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1
Kimpton, Anthony, Jonathan Corcoran, and Rebecca Wickes. "Greenspace and Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 303–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427816666309.
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Objectives: There is a growing interest in the relationship between greenspace and crime, yet how particular greenspace types encourage or inhibit the timing and types of greenspace crime remains largely unexplored. Drawing upon recent advances in environmental criminology, we introduce an integrated suite of methods to examine the spatial, temporal, and neighborhood dynamics of greenspace crime. Methods: We collate administrative, census, and crime incident data and employ cluster analysis, circular statistics, and negative binomial regression to examine violent, public nuisance, property, and drug crimes within 4,265 greenspaces across Brisbane, Australia. Results: We find that greenspace amenities, neighborhood social composition, and the presence of proximate crime generators influence the frequency and timing of greenspace crime. Conclusions: Our analyses reveal that particular types of greenspaces are more crime prone than others. We argue that this is largely due to the presence of amenities within greenspaces allied with the sociodemographic context of surrounding neighborhoods. We conclude that understanding how these factors influence the behaviors of potential offenders, victims, and guardians is necessary to better understand the spatial distribution of greenspace crime and provide an evidence base for crime prevention initiatives.
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Shablystyi, Volodymyr, Andriy Kovalenko, Anastasiia Hetman, and Roman Kvasha. "Victimological measures to prevent violent offences for gain committed by children." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.35.
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The aim of the article is to be a victimological description of violent crimes for profit by children in Ukraine. The research methodology was based on the equal combination of the legal method, logical and semantic method, comparative method, documentary, test method, classification method, method, and method of system analysis. Among the most notable results of the study were victims who contribute to the commission of crimes for profit and. Everything allows that, the theory of victimological modeling is a logical result of victim thought in criminology, which aims to be the models of the concluding victim of victims of crime crimes, etc.) in order to develop measures that are advised of the victim. The objectives of preventing lost crimes through the development and implementation of long-term state programmed for prevention. The implementation of these laundry programs a mechanism for the effective prevention of victims, the effectiveness of the fight against crime and will ensure safety.
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Hodgkinsoi, Sarah, and Nick Tilley. "Travel-to-Crime: Homing in on the Victim." International Review of Victimology 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400301.
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Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's ‘awareness space’. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, suggests that occupancy of ‘unawareness space’, where people are away from familiar surroundings, may confer heightened risk. This is supported in research in the special case of crime and tourism, though other travelling victim patterns have been largely ignored. This paper postulates that crime risk increases at the intersection of offender awareness and victim unawareness spaces. The 2002–3 British Crime Survey provides some suggestive evidence on this. Its analysis reveals that 26.9% of self-reported victimisation occurs more than 15 minutes away from the victim's home. For personal theft crimes over 70% of the victims were outside their immediate locality, suggesting a stronger link between victim mobility and certain types of offence. This finding is discussed in light of the literature reviewed and some implications for crime prevention are considered.
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Buddhadasa, M. P. A. A., K. G. N. U. Ranaweera, K. B. N. Silva, and R. M. D. A. Rathnayaka. "A Criminological Analysis on Burglary Related Environmental Factors in Sri Lanka." Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 06, no. 01 (2021): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v06i01.01.
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With the birth and growth of criminology related sub discipline, ‘environmental criminology’ or in other words, crime designated ecological perspective has gained a wide acceptance among the criminology academia. As a consequent, the immediate surrounding of an individual has been identified as a criminogenic factor. Criminology has been specifically focusing on the characteristics of offenders as well as offences and has been somewhat disregarding the criminogenic spatial factors of crime. Focusing and identifying the designated burglary related ecological factors have been the prime intention of this criminological research study. Thus, a purposive sample of 57 crime scenes under burglary has been observed during a period of two years (2017-2019) within the Western Province of Sri Lanka. Data were retrieved by using qualitative methodology. The research revealed three types of environmental factors linked with the burglary crime scenes namely, natural, built, and social. The built and social eco factors have been main criminogenic features in urban and semi-urban spaces. Specifically, weather, land usage and location could be identified as burglary related environmental factors. Apart from natural environmental factors, architectural and landscape features were recognized as associated-built environmental factors with housebreak. As this is a pioneering research study connected to the environmental aspect of crimes, the study has filled the existing research gap from the Sri Lankan perspective. Measures in controlling and preventing crime can be achieved through the management of environmental elements and using environmental designing with the advanced technology.
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Tihanyi, Miklós, Szabolcs Mátyás, Vince Vári, Kristina Krasnova, and Maria Volkova. "Correlation Between Female Identity in Civil Society and Criminal Repression in Hungary and Russia." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-4-92-108.
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Exploring data on recidivism in Hungary and Russia, the authors study the presence gender dimension of crime prevention. We agree with the assertion that crimes are predominantly committed by males but they believe that theoretical hypotheses developed by criminologists through the examples of men’s crimes cannot be transferred to women by default. Feminist criminology deals with the relationship of female identity in Russian society and crime, above all, recidivism. Analysis of data on the state of crime in Russia shows that, despite the general positive dynamics of its decrease, the rate of recidivism remains at a high level. In Hungary rates of repetition of offences committed by women are also rising. The aim of the study is to analyze the causes and conditions of female recidivism through the prism of the socio-psychological concept of crime causality. The novelty of the study is expressed in establishing the asymmetry of the criminal policy towards women, who, due to their conformity, are more prone to manifestations of repeated deviation. The authors conclude that the intense increase in recidivism is evidence of the ineffectiveness of the criminal, prison and preventive policies.
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Afanasyeva, Olga R., and Valentina I. Shiyan. "The Status and Tendencies of Drug-Related Crime at Transport Infrastructure Objects." Drug control 4 (December 24, 2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2020-4-16-20.
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Purpose: based on the analysis of the official statistics of the Federal State Institution “GIAC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia” (information on the state of crime and the results of the investigation of crimes for the period 2015-2019; on crimes related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors or analogues, potent substances, plants (or their parts) containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or their precursors, new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances, and the persons who committed them; on the state of crime in the air transport of the Russian Federation; summary report on the state of crime in transport) to assess the state and trends of drug-related crime at transport infrastructure facilities. Methodology: fundamental provisions of national criminology, a set of general scientific and specific scientific research methods. Conclusions: drug trafficking at transport infrastructure facilities is one of the main threats to Russia’s transport security. The decrease in the number of registered crimes in the sphere of illegal drug trafficking recorded in 2019 and the number of persons who committed them, both in Russia as a whole and at transport infrastructure facilities, is primarily due to the effectiveness of preventive activities. Scientific and practical significance: the results of the study presented in this article contribute to expanding the scope of criminological knowledge about the current state and trends of drug-related crime at transport infrastructure facilities, justifying the development of more effective preventive measures (scientific significance); will allow the subjects of preventive activity to timely identify new criminal threats in transport, determine priority areas of prevention and optimize management decisions.
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Maksimov, Sergey, Yury Vasin, and Kanat Utarov. "Digital Criminology as a Tool for Combating Organized Crime." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 4 (September 14, 2018): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(4).476-484.
