Academic literature on the topic 'Crime pattern theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Crime pattern theory"
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Zhao, Peixin, Marjorie Darrah, Jim Nolan, and Cun-Quan Zhang. "Analyses of Crime Patterns in NIBRS Data Based on a Novel Graph Theory Clustering Method: Virginia as a Case Study." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/492461.
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This paper suggests a novel clustering method for analyzing the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data, which include the determination of correlation of different crime types, the development of a likelihood index for crimes to occur in a jurisdiction, and the clustering of jurisdictions based on crime type. The method was tested by using the 2005 assault data from 121 jurisdictions in Virginia as a test case. The analyses of these data show that some different crime types are correlated and some different crime parameters are correlated with different crime types. The analyses also show that certain jurisdictions within Virginia share certain crime patterns. This information assists with constructing a pattern for a specific crime type and can be used to determine whether a jurisdiction may be more likely to see this type of crime occur in their area.
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Hiropoulos, A., and J. Porter. "Visualising Property Crime in Gauteng: Applying GIS to crime pattern theory." South African Crime Quarterly 47, no. 1 (April 14, 2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sacq.v47i1.2.
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Simon, Armando. "Application of Fad Theory to Copycat Crimes: Quantitative Data following the Columbine Massacre." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3_suppl (June 2007): 1233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1233-1244.
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Copycat crimes have traditionally proven to be hard to both identify and analyze, although it has long been known that they occur. The present study analyzed the copycat crimes that followed the Columbine massacre of 1999 in light of fad theory and found that a copycat crime is, essentially, a fad. The pattern of development followed a particular progression with variations on the initial incident and reached a peak, whereupon the number of copycat incidents dropped radically. This pattern allows for predictability of copycat crimes.
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Andresen, Martin A., and Nicolas Malleson. "Testing the Stability of Crime Patterns: Implications for Theory and Policy." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 48, no. 1 (December 5, 2010): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427810384136.
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Recent research in the ‘‘crime at places’’ literature is concerned with smaller units of analysis than conventional spatial criminology. An important issue is whether the spatial patterns observed in conventional spatial criminology focused on neighborhoods remain when the analysis shifts to street segments. In this article, the authors use a new spatial point pattern test that identifies the similarity in spatial point patterns. This test is local in nature such that the output can be mapped showing where differences are present. Using this test, the authors investigate the stability of crime patterns moving from census tracts to dissemination areas to street segments. The authors find that general crime patterns are somewhat similar at all spatial scales, but finer scales of analysis reveal significant variations within larger units. This result demonstrates the importance of analyzing crime patterns at small scales and has important implications for further theoretical development and policy implementation.
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Wang, Zengli, and Hong Zhang. "Construction, Detection, and Interpretation of Crime Patterns over Space and Time." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060339.
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Empirical studies have focused on investigating the interactive relationships between crime pairs. However, many other types of crime patterns have not been extensively investigated. In this paper, we introduce three basic crime patterns in four combinations. Based on graph theory, the subgraphs for each pattern were constructed and analyzed using criminology theories. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to examine the significance of these patterns. Crime patterns were statistically significant and generated different levels of crime risk. Compared to the classical patterns, combined patterns create much higher risk levels. Among these patterns, “co-occurrence, repeat, and shift” generated the highest level of crime risk, while “repeat” generated much lower levels of crime risk. “Co-occurrence and shift” and “repeat and shift” showed undulated risk levels, while others showed a continuous decrease. These results outline the importance of proposed crime patterns and call for differentiated crime prevention strategies. This method can be extended to other research areas that use point events as research objects.
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Cowan, Devin, William D. Moreto, Christina Burton, Matt R. Nobles, and Rohit Singh. "Applying Crime Pattern Theory and Risk Terrain Modeling to Examine Environmental Crime in Cambodia." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220923467.
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The spatial-temporal analysis of crime has significantly evolved. One innovative technique recently developed is risk terrain modeling (RTM). RTM, however, has yet to be used for environmental crime. This research applies RTM and draws from crime pattern theory to examine illegal activities in two protected areas in Cambodia. Findings suggest that pathways, edges, areas with suitable targets, conservation posts, landcover, and prior incidents are related to fauna- and flora-related illegal activities, though this relationship varies by season, units of analysis, and study area (i.e., patrol-based compared with official designation). Implications for theory and policy are outlined.
