. Hedwig. "Tympanic membrane oscillations and auditory receptor activity in the stridulating cricket Gryllus bimaculatus." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 1281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.7.1281.
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The ears of stridulating crickets are exposed to loud self-generated sounds that might desensitise the auditory system and reduce its responsiveness to environmental sounds. We examined whether crickets prevent self-induced auditory desensitisation, and measured the responsiveness of the peripheral auditory system of the cricket (acoustic spiracle, tympanic membrane and tympanic nerve) during pharmacologically induced sonorous (two-winged) and silent (one-winged) stridulation. The acoustic spiracles remained open during stridulation, so the self-generated auditory signal had full access to both the external side and the internal side of the tympanic membrane. When the spiracles shut in resting crickets, the responsiveness of the tympanic membrane to acoustic stimuli varied according to the phase of ventilation and was minimal during expiration. The tympanic membrane oscillated in phase with the self-generated sounds during sonorous chirps and did not oscillate during silent chirps. In both sonorously and silently singing crickets, the responses of the tympanic membrane to acoustic stimuli were identical during the chirps and the chirp intervals. Bursts of activity were recorded in the tympanic nerve during sonorous chirps; however, activity was minor during silent chirps. In sonorously and in silently singing crickets, the summed nerve response to acoustic stimuli in the chirp intervals was the same as in resting crickets. The response to stimuli presented during the syllable intervals of sonorous chirps was slightly reduced compared with the response in the chirp intervals as a consequence of receptor habituation. In silently singing crickets, acoustic stimuli elicited the same summed nerve response during chirps and chirp intervals. These data indicate that in the cricket no specific mechanism acts to reduce the responsiveness of the peripheral auditory pathway during stridulation.
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Takacs, Jozsef, Astrid Bryon, Annette B. Jensen, Joop J. A. van van Loon, and Vera I. D. Ros. "Effects of Temperature and Density on House Cricket Survival and Growth and on the Prevalence of Acheta Domesticus Densovirus." Insects 14, no. 7 (June 29, 2023): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070588.
Full textAbstract:
The house cricket, Acheta domesticus, is a commonly reared insect for food and feed purposes. In 1977, a report described a colony collapse, which was caused by the single-stranded DNA virus Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDV). Currently, there are no confirmed A. domesticus colonies free of AdDV, and viral disease outbreaks are a continuous threat to A. domesticus mass rearing. Correlations between cricket rearing density or temperature and AdDV abundance have been hypothesized, but experimental evidence is lacking. Optimised rearing conditions, including temperature and density, are key to cost-effective cricket production. In this study, house crickets were subjected to different combinations of rearing density (10, 20, 40 crickets per box) and temperature (25, 30, 35 °C) to study the effect on cricket survival, biomass, and AdDV abundance. Rearing temperature affected had a minor effect on survival, which ranged between 80 and 83%. Total cricket biomass increased with higher temperatures and higher densities. Viral abundance in crickets at the end of the rearing period was variable; however, high rearing density seemed to result in higher AdDV abundance. At 35 °C, a temperature considered suboptimal for house cricket production, viral abundance tended to be lower than at 25 or 30 °C.
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Prestwich, K. N., K. M. Lenihan, and D. M. Martin. "The control of carrier frequency in cricket calls: a refutation of the subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback model." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.585.