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The starting point for the article is the growing importance of digital technologies in resolving the tasks of criminal policy. The authors present a definition of digitizing criminal policy: the introduction of quantitative methods of analyzing criminal phenomena and reacting to them (including the methods of mathematical statistics and mathematical modeling) in the practice of building and implementing a system of crime counteraction measures. They note that the low efficiency of criminal lawmaking mainly results from ignoring the necessity for a quantitative analysis of crime conditions, trends and the practice of crime counteraction. The authors stress that at present the decisions of lawmakers regarding the criminalization of organized criminal activities are not, as a rule, guided by the data of criminal statistics. The analysis of amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from 1997 toо 2017 shows that the growth in the number of articles of the Special Part of the Code that establish a greater responsibility for organized criminal activities (+77,5 %) was almost twice as high as the growth in the number of articles in its Special Part (+39,2 %). From the viewpoint of Russian legislators, the greatest degree of organized criminalization today is typical of crimes against the property (82 % of corresponding articles refer to the qualifying feature of being committed by an organized group), as well as crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom of a person (80 %). This position does not agree with the statistical data of the law enforcement work on identifying and investigating the activities of organized groups, or sentencing their participants. The authors also prove the necessity of developing a mathematical model for the new concept of criminal policy that should be based not on the momentary challenges or unexpected problems in law enforcement, but rather on the stable trends of changing criminal phenomena. They suggest devising a road map of criminal policy solutions that would ensure a gradual substitution of a repressive model of counteracting organized crime mainly based on the growth in the number of special criminal law prohibitions and law enforcement personnel by a prevention model of such counteraction. Today digital criminology has a real chance of becoming part of the practice of combating organized crime.
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Kipāne, Aldona, and Andrejs Vilks. "Kultūras ietekmes kriminoloģiskie aspekti: ieskats kultūras kriminoloģijā." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 17 (2020): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.17.2020.2.072-088.
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Mūsdienu kriminoloģija ir izteikti dinamiska un inovatīva zinātne, un savas izziņas lokā tā ietver aizvien jaunas jomas un virzienus. Kultūras kriminoloģija iezīmē jaunas īpašas perspektīvas, kā arī plašāku ievirzi, kas pēdējos gados parādījusies noziedzības un citu pretsabiedrisku parādību un to nosakošo faktoru izziņā. Kultūras kriminoloģijai ir teorētiska un praktiska nozīme noziedzības fenomena izpētē un jaunu pieeju konstruēšanā tās novēršanā. Noziedzība un noziedzības novēršanas subjekti var tikt uzskatīti arī par kultūras elementiem. Mūsdienu civilizācijā dažādās valstīs esošā kultūra, uzskati, paražas, reliģija un vērtības veido mūsdienu daudzveidīgo pasauli, kā arī eskalē kultūras konfliktus, turklāt var būt viens no faktoriem, kas nosaka kriminalitāti. Pašlaik ASV un daudzās citās valstīs notiek vandalisma akti, protesti, nemieri, masu nekārtības. Tas ir pietiekami jauns fenomens, kuram ir kulturoloģiskas, politiskas un kriminoloģiskas iezīmes. Tradicionālie kultūras un vēstures simboli tiek barbariski iznīcināti. Represīvi pasākumi un atbildība par vandalisma aktiem ir rets izpausmes veids. Kultūrvērtības var iegūt jaunu sabiedrisko vērtējumu ar kriminogēnu kontekstu. The concept of cultural criminology refers to both specific perspectives and broader trends that have emerged in criminology in recent years. The authors agree that cultural criminology is a theoretical and practical approach to cognition and prevention of the phenomenon of crime. Both crime and crime prevention are considered to be cultural elements. According to the authors, crime and crime prevention are influenced by the meanings given by culture. Cultural criminology reflects the developed perspective, which intertwines specific intellectual threads to explore the fusion of cultural and criminal processes in modern social life. The question remains whether we in Latvia are ready for the development of a new sub-branch of criminology, cultural criminology. Cultural criminology has a critical perspective that explores the fusion of culture and crime in everyday public life. Cultural criminology as an orientation is based on a variety of theoretical traditions, including subcultural and interactionist theories, cultural and media studies, and postmodern and feminist approaches. Cultural criminologists use a variety of methodologies, including ethnography and textual analysis, to study crime as culture and culture as crime. Crime as culture focuses on common meanings of subcultural style and rituals between subcultural groups, while culture as crime explores mediation structures and criminal liability of popular cultural artefacts. In different situations, culture, its elements and forms can be qualified as causes of crime and can act as contributing factors to crime. Therefore, in order to better understand the role of culture in the criminological detection system, it is necessary to identify cultural elements and operating models that not only contribute to crime, but also reduce it. Thus, it is important to discover both the criminogenic and the antichriminogenic potential of culture. Cultural criminology is the control of crime in a cultural context, it is the activity of crime prevention agents, the influence of society and cultural products – as creative constructs. The nature and content of the information forming the cultural environment, the mechanisms that ensure its operation and determine the nature of cultural processes, the impact of culture on the nature of crime.
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Serebrennikova, Anna. "Criminological Problems of the Digital World (Digital Criminology)." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(3).423-430.
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The development of information society and the corresponding technologies raises to a new level the tasks of counteracting crimes committed using such technologies, and of minimizing damage from them. The growth in the scale of new types of crime is a cause of worry for the society and the authorities, and especially for criminologists, as the penetration of criminals into the virtual environment and their mastery of new technologies acquire dangerous forms, change criminal motivation and, at the same time, to some extent stimulate the development of information and telecommunication technologies. The growing sophistication of the tasks of preventing and counteracting hi tech crimes makes it necessary to critically assess the current criminological methods and to make an attempt to go beyond the known «common» methods of neo-classical criminology. The development of the digital criminology concept cannot be reduced to an aggregate of pioneer technological methods developed on the basis of mathematical modeling, i.e. computer processing of quantitative and qualitative parameters of crimes, mathematical detection of different dependencies (on time, place and other variables), it could and should be understood in a wider sense: on the one hand, it should influence the new criminological paradigm, and on the other - it should develop within its boundaries. The modern information-analytical sphere in the work of law enforcement bodes includes the use of digital criminological instruments within the programs of crime prevention, mathematical methods of analyzing crimes, profiling, etc. Their aggregate is generally applicable to criminological analysis and prediction, however, it does not have the most cutting edge theoretical basis that corresponds to the tasks of counteracting crimes of the digital world; it is now being formed on the basis of criminological neo-classics, the advances of the social sciences and the humanities, digital criminology. The predictions of new industrial revolutions include a rapid acceleration of the pace of technological development, a systemic transformation of production and management, which will not only stimulate a global rise in the living standards, but will also increase inequality and, consequently, will provide an impetus to crime. These aspects should be taken into consideration when predicting future development of digital criminology, whose theories should be based on the conceptual models of social development of the near future. Social consequences of the predicted new industrial revolutions will inevitably become new common determiners of the crimes of the future, as it always happened in the past.