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Alalehto, Tage. "Crime prevention in terms of criminal intent criteria in white-collar crime." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2017-0051.
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Purpose In the field of crime prevention there are several theoretical approaches explaining why crime occurs and how to prevent it. Three of them – routine activity theory, crime pattern theory and the theory of crime-as-choice – are logically tested in this work. The point of departure is to test if the theories are logical consistent and logical valid, irrespective of whether the criterion for criminal intent is changed from direct intention to negligence. Design/methodology/approach The issues will be explored in a logical structure by a first-order logic propositional analysis. Findings The analysis shows that all three theories are logical consistent, but only routine activity theory is logical valid. The conclusion is that crime prevention should in general assume that routine activity theory is the legitimate theory and that social prevention as a prevention strategy is logically unnecessary to adopt because it does not matter whether the offender is motivated (direct intention) or not (negligence). Practical implications It does not really matter if the authors theoretically treat white-collar offenders as motivated, because if they have committed an actus reus, they are an offender according to the objective requisites. This means that the best strategies to prevent a potential white-collar criminal are situational prevention, i.e. complicate their access to money, where it becomes irrelevant if the potential offender has a mens rea or not. What counts is the prevention of actus reus by a potential offender. Originality/value As far as I know, no one has previously investigated the logical consistency and/or logical validity of routine activity theory, crime pattern theory and the theory of crime-as-choice as theories of crime prevention.
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Chang, YuSang, SungSup Brian Choi, JinSoo Lee, and Won Chang Jin. "Population Size vs. Number of Crimes: Is the Relationship Superlinear?" International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijissc.2018010102.
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Do large cities suffer from an even greater incidence of crime? According to the Urban Scaling Theory, the number of crimes committed may follow a superlinear relationship as a function of the population size of city. For example, if the population size increases by 100%, the incidence of crime may increase by 120%. We analyzed a total of 11 types of crimes which had occurred in about 250 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the United States during the period of 1995-2010. We found that the relationship between the number of crimes counts and the population size of cities have followed a superlinear power function without exception in all 176 cases. However, significant variations exist among the superlinear relations by types of crime. We also found that the values of scale exponents display time-invariant pattern during the 16-year period.
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Kadar, Cristina, Stefan Feuerriegel, Anastasios Noulas, and Cecilia Mascolo. "Leveraging Mobility Flows from Location Technology Platforms to Test Crime Pattern Theory in Large Cities." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 14 (May 26, 2020): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7304.
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Crime has been previously explained by social characteristics of the residential population and, as stipulated by crime pattern theory, might also be linked to human movements of non-residential visitors. Yet a full empirical validation of the latter is lacking. The prime reason is that prior studies are limited to aggregated statistics of human visitors rather than mobility flows and, because of that, neglect the temporal dynamics of individual human movements. As a remedy, we provide the first work which studies the ability of granular human mobility in describing and predicting crime concentrations at an hourly scale. For this purpose, we propose the use of data from location technology platforms. This type of data allows us to trace individual transitions and, therefore, we succeed in distinguishing different mobility flows that (i) are incoming or outgoing from a neighborhood, (ii) remain within it, or (iii) refer to transitions where people only pass through the neighborhood. Our evaluation infers mobility flows by leveraging an anonymized dataset from Foursquare that includes almost 14.8 million consecutive check-ins in three major U.S. cities. According to our empirical results, mobility flows are significantly and positively linked to crime. These findings advance our theoretical understanding, as they provide confirmatory evidence for crime pattern theory. Furthermore, our novel use of digital location services data proves to be an effective tool for crime forecasting. It also offers unprecedented granularity when studying the connection between human mobility and crime.
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Luo, Fei, Yan Zhang, and Larry T. Hoover. "The journey to crime and victimization." International Journal of Police Science & Management 23, no. 3 (May 7, 2021): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14613557211008477.