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The subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback hypothesis attempts to explain how crickets control the carrier frequency (f(C)), the loudness and the spectral purity of their calls. This model contrasts with the ‘clockwork cricket’ or escapement model by proposing that f(C) is not controlled by the resonance of the cricket's radiators (the harps) but is instead controlled neurally. It suggests that crickets are capable of driving their harps to vibrate at any frequency and that they use a tunable Helmholtz-like resonator consisting of the tegmina and the air within the subalar space to amplify and filter the f(C). This model predicts that f(C) is variable, that call loudness is related to tegminal position (and subalar volume) and that low-density gases should cause f(C) to increase. In Anurogryllus arboreus, f(C) is not constant and varied by as much as 0.8 % between pulses. Within each sound pulse, the average f(C) typically decreased from the first to the last third of a sound pulse by 9 %. When crickets called in a mixture of heliox and air, f(C) increased 1.07- to 1.14-fold above the value in air. However, if the subalar space were part of a Helmholtz-like resonator, then its resonant frequency should have increased by 40–50 %. Moreover, similar increases occurred in species that lack a subalar space (oecanthines). Experimental reduction of the subalar volume of singing crickets resulted neither in a change in f(C) nor in a change in loudness. Nor did crickets attempt to restore the subalar volume to its original value. These results disprove the presence of a subalar-tegminal resonator. The free resonance of freshly excised Gryllus rubens tegmina shifted by 1.09-fold when moved between air and a mixture of helium and air. Auditory feedback cannot be the cause of this shift, which is similar to the f(C) shifts in intact individuals of other species. Calculations show that the harp is 3.9-1.8 times more massive than the air that moves en masse with the vibrating harps. Replacing air with heliox-air lowers the mass of the vibrating system sufficiently to account for the f(C) shifts. These results re-affirm the ‘clockwork cricket’ (escapement) hypothesis. However, as realized by others, the harps should be viewed as narrow-band variable-frequency oscillators whose tuning may be controlled by factors that vary the effective mass.
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Kinyuru, J. N., and C. Kipkoech. "Production and growth parameters of edible crickets: experiences from a farm in a high altitude, cooler region of Kenya." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0081.
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The need for mass-production of crickets is increasing with continued awareness. Cricket farming has been introduced with considerable success among small-holder farmers in the warmer, low altitude Lake Victoria regions of Kenya. Efforts are however on-going to introduce the farming in cooler, higher altitude areas in the interest of expanding the enterprise and increase mass production. A pilot farm was established at a farm located 1,519 meters above sea level with a temperature range of 17-22 °C. Initial egg stock was incubated at the farm under room conditions in the month of November to December. Different agricultural side streams and farm weeds were tested as probable cricket feed. Hatch rate, duration of hatching, preferred food types, mortality, weight gain and nutrient content at different ages were assessed. The hatch rate averaged 60%, mortality for hatchlings (pinheads) was below 2% while a steady weight gain was observed over a 12 weeks growth period with highest maximum weight being 2.03 grams per cricket. All agricultural side streams were accepted by the crickets and the wandering Jew weed was among the preferred feed and a source of significant nutrient for the crickets. Protein content ranged from 36-60% while fat content was 12-25%. Cricket production can therefore be promoted in the higher altitude, cooler areas in order to promote industrial exploitation of the crickets in combating food and nutrition insecurity.
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Römer, Heiner, and Marc Holderied. "Decision making in the face of a deadly predator: high-amplitude behavioural thresholds can be adaptive for rainforest crickets under high background noise levels." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1802 (May 18, 2020): 20190471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0471.
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Many insect families have evolved ears that are adapted to detect ultrasonic calls of bats. The acoustic sensory cues indicating the presence of a bat are then used to initiate bat avoidance behaviours. Background noise, in particular at ultrasonic frequencies, complicates these decisions, since a response to the background may result in costly false alarms. Here, we quantify bat avoidance responses of small rainforest crickets (Gryllidae, Trigoniinae), which live under conditions of high levels of ultrasonic background noise. Their bat avoidance behaviour exhibits markedly higher thresholds than most other studied eared insects. Their responses do not qualitatively differ at suprathreshold amplitudes up to sound pressure levels of 105 dB. Moreover, they also exhibit evasive responses to single, high-frequency events and do not require the repetitive sequence of ultrasonic calls typical for the search phase of bat echolocation calls. Analysis of bat and katydid sound amplitudes and peak frequencies in the crickets' rainforest habitat revealed that the cricket's behavioural threshold would successfully reject the katydid background noise. Using measurements of the crickets' echo target strength for bat predators, we calculated the detection distances for both predators and prey. Despite their high behavioural threshold, the cricket prey still has a significant detection advantage at frequencies between 20 and 40 kHz. The low-amplitude bat calls they ignore are no predation threat because even much louder calls would be detected before the bat would hear the cricket echo. This leaves ample time for evasive actions. Thus, a simple decision criterion based on a high-amplitude behavioural threshold can be adaptive under the high background noise levels in nocturnal rainforests, in avoiding false alarms and only missing detection for bat calls too far away to pose a risk. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
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Kishida, Kana, Toshifumi Mizuta, Hironori Izawa, and Shinsuke Ifuku. "Preparation of Nanochitin from Crickets and Comparison with That from Crab Shells." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100280.