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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Sergey Ivantsov, Tatiana Molchanova, and Boris Spasennikov. "Big Data as a Modern Criminological Method of Studying and Measuring Organized Crime." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 718–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(5).718-726.
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The paper is devoted to the study, measurement and assessment of organized crime in Russia, and to researching the possibility of using «big data» to analyze crime. As the task of counteracting crime is getting more and more complicated, it becomes necessary to reconsider both the traditional methods of researching crime, and the possibilities of going beyond the boundaries of such methods. The existing forms of state statistical reporting reflect only certain crimes committed by organized criminal groups and, in exceptional cases — by criminal communities. The use of official state statistics to measure the level of organized crime leads to numerous distortions in its evaluation. In some cases, all it can do is indicate the trend. There is no assessment of the actual condition of this criminological problem due to a high complexity of measurements, of choosing the technique of information collection and analysis, as well as the theoretical model of predicting organized crime, forecasting its future trends and regularities. In the last decade, the countries where digital technologies are developing actively have witnessed an intensified interest to the use of computing and intellectual methods of analyzing organized crime. The main achievement of science is that there is a widespread understanding among criminologists involved in research that the existing instruments, methods and programs for the intellectual analysis of structured and unstructured data are sufficient for the transition to computational criminology. «Big data» have a special place in the structure of information technologies. The development of data collection and analysis technologies makes it possible to measure criminality at a conceptually new level. A significant growth in the volume of data, the sources and dissemination tools of which are social objects, leads to the establishment of new technologies of processing the information on crimes. The presented article shows the necessity of using a large volume of structured and unstructured data to study and evaluate qualitative parameters of organized crime. This presents considerable opportunities for using «big data» to predict the trends of future changes in organized crime, as well as for applying new technologies to the theory and practice of preventing organized crime. The prediction and prevention of organized crime are considered to be rather difficult, and sometimes impossible when it concerns finding empirical proof and, moreover, obtaining prediction verification of some or other concept. Consequently, up to now traditional research approaches have not been effective in the sphere of researching organized crime. Meanwhile, law enforcement bodies need knowledge on the structure of crime, on the emergence of new forms of organizing criminal groups, on changes in criminal behavior connected with the technologies of the new technological revolution, etc.
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Weekers, Damian P., Renee Zahnow, and Lorraine Mazerolle. "Conservation Criminology: Modelling Offender Target Selection for Illegal Fishing in Marine Protected Areas." British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 1455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz020.
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AbstractThe emergence of conservation criminology over the past decade provides a unique insight into patterns of wildlife crime. Wildlife crime has a dramatic impact on many vulnerable species and represents a significant challenge to the management of protected areas around the world. This paper contributes to the field of conservation criminology by examining the travel patterns of fishing poachers in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia. The results demonstrate that distance is a key feature of offender target selection, reflecting the established environmental criminology concept of distance decay. The analysis also reveals a significant relationship between individual no-take zones and regional population areas. The applicability of a nodal-oriented approach to wildlife crime prevention is discussed.
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Ayling, Julie. "Harnessing Third Parties for Transnational Environmental Crime Prevention." Transnational Environmental Law 2, no. 2 (September 10, 2013): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102513000174.
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AbstractBecause transnational environmental crime (TEC) can result in the demise of an environmental resource or irreversible damage to the environment and has implications for national and global security, its prevention is a critical issue. Deterrence through law enforcement can go only a limited distance towards preventing TEC. However, there is a huge potential for third parties to be active participants, alongside governmental authorities, in crafting and implementing strategies for TEC prevention. This article explores the ways in which states can catalyze third parties – non-state, non-offending actors – to contribute their own capacities towards the pursuit of preventive outcomes. It draws together concepts and theories from policing studies, criminology and regulatory studies to highlight changing relationships between the state and non-state actors with respect to crime control, and applies them to TEC. Examples and illustrations used in the article relate mainly to efforts to combat the illegal wildlife trade. The article concludes that a more systematic approach to TEC prevention involving third parties is needed, and that this requires dedicated strategic analysis and planning on the part of states, working individually and together.
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Lindquist, Matthew J., and Yves Zenou. "Crime and networks: ten policy lessons." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 35, no. 4 (2019): 746–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz020.
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Abstract Social network analysis can help us understand the root causes of delinquent behaviour and crime and provide practical guidance for the design of crime prevention policies. To illustrate these points, we first present a selective review of several key network studies and findings from the criminology and police studies literature. We then turn to a presentation of recent contributions made by network economists. We highlight ten policy lessons and provide a discussion of recent developments in the use of big data and computer technology.
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MAKSIMENTSEV, MAKSYM, and NADIIA MAKSIMENTSEVA. "The Global Impact of Exercising Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Over Transnational Corporate Environmental Crimes in Extractive Industries." Право України, no. 2020/04 (2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2020-04-278.
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This article relates to contemporary topic, deals with subsoil use crimes and explores this as a subtype of environmental crimes committed by transnational corporations discussing the importance of choosing proper jurisdiction, and examines crimes in the field of subsoil use as a specific component of environmental crimes committed by transnational corporations involved in resource extraction and mining across the world. Their environmental harm, contribution to poverty and unfair utilization of resources is driven by greed and lure, and has long been heavily protected by legal jurisdictional cover-ups, which are now under scrutiny due to the globally evolving trend of exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction over certain torts committed by extractive industry operators. Appropriate criminological theories and studies of general and green criminology along with environmental justice are reviewed and reflected on. The author refers to unfair correlation of natural wealth and poverty, comes across the Brantinghamian definition of “crime” before turning to Sutherland’s conception of white-collar crime. The article also presents content analysis and case studies of the undergoing litigations, namely the case of Trafigura and Royal Dutch Shell.In concluding notes suggestions are offered for the future of environmental justice and the prevention of environmental crimes in extractive industries and mining.
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Vilks, Andrejs, and Aldona Kipāne. "Criminology as Trends in the Development of Science." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 19 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.19.2020.1.039-048.
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Criminology has a special place and is of special significance in law science. It does not always examine substantive or procedural rules and case law. The authors of the article emphasise criminology as a science of social law, the dominant object of cognition of which is socially significant phenomena (crime, drugs, corruption, prostitution, etc.), as well as the processes related to their combating and prevention. Crime is the product of various contradictions that evolve in society, a negatively directed function of society that reflects its resulting state of moral and social “health”. Dynamic social, economic, political, legal, administrative, organisational and other factors determine the constant cognition of socially undesirable and negative phenomena, improvement of research tools and approaches. Crime is transforming alongside social changes, in some cases even accelerating them. Despite the unjustified discounting of the significance of criminology as an independent science, it continues to develop. In the social science system criminology functions as a mission, creating an uncompromising attitude towards crime. Under the current circumstances and in line with the intense invasion of modern technologies crime is taking on new forms and shapes. It successfully moves to the virtual environment, increasing its latency level and significantly complicating the magnitude and negative effects of damage detection. A new modified field of cognition of crime and its related elements a arising – digital criminology. It could play an important role in the qualitative analysis and forecasting of crime, in identifying the determinants of crime, and in determining their impact on crime. Digital methods of examination of persons, including the use of positron emission tomography (PET) of brain scanning, would make it possible to identify persons with pronounced criminal inclinations. Digital technologies could be used in correctional institutions and establishments to help those who have served prison sentences related to deprivation of liberty, in their rehabilitation, as well as in the implementation of virtual deprivation of liberty and replacing of expensive and inefficient prisons with digital detention facilities.
