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1
da Silva, Ednaldo Monteiro, and Enrico Bernard. "Inefficiency in the fight against wildlife crime in Brazil." Oryx 50, no. 3 (January 9, 2015): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314001082.
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AbstractBrazil's biodiversity faces significant threats, including wildlife crime. Although wildlife is protected by law and there are enforcement agencies to administer penalties and impose fines, the effectiveness of this system is questionable. Tackling wildlife crime requires legislation aligned with well-structured mechanisms for surveillance and de facto punishment. We used data on notifications of violations and payment of fines associated with wildlife crime in the state of Pernambuco over 12 years as a proxy for efficiency in tackling wildlife crime in Brazil. We tracked 803 processes from 2000–2012, extracting data on the type of violation, the fine imposed, the length of process handling, and processing and payment status. The number of processes rose from 17 in 2004 to 167 in 2012, with 69% of cases occurring during 2008–2012. Only 37.6% of processes were concluded, with completion times of 286–4,558 days. Some processes had been open for 11.5 years. Fines totalling > USD 22 million were issued but only c. 1% of this amount was paid. Small fines are often pardoned or converted to a warning. Although enforcement has improved it is still inefficient, with errors in notification and data entry, a lengthy judicial process, and an inability to recover unpaid fines.
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Mota, Jurema Corrêa da, Ana Gloria Godoi Vasconcelos, and Simone Gonçalves de Assis. "Correspondence analysis: a method for classifying similar patterns of violence against women." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, no. 6 (June 2008): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000600020.
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Violence against woman has received relatively little debate in society. It includes physical, psychological, and sexual abuse that jeopardizes the victim's health. Multivariate correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were applied to crimes reported to the Integrated Women's Aid Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to investigate associations between injury and define criteria for classifying the aggressions. Three groups of abuse were identified, differing according to the nature (physical, psychological, or sexual) and severity of the crimes. Less serious crimes consisted of threats and moderate physical injuries. The intermediate severity group included serious physical assault and threats. More serious crimes included death threats, rape, and sexual assault. The method thus allowed classification of the crimes in three groups according to severity.
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Moreira, Gustavo Carvalho, Ana Lucia Kassouf, and Marcelo Justus. "The role of social capital in the victimization risk against property: evidence from Brazil*." Economia e Sociedade 28, no. 2 (August 2019): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2019v28n2art11.
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Abstract The economic model of crime presupposes that individuals evaluate the decision to commit a crime rationally. A more inclusive version of this model would include social capital as a factor influencing criminal activity. The amount of social capital that exists within a group can be used to explain criminal behavior, and an increase in the level of social capital can be a factor capable of preventing crime. This study tests the hypothesis that increasing the level of social capital reduces the risk of victimization against property. Results from variations of an IV-Probit model were used to evaluate data from Latin American Public Opinion Project surveys conducted in Brazil. These results suggest that a higher level of social capital among individuals increases the likelihood that they will cooperate for mutual benefit, such as combating crime.
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Kolb, O. H., and O. M. Humin. "ABOUT SOME CRIMINOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT SIGNS OF CRIME AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 60 (2020): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2307-3322/2020.60.32.
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Vukusic, Ivan. "Criminal Protection of Environment-Organized Crime and Effective Regret." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 5, no. 5 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.55.3003.
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This paper analyzes special criminal offences of environment endangering through national and international legislation. How social aspect is important in criminal law because of prevention of injury, legislator predicted provision of effective regret if person acts as individual perpetrator or as part of criminal organization. That is key reason why paper analyzes effective regret prescribed in Criminal Code of Croatia in Special part (Head protecting environment and Head protecting public order). Mostly, environment will be injured by act of individual, but nowadays, environment is valuable resource that enables to gain large profit and as such is aim of criminal organizations. Legislator punishes mostly stadium of environment endangering, so paper reflects nature of provisions against environment on possibility of effective regret (instrument of stopping injury of legal good (material completion of criminal offence against environment)). Paper analyzes also UN Palermo Convention and EU Framework Decision against organized crime, specially provisions about conspiracy (when exists no criminal organization) and criminal organization and on end their comparison with legislation of Croatia. De lege ferenda is noted that Framework Decision must incriminate conspiracy established for only one criminal offence, and not for only two or more, because one criminal offence can have characteristics of organized crime as well. Paper concludes that it is necessary to predict effective regret by more criminal offences of environment endangering because it represents best way of legal good protection. If person acts as part of criminal organization, it should be sufficient that content of effective regret presents certainly prevention of commission of criminal offence without disclosure of criminal organization because protection of legal good (environment) should have an advantage over punishment of perpetrator.
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Moreira, Gustavo Carvalho, Ana Lucia Kassouf, and Marcelo Justus. "An estimate of the underreporting of violent crimes against property applying stochastic frontier analysis to the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." Nova Economia 28, no. 3 (December 2018): 779–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/4202.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the level of underreporting of violent crimes against property in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using stochastic frontier analysis. Failure to report a crime to competent authorities has negative consequences for the effectiveness of public safety policies, because policy decisions regarding criminal matters are based on official crime statistics, which in turn are biased by underreporting. An awareness of the magnitude of underreporting should help policy makers to design more appropriate crime prevention strategies. The database used for the study defines armed robbery, robbery, and theft as violent crimes against property. The main results of the study show that, from 2004 to 2011, 32.7% of all violent crimes against property in the state were not reported. A robustness test was carried out on the estimates by employing the same technique to calculate the level of underreporting for the homicide rate, which is the least unreported crime.
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De Avila, Thiago Pierobom. "Facing Domestic Violence Against Women in Brazil: Advances and Challenges." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.397.
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This article aims to offer a critical overview of the Brazilian legal framework for confronting domestic violence against women. Intimate partner homicides are epidemic in Brazil: there are four deaths of women per day. In 2006, the Maria da Penha Law (MPL) introduced integrated polices and transformed criminal procedures to deal with the complexities of gender violence. Reforms included the establishment of The House of Brazilian Women, women-only police stations, specialised courts, intervention orders, interdisciplinary experts, and perpetrator programs. In 2015, a new law created the crime of femicide, designed to prevent ‘honor killings’ defenses in cases of intimate partner homicide and to avoid impunity. Despite law reform, structuring and articulating the network of services remains a challenge. The MPL led to great social change in Brazil regarding awareness of the violence against women, facilitating a broader discussion about gender equality.