Full textAbstract:
Crickets are gaining worldwide attention as a nutrient source with a low environmental impact. We considered crickets as a new source of chitin raw material. Chitin isolated from crickets was successfully converted to nanochitin by pulverization. First, chitin was obtained from cricket powder in a 2.6% yield through a series of chemical treatments. Chitin identification was confirmed by FT-IR and 13C NMR. The chitin had an α-type crystal structure and a deacetylation degree of 12%. Next, it was pulverized in a disk mill to obtain nanochitin. Cricket nanochitin was of a whisker shape, with an average fiber width of 10.1 nm. It was larger than that of crab shells, while the hydrodynamic diameter and crystal size were smaller. Such differences in shape affected the physical properties of the dispersion. The transmittance was higher than that of crab nanochitin due to the size effect, and the viscosity was smaller. Moreover, the dry non-woven cricket nanochitin sheets were more densely packed, and their modulus and breaking strength were greater.
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Parkman, J. P., W. G. Hudson, J. H. Frank, K. B. Nguyen, and G. C. Smart. "Establishment and Persistence of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Field Populations of Scapteriscus spp. Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.2.182.
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The first successful inoculative releases of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart, for the control of exotic pests, Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets, were made at three pasture sites in Alachua County, Florida in 1985. Based on the evaluation of field-collected crickets, the nematode was established at all sites and persisted for over 5 years. Mean yearly percentage of infected crickets ranged from 0 to 21.4% for individual release sites. Mean adult infection level for all years combined, 10.9%, was significantly greater than that for nymphs (2.5%) and infection levels for Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, 12.7%, was significantly greater than that for Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder (4.5%) for all years combined. Although 24 h trap catch results indicate mole cricket populations were significantly reduced, the nematode's effect on pest abundance could not be adequately assessed because of the variation in trap catch results and inadequate knowledge about the relationship between trap catch and the mole cricket field populations being sampled. Despite inadequacies in estimating pest abundance, the results indicate S. scapterisci has potential as a biological control agent for pest mole crickets in the genus Scapteriscus.
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Duffield, Kristin R., Bert Foquet, Judith A. Stasko, John Hunt, Ben M. Sadd, Scott K. Sakaluk, and José L. Ramirez. "Induction of Multiple Immune Signaling Pathways in Gryllodes sigillatus Crickets during Overt Viral Infections." Viruses 14, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122712.
Full textAbstract:
Despite decades of focus on crickets (family: Gryllidae) as a popular commodity and model organism, we still know very little about their immune responses to microbial pathogens. Previous studies have measured downstream immune effects (e.g., encapsulation response, circulating hemocytes) following an immune challenge in crickets, but almost none have identified and quantified the expression of immune genes during an active pathogenic infection. Furthermore, the prevalence of covert (i.e., asymptomatic) infections within insect populations is becoming increasingly apparent, yet we do not fully understand the mechanisms that maintain low viral loads. In the present study, we measured the expression of several genes across multiple immune pathways in Gryllodes sigillatus crickets with an overt or covert infection of cricket iridovirus (CrIV). Crickets with overt infections had higher relative expression of key pathway component genes across the Toll, Imd, Jak/STAT, and RNAi pathways. These results suggests that crickets can tolerate low viral infections but can mount a robust immune response during an overt CrIV infection. Moreover, this study provides insight into the immune strategy of crickets following viral infection and will aid future studies looking to quantify immune investment and improve resistance to pathogens.