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Henson, Billy. "Preventing Interpersonal Violence in Emergency Departments: Practical Applications of Criminology Theory." Violence and Victims 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.553.
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Over the past two decades, rates of violence in the workplace have grown significantly. Such growth has been more prevalent in some fields than others, however. Research shows that rates of violence against healthcare workers are continuously among the highest of any career field. Within the healthcare field, the overwhelming majority of victims of workplace violence are hospital employees, with those working in emergency departments (EDs) experiencing the lion’s share of violent victimization. Though this fact is well-known by medical researchers and practitioners, it has received relatively little attention from criminal justice researchers or practitioners. Unfortunately, this oversight has severely limited the use of effective crime prevention techniques in hospital EDs. The goal of this analysis is to utilize techniques of situational crime prevention to develop an effective and easily applicable crime prevention strategy for hospital EDs.
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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Sergey Ivantsov, Tatiana Molchanova, and Boris Spasennikov. "Digital Criminology: Mathematical Methods of Prediction (Part 2)." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(3).323-329.
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The paper is devoted to the problems of digital criminology, the analysis of the methods of mathematical forecasting and the possibility of using them for crime research. The growing complexity of the task of crime counteraction determines the necessity for both the critical overhaul of the existing methods and the search for opportunities to go beyond the boundaries of the traditional methods of researching legal phenomena. The information and analytical work of law enforcement bodies based on the development of crime prevention programs has the key goal of the application of mathematical methods of crime analysis. The object of research is the complex of mathematical methods selected on the basis of their suitability for the purpose of criminological prediction. The authors single out the following methods: the modeling method, the correlation analysis, the analysis of rank correlations and conjugacy tables, discriminant analysis, regression analysis, dispersive analysis, covariance analysis, factor analysis, time series analysis, seasonal oscillation method, maximum likelihood method (in particular, its variety - least squares method), average annual growth rate calculation method, logical decision functions method, pattern recognition, calculus of variations, spectral analysis, Markov chains, algebra of logic, etc. Mathematical prediction in digital criminology consists in using the existing quantitative and qualitative parameters of criminality, calculating their mathematical dependence on time, space and other independent variables. The conducted research allowed the authors to state that the mathematical processing of criminological information makes it possible to improve the accuracy of predictions.
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Toporetska, Z. "CRIMINALISTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL ENRICHMENT." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.27.
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In the article based on the analysis of scientific literature on criminology, criminal process and taking into account the actual changes to Art. 368-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” have analyzed the criminalistics significant indications of illegal enrichment. The purpose of this article is to study within its scope the criminalistics significant indications of illegal enrichment. The authors consider the criminalistics characteristics of the crime as a system containing a set of forensic significance features that are inherent in a particular type of crime. Like any systematic education, the forensic description of crimes consists of interconnected components – elements. The specified elements are not isolated, but connected with certain correlation links, determined by the sequential placement of elements in accordance with the sequence of deployment of criminal activity, starting from the position: 1) the identity of the offender acting in the direction 2) the choice of the object of the attack, 3) in in certain conditions, 4) by applying certain methods, 5) causing the corresponding effects in the form of a set of tracks and damage. The article analyzes the following elements of the forensic character of illegal enrichment: the person of the offender, the subject of a direct criminal offense, the method of committing a crime, a trace pattern. The indicated elements are linked by correlation bonds, which reflect the dynamic, “phase” nature, due to the sequential placement of elements in accordance with the sequence of deployment of criminal activity. Forensic characteristics of illegal enrichment help to distinguish this offense from other official and corruption crimes. Forensic characteristics of illegal enrichment facilitate the determination of a range of circumstances to be proved in a criminal proceeding for crimes of this kind and the planning of their investigation. At the same time, while investigating crimes of this kind, there are a number of problems that require further resolution, and therefore this issue requires a separate scientific study, which will be the subject of further research. Key words: criminalistics, criminal process, forensic characteristic, illegal enrichment.
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Yakovleva, Olga. "Features of the Criminal Identity in Acts of Extremism." Legal Concept, no. 2 (July 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.2.12.
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Introduction: the problem of studying the identity of a criminal has always been the focus of criminology, criminal law, criminal procedure, criminalistics and other legal sciences. The criminal identity has individual distinctive features and qualities. The aim of the work is to identify, analyze and evaluate the characteristics of individuals in extremist crimes, and fix them for further use in the law enforcement practice. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which, first of all, we should mention the methods of system analysis and synthesis. Results: the paper presents a criminological analysis of the criminal identity in acts of extremism. The classification of persons who commit crimes of this group of crimes is determined. The necessity of a comprehensive approach in the development of the state policy in the field of prevention of extremist crime is emphasized. Conclusions: persons who commit crimes of extremism can be divided into several categories: 1) gang delinquents and violent protesters; 2) individuals with religious ideas who are perpetrators of crimes of extremism; 3) persons who provide assistance (including organizational and sponsorship) to the extremist communities and groups, as well as attract extremist criminals for their power purposes.
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Blasco, Nicholas J., and Nicholas A. Fett. "Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems." International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 2, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/02020419tegr1675.
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The authors laid the groundwork for analyzing the crypto-economic incentives of interconnected blockchain networks and utilize situational crime prevention theory to explain how more secure systems can be developed. Blockchain networks utilize smaller blockchains (often called sidechains) to increase throughput in larger networks. Identified are several disadvantages to using sidechains that create critical exposures to the assets locked on them. Without security being provided by the mainchain in the form of validated exits, sidechains or statechannels which have a bridge or mainchain asset representations are at significant risk of attack. The inability to have a sufficiently high cost to attack the sidechain while mainchain assets can be withdrawn, along with the disconnect between the integrity of the sidechain and the value of the stolen assets are among the top disadvantages. The current study used a vulnerability analysis and theoretical mathematics based on situational crime prevention theory to highlight the attack vectors and prevention methods for these systems. Much of the analysis can be applied to any distributed system (e.g. blockchain network), particularly any supposedly trustless off-chain component. The equations developed in the current study will hold for any two chains that are bridged and pass value back and forth and provides evidence to suggest a public sidechain is likely not a viable option for scalability due to security concerns. Criminal strategies on blockchain networks in the digital realm are similar to criminal strategies in the physical realm; therefore, the application of criminology can lead to more efficient development and ultimately more effective security protocols.
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DVORYANSKOV, IVAN V. "Conceptual Issues of the Goals of Punishment." Penitentiary science 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2021-15-2-370-380.