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GARCIA, Danler, and Diego NUNES. "“É antes um delito político do que natural ou individual”: a condição jurídica dos delitos de abuso de liberdade de imprensa no Direito Penal do Brasil Império." Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202113102.
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The following work focuses on the legal status of offenses against press freedom under the Criminal Code of the Empire of Brazil, whether common crimes, special crimes, or political crimes. In light of the absence in the historiography of historical-legal investigations into this unique issue, this article has sought to analyze historical sources, such as doctrines on criminal and constitutional law by the Empire’s authors, as well as contemporary literature on history, law, and other fields of knowledge distinct from law. The result reveals a disparity in sources on offenses against press freedom, classifying them as regular crime, crime sui generis, private crime, and political crime, with the latter type predominating.
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Mathews, John A. "Opinion: is growing biofuel crops a crime against humanity?" Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2, no. 2 (2008): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.59.
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Lukashevich, Сергей Юрьевич, and Natela Shevchenko. "Criminological analysis of criminal offenses against the environment." Herald of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine 1, no. 15 (August 6, 2021): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2311-9640.2021.15.231356.
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The article subjected to criminological analysis of criminal offenses against the environment. The study of statistical information of the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine, contained in the Uniform reports on criminal offenses for 2013-2020 (Form 1: approved by Order of the State Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine dated 23.10.2012 in coordination with the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine) and other sources of empirical information shows a tendency of growing level of criminal offenses against the environment on the background of general decrease of crime level in Ukraine. The structural elements and dynamics of criminal offenses against the environment are provided. The criminal offenses against the environment are noted as a serious problem in modern society. Basing on the considered material the authors conclude that criminal offences against the environment have a tendency of steady increasing, and the necessity of this phenomenon to be resolutely struggled. The authors emphasize the problem of the latency of crimes in studying area.
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Tymoshenko, Yu A. "Criminological Dimension of Environmental Crime." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18460.
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Despite the increased public danger and the prevalence of criminal attacks on the environment, statistics show that since 2010 the officially registered environmental crime has a negative trend. The reasons for this are many, and they are, as shown by the study, to a greater extent subjective. The fact that the legislator classifies the majority of criminal violations of the environment (60%) as minor, difficulties in investigating the facts of criminal pollution of the environment, the minimum Statute of limitations of criminal liability lead to the fact that combating environmental crimes is not a priority in the activities of law enforcement agencies. As a result, the reduction in the number of registered environmental crimes occurs against the background of the growth of administrative offenses. This is facilitated by the lack of clear, regulatory features that allow to distinguish between these types of responsibility, which often leads to an excessively broad law enforcement discretion. According to the results of the study, the level of latency of criminal attacks on the environment is 30-60% on the facts of illegal extraction of biological resources and 70-90% on the facts of environmental pollution. Increased latency of crimes related to the negative impact on natural objects, contributes to the poor design of their compositions as material.
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Giuliani, Emília Merlini. "Money Laundering and Deprivation of Illegally Obtained Assets in Brazil: An Overview of the Current National Legislation." International Annals of Criminology 59, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2021.3.
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AbstractThe present paper aims to provide a comprehensive yet critical overview of current Brazilian legislation on money-laundering prevention and control. Given that stripping criminals of their illegal profits has for a long time been considered one of the most important measures in the fight against international and organized crime, a part of this paper explores the legal mechanisms that allow for this to take place as a consequence of crime and, especially, in connection with money laundering in the context of the Brazilian criminal justice system.
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SINAULAN, Ramlani Lina, HAMDI HAMDI, and Abdul RAHMAT. "Investment and Liability on Oil Palm Land Use and Environmental Sustainability." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.1(25).02.
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Indonesia as developed country which posses’ abundant natural resources has potential as producer of oil palm plantation due to its climate and the support from oil palm plantation investors. Oil palm plantation development has to guarantee the sustainability of surrounding environmental condition based on article The Law Number 39 of Year 2014 Concerning Plantation the Law Number 31 of Year 2009 Concerning Protection and Management of Environment. Infringement against the law - such as logging the forest irresponsibly by employing land combustion method in order to create a new oil palm plantation without spending too much cost and in order to accelerate the oil palm growth process - continuously happens. Such fact has been found out through court verdicts as well as academic researches. As the result, it created deteriorated ecosystem as shown by lack of soil nutrient, land infertility, erosion and flood. Due to massive impact resulted from such action; crime against environment might be categorized as extra ordinary crime. Therefore, crime against environment requires special concern from Indonesian Financial Services Authority by imposing financial control on the Plantation Company, profile assessment and supervision from central government as well as local government.
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Dias, Gustavo Nogueira, Vanessa Mayara Souza Pamplona, Eldilene da Silva Barbosa, Fabricio da Silva Lobato, Alessandra Epifanio Rodrigues, Herson Oliveira da Rocha, Cássio Pinho dos Reis, José Carlos Barros de Souza Júnior, Ana Paula Ignácio Pontes Leal, and Robson José Carrera Ramos. "Violence, trafficking and drug use in public schools in Belém -Pará - Brazil." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss5.3133.
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The research shows how violence, trafficking and drug use has been recurrent within schools, causing directions that are difficult to contour by Brazilian government officials. The research had a qualitative and quantitative character. The method used was interviews with teachers and the use of questionnaires with a group of one hundred and seventy students and sixteen teachers. Among all the problems, misery; the use of drugs; the arrival of adolescence; the insertion of the researched group in risk areas belonging to Perverse Territorialization; the lack of definition of a full and adequate curriculum for our social problems; the lack of adequate punishment; the influence of family habitus has contributed to the spread of violence, stimulating parallel activities with the predominance of drug trafficking and organized crime where it presents a growing approximation with the local community in need of all types of services and improvements not provided by the State, causing the increase in all crime rates, the increase in drug trafficking as well as the increase in cases of psychological disorders. Among these reasons, violence in the school environment has increased. The actions necessary to reduce school violence are pointed out in this article, knowing that for its consolidation, the support of the school community and the creation of internal codes of conduct essential to living in the school environment are necessary.
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Ahmed, Nabil. "Proof of Ecocide: Towards a Forensic Practice for the Proposed International Crime Against the Environment." Archaeological and Environmental Forensic Science 1, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/aefs.36378.