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Cooper, William. "TRADEOFFS BETWEEN PREDATION RISK AND FEEDING IN A LIZARD, THE BROAD-HEADED SKINK (EUMECES LATICEPS)." Behaviour 137, no. 9 (2000): 1175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502583.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractForaging, feeding, and escape decisions may all be modified by threat of predation. Field experiments using a human simulated predator show that a lizard, the broad - headed skink, Eumeces laticeps, alters several aspects of feeding behavior in ways suggesting tradeoffs between predation risk and feeding. When food (cricket) was closer to the predator, the lizards more frequently did not attack it, and often retreated to safety before consuming it, reducing the duration of exposure to predation. The probability of attacking a cricket decreased with distance of the lizard from refuge, reflecting greater risk due to increased time required to reach refuge. Latency to attack increased with distance of the lizard from refuge, suggesting that lizards assessed the risk as acceptable after observing the predator's continued immobility. Large crickets were attacked with higher probability and shorter latency than small crickets, indicating that greater risk was acceptable for greater energetic benefit. The lizards more frequently carried large than small crickets to refuges before eating them, reducing duration of exposure because handling time was greater for larger crickets. Smaller crickets were consumed where captured, again indicating modification of feeding behavior in response to predation risk. The skinks also reduced risk by reducing handling time when closer to the predator. Escape was delayed until a predator approached closer when lizards were eating than when not eating. This delay may reflect a tradeoff between predation risk and acquisition of food.
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Ayieko, M. A., H. J. Ogola, and I. A. Ayieko. "Introducing rearing crickets (gryllids) at household levels: adoption, processing and nutritional values." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 2, no. 3 (June 15, 2016): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2015.0080.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insects, particularly crickets, are becoming popular due to their nutritional value and efficiency in foodconversion. An increasing number of farmers in Kenya are seeking information on rearing crickets (Orthoptera:Gryllidae) for food and feed. The locals are gradually embracing Acheta domesticus and Gryllus bimiculatus as the species of choice. This paper discusses how cricket farming was introduced to farmers in Bondo and Kabondo in Kenya. The initial crickets were picked from their natural habitat and carefully selected for domestication. Theselected crickets were fed on vegetables and chicken mash and bulked in plastic cages. The insects were carefully nurtured to lay eggs and a large colony was formed for multiplication purposes. Upon maturity, proximate analysiswas done to determine their nutritional value. Some were processed into different dishes for human consumption. Products were subjected to microbial tests at the Kenya Bureau of Standards to verify safety for human consumption. Consumers were invited to taste the processed products. After 3 years into the project, about 50 farmers haveembraced cricket farming around the Lake Victoria region. A. domesticus proved easy for rearing at household levelconditions. Food nutrients identified on dry weight were: 47% protein, 10% carbohydrates, and 25% fat. Minerals included sodium (8,502 µg/g), copper (29.4 µg/g), calcium (3,147.7 µg/g), potassium (9,797.5 µg/g), iron (51.8 µg/g), phosphorus (331.3 µg/g), manganese (58.7 µg/g) and zinc (21.8 µg/g). Vitamins included vitamin A (retinol; 0.35 µg/g), vitamin B2 (riboflavin; 6.3 µg/g), vitamin B1 (thiamine; 15.2 µg/g), and vitamin E (331 µg/g). Children were particularly attracted to biscuits and the fried foods such as fritters, samosa and pancakes. Cricket farming can be embraced as a mini-livestock by farmers in varied agro-ecological conditions in the lake region in Kenya. However, increased consumption of crickets to ensure food security is yet to be observed.
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Omogunloye-Adeoye, O. A., F. O. Owagboriaye, O. O. Fafioye, and O. A. Lawal. "Assessment of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Meal for Nigerian Households." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 40, no. 1 (March 19, 2024): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/4202/04.0180.