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Introduction: the article considers the goals of punishment, their essence, evolution, and modern legal and doctrinal interpretation; these issues are among fundamental problems of penitentiary science. Aim: to study the legal nature, social conditionality, and achievability of the goals of punishment so as to identify their compliance with the modern criminal policy of Russia. Methods: the research is based on a dialectical approach to the study of social processes and phenomena. We use methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparative legal, retrospective, formal legal, logical, comparative methods; all of them are commonly used by the sciences of criminal law and criminology. We also apply private scientific methods such as the legal-dogmatic method and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: we conclude that the time has come to change the conceptual foundations on which the institution of the goals of punishment is based. We believe it is necessary to prevent crimes by combining criminal responsibility with education and prevention. The level of recidivism, the empirical non-verifiability of reformation, and the scientific inconsistency of the phrase “restoration of social justice” (how can we restore what should be an unshakable axiological guideline?) indicate that Russian penology should radically revise the existing punitive paradigm. The paper substantiates the thesis that no goal of punishment in the current form is fully achievable. It is known that general prevention is based on fear. However, according to criminological studies, those who are inclined to commit crimes, as a rule, are not afraid of punishment (their contempt for punishment, law and society as a whole is obviously cultivated by the criminal subculture). And law-abiding people do not commit crimes because of their inner beliefs, upbringing and culture. Thus, general prevention as a goal is ineffective. Reformation and special prevention are too formalized and do not assume scientifically verifiable (at least, legally enacted) criteria for their achieving, that is, the state of reformation itself. With regard to the restoration of social justice, this formulation seems absurd due to a misunderstanding of justice as such. In our opinion, it is an objectively established axiological system, which essentially cannot be violated by a crime, but represents a standard and a measure of evaluation. It is for a reason that it is legally defined as a requirement for a court sentence in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The goal of punishment ultimately consists in the punishment itself and in the implementation of its functions (punishment, retribution, public condemnation of the crime, protection of society from criminal encroachments). Conclusions: the present research has substantiated the necessity to carry out a legislative reform of the concept of the goals of punishment. We find this problem quite relevant, because the effectiveness of judicial and penal enforcement activities and the fate of meaningless financial costs for achieving unattainable goals depend on finding a solution to it. Keywords: punishment; goal; efficiency; restoration of social justice; crime prevention; general and special prevention; reformation of convicted persons; criminal policy; conceptual foundations
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Redo, Sławomir. "From the universal to the particular through intercultural united nations crime prevention law and practice." Temida 15, no. 2 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1202049r.
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The article focuses on some legal and criminological counter aspects of the functionalist approach to public international law, by taking as the example United Nations crime prevention law. On this basis, the article?s author analyses the theoretical and practical meaning of cross-disciplinary concepts of the Universal and the Particular, known also in law and criminology as the General and the Specific. He emphasizes the coexistence of both concepts and their mutual reinforcement through the intercultural United Nations policy and action.
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Donegan, James J., and Michele W. Ganon. "Strain, Differential Association, and Coercion: Insights from the Criminology Literature on Causes of Accountant's Misconduct." Accounting and the Public Interest 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/api.2008.8.1.1.
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This paper introduces to the accounting literature two prominent criminology theories, strain and differential association, as possible explanations for criminal behavior by accountants and applies a recent integration of the two, coercion theory, to three recent financial statement frauds. We argue that understanding and preventing fraudulent accounting can be furthered by placing the phenomenon within the context of criminology research, which supports both individual and group-level explanations for white-collar crime. We also suggest that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) moved too quickly in adopting Cressey's fraud triangle as the explanatory model for financial fraud in Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99. Our analysis, although exploratory in nature, suggests that examining financial statement fraud through the lens provided by criminology theory may provide new insights into its causes as well as tools for detection and prevention. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications.
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Pooley, Kamarah, and Claire E. Ferguson. "Using environmental criminology theories to compare ‘youth misuse of fire’ across age groups in New South Wales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865815596794.
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Youth misuse of fire is a substantive community concern. Despite evidence which indicates youths account for a significant proportion of all deliberately lit fires within Australia, an absence of up-to-date, contextually specific research means the exact scope and magnitude of youth misuse of fire within Australia remains unknown. Despite research suggesting commonalities exist between youth misuse of fire and juvenile offending more broadly, misuse of fire is rarely explained using criminological theory. In light of this gap, a descriptive analysis of youth misuse of fire within New South Wales was performed. Routine Activity Theory and Crime Pattern Theory were tested to explain differences in misuse of fire across age groups. Results suggest these environmental theories offer useful frameworks for explaining youth misuse of fire in New South Wales. It is argued that the Routine Activity Theory and Crime Pattern Theory can be employed to better inform youth misuse of fire policy and prevention efforts.
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Zubkova, E. Yu. "NORMS AND PRACTICES OF THE CONTROL OVER CRIMINAL OFFENCES IN THE USSR: TENDENCIES OF THE “THAW”." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 3(50) (2020): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2020-3-128-138.
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State policy towards asocial conduct, including breach of law and crime, had been evolving through Soviet history. Until the mid-1950s, the main vector was repressive, with the isolation of people from the society. Repressive practices, including a harsh penal code, sometimes served as a reaction to a real aggravation of the crime situation, for instance, after World War Two. However, more often the authorities and law enforcement institutions acted out of inertia, lacking experience of other methods and believing in the preventive effect of harsh measures. Against this background, the experiments of the early “Thaw” are especially interesting: the creation of new norms and practices of social control corresponded to the changing format of relations between the state and society, on the one hand, and the marginal groups, on the other. The turn in criminal policy took place after 1953 despite the spike of criminal activities. Considerable part of cases became depoliticized; emphasis shifted to the analysis of social causes of crime; the policy of isolating socially marginal groups gave way to attempts to incorporate them into “main” society. New trends required corresponding normative base, which was actively developed in that period (the work on new penal codes). This article considers the problem of criminality in the context of changing norms and practices of social control during the Thaw. This study is methodologically synthetic; it allows to combine the historiographical tradition of research of crime in the USSR and the analysis of crime in contemporary criminology, deviantology, and sociology.
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Paolella, Francesco. "Archivio fascista di medicina politica." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 1 (April 2009): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2009-001004.
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- This paper describes the birth and presents the main themes of the journal "Archivio fascista di medicina politica" published in the years 1927-1932. The author first discusses the notion of political medicine in fascist ideology, and then analyses the health, social and demographic policies of the fascist regime. He compares political medicine with adjacent disciplines such as social medicine, occupational health and forensic medicine. In the second part of the paper, the author presents some articles - published in this journal - on political medicine related to psychiatry and criminology: i.e. vocational guidance, the fight against alcoholism, the debate on the reform of the penal code ("codice Rocco"), the prevention of crime and above all of juvenile delinquency. Keywords: political medicine, fascism, social diseases, criminology.