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Crasson, Audrey. "The Case of Chevron in Ecuador: The Need for an International Crime Against the Environment?" Amsterdam Law Forum 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37974/alf.305.
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Weber Corseuil, Maruí, Pedro Curi Hallal, Herton Xavier Corseuil, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, and Eleonora d'Orsi. "Safety from Crime and Physical Activity among Older Adults: A Population-Based Study in Brazil." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/641010.
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Objective. To evaluate the association between safety from crime and physical activity among older adults.Methods. A population-based survey including 1,656 older adults (60+ years) took place in Florianopolis, Brazil, in 2009-2010. Commuting and leisure time physical activity were assessed through the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Perception of safety from crime was assessed using the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale.Results. Perceiving the neighbourhood as safe during the day was related to a 25% increased likelihood of being active in leisure time (95% CI 1.02–1.53); general perception of safety was also associated with a 25% increase in the likelihood of being active in leisure time (95% CI 1.01–1.54). Street lighting was related to higher levels of commuting physical activity (prevalence ratio: 1.89; 95% CI 1.28–2.80).Conclusions. Safety investments are essential for promoting physical activity among older adults in Brazil.
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Sham, Rohana, Norhayati Omar, and Dia Widyawati Amat. "Women and Crime in Central Business District Area." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 3, no. 9 (January 5, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i9.74.
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Crime in the central business district has gain momentum over several years. With the increasing of a non index crime in Malaysia, it has also indirectly increase the chances of becoming a crime victim among women. Thus, this study intended to examine the exact crime incident area in the city centre that will affect the working women who depend on stage bus to commute. Result shows that most crime occur while walking and waiting at the bus stop. A high level of unsafe were spotted, when they rated a higher dissatisfaction against attributes like comfortable, security and information of the bus.Keywords: Woman travellers; Crime area ;Central Business District; Level of safety ,eISSN 2398-4295 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Belon, Ana Paula, and Candace Nykiforuk. "Possibilities and challenges for physical and social environment research in Brazil: a systematic literature review on health behaviors." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 29, no. 10 (October 2013): 1955–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00044513.
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This systematic review analyzed articles focused on the relationship between environment (physical, built, perceived, and social) and smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, diet, and obesity in Brazil. Studies published between 19952011 were retrieved from seven databases and hand searches. Based on the 42 articles reviewed, gaps were identified and recommendations were made for future research. Despite a growing number of studies, the Brazilian literature is still limited. The increase of articles in 2010-2011 coincided with the diversification of lifestyles studied, although physical activity domain remains predominant. Most studies analyzed neighborhood settings and used subjective measures for lifestyle and for environment. The presence of recreational facilities was the main physical environment aspect studied, while safety from crime was the prominent social environment factor. More research is needed to yield a rich body of evidence that leads to theoretical and methodological advances, and that supports interventions aimed at creating healthy environments.
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Modaberi, Sara, and Mahdi Momeni. "The Role of Municipality in Crime Prevention." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n2p18.
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Environmental factors can cause criminal impetus, motivation, realization and intention and, on the other hand, they may act as a barrier against crime realization. Right architecture designing and crime prevention initiatives in the environment are a necessary solution in crime prevention. Changes in spatial structure and environmental conditions would lead into changes in criminals’ behavioral patterns. The question of this article is to clarify the role of municipality in crime prevention at urban ambiences through spatial designing. By such assumption, municipality can play a very constructive role in reducing the crimes by relying upon crime prevention strategic principles through spatial designing. Therefore, by using the principles of crime prevention theories through spatial designing, one can prevent or reduce crime and delinquency occurrence in urban environment. Thus, citizens’ security will be promoted. On this basis, the origination of many criminal acts in marginal areas should be looked for in contradictory social and economic structures and their problems. In addition to play a vital role in spatial designing, Municipality would assist and provide vulnerable classes with its services such as identifying and retaining homeless people or begs. Cultural poverty, unemployment, low self – esteem, lack of infrastructural services and absconding are, inter alia, the factors which play a vital role in leading these people toward criminal acts.
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Almeida, Heloisa Buarque de. "From shame to visibility: Hashtag Feminism and Sexual Violence in Brazil." Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad (Rio de Janeiro), no. 33 (December 2019): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2019.33.02.a.
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Abstract This work reflects on Internet and social network campaigns against sexual harassment and sexual violence, from the moment they first appeared in alternative media and then reached mainstream news stories. In Brazil, such discussion on media has shown this struggle for recognition since 2013. With data from alternative and the hegemonic media from 20132018 focusing on “No more catcalling” (Chega de fiu fiu) and “My first harassment” (Meu primeiro assédio) campaigns and the NGO Think Olga, the article discusses the attempts made by the feminist field to change what they call “rape culture” through images and narratives of the self, searching for voice and recognition. The hegemonic media, nevertheless, prefer to focus on crime (such as paedophilia) and dramatic stories that are best sellers, and therefore change some of the meanings in dispute.
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French, Jan Hoffman. "Rethinking Police Violence in Brazil: Unmasking the Public Secret of Race." Latin American Politics and Society 55, no. 04 (2013): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00212.x.
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Abstract In Brazilian cities, perhaps the most disturbing criminal activity is the violence perpetrated by police officers themselves. This article is an invitation and a provocation to reconsider social scientific thinking about police violence in Brazil. Illustrated by a court decision from a Northeastern city, in which a black man won a case against the state for being falsely arrested and abused by a black police officer on the grounds of racism, this article investigates three paradoxes: Brazilians fear both crime and the police; black police beat black civilians; and government officials disavow responsibility by stigmatizing the police on racial grounds. It then proposes an alternative reading of these paradoxes that opens the possibility for rethinking police reform and argues that democratization in Brazil is deeply intertwined with the future of its darkest-skinned citizens.
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Madeira, Lígia Mori, and Leonardo Geliski. "The Federal Justice act in combating corruption in Southern Brazil." Revista de Administração Pública 53, no. 6 (December 2019): 987–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220180237x.