Full textAbstract:
Over 100 million people in Africa are affected by protein malnutrition because they cannot afford conventional animal protein. The light yellowish-brown cricket (Acheta domesticus) is one of the cricket species preferred for mass rearing. The study was aimed at assessing the safety of the house cricket meal for human and animals’ consumption in Nigeria. Four house crickets were collected from the wild and reared in the animal house of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria to produce several generations. Samples of adult and nymph house crickets were obtained from the stock and processed by sun-drying for three days and then analysed for microbial count. Samples of 10 g each were weighed and put in 90 ml of 4% tween 20 in 1 in 10 dilutions. Also, 10 ml was also measured aseptically and transferred to 90 ml of diluent in 1 in 100 bottle. The total aerobic microbial count for adult and nymph house cricket yielded growth with flat opaque colonies of Bacillus sp of 2430 cfu/g and 590cfu/g respectively. The mold count for the adult was 2470 cfu/g and 425 cfu/g for nymph respectively. House crickets sampled were free of diseasecausing microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringes and yeast.
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van Huis, A. "Edible crickets, but which species?" Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.x001.
Full textAbstract:
True crickets belong to the family of the Gryllidae and they can be used not only as food and feed, but also for recreational purposes (fighting or singing). When reared on cheap substrates, they can be used as feed. The house cricket is most often used as human food. The selection of the cricket species may depend on several criteria, such as legislation, resistance to disease, but also taste.
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Jarett, Jessica K., Anne Carlson, Mariana Rossoni Serao, Jessica Strickland, Laurie Serfilippi, and Holly H. Ganz. "Diets with and without edible cricket support a similar level of diversity in the gut microbiome of dogs." PeerJ 7 (September 10, 2019): e7661. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7661.
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The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health of dogs. Both beneficial microbes and overall diversity can be modulated by diet. Fermentable sources of fiber in particular often increase the abundance of beneficial microbes. Banded crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) contain the fermentable polysaccharides chitin and chitosan. In addition, crickets are an environmentally sustainable protein source. Considering crickets as a potential source of both novel protein and novel fiber for dogs, four diets ranging from 0% to 24% cricket content were fed to determine their effects on healthy dogs’ (n = 32) gut microbiomes. Fecal samples were collected serially at 0, 14, and 29 days, and processed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. Microbiomes were generally very similar across all diets at both the phylum and genus level, and alpha and beta diversities did not differ between the various diets at 29 days. A total of 12 ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) from nine genera significantly changed in abundance following the addition of cricket, often in a dose-response fashion with increasing amounts of cricket. A net increase was observed in Catenibacterium, Lachnospiraceae [Ruminococcus], and Faecalitalea, whereas Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracaeae NK4A136 group and others decreased in abundance. Similar changes in Catenibacterium and Bacteroides have been associated with gut health benefits in other studies. However, the total magnitude of all changes was small and only a few specific taxa changed in abundance. Overall, we found that diets containing cricket supported the same level of gut microbiome diversity as a standard healthy balanced diet. These results support crickets as a potential healthy, novel food ingredient for dogs.
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Tanis, Brian P., Bradley Bott, and Brian J. Gaston. "Sex-based differences in anti-predator response of crickets to chemical cues of a mammalian predator." PeerJ 6 (June 11, 2018): e4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4923.
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Anti-predator behaviors like vigilance or hiding come at the expense of other fitness increasing behaviors such as foraging. To compensate for this trade-off, prey assess predation risk and modify the frequency of anti-predator behaviors according to the likelihood of the threat. In this study, we tested the ability of house crickets (Acheta domesticus) to indirectly assess predation risk via odors from a mammalian predator, Elliot’s short-tailed shrew (Blarina hylophaga). As natural differences in encounter rates and predation risk differs between sexes, we tested if male and female crickets perceive similar rates of predation risk from the presence of shrew odor measured via anti-predator behavioral response. Crickets were placed in enclosed, cardboard-lined chambers either treated with shrew odor or control, along with a food source. Time until foraging was measured for each individual and compared across treatment and sex. We found that in the presence of shrew odor, female crickets delayed foraging while males showed no response. These results suggest adult crickets can use chemical cues to detect mammalian predators. Furthermore, we demonstrate that female crickets associate greater predation risk from shrew predators than do male crickets, which are more stationary yet acoustically conspicuous. As predation risk potentially differs drastically for each sex, changes to the operational sex ratios of wild cricket populations could be influenced by the identity of the predator community.