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Hincks, Crystal, Anne Miller, and Monica Pauls. "THE GRANDE PRAIRIE PACT PROGRAM EVALUATION: DISCREPANCY BETWEEN MODEL EVALUATION PRACTICE AND CONSTRAINED REAL WORLD EVALUATION OF CRIME PREVENTION IN SMALL COMMUNITIES." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs41201311850.
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This article discusses and demonstrates the discrepancies between ideal, theoretical program evaluation processes and real world evaluation practice, which is constrained by numerous and varying factors. The article describes the real world experience of Mount Royal University’s Centre for Criminology and Justice Research researchers in conducting an evaluation of the Police and Crisis Team (PACT) in Grande Prairie, Alberta, including a Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis. PACT, which partners an Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer with a mental health professional, represents a blend of secondary and tertiary crime prevention and attempts to diminish crime in the community by addressing the risk factors of individuals with mental health concerns (creating trust with individuals, increasing awareness of resources, and decreasing stigmatization in the community). PACT also specifically targets those individuals with mental health issues who are in contact with the law to try to decrease recidivism and increase community safety. Challenges were present in the evaluation due to the time frame, staff turnover, program start-up issues, and confidentiality and sensitivity of the program focus. Despite the challenges, the CCJR team completed an evaluation including a forecast SROI, identifying several successes, challenges, and recommendations for change.
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Goşa, Dumitru, and Teodora Drăghici. "Particularities Regarding the Prevention of Offences against Sexual Freedom and Integrity." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2016-0055.
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Abstract Offences against sexual freedom and integrity are among the most dangerous ones, also having individual and social consequences. Criminology has an important role in the study, analysis and prevention of such offences, relatively disseminated by the public, and, although the causes have been discovered, little has been done to combat them. The world in general is not interested in the causes of crime, but in the acts committed. A murder with sexual connotation creates a state of excitement and fear among the population as long as the criminal is being chased, but after being identified, tried and convicted, the case is no longer interesting, and the essential question of how many possible authors there are among us and why a new sexual murder sexual might happen again is never asked.
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Filipenko, Nataliya, and Oleksandr Snigeryov. "Expert prevention: concept, subject and object." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-2-241-253.
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This article analyzes the conceptual foundations, views and ideas on understanding the essence of expert prevention. Essence of expert prevention lies in the influence of relevant subjects on crime through the use of specific expertise. That means that subject of forensic examination of each kind and type should be attributed to the study of circumstances on the basis of which scientific, organizational and technical measures of a preventive nature can and should be developed. The empirical prerequisites for the emergence and development of forensic research have been investigated: accumulation of empirical facts in the theory of forensic science and other sciences, manifestation of integration processes. Formation of theoretical and applied foundations of private theory of expert prevention. The concept and structure of the private theory of expert prevention, its place and role in the theory of forensic science and judicial examination are considered. It is noted that the study of the current state of the theory and practice of private expert theory has allowed to establish that it has a common beginning and justification. Private theory of expert prevention as a system of interconnectedness includes: idea, principles, great empirical material, which is the cornerstone of the theory, general and specific tasks, functions and goals of the theory, etc. On the basis of the conducted analysis it is proved that the principles of a systematic approach and construction, which provide its structure, connection with the general theory of forensic examination and the general theory of criminology, a combination of theoretical and applied (practical) researches serve as a justification for the creation of a private theory of expert prevention. It is emphasized that the formation of the theory of expert prevention is the need to create this theory in order to successfully combat crime specific expertise using. The relation between the concepts of "general forensic theory" and "private theory of expert prevention" has been investigated, since ambiguity of both scientific understanding and practical application is one of the main problems that cannot be overcome in the forensic research of the phenomenon of expert prevention. appropriate conceptual categorical apparatus.
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Herranz de Rafael, Gonzalo, and Juan Fernández-Prados. "Subterranean Values and Deviance: An Empirical Investigation of the Case of Spain." Social Sciences 7, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090149.
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This study examines value similarities between deviant youth on the one hand and mainstream society on the other rather than value differences. The classic sociological research on deviance by Matza and Sykes supports this approach, given that their investigations focused more on similarities between subterranean values and the values of normal society. The General Social Survey of Spain (2016) includes 17 indicators for deviant behavior, which is the dependent variable. Likewise, it is used to define social capital and the rest of the different independent variables of the analysis. In conclusion, whereas social capital and social values were absent as causes of juvenile delinquency, the following variables explained significantly the deviant behavior among Spanish youth: tolerance towards deviance, adolescent experience, and sex. This suggests that there are at least two possible keys to improve or avoid the problem of juvenile crime: prevention or awareness programmes and new critical feminist criminology point of view.
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Polikarpova, Irina Vladimirovna, and Olesya Viktorovna Zaitseva. "Preventive law: concept, structure and content." Юридические исследования, no. 8 (August 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.8.34081.
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The subject of this research is the federal and regional legislation that regulate preventive activity of law enforcement agencies, monographic studies of the leading Russian criminologists, as well as scientific publications discussing the concept, structure and content of preventive law. The object of this research is social relations formed in the process of implementation of norms that regulate the activity on crime prevention. The goal consists in examination of the content of preventive law for the explicating the detailed structure of this branch of legislation. This article is first within the national criminology to propose an original perspective on the preventive law as an independent branch of legislation. Based on the analysis of normative sources regulating the activity in the area of prevention of offences, the author determines the criteria for their classification: 1) by legal force, 2) by territorial scope of actions, 3) by subject of legal regulation, 4) depending on the role in legal regulation. The conclusion is substantiated on the need to systematize preventive law in form of a codified normative act – the Code on Prevention of Offenses in the Russian Federation, which should be aimed only at preventive regulation. The structure of this code is offered. In the authors’ opinion, the system of preventive law is a unified legal complex consisting of legislation of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities, as well as normative bylaws that regulate preventive legal relations that emerge prior to commission of offense, and for determination and elimination of the factors that conduce commission of offenses, as well as have educational impact upon persons in order to prevent commission of offenses or antisocial behavior.
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Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim, Naji Arafat Mahat, Geshina Ayu Mat Saat, Azizah Othman, Ian Lloyd Anthony, Sowmya Kumar, Suzaily Wahab, Saravanan Meyappan, Balan Rathakrishnan, and Fauziah Ibrahim. "The Psychology of Murder Concealment Acts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063113.
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The escalating trend of murder victim concealment worldwide appears worrying, and literature does not reveal any specific study focusing on victim concealment amongst convicted male Malaysian murderers. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the psychological traits that may underlie the act of murder concealment in Malaysia via mixed method approaches. Male murderers (n = 71) from 11 prisons were selected via purposive sampling technique. In the quantitative analysis, a cross-sectional study design using the validated questionnaire was used. The questionnaire contained murder concealment variables and four Malay validated psychometric instruments measuring: personality traits, self-control, aggression, and cognitive distortion. The independent sample t-tests revealed the significantly higher level of anger in murderers who did not commit concealment acts (8.55 ± 2.85, p < 0.05) when compared with those who did so (6.40 ± 2.64). Meanwhile, the Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed that anger and the personality trait of aggressiveness-hostility significantly varied across the different groups of murder concealment acts (p < 0.05). The qualitative data obtained via the in-depth interviews revealed two important themes for the murderers to commit murder concealment acts: (1) fear of discovery and punishment and (2) blaming others. These findings discussed from the perspectives of the murderers within the context of criminology and psychology may provide the first ever insight into the murder concealment acts in Malaysia that can benefit the relevant authorities for crime prevention and investigation efforts.