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Abstract This article studies the operation of the Federal Regional Court of the 4th Region (TRF4) in the fight against corruption crimes. Judgments produced by the TRF4 criminal courts between 2003 and 2016 underwent text analysis using the dictionary method, seeking to outline the profile of crimes and defendants. Despite the changes in the web accountability institutions, with the outbreak of major federal police operations, technological uses, new legal devices and a high degree of concentration between the agencies, there is a small proportion of grand corruption crime, involving middle and high-ranking bureaucrats and more sophisticated crimes with greater financial value. Crimes involving contraband and petty corruption take up much of the day to day of the judiciary in the south region of the country, at least in the criminal intermediate courts, where the judge appeals decisions coming from specialized and generalist criminal courts.
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Prestes, Rodrigo Penha, Frederico Frederico Fonseca da Silva, and Roberto José Medeiros Junior. "Profile of the author of noncompliance with urgent protective measures in the city of Curitiba (Brazil) between January 2018 and June 2019." Ciência e Natura 42 (June 4, 2020): e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x46915.
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Despite advances concerning domestic and family violence against women, especially after the enactment of Law 11340/2006, Maria da Penha Law in Brazil, there is a long way to be traced by the government for mitigation of problems related to this topic. This paper used the literature of scientific review articles in order to create a consistent theoretical framework for understanding and, uses the observation of a Criminal Analysis Report, issued by the Coordination of Analysis and Strategic Planningin Paraná state of Brazil, which was to data source the police report Unified, we obtained information that has worked from the descriptive and inferential statistics, enabling demonstrate some features of the author of the protective measure of breach crime.
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Marquès-Banqué, Maria. "The Utopia of the Harmonization of Legal Frameworks to Fight against Transnational Organized Environmental Crime." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 3576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103576.
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This paper aims to reflect on the challenges faced by the harmonization of legal frameworks as a strategy to globally address transnational organized environmental crime, taking into consideration the difficulties experienced at a regional level, in the EU. The focus will be specifically on the harmonization of sanctions, due to the impact that this issue has on the application of UNTOC (United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime). With this aim, the implementation of Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law is analysed to check the extent to which the harmonization of sanctions was reached five years after the due date for the transposition of the Directive. This paper also highlights that, beyond political will and European criminal competences, harmonization is a matter of legal culture, which renders the challenge even more complex.
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Vilks, Andrejs. "Criminal Policy as a Basis for the Sustainable Development or Public Security." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p115.
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Sustainable development of public security should be based on a balanced, rational and effective criminal justice policy. Criminal justice policies can be perceived, valued and also implemented as a set of scientific theories and concepts on the conceptual, strategic and tactical elements of preventing and combating crime and other anti-social phenomena. The fight against crime can be recognized as an element of the cultural environment. It is not possible to achieve the effective functioning of society and its legal system without relying on general human norms and values. The criminal justice approach reflects the common values of the society, which are directed to the interests primarily protected. Criminal justice policy is concerned with the detection of criminogenic processes, crime, their determinants and the effectiveness of measures to prevent and combat crime.Keywords: Crime, Criminal policy, societal development, public security
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Mądrzejowski, Wiesław. "FORMS OF AND THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANISED CRIME IN POLAND BEFORE 1990." PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 135, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7546.
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The phenomenon of organised crime in Poland is not, contrary to frequently expressed views, characteristic only of the situation that arose after 1990. Considering historical sources, one can refer to well-organised groups of criminals who committed crimes in medieval Poland. Criminal associations characterised by a certain hierarchy and structure threatened the safety of travellers, carried out attacks on villages and were a threat to urban residents. During the partitions, organised criminal structures occurred mainly in the Russian and Austrian partition. In judicial chronicles, there were perpetrators creating bandit groups and strong structures of pickpockets as well as those dealing with various types of economic fraud and extortion. The problem of organised crime intensifi ed after regaining independence in 1918. The inconsistency of the legal system and weak institutions of public order protection created great opportunities for both criminal offences and economic crimes. From the 1920s, large expenditures on the development of modern economic areas (Gdynia, the Central Industrial District) became a temptation for well-organised groups to take advantage of the situation for their own benefi t. Within the structures of law protection institutions, no specialised unit for fi ghting criminal groups was created until 1939. Central and local cells of the investigative service mainly dealt with organised gangs. After the Second World War, the shaping of the criminal environment was fi rst infl uenced by huge groups of inhabitants displaced from the former Polish eastern borderlands, the general expansion caused by military operations, and ineffective law enforcement agencies. Thus, initially, the most powerful organised groups were those of criminal character. The separation of the Polish economy from open markets and economic imbalance caused the emergence of various organised crime gangs committing economic crimes ranging from smuggling and illegal trade in foreign exchange to large criminal groups at the interface between the socialised and private economy. Within the militia, which was responsible for combatting criminal offences until 1990, no units specialised in the fi ght against organised crime did not come into their own. As part of their competence, the criminal investigation department, in particular, the fraud squad and investigative service, dealt with organised crime.
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Yanto, Oksidelfa, Yoyon M. Darusman, Susanto Susanto, and Aria Dimas Harapan. "Legal Protection of the Rights of the Child Victims in Indonesian Juvenile Criminal Justice System." JURNAL YUSTIKA: MEDIA HUKUM DAN KEADILAN 23, no. 01 (September 10, 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/yustika.v23i01.2818.
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This research purposes to observe the development of crimes against children in Indonesia. Firstly, will take a closer look toward the importance of child protection in family, school and the environment from violence and crime. Secondly, will evaluate how far the criminal justice system can give protection toward the children as victims of violence and crime. Thirdly, looking at the state responsibility in giving sanctions through the criminal justice system. The method used in this research is juridical-normative by collecting secondary data related to legislation and materials obtained from books, journals, and other relevant materials. The observation result shown that many children are victims of violence. The victimization is basically everywhere, not only at home, but also at school. Violence in schools is not merely physical violence, but also psychological. The responsibility for protecting, educating, and developing children lies in the environment, family, and school. The function of criminal law to fight crimes against children's rights is a major factor in the success of the juvenile criminal justice system.
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Almeida, André Filipe Guedes, and Gabriel Caldas Montes. "Effects of crime and violence on business confidence: evidence from Rio de Janeiro." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 7 (May 27, 2020): 1669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2019-0300.