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Mason, AC, TG Forrest, and RR Hoy. "Hearing in mole crickets (Orthoptera: gryllotalpidae) at sonic and ultrasonic frequencies." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 12 (June 15, 1998): 1967–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.12.1967.
Full textAbstract:
We have studied auditory responses in two species of mole cricket (Scapteriscus borellii and S. abbreviatus) to determine (1) whether they show sensitivity to ultrasound, (2) whether their hearing (at both low and high frequencies) is based on the same neural circuitry as that of true crickets, and (3) whether ultrasound sensitivity in different mole cricket species varies with their ability to fly. S. borellii are sensitive to ultrasonic frequencies. There is evidence of a segregation of frequency bands in prothoracic auditory neurons. There are two pairs of &ohgr ; neurons (ONs) with similar morphology to ON1 of true crickets. The two pairs of ONs differ in tuning. One pair has two sensitivity peaks: at the frequency of the calling song of this species (3 kHz), and in the ultrasonic range (25 kHz). The other pair lacks the high-frequency sensitivity and responds exclusively to frequencies in the range of the species song. These two types are not morphologically distinguishable. In S. abbreviatus, only one class of ON was found. S. abbreviatus ONs are narrowly tuned to the frequency of the species' calls. A T-neuron had the best ultrasonic frequency sensitivity in S. borellii. This cell showed a broad tuning to ultrasonic frequencies and was inhibited by low-frequency stimuli. A morphologically similar neuron was also recorded in S. abbreviatus, but lacked the high-frequency sensitivity peak of that in S. borellii. We also assessed the responses of flying S. borellii to ultrasound using field playbacks to free-flying animals. The attractiveness of broadcast calling song was diminished by the addition of an ultrasound signal, indicating that S. borellii avoid high-frequency sound. The results indicate that mole crickets process low-frequency auditory stimuli using mechanisms similar to those of true crickets. They show a negative behavioural response to high-frequency stimuli, as do true crickets, but the organization of ultrasound-sensitive auditory circuitry in mole crickets differs from that of true crickets.
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Mikhaylov, Dmitry, Mikhail S. Zeldovich, Rudolf Davidov, and Anastasiya Rybak. "An Automated Hardware-Software Module Monitoring Acheta Domesticus Population at Breeding Facilities." Sustainable Agriculture Research 12, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v12n1p35.
Full textAbstract:
The growing population on planet Earth and the deteriorating environment are leading humanity to a swift depletion of resources. And if it is possible to reduce the use of some, it is impossible to eliminate, or even decrease the consumption of protein. Thus, an alternative solution needs to be found. For the past several decades scholars have suggested to breeding crickets as an alternative source of protein. Numerous studies have been made, which resulted in a simple description of the process and a manual of how to establish a breeding cricket farm. However, the fluctuations in breeding conditions stemming from the lack of automation in this sphere, are a hazard to the safe growth and development of the cricket breeding stock. This paper focuses on the developed prototype of a video monitoring equipment developed using machine learning technologies aiming to help identifying hazardous conditions based on the training received in the process of the experiment and numerous tests. The prototype has shown a 70% accuracy rate, yet is capable of determining when the crickets are subjected to various stressors, namely water, nutrition, thermal and methane. Via observing the cricket population, the prototype is learning to alert the breeder as to the potential danger, thereby preserving the cricket population, and increasing the chances of a future mass production of protein from crickets.
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Tedjakusuma, F., J. Linggadiputra, A. D. Cahya, and R. Surya. "Development of cricket flour-enriched cookies." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012092.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The need for high-protein foods strives for the food sector to find an efficiently produced protein sources. One of the most efficient and fast reproducing protein sources are insects containing high levels of protein, nutrients and vitamins. Crickets are one of the most consumed insects, especially in Southeast Asia. Despite the potential of crickets as sources of protein, cricket flour is very little used and studied in Indonesia. This study aimed to develop the best formulation for cricket flour-enriched cookies with a high nutrient and consumer acceptability. As the main ingredient of cookies, wheat was substituted by 5%, 10% and 20% of cricket flour. Among the tested formula, cookies with the 5% and 10% cricket flour showed the highest overall organoleptic acceptability. These cookies are significantly higher in protein and lower in fiber and carbohydrate compared to cookies made with wheat flour.