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Alshynbekova, A. "Initiation of pre-trial investigation in cases of kidnapping: essence and characteristics." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 80, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2020-4/49-55.
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In this article, the author examines the features of the pre-trial stage of the investigation in the investigation of kidnapping. The initial stage of the investigation consists of: starting a pre-trial investigation, conducting urgent investigative and procedural actions and attracting a person as a suspect. The initial stage of the investigation of a crime, including kidnapping, is crucial for the implementation of further qualitative and offensive investigation of criminal acts. The purpose of this article is to study the nature and features of the beginning of the pre-trial investigation of kidnapping. In the course of the study, the author used such methods of scientific research as: dialectical, system, method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, generalization and study of literary sources, comparative legal, historical-legal, system-structural and formal-logical methods, as well as the method of system analysis. Activities to identify signs of a crime must be considered through the prism of the beginning of a pre-trial investigation. Currently, the beginning of a pre-trial investigation, from the point of view of criminology, refers to very specific types of organizational activities at the initial stage of the investigation of a kidnapping. The detection and investigation of kidnappings is highly complex, requiring law enforcement officials to maintain strict secrecy. If there is a reason provided for by the criminal procedure law to start a pre-trial investigation, the investigator or an employee of the body of inquiry is obliged to establish the presence of sufficient data indicating signs of kidnapping. To do this, it is necessary to carefully study the content of the application, compare the available factual data. The beginning of a pre-trial investigation should not be an end in itself of the activities of the pre-trial investigation bodies. At the same time, their offensive and proactive work on all received facts, information and operational materials is extremely important, because it is the embodiment of the active position of the law enforcement system in the direction of preventing and suppressing possible illegal encroachments on personal freedom, including the suppression of those criminal actions that are in the stages of their preparation or beginning.
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Azhari, Faisol. "The Social Reaction for The Effort of Crime Prevention (In The Short Analizing)." Jurnal Hukum 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.v29i1.331.
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         Really, talking about the problem of the social reaction for the crime and offenders in the development of criminology science are so important. Therefore in analizing for that case and  how to solve about crime the criminology science isn’t limmited about the background of crime only or law.      The crime prevention is also explained by Criminology. Therefore Criminology is also include the study of the social reaction against crime. Edwin H Sutherland and Cressey said that the crime prevention or the social reaction against crime include within criminology. And really, accordance with the development of criminology science it needs the other sciences to support it in analizing for crime and crime causation such as the anthropology science phsichology science sociology criminal science etc. There are several approaches analizing about the crime and the effort of crime prevention.Keywords: The crime prevention, The social reaction against crimeÂ
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Rocque, Michael, Brandon C. Welsh, and Adrian Raine. "Biosocial criminology and modern crime prevention." Journal of Criminal Justice 40, no. 4 (July 2012): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.05.003.
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Buczyński, Szymon. "Ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego a działania na dużych szybkozmiennych zbiorach danych – perspektywa kryminologiczna." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 43 (October 9, 2019): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.4589.
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Recent technological revolutions in data and communication systemsenable us to generate and share data much faster than ever before. Sophisticated data tools aim to improve knowledge and boost confdence. That technological tools will only get better and user-friendlier over the years, big datacan be considered an important tool for the arts and culture sector. Statistical analysis, econometric methods or data mining techniques could pave theway towards better understanding of the mechanisms occurring on the artmarket. Moreover crime reduction and prevention challenges in today’sworld are becoming increasingly complex and are in need of a new techniquethat can handle the vast amount of information that is being generated. Thisarticle provides an examination of a wide range of new technological innovations (IT) that have applications in the areas of culture preservation andheritage protection. The author provides a description of recent technological innovations, summarize the available research on the extent of adoptionon selected examples, and then review the available research on the eachform of new technology. Furthermore the aim of this paper is to explore anddiscuss how big data analytics affect innovation and value creation in cultural organizations and shape consumer behavior in cultural heritage, arts andcultural industries. This paper discusses also the likely impact of big dataanalytics on criminological research and theory. Digital criminology supports huge data base in opposition to conventional data processing techniques which are not only in suffcient but also out dated. This paper aims atclosing a gap in the academic literature showing the contribution of a bigdata approach in cultural economics, policy and management both froma theoretical and practice-based perspective. This work is also a startingpoint for further research.
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Stummvoll, Günter. "Environmental criminology and crime analysis." Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11, no. 2 (April 2009): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2008.22.
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Porteous, David. "Crime Prevention Studies, Volume 13: Analysis for Crime Prevention." Safer Communities 2, no. 1 (January 2003): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17578043200300010.
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Kautt, Paula, and Ken Pease. "The Division of Labour in Crime Prevention: Crime Science, Criminology and Criminal Justice." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 52, no. 1 (September 12, 2012): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2012.00733.x.
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Sutton, Adam. "Crime Prevention: Promise or Threat?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 27, no. 1 (June 1994): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589402700103.
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In many Western countries, traditional criminal justice responses to crime are being questioned. Crime prevention has been endorsed as a policy objective by a range of governments including Australia's, with most States and Territories implementing programs. The paper summarises approaches to prevention and reviews promises and threats these developments pose. Promises include less divisive and ‘exclusionary’ modes of social control, and greater policy relevance for criminology. Threats include the possibility that organising social initiatives around crime prevention themes may detract attention from underlying structural issues, and that techniques of opportunity reduction and surveillance will extend social control and accelerate the ‘privatising’ of safety and security. The paper acknowledges the relevance of these critiques to current practice in Australia. However it argues that problems are due to political and economic pressures rather than to flaws in prevention theory itself. Criminologists should insist that prevention programs and strategies be located within the context of critical social theory.
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Ilyas, Amir, Rini Anggraeni, and Yuyun Widaningsih. "Ineffective Regulation of Narcotics Crime Prevention (Criminology Perspective)." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 9, no. 12 (2018): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.02045.4.
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Ilyas, Amir, Rini Anggraeni, and Yuyun Widaningsih. "Ineffective Regulation of Narcotics Crime Prevention (Criminology Perspective)." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 1 (2019): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00229.8.
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Sollund, Ragnhild. "Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity?" Social Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060093.
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Scholarship within green criminology focusing on crimes and harms against nonhuman animals has been increasing. Little attention, however, has been directed at the gendered aspects of these crimes. For example, why is it that the great majority of offenders involved in wildlife trade and the illegal killing of endangered predators are male? The aim of this article is to fill the gap in the literature, relying on confiscation reports from Norwegian Customs of nonhuman animals—most of whom are listed in CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora)—as well as an analysis of verdicts in cases in Norwegian courts of “theriocides” (animal murders) of large predators. This article will assess the number of men and women involved in these crimes and harms, and will present some trends of theriociders. This article will employ ecofeminist and masculinities theories to better understand the gendered dynamics involved in wildlife trafficking and the theriocides of large carnivores.