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PurposeDue to the fact that crime and violence affect the economy and the business environment, and since the economic environment affects entrepreneurs' expectations and therefore their decisions, this study analyzes the effect of both violence and crime on the confidence of entrepreneurs from the state of Rio de Janeiro.Design/methodology/approachMaking use of time series methodology, the authors provide OLS and GMM estimates for the effects of violence and crime on the business confidence index of entrepreneurs in Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of the Rio de Janeiro case is relevant since Rio de Janeiro is the second state, after São Paulo, with the largest participation in the Brazilian GDP, and crime and violence have very high indicators in this state. The analysis comprises the period between January 2012 and July 2018 (monthly data).FindingsThe results suggest that violence and crime negatively impact business confidence in Rio de Janeiro. The estimates reveal that, among all economic and noneconomic variables, the third variable with the greatest impact on business confidence is “cargo thefts.” An increase of one standard deviation in this variable reduces business confidence by approximately 2.48 basis points, while increases of one standard deviation in “violent deaths,” “commerce thefts” and “extortion” reduce business confidence by approximately 1.24, 1.46 and 1.47 bp, respectively. The impacts caused by these violence and crime variables are greater than the effect caused by an increase of one standard deviation in the real interest rate.Practical implicationsThe findings reveal that a stable economic environment with economic growth is as important to business confidence as the adoption of policies aimed at increasing public security through the fight against crime and violence.Originality/valueIf on the one hand the literature provides evidence that crime is harmful to the economy, on the other hand no study has so far analyzed the impact of crime and violence on business confidence. This type of analysis is relevant since confidence is an important aspect in the expectation formation process and thus to production and investment decisions and economic activity. Thus, this study is the first to analyze the effects of crime and violence on business confidence and consequently, the first to explore the consequences of crime on the economy through the expectations channel.
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Gomes, Herick Wendell Antônio José, Roberto Magno Reis Netto, Clay Anderson Nunes Chagas, and Wando Dias Miranda. "Public safety intelligence activity: Advice in the fight against criminal organizations." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 28, 2021): e36510918285. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18285.
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The present work, as a research involving the intelligence activity in Public Security, the present work aimed, through a historical rescue, which dates back to the emergence of a criminal organization in the state of Pará - Brazil, to verify how the intelligence activity it is capable of advising the decision-making process of public security institutions, in order to generate a balance of forces favorable to the latter, in the fight against crime. It started from the hypothesis that the intelligence agencies would show themselves capable of gathering privileged information, according to legality and efficiency criteria, able to subsidize the decision-making process. Using an inductive method and a qualitative documentary analysis, it was identified that, in addition to subsidizing managers with appropriate knowledge, the agencies were responsible for the frustration of measures of direct confrontation with the State, preventing damage to public coffers, as well as unjust attacks on civil and military civil servants and the Pará society itself.
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Schapper, Andrea, Christine Unrau, and Sarah Killoh. "Social mobilization against large hydroelectric dams: A comparison of Ethiopia, Brazil, and Panama." Sustainable Development 28, no. 2 (March 2020): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.1995.
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Aziani, Alberto, Serena Favarin, and Gian Maria Campedelli. "A Security Paradox. The Influence Of Governance-Type Organized Crime Over the Surrounding Criminal Environment." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 4 (March 21, 2020): 970–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz087.
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Abstract This study empirically demonstrates how governance-type organized crime groups (OCGs) operate as an enforcer against volume crimes in the communities they control and argues that their ability to mitigate volume crimes forms an integral component of controlling their territory in the long term. This is because the costs incurred from deterring other crimes are offset by the tangible and intangible revenues that it facilitates. Indeed, combating volume crimes fosters an environment in which OCGs can conduct their activities unfettered by other criminals and law enforcement agencies, safeguard those businesses that pay them protection and curry favour amongst the population. Consequently, the present study verifies the validity of the security governance paradigm by conducting an econometric analysis of 11 different volume crimes.
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Tanjevic, Natasa. "Society as a crime victim of legal entities." Temida 14, no. 2 (2011): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1102061t.
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Tortious acts of legal entities have unforeseen harmful consequences in all areas. In the greedy desire to gain profit, certain legal entities do not have any regard for the most important resources of individuals and society. Damage resulting from the commission of criminal acts is very high for the whole society, especially when it comes to crimes against the environment. In order to prevent and combat corporate crime in criminal law, an increasingly wider acceptance of criminal liability of legal entities was adopted. This paper discusses the basic characteristics of corporate crime, as well as the reasons for the introduction of the criminal responsibility of legal entities. In this regard, we analyzed the law provisions regarding the liability of legal entities for criminal offenses, and concluded that despite the criminal-political need to react with more serious sanctions to the offenses of legal entities, there are certain obstacles and problems that stand in the way of introducing this responsibility.
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Santos Ribeiro, Enzo Paulo dos, and Marjorie Bernardino. "Homotransphobia in Brazil: From School to Society." Global Research in Higher Education 2, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): p129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/grhe.v2n4p129.
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Nowadays, it is evident the presence of patterns that impose heteronormativity, which increasingly increases the numbers of atrocities affected against the LGBTQI + community. Recently the Federal Supreme Court attributed the penalty of crime of racism to homophobia, but it is not enough only that laws are assigned. Many cases have already been recorded, and despite the progress with the withdrawal of homosexuality from the list of WHO pathologies years ago; The prejudice towards different individuals of sexuality is rooted in the Brazilian nation, which configures Brazil as the 1st country in the ranking of LGBTfobia. Starting from the Brazilian framework, this scientific article seeks to retract from the uncertain origin of the homoaffective relationship, to the present time, and as it has faced several prejudices, from a society installed in standards that culminate to even in the deaths of several individuals in the community. Starting from a bibliographic review in applied and exploratory research, we have the objective of identifying the ideological divergences present in citizenship and how these are influenced based on the sociological concept of socialization. It alludes succinctly the criminalization of homophobia and how it has been applied nowadays, the reason why there is still ignorance of a singular sexuality that is impassive to be placed in restrictive parameters. And we also emphasize the uprising of data of the Gay group of Bahia, which, through annual reports, expresses the atrocities affected by the LGBTQI + community.
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Shih, Tzay-Farn, Chin-Ling Chen, Bo-Yan Syu, and Yong-Yuan Deng. "A Cloud-Based Crime Reporting System with Identity Protection." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020255.