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The offender’s journey to crime has attracted much attention in mobility triangle research, whereas the journey to victimization and the spatial distance between the offender’s and the victim’s residences have been relatively less examined. This research fills this gap in the literature by examining spatial comparisons of variations in journey to crime, journey to victimization, and the distance between victim’s and suspect’s residences for five types of offenses. Crime data from the Houston Police Department from 2010 to 2013 were used to analyze the mobility triangle in five types of crime. The results show that the dynamics of travel pattern vary by demographic characteristics of the suspects and victims. It is also contingent on the types of crime. The proximity of offender’s and victim’s residences is closely related to the chance of crimes. The findings provide important implications for theory, policy and policing practice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crime pattern theory"
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Edholm, Emma. "Property Crime in The City and County of San Francisco 2016 - 2017 : Applying GIS to Crime Pattern Theory." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160354.
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This study’s aim is to reveal statistically significant hot spots and temporal patterns of property crime in the City and County of San Francisco and to also analyse the relationship between property crimes and the environment in which these crimes occur by using Geographic Information System (GIS). Crime pattern theory was used as the framework for the analysis of environmental surroundings and occurrence of crime. This theory indicates that certain places can be crime generators and attractors. The result showed that there are hot spots of crime in the north-eastern part of San Francisco, and that crime in these high-risk areas are intensifying. Then, by visual examination of density maps of property crime and facilities, such as shopping centres, pubs/bars/nightclubs and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations, it is shown that these facilities can explain concentrations of crime in certain areas. Furthermore, this study shows GIS can be a practical tool to utilize when presenting data of crime when used in combination with social theories which focuses on the causes of crime occurrence.
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Birks, Daniel J. "Computational Agent-Based Models of Offending: Assessing the Generative Sufficiency of Opportunity-Based Explanations of the Crime Event." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367327.
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This thesis demonstrates that agent-based modelling offers a viable compatriot
to traditional experimental methodologies for criminology scholars,
that can be applied to explore the divide between micro-level criminological
theory and macro-level observations of crime; and in turn, aid in the
assessment of those theories which aim to describe the crime event.
The following overarching research question is addressed:
Are the micro-level mechanisms of the opportunity theories generatively sufficient
to explain macroscopic patterns commonly observed in the empirical
study of crime?
Drawing on the approach of generative social science (Epstein, 1999), this
thesis presents a systematic assessment of the generative sufficiency of three
distinct mechanisms of offender movement, target selection and learning derived
from the routine activity approach (Cohen & Felson, 1979), rational
choice perspective (Clarke, 1980; Cornish & Clarke, 1986) and crime pattern
theory (Brantingham & Brantingham, 1978, 1981). An agent-based model
of offending is presented, in which an artificial landscape is inhabited by
both potential victims and offenders who behave according to several of the
key propositions of the routine activity approach, rational choice perspective
and crime pattern theory. Following a computational laboratory-based approach,
for each hypothetical mechanism studied, control and experimental
behaviours are developed to represent the absence or presence of a proposed
mechanism within the virtual population.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Arts, Education and Law
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Wang, Xuguang. "Spatial Adaptive Crime Event Simulation With RA/CA/ABM Computational Laboratory." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1108526413.
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Dymne, Carl. "Hot Spots of Robberies in the City of Malmö: A Qualitative Study of Five Hot Spots, Using the Routine Activity Theory, and Crime Pattern Theory." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24939.
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Studies about hot spots of crimes have found that crimes are clustered; few places have many crimes. There is a consensus among criminologists that opportunities for crimes are important when explaining hot spots, at some places, there are more opportunities than at other places. The same applies for hot spots of robberies. Most studies done on the subject are quantitative, relatively little is done using a qualitative approach. Furthermore, little research is done in a Swedish or Scandinavian context. To fill these research gaps this study use participant observations to research five hot spots of robberies in Malmö. The research will try to answer which characteristics are important to explain why the places are hot spots and what the similarities and differences there between the places are. This will be analyzed using the Routine Activity Theory and the Crime Pattern Theory. The findings suggest that place-specific things are important to explain why the places are hot spots, but when using the theories several places are similar.
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Gliori, Gabriel. "Under vilka omständigheter förekommer försäljning av cannabis? : En fältstudie i Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301665.