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K K, Deepika, and Smitha Vinod. "Crime analysis in India using data mining techniques." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.6 (March 11, 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10779.
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An approach for crime detection in India using Data mining techniques is proposed in this paper. The approach consists of the following steps - Data pre-processing, clustering, classification and visualization. Data mining techniques are often applied to Criminology as it provides good results. Criminology is a field which studies about various crime characteristics. Analyzing crime data means exploring crime data. Crime is identified using k-means clustering and the clusters are formed based on the similarity of the crime attributes. The Random Forest algorithm and Neural networks are applied on the data for classification. Visualization is achieved using the Google marker clustering and the crime spots are marked on the India map. The accuracy is verified using WEKA tool. This approach will benefit the Crime department of India in analyzing crime with better prediction. The paper focuses on the crime analysis of various Indian states and union territories during 2001 to 2012.
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Lynch, Michael J., Paul B. Stretesky, and Michael A. Long. "Situational Crime Prevention and the Ecological Regulation of Green Crime: A Review and Discussion." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218789080.
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Situational crime prevention theory suggests the need for innovative, non-criminal-justice polices to control crime, but that approach has not been widely employed by criminologists addressing the control of environmental crime. Numerous examples of innovative environmental social control practices can be found outside of the criminological literature; but within criminology, such studies have most often been undertaken by conservation criminologists, while green criminologists have undertaken empirical studies illustrating the ineffectiveness of traditional, punitive responses to environmental crime. Here, we briefly review the use of situational crime prevention theory and research by conservation criminologists and provide examples of environmental social control policies used by various nations that are consistent with situational crime prevention arguments. We also note that research and theory in other disciplines suggest that crime is produced by larger structural economic forces, indicating that situational crime prevention alone is likely not sufficient to control environmental crime.
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Mandala, Marissa, and Joshua D. Freilich. "Disrupting Terrorist Assassinations Through Situational Crime Prevention." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 12 (July 10, 2017): 1515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717718488.
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This article uses environmental criminology and situational crime prevention (SCP) to devise a series of hypotheses to determine the factors that distinguish successful from unsuccessful assassination incidents. We analyzed a random sample of 100 successful and 100 unsuccessful assassination incidents from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) that occurred between 2005 and 2014. We then consulted open sources to create new SCP variables that we added to the original GTD data. The hypotheses were tested in a binary logistic regression. Results show that successful assassinations are associated with several SCP measures, including weapon type, fatalities, terrorist proximity to target, and attack and target location.
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Ozkan, Murat. "A paradigm shift in policing: Crime reduction through problem oriented policing." Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3764.
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The opportunity theories of crime regards opportunity as a root cause and focus attention on the crime rather than the criminal. In the practical crime prevention efforts, this theoretical framework paved the way for innovative policing strategies like problem oriented policing and situational crime prevention. Policy makers and practitioners accept the motivated offender as given and gather the efforts to prevent offenders accessing sufficient means and opportunities for a crime to occur. This paper describes the link between opportunity theories of crime and successful crime reduction efforts stemmed from them. It entails problem oriented policing and situational crime prevention techniques. Crime is not evenly distributed. It concentrates differently on places, offenders and persons. This paper then describes the fundamental discussion of crime distribution on hot places, targets, products, offenders and victims. Major works and findings in the field of environmental criminology is presented by describing hot spots and crime distribution, and crime patterns. The paper finally presents an evaluation of these approaches.
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Prozumentov, Lev M., and Alexander V. Shesler. "THE PLACE OF NATIONAL CRIMINOLOGY IN THE SYSTEM OF SCIENCES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 39 (2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/6.
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The article substantiates the approach of domestic criminology to social and legal sciences. The authors analyze other approaches, according to which criminology is a part of criminal law and is the result of the application of sociological methods in criminal-legal research, or is a branch of knowledge beyond the legal sciences. The difference in the subject of criminal law and criminology is stated. It lies primarily in the fact that criminal law does not study crime, and the study of crime is carried out mainly as a legal phenomenon; criminal law examines the prevention of crimes carried out by the measures of criminal-legal policy (punishment, probationary conviction, etc.). Criminology studies mainly criminality but crime is studied as a social phenomenon and as a private expression of criminality; criminology examines crime prevention by measures that make up the content of criminological policy (control, assistance, educational impact, etc.). It is noted that despite the use of basically unified terminology both in criminal law and criminology, the content of the same terms e.g. “crime”, "criminal identity," "prevention," "criminal group" etc. is different. The authors believe that the use of methods and approaches developed by other sciences e.g. sociology, social psychology, etc. in criminological studies does not turn criminology into the branch of knowledge beyond the legal sciences. Using the borrowed methods and approaches criminology studies criminality as not only a social phenomenon, but a criminal-legal one, consisting of acts recognized as crimes in criminal law. The socio-legal nature of criminality, which is the main subject of criminology, the use in criminological research of methods of other social sciences and approaches developed by them, enable the authors to conclude that criminology is a complex social and legal science.
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Djanggih, Hardianto, and Nurul Qamar. "Penerapan Teori-Teori Kriminologi dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan Siber (Cyber Crime)." Pandecta: Research Law Journal 13, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v13i1.14020.
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Artikel ini membahas masalah penanggulangan kejahatan siber (cyber crime) melalui pendekatan teori-teori kriminologi. Hal tersebut penting untuk memahami kejahatan siber dari segi karakteristik kejahatan dan penjahat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni metode penelitian yang bersifat yuridis-empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat teori yang dapat digunakan menganalisis kejahatan siber (cyber crime), yaitu anomi, asosiasi diferensial, kontrol sosial, dan netralisasi. Teori tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai strategi pencegahan dan penindakan kejahatan siber (cyber crime) sebagai kejahatan yang dihasilkan melalui interaksi anggota mayarakat memerlukan penanganan serius baik oleh masyarakat, penegak hukum dan perumusan perundangan-undangan. Agar kebijakan memerangi kejahatan siber (cyber crime) tepat guna dan berhasil guna, maka para pihak perlu memperhatikan hasil kajian cyber crime dari perspektif kriminologi.This article discusses the problem of cyber crime through the approach of criminology theories. It is important to understand cyber crime in terms of the characteristics of crime and criminals. The research method used is research method that is juridical-empirical. The results show that there are four theories that can be used to analyze cyber crime, namely anomy, differential association, social control, and neutralization. The theory can be used as a cyber crime prevention and crime prevention strategy as a crime generated through the interaction of members of the community requires serious handling by the community, law enforcement and the formulation of legislation. In order for the policy to combat cyber crime to be effective and effective, the parties need to pay attention to the results of the cyber crime study from the perspective of criminology.
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Lab, Steven P., and Ted J. Stanich. "Crime prevention participation:An exploratory analysis." American Journal of Criminal Justice 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02887636.
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