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Criminal activities have always been a part of human society, and even today, in a world of extremely advanced surveillance and policing capabilities, many different kinds of crimes are still committed in almost every social environment. However, since those who commit crimes are not representative of the majority of their community, members of these communities tend to wish to report crime when they see it; however, they are often reluctant to do so for fear of their own safety should the people they report identify them. Thus, a great deal of crime goes unreported, and investigations fail to gain key evidence from witnesses, which serves only to foster an environment in which criminal activity is more likely to occur. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes an online illegal event reporting scheme based on cloud technology, which combines digital certificates, symmetric keys, asymmetric keys, and digital signatures. The proposed scheme can process illegal activity reports from the reporting event to the issuing of a reward. The scheme not only ensures informers’ safety, anonymity and non-repudiation, but also prevents cases and reports being erased, and ensures data integrity. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is designed to be robust against abusive use, and is able to preclude false reports. Therefore, it provides a convenient and secure platform for reporting and fighting crime.
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Barcelos, Anna Regina Grings, Camila Koren Chiappini, Martina Dillemburg Scur, Cesar Augusto Kampff, Marcele Medina Silveira, Maristela Cassia de Oliveira Peixoto, Jacinta Sidegun Renner, and Dra Geraldine Alves dos Santos. "Violence against elderly: An integrative review." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1843.
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This study aimed to conduct an integrative review of scientific knowledge produced in Brazil between 2013 and 2017, emphasizing the descriptors violence and the elderly. The scientific productions were selected in the SciELO database with crossings of the descriptors used in the title of the articles, available online in full form, with the period limitation from 2014 to 2018, in Brazil collections and Portuguese language. The search in the database generated 26 articles, and ten of them were chosen for the final analysis after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The present integrative review showed that the central violence suffered was psychological, along with physical violence, with the elderly being the main victims. The findings related to violence against the elderly and associated factors reveal a scenario that is most prevalent in the home, an environment where the belief of a welcoming, loving and protective nature of external violence is deposited. In contrast, the intrafamilial relationship emerges concomitantly as a generator of conflicts that expose the elderly to the risk of violence of a character veiled, caused by the constituents themselves, which requires high vigilance and notification. Violence is a social challenge. We must prioritize research, work, and discuss the abuse of older people in political circles and understand the best way to prevent and help implement the necessary measures.
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Sokolova, Alena, Anton Grunin, Viktor Lukanin, and Valentin Shemarov. "Consideration of illegal actions when imposing punishment for environmental crime." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 05017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125805017.
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Both environmental risks and domestic violence exist in all countries of the world. This phenomenon is influenced by various factors: standard of living, ecological situation, environment, traditions, race, nationality and cultural values. This must be taken into account when imposing an appropriate punishment for commission of any illegal act. At the same time, family and domestic violence is not just a negative attribute of life of individual families, but also indicates serious issues of society, in the narrow sense, and the environment, in the broad sense. In connection with restrictions related to Covid-19 introduced in many countries, the level of domestic violence has increased, which proves a direct dependence on external negative factors in the field of health care, ecology, psychology, etc. Analysis of various factors influencing domestic violence has shown that this phenomenon has a high level of latency, and, as a rule, people learn about it only in cases where the consequences of such violence are difficult to hide due to their severity (for example, causing death or serious harm to health against the background of mental deviation). Having reviewed the news feeds over the past five years we can see that the relevance of the topic under consideration is beyond doubt, since the influence of environmental factors on the human psyche is not fully understood, and this aspect, one way or another, leads to the commission of illegal actions, which indicates the importance of balance between the environment, ecology and legality, society. The authors note that there is a synergistic relationship in which humanity interacts with the surrounding world, in all its diversity (water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, etc.). n addition, some judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on environmental problems and the environment, protection from domestic violence, including with the participation of Russian Federation as a defendant, were considered. Based on the analysis of the decisions expressed, as well as the norms of national legislation, a theoretical justification for changing the national criminal and environmental legislation, in terms of imposition of punishment, is formulated.
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Chankova, Dobrinka, and Gergana Georgieva. "Towards Coherent European Crime Victims Policies and Practices." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0067.
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Abstract This study explores the latest developments on the European scale of the policies and practices towards victims of crime. Due to many economic and political factors a lot of people are in movement and exposed to the risk of becoming victims of crime. During the last decade the statistics already records enhanced victimization of the global European society. These have provoked numerous legislative actions and practical initiatives in order to ensure safety, to prevent falling victims to crime and to protect better victim’s rights and needs. The European Protection Order Directive, Victims’ Directive and Convention against domestic violence, are among the most advanced legal acts worldwide. However, it is observed that their implementation in Europe is asymmetric and sometimes problematic. This paper explores the role of the national governments and specialized agencies and mainly the deficits in their activities leading to the non-usage of victims of all the existing opportunities. The newest supra-national acts aiming at the acceleration of transposition and ratification of these important for the building of victim-friendly environment documents, are discussed. Practical recommendations for a more effective victim protection are developed.
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Mohammed, Ahmed Mohammed Sayed, and Yasuyuki Hirai. "Utilising Urban Gamification for Sustainable Crime Prevention in Public Spaces: A Citizen Participation Model for Designing Against Vandalism." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160103.
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In order to create secured urban spaces, public safety need to be considered as the duty of citizens as well as official authorities. Therefore, this research focuses on the social environment of public spaces and how to encourage citizens to take prompt actions to detect, report and deter any illegal activities. Moreover, graffiti is considered as the most common type of vandalism worldwide that threatens not only our public and private properties, but also our social environment. In order to resolve the problem of graffiti, this research examines current citizen participation model applied by different stakeholders in Fukuoka City in Japan. Current model has been illustrated based on several in-depth interviews conducted with different stakeholders and citizens in Fukuoka City. Then, a new model has been proposed based on urban gamification to encourage more citizens to act as passive observers in public spaces. Proposed model has been evaluated by local communities and city hall to understand its potentials. This research found out that proposed model has the potentials to encourage more citizens to be part of the solution by being more active in public spaces. However, few obstacles regarding budget and administration might stand in the way of achieving such a concept.
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Ebenezer, Jegede Ajibade. "Cyber Risks and Fraud in the Nigeria’s Business Environment: A Postmortem of Youth Crime." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v5i4.825.