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Cannabis är den vanligaste illegala drogen i Sverige, och dess konsumtion är ständigt växande. De senaste årens massiva ökning av dödsskjutningar tros vara ett resultat av konflikter mellan kriminella nätverk i fråga om just cannabisförsäljning. För att ta itu med dessa problem måste vi först lära oss mer om de platser där hantering av cannabis sker, i synnerhet försäljning. Den här studien ämnar ge en inblick i hur de här platserna ser ut, vad som kännetecknar dem, och varför just dessa blir utvalda för drogrelaterade aktiviteter, med målet att formulera förslag på hur de kan utformas så att försäljningen av cannabis förebyggs. Studien utfördes genom fältarbete och tillämpandet av ett särskilt fältprotokoll där variabler avsedda att beskriva förhållanden i miljön bedömdes. Dataunderlaget kom från polisens register över arresteringar för misstanke om överlåtelse av cannabis under åren 2019–2020. Vad som kan sägas är att en typisk plats låg i ett bostadsområde med flervåningshus, avskild från stora folkmassor och trafik, öppen med god sikt, och med god tillgänglighet. De erhållna resultaten analyserades sedan i relation till kriminologiska teorier, i syfte att skapa en större förståelse om varför brotten inträffar just där. För att kunna förhindra cannabishandeln på dessa platser har lösningsförslag baserade på principer i CPTED-strategin framförts. Dessa gäller bland annat ökad övervakning från byggnader runtomkring samt att ta upp kampen om det sociala rummet genom att skapa en känsla av ökad territorialitet på platserna. Rapporten avslutas med en utvärdering av den nyttjade metoden samt en diskussion om komplexiteten i att lösa problemen enkom genom åtgärder i stadsmiljön, då det finns en rad andra faktorer som spelar in. Det vi samhällsplanerare kan erbjuda är lösningsalternativ som må stävja brottsligheten, men i slutändan är det individer som väljer att begå dessa kriminella handlingar.Cannabis is the most common illegal drug in Sweden, and its consumption is constantly increasing. The massive rise in fatal shootings in recent years is believed to be a result of conflicts between criminal networks regarding cannabis sales. To address these issues, we must first learn more about the places in which cannabis occurs, particularly dealing. This study aims to provide an insight into what these places look like, what characterizes them, and why these are selected for drug-related activities, with the aim of offering suggestions on how they could be designed to prevent the dealing of cannabis. The study was carried out through fieldwork and the utilization of a special fieldwork protocol in which variables intended to describe conditions in the environment were assessed. The data came from police records of arrests for suspicions of selling cannabis during the years 2019– 2020. What can be said is that a typical place was in a residential area with multi-storey buildings, separated from large crowds and traffic, open with good visibility, and with good accessibility. The results obtained were then analyzed in relation to criminological theories, to create a greater understanding of why the crimes occur right there. In order to prevent the cannabis dealing in these places, proposed solutions have been put forward based on principles in the CPTED strategy. These include increased surveillance from surrounding buildings and taking up the fight about the social space by creating a sense of increased territoriality in the places. The report ends with an evaluation of the method used and a discussion about the complexity of solving the problems solely through measures in the urban environment, as there are a number of other factors that come into play. What we urban planners can offer are alternative solutions that may curb crime, but in the end, it is individuals who decide to commit these criminal acts.
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Öhrn, Meit. "Geographic Profiling: A scientific tool or merely a guessing game?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25431.
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Geografisk profilering har blivit en av de mest kontroversiella och modernametoderna som används under brottsutredningar i nuläget. Framgången ochtillförlitligheten av metoden är ett debatterat ämne inom forskningsvärlden. Denhär studien ämnar att undersöka huruvida geografisk profilering är ett användbartverktyg för Polisen. Syftet med studien är att analysera hur väl metoden fungerarsom ett verktyg och komplement till en brottsutredning samt om geografiskprofilering är användbart inom bostadsinbrottutredningar. Genom att skapa ensystematisk litteraturöversikt och utföra nyckelpersonsintervjuer fann författarenatt geografisk profilering fungerar som ett utmärkt komplement till utredningar.Resultatet visade att de geografiska profileringsprogrammen inte alltid är merframgångsrika än andra metoder inom området men att de oftast är konsistenta itillförlitligheten. Resultatet visade även att metoden är användbar inombostadsinbrottutredningar så länge profilen är gjord ordentligt och utav enutbildad analytiker. Studiens slutsats är att geografisk profilering är mycket merän bara en gissningslek och kan identifiera gärningsmän om analysen är gjord aven erfaren utredare. Detta resultat diskuteras senare i studien, samt valet av metodoch möjligheter för framtida forskning.Geographic profiling is considered as one of the most controversial andinnovative technologies used in criminal investigations today. The accuracy of themethodology has become a popular topic amongst scholars and has caused aheated debate regarding the success of geographic profiling. This study seeks toevaluate if geographic profiling is a useful tool for the police. Thus the aims ofthis study are to examine if the methodology is a viable tool during investigationsand further to establish to what extent geographic profiling has been successfullyapplied within the area of property crime, in particular burglary investigations. Byconducting a systematic literature review and key informant interviews this studyfound that geographic profiling can be a very useful tool for analysts. Further theresults showed that geographic profiling systems are not always more accuratethan simpler methods, however simpler strategies are not necessarily as consistentas a computerised system. Moreover the results indicate that geographic profilingcan be applied during burglary investigations, if done correctly and by a trainedinvestigator. The study concludes that geographic profiling is more than just aguessing game and if applied appropriately it will most likely identify theoffender. Lastly the results and shortcomings of this study, including the need forfuture research is discussed.