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Aji, Navela Rahma, Emas Agus Prastyo Wibowo, and Tri Mayasari. "Meat analog based necklace crickets and fruit (Jackfruit and Pumpkin) as an alternative source of animal protein ingredients food in Gunung Kidul." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 5, no. 5 (October 25, 2016): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2016.5505.
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Artificial meat analog form is a product made from vegetable protein material is not meat, but similar right to the properties of real meat. The sources of vegetable protein which can be used very much with several requirements must be met, such as having the fibers resembling meat and kenyal. Penggunaan crickets and fruit (jackfruit and pumpkins) should be blend into the meat analog chewy and rich protein. Jangkrik is an insect that is found in abundance around kita. Keberadaannya usually only used as bird feed pets only, so the selling price is very cheap. The study compared the content of protein and carbohydrates between nuggets, meat analogue (crickets and jackfruit) and meat analog (crickets and pumpkin). Based on the study found that levels of carbohydrate and protein in the nugget is 10:05% and 10:51%. Levels of carbohydrates and protein in meat analog (crickets and jackfruit) are 65.347% and 0.04432%, and the protein content in meat analog (cricket and squash) is 0.2587%. Meat processing analog crickets and fruit (jackfruit and pumpkins) is processing by mixing crickets that have been fried; boiled jackfruit along with additional materials lainnya. Perebusan jackfruit aim to inactivate the enzyme causes the decrease in quality during storage and to soften the texture of the fruit in the blend nangka. Sehingga crickets and jackfruit will produce analog meat rich in protein, carbohydrates and certainly chewy meat resembles the original.
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Cade, William H. "Nightly and hourly rates of attraction of flying field crickets, Gryllus integer, to conspecific song." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-359.
Full textAbstract:
Nightly and hourly rates of attraction of flying field crickets, Gryllus integer, to conspecific calling song were studied in an arena placed in the natural habitat of the species in central Texas. Calling of male G. integer in the arena and tape-recorded broadcasts of conspecific song were the sources of cricket song that subsequently attracted flying crickets. Observations were conducted for 10 h from approximately 1.5–2 h past sunset to 3 h past sunrise for 97 nights in 1983 and 1985–1988, using calling males, and for 4 nights in 1988, using taped song. The number of crickets attracted each night varied greatly, significantly more females were attracted, the numbers of males and females attracted decreased near sunrise, and significantly more crickets entered the arena from 2 to 6 h than from 7 to 11 h past sunset. Results are discussed in the context of mating behavior and sexual selection in this and other species.
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Nayar, Shree K., Jeremy Klotz, Nikhil Nanda, and Mikhail Fridberg. "Cricket: A Self-Powered Chirping Pixel." ACM Transactions on Graphics 43, no. 4 (July 19, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3658196.
Full textAbstract:
We present a sensor that can measure light and wirelessly communicate the measurement, without the need for an external power source or a battery. Our sensor, called cricket, harvests energy from incident light. It is asleep for most of the time and transmits a short and strong radio frequency chirp when its harvested energy reaches a specific level. The carrier frequency of each cricket is fixed and reveals its identity, and the duration between consecutive chirps is a measure of the incident light level. We have characterized the radiometric response function, signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range of cricket. We have experimentally verified that cricket can be miniaturized at the expense of increasing the duration between chirps. We show that a cube with a cricket on each of its sides can be used to estimate the centroid of any complex illumination, which has value in applications such as solar tracking. We also demonstrate the use of crickets for creating untethered sensor arrays that can produce video and control lighting for energy conservation. Finally, we modified cricket's circuit to develop battery-free electronic sunglasses that can instantly adapt to environmental illumination.