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This article examines the opportunities and the negative impacts associative of the use of Internet technology in the era of E-Business. Contextually, it zeroed on the activities of youths as they engage in online fraud as a means of survival in Nigeria. It further postured that the Internet medium tremendously promoted e-commerce and simultaneously created a new form of socio-economic insecurity that is highly unprecedented in the world history. The magnitude of vulnerability and concomitantly the monetary loss often attendant of wireless transaction cross culturally engenders fear, skepticism and disillusionments among Internet users in the cyber environment. In order to minimize this trend, the authors were of the view that a special inbuilt security mechanism attachable to the Internet technology hardwires be provided for the censorship of online monetary related interactions. This unique configuration is expected to serve as checks against fraud and other maladaptive uses of the technology by cyber predators.
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Van der Wilt, Harmen. "Expanding Criminal Responsibility in Transnational and International Organised Crime." Groningen Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (July 15, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/59db69227860f.
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In international criminal law theory, a conceptual divide is made between international crimes stricto sensu (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, aggression) and transnational organised crime. This differentiation sustains the direct, respectively indirect enforcement mechanism: the so called ‘core crimes’ belong to the subject matter jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court, whereas national jurisdictions aim to counter transnational crimes, by concluding ‘suppression conventions’ and seeking international cooperation on the basis of the aut dedere, aut judicare principle. Nevertheless, the division is questioned for being too rigid and simplistic, as the boundaries between the categories are increasingly blurred. On the one hand, political rebel groups and organised crime often unite to challenge the power monopoly of the state, while corrupt governments and private business conspire to exploit the local population (by pillage, deportation from their lands or pollution of the environment). On the other hand, there is an ongoing debate, triggered by the ICC Kenya Decision of March 2010, whether the commission of crimes against humanity is the ‘privilege’ of states and state-like groups, or whether the category should be expanded to cover larger organisations that are capable of committing such atrocities. In other words, there is a proliferation of state and non-state actors that engage in both ‘classic’ international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity) and transnational crime. These developments have fuelled the plea for supranational law enforcement in respect of transnational (organised) crime, exceeding the realm of inter-state cooperation on a horizontal basis. This essay will pay a modest contribution to this discussion by arguing that the quest for more effective law enforcement is bedeviled by the perplexity of fitting new patterns of crime and new perpetrators of international crimes into the classic mould of international criminal law. These two aspects are obviously intimately related and should not be considered in isolation. Any initiative to invigorate international criminal law enforcement - by for instance establishing new (international or regional) courts or by expanding the subject matter jurisdiction of existing courts – should therefore pay attention to both the elements of crimes and the modes of criminal liability.
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Vilhjálmsson, Björn Þór. "Stríð gegn konum." Ritið 18, no. 3 (December 20, 2018): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ritid.18.3.6.
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The article initially addresses the novel Kata by Steinar Bragi in the context of genre and asks to what extent it aligns itself with the crime novel, in particular the more recent brand of the crime novel wherein social issues are placed at the forefront. The point is made that Kata diverges in some important respects from even the most radical of critiques found within the parameters of the crime genre, in that it suspends the very concepts that usually ground such narratives (justice, right, and crime) and comes to the conclusion that the widespread social acceptance of violence against women delegitimizes the entire edifice of Western thinking on social justice. It is here that the article looks towards Louis Althusser’s theorization 149of ideological and oppressive state apparatuses, while shifting their object from the class struggle to gender relations. Althusser’s concepts are employed to shed light on the ideology that supports and enables violence against women in contemporary societies, and how the reverse of the oppressive function of the state, that is, state leniency and disinterest in prosecuting sex crimes, or creating the environment in which they are unlikely to be reported, are taken up in the novel, thematized, and in turn, fuel the rage of the protagonist. Finally, a question is raised as to the signific-ance of the fact that a novel about female rage and disempowerment is written by a male author.
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Carlos César Ribeiro Santos, Ricardo de Oliveira Monteiro Russel, Leonardo Sanches de Carvalho, Victor Nunes Fontenele, and Nelson Ribeiro Carreira. "SENAI CIMATEC Contributions for the Strengthening of Brazilian Companies Using Lean Manufacturing in the Combat Against COVID-19." JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO HEALTH 3, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34178/jbth.v3i4.135.
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SENAI CIMATEC (Technology Center at Salvador, Bahia, Brazil) has been in the spotlight in Brazil due to the development of programs and projects to help companies and employees against the pandemic of the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19). This study presents the project, Lean Manufacturing in the support of COVID-19’s crisis, developed by SENAI CIMATEC, in support of the Brazilian enterprises. The methods for the development of the project used case studies. The results achieved thrive to the success of the program and demonstrate how the use of the Lean Manufacturing tools, in a remote access environment, can assist companies in conducting business consultancies.
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Pereira, Raquel M. M., Hugo V. C. Oliveira, Suanni L. Andrade, Elliot W. Kitajima, and Rudi E. L. Procopio. "Isolation of a Mycobacteriophage against Mycobacterium smegmatis." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.1.147.
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The Mycobacterium genus has important pathogenic species, such as M. leprae and M. tuberculosis, with high incidence in the human population. The number of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics is steadily increasing, and in particular no new antibiotics have been developed for Mycobacterium. Mycobacteriophages have been shown to be viable alternatives, mainly to counteract antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A new mycobacteriophage (Myms-1) was isolated from sewage in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, with lytic activity against M. smegmatis. Morphological analysis of the Mysm-1 phage shows that it probably belongs to the genus Fromanvirus (family Siphoviridae). It has an icosahedral head with approximate diameter of 50 nm and a long non-contractile tail with approximate length of 200 nm. M. smegmatis is a fast-growing mycobacterium found in the environment that is normally non-pathogenic, so it is a promising bacterium for initial tests of this genus.
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Manta, Sofia Wolker, Kelly Samara da Silva, Giseli Minatto, Marcus Vinicius Veber Lopes, Gabrielli Thais De Mello, and Valter Cordeiro Barbosa Filho. "Community and environment for physical activity among young people: a systematic review of the Report Card Brazil 2018." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 20, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n4p543.