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Bakhaya, Jeanette, and Farah Kassem. "Platser som attraherar cannabislangning i stadsmiljön: En observationsstudie i stadsplaneringen." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298444.
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Till följd av att cannabisförsäljningen tillfört konflikter och varit en grundläggande orsak till ökat antal dödsskjutningar i Sverige de senaste åren, råder det därmed ingen tvekan om att det krävs satsningar för att minska cannabisförsäljningen och dess skadliga konsekvenser. Dessutom handlar en del av de globala hållbarhetsmålen i FN:s Agenda 2030 om att främja den sociala hållbarheten genom att bland annat öka tryggheten och säkerheten i den byggda stadsmiljön. Denna studie syftar på att undersöka de platser som attraherar cannabisöverlåtelse, dvs. langning, i stadsmiljön, för att kartlägga när, var och vid vilken situation som brottet förekommer. Detta för att sedan kunna ge förslag till förbättringar för utformandet av platsen för att förhindra cannabisöverlåtelse och skapa en trygg miljö för alla. I och med detta syftar arbetet till att få en ökad förståelse kring sambandet mellan säkerhet och den fysiskt utformade stadsmiljön. För att kunna uppnå syftet med studien grundar sig den kvalitativa formen av studien på data från svenska polismyndigheten där ett urval på 25 brottsplatser i Stockholms län undersöktes under kvällstid. Väl på plats fylldes en mall i löpande, kallad Trygga Platser Mallen, samtidigt som områdena fotograferades. Vidare sammanställdes och analyserades resultatet från fallstudien med underlag av olika trygghets- och säkerhets principer samt teorier. Denna studie är avgränsad och berör endast 25 brottsplatser inom Stockholmsregionen där samtliga cannabisöverlåtelser skett under kvälls-och nattetid mellan klockan 18–01. Resultatet av studien visar att det är många miljöfaktorer som samspelar på en miljö där cannabislangning sker. Den visar att de omständigheterna på kvällstid som möjliggör cannabisöverlåtelse är i huvudsak att det blir svårare att synas, vilket gör det lättare att sälja cannabis på en del platser. Dessutom stänger de flesta verksamheter under kvällen, vilket minskar flödet kraftigt och den naturliga övervakningen försämras. På mikronivå, visar resultatet att de fysiska egenskaper som underlättar utförandet av cannabislangning är vägar, gångvägar och grönska. Vägarna kan öka tillgängligheten och mobiliteten till platsen. Dessutom ger gångvägar även en möjlighet för möte mellan potentiella kunder och cannabisförsäljare. Vidare blir grönskan ett hinder för den formella och naturliga övervakningen. Dock finns det förbättringar som kan tillämpas på den fysiska miljön för att förhindra cannabislangning. Men i huvudsak skulle det krävas en kombination mellan brottsprevention genom urban design och specifika lösningar som riktas mot en förbättring av den sociala sammanhållningen i olika områden, vilket kan vara att fler offentliga mötes-och aktivitetsplatser skapas under dagens alla timmar. I grund och botten krävs det djupare kunskap av dessa platser som är särskilt utsatta för droghandling för att kunna skapa säkrare miljöer för samtliga medborgare i dagsläget och framöver. Kandidatarbetet avslutas med en kritisk diskussion av metoden och rekommendationer för framtida studier presenteras.In the past few years, dealing cannabis has led to conflicts, and had a significant role in the increased numbers of fatal shootings in Sweden. Hence, measures to solve the issue are undoubtedly needed to prevent these consequences. Additionally, part of the global sustainability goals in the UN's Agenda 2030 is about promoting social sustainability by, among other things, increasing the safety and security of the urban environment. The aim of this study is to examine the places in the urban environment that attract the dealing of cannabis to map when, where, and in what situation the crime occurs. Consequently, the possibility of identifying different changes to the environmental design enables the prevention of crime and promotion of safety. To achieve the purpose of the study, a sample of 25 crime scenes in Stockholm County were examined during the evening and night, based on data from the Swedish police authority. Once in place, a template, called “Trygga Platser Mallen” (Safe Places Template), was filled in on an ongoing basis, while the physical environment was photographed at the same time. The results were then compiled and analyzed based on various safety and security principles, as well as theories. The study is delimited and therefore only contains 25 crime scenes in the Stockholm region. Also, the cannabis exchange at those places occurred during the evening between 6 pm and 1 am. The results of the study show that there are many environmental factors that interact in a setting where dealing cannabis takes place. In essence, cannabis crime is strongly linked to the social interaction between people. However, the physical aspect facilitates the execution of the crime. The results show that the conditions of the environment in the evenings enable cannabis dealing because dealers are less likely to be seen, making it easier to sell. Additionally, most businesses close during the evening, which greatly reduces the flow of people, and the natural surveillance deteriorates. At a micro level, the results show that the physical properties that facilitate cannabis dealing are streets, walking paths, and greenery. The reason is most likely due to the streets increasing the accessibility and flow to these places. Moreover, walking paths provide an opportunity for cross paths between potential customers and dealers. Furthermore, the greenery obstructs formal and informal surveillance. However, there are approaches to prevent the dealing of cannabis, such as combining methods for crime prevention through urban design and focusing on the improvement of social cohesion in different areas. An example would be to create spaces that encourage social interactions and activities at all hours of the day. Essentially, it is necessary to gain a deeper knowledge of the places that attract the dealing in cannabis to create safer spaces that discourages crime. Lastly, this project ends with a critical discussion of the methods and mentions recommendations for future studies.
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McMullen, John Charles. "A Test of Low Self-control Theory Using General Patterns of Deviance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29725.
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) General Theory of Crime has received extensive attention over the past decade. This dissertation explores the scope and limitation of the theory by testing a wide variety of behaviors against the causal effect of low self-control. Utilizing the attitudinal scale developed by Grasmick et al. (1993), self-control and involvement in fifteen different criminal, deviant, and risk-taking behaviors was measured to test the key aspect of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. The sample consists of 450 students from a research university and a liberal arts college. Analysis of the scale reliability reveals more support for the construct validity found in other studies. Furthermore, each of the six sub-components of the self-control scale are tested against each of the behavior indices to further assess scales limitations. In addition to self-control, gender, race, and parental education are used as control variables in the analysis to test the possible variation of the association between self-control and deviance throughout the population.
The finding from this research provide more caution to Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. The behaviors analyzed in this study are only modestly associated with low self-control. Furthermore, gender has a strong impact on all three behavior types leading to the conclusion that self-control is not the sole causal variable in determining who will commit crime and deviance. Race and parental education were not significantly related to the behaviors studied, but the sample is homogeneous in regards to these two variables.Ph. D.
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Forzelius, Adam, and Daniel Lejfalk. "Putting the Magnifying Glass on NationalVictimization Statistics : A Descriptive Study onLocal Crime Victimization Patterns in a Medium-Sized Swedish City." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för samhällsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31964.
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Introduction: Crime victimization is a problem affecting both individuals and societies. Previous research has looked at the associations between victimization and other factors, and many countries employ self-reported victimization surveys to establish what the victimization patterns look like at different societal levels. Aims: By examining victimization proportions and patterns, this study aimed to further the understanding of what the crime victimization problem looks like in a medium-sized Swedish city. Method: 149 men and 146 women, for a total of 295 inhabitants of Sundsvall, answered self-reported victimization surveys based on the Swedish Crime Survey. The gathered data was subsequently quantified and analyzed. Results: In total, 11.9 % of the sample reported some type of victimization. Overall, men were more likely to be victimized than women, and crimes against persons were more common than crimes against property. Occupation and socio-economic status were significantly associated with victimization. More than half of the victimizations were not reported to the police, and victimization was significantly associated with a lower trust in the criminal justice system and the police. Conclusion: Medium-sized cities like Sundsvall seem to have considerably lower proportions of victimization than the counties, regions and nation as a whole. The rates of reporting and patterns of victimization found, however, are in accord with findings on other societal levels and could to some extent be explained through the principles of the routine activities/lifestyle theory.2017-06-01
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Barilik, Igor Nikolaj. "Prostredie ako determinant páchania trestnej činnosti." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-335651.
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The dissertation discusses topics in environmental criminology, which is concerned with crime in relation to the environment where it occurs. The environmental approach is based upon a premise that occurrence of crime in space is neither random nor uniform. On the contrary, various types and forms of criminal activity tend to concentrate in certain places during certain times. Environmental characteristics play an important role in behaviour of individuals, hence it is possible to analyse them as one of the most important determinants of criminal behaviour. The aim of the thesis is to comprehensively introduce to the Czech and Slovak legal and criminological scholarship historical background, development and the main contemporary theoretical approaches in environmental criminology, as well as their implications and utilization in crime analysis and crime prevention. The theoretical part discusses in detail rational choice perspective, routine activity approach and crime pattern theory as an environmental meta-theory. The analytical part introduces the basics of the methods of crime mapping and geographical profiling. It also demonstrates how statistical and mapping techniques can be utilized in practice, using a set of police data concerning thefts from motor vehicles in Prague during the first...
Books on the topic "Crime pattern theory"
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Erwin, Kish Paul, and Sutton T. Paulette, eds. Principles of bloodstain analysis: Theory and practice. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 2005.
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Cinquegrani, Alessandro, Francesca Pangallo, and Federico Rigamonti. Romance e Shoah Pratiche di narrazione sulla tragedia indicibile. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-492-9.
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Over the last 70 years, Holocaust representations increased significantly as cultural objects distributed on a large scale: fictional books, museum sites, artworks, documentaries, and films are only a few samples of those echoes the Holocaust produced in contemporary Western culture. There are some specific patterns in the way the Holocaust has been represented that, however, contrast with the survivors’ account of the same event: for example, the dichotomy between bad and good characters so essential within Holocaust-based media – especially on television and film - does not really match with the testimony’s experience. While storytelling strategies may help to involve the public by emotionally engaging with the story, the risks of altering the real meaning of the Holocaust are quite high: what we often label as a “story” is actually been an outrageous, documented mass-genocide. Furthermore, as the age gap between the present and the past generation progresses, also the collective awareness of Nazi crimes as a real fact gets compromised. This volume explores selected Holocaust narrations by contextualizing the historical, literary, and social influences those texts had in their unique points of view. Starting with some recent examples of Holocaust exploitation through social media, the first chapter explores the paradigm shift when the Holocaust became a cultural, fictional trend rather than a historical massacre. In the second chapter, the analysis examines postmodern representations of Holocaust and Nazi semantics through relevant examples taken from both American and European literature. The third chapter analyses Europe Central by William T. Vollman, as all the narratological and cultural issues considered in the previous two chapters are well outlined in this articulated novel, where the relationship between reality and its representation after the postmodernist period is largely investigated. In chapter four, an account is given of the connections and differences between the narratological category romance, as understood by Northrop Frye, and Holocaust narration features. In chapter five, those elements are used to consider the work of Italian Holocaust survivor and Jewish writer Primo Levi, as his narration around Auschwitz adopts some fictional tools and still refuses undemanding storytelling mechanisms. The sixth and final chapter examines the relevant novel Les Benviellants by Jonathan Littell, considering its Nazi genocide account through the antagonist’s perspective.
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Ruiter, Stijn. Crime Location Choice. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.20.
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Crime is unevenly distributed in space. This chapter discusses the uneven spatial patterns in crime from an offender decision-making perspective. It describes the main theoretical perspectives in environmental criminology (the rational choice perspective, routine activity approach, and crime pattern theory) and reviews the empirical research with an emphasis on studies that have used a discrete spatial choice framework for analyzing individual crime location choices. The strength of the discrete spatial choice framework, several of its assumptions, and its link with random utility maximization theory