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The aim of this study was to identify evidence about the prevalence of the community and environment indicators related to physical activity (PA) among young Brazilian people. A systematic review was carried out using eight databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, BIREME, Scielo, and Google Scholar) with descriptors in Portuguese and English. Community and environment Indicators included access, presence, proximity, quality, safety and pollution of/in spaces, facilities, programs available for PA among young people (up to 18 years-old), which may be measured subjectively and/or objectively. A total of 23 documents were included, representing 15 different studies. There were more studies in the South region (n=8), followed by the Northeast (n=3) and Southeast (n=3). Self-reported instruments were more frequently used (n=15). The studies reported prevalence of perception (positive and/or barrier) for access to facilities, programs and/or parks (n=13); presence of sidewalks and bicycle lanes (n=4); proximity to residence (n=5); quality (n=5); safety from crime and traffic (n=14) and pollution (n=6); number of spaces and/or facilities around the residence (n=1); and observation of adolescents using public spaces for PA (n=3). The prevalence rates showed high variability according to environmental indicator. No studies are available for the North and Midwest of the country. Distinct environmental measures were used in selfreported studies, impairing data comparability. To date, no studies have been identified that provide information about the prevalence of combined environmental measures (perceived and objective).
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Pyvovarov, V. V., and V. O. Chepur. "Criminological view on the corporate nature of modern environmental crime." Legal horizons, no. 23 (2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i23.p50.
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The article examines corporate environmental crime as the largest type of environmental crime. The concept of “environmental offense” is analyzed. The definition of corporate crime in relation to the environmental aspect is given. The direct and long-term consequences of corporate environmental offenses are described. The current state of the investigated crime, which is characterized by the lack of legal regulation of legal liability of corporations, generally low penalties for this type of offense, inefficiency of law enforcement and environmental authorities to identify and prosecute offenders and, finally, increased latency. The state of the fight against environmental offenses in the United States is presented, and as an example, the state response to large-scale pollution of the Gulf of Mexico is studied. A criminological description of the most typical for Ukraine offenses against the environment: water pollution (unauthorized discharge of ballast water by sea vessels, as well as pollution of petroleum products, sewage, water in seaports and recreation areas), violation of the law on continental (marine) economic zone of Ukraine (illegal exploration and development of natural resources, operation of installations and structures for industrial purposes), large-scale deforestation, depletion of chernozems, “environmental smuggling”. It is stated that the inefficient system of state environmental policy and its regulatory regulation increasingly demonstrates inconsistency with existing threats of a natural nature, which leads to a violation of the constitutional right of citizens to environmental safety. In conclusion, we justify the need to pay special attention of society and of the state to the corporate nature of environmental crime to create a system to combat these offenses. We point out the need for an urgent solution by the science of criminal law and the legislator of the existing problems in doctrinal issues of determining the guilt of the corporation as a basis for prosecution, bringing the perpetrators, including corporations, to special types of liability.
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Pope, Kamila, Marina Demaria Venâncio, Michelle Bonatti, and Stefan Sieber. "A REVIEW OF BRAZILIAN BILL N. 6,299/2002 ON PESTICIDE REGULATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION." Veredas do Direito: Direito Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 17, no. 38 (September 16, 2020): 343–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v17i38.1754.
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Brazilian legislative proposal n. 6,299/2002, addressing pesticide regulation, represents an attempt to loosen and weaken the regulation of these substances, threatening the rights to food and a healthy environment as enshrined in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. This article reviews the bill and its more troublesome provisions through the lenses of food security and nutrition as well as national environmental law principles and provisions. Within this background, the paper concludes that Bill n. 6,299/2002 works against previously achieved progress in providing alternative policy pathways for sustainable agriculture in Brazil. It clashes with environmental law principles, neglecting precaution and prevention, representing a regression in terms of protection levels, while undermining human rights to food and a healthy environment. The methodology includes a literature and documentary review, along with inductive reasoning.
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Mourtgos, Scott M., and Ian T. Adams. "The Effect of Prosecutorial Actions on Deterrence: A County-Level Analysis." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419829201.
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In the current study, we examine prosecutorial decisions that affect the certainty, celerity, and severity of punishment at the county level in the state of Florida. Leveraging a unique data set, we investigate the effect of the rate at which prosecuting agencies within each county filed formal charges against offenders (certainty), the swiftness of criminal case resolution (celerity), and the rate at which cases were pled to less severe punishments (severity). We test for the effect of those covariates on aggregate county-level crime rates over a 5-year period. We find that prosecutors’ effect on the certainty and celerity of punishment was associated with lower levels of crime, whereas their effect on the severity of punishment was not. Together, these findings highlight the role of the prosecutor in shaping the general deterrent environment within a county.
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Back, Sinchul, and Jennifer LaPrade. "Cyber-Situational Crime Prevention and the Breadth of Cybercrimes among Higher Education Institutions." The International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 3, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/rgws2555.
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Academic institutions house enormous amounts of critical information from social security numbers of students to proprietary research data. Thus, maintaining up to date cybersecurity practices to protect academic institutions’ information and facilities against cyber-perpetrators has become a top priority. The purpose of this study is to assess common cybersecurity measures through a situational crime prevention (SCP) theoretical framework. Using a national data set of academic institutions in the United States, this study investigates the link between common cybersecurity measures, crime prevention activities, and cybercrimes. By focusing on the conceptualization of cybersecurity measures as SCP techniques, this study also offers the SCP approach as a framework by which universities can seek to reduce incidents of cybercrime through the design, maintenance, and use of the built environment in the digital realm. Implications for theory, research and practice are discussed.
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Radosavljević, Emina. "Compliance of domestic criminal legislation in the field of international and judicial cooperation with the EU acquis in the fight against organized crime: Security aspect." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 4 (2020): 1575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-29642.
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The area of the European Union (EU) is characterized by general liberalization, ie. "Free flow of people, goods, services, and capital", which is why the organized crime with international elements seriously affects the security of entire regions. Given that no country, regardless of its resources, can confront the threats of the global environment on its own, the need to create a single legislative framework aimed at strengthening the internal security system of the EU and its member states have become necessary. The mentioned unified legislation leads to the centralization of the security area at the supranational level, ie. delegation of competencies of the Member States to the institutions of the Union. In the global fight against organized crime, with the entry into force of the Law on Ratification of Stabilization and Association Agreements between the European Communities and their Member States, on the one hand, and The Republic of Serbia, on the other1 Serbia has committed itself to gradually harmonizing its national legal framework with acquis communautaire, as well as to apply them consistently. Given that, in this paper will be considered the harmonization of certain provisions of the Law on Organization and Competences of State Bodies in the Suppression of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption, ie. international cooperation in criminal matters systematized in Chapter 24 - Justice, Freedom, and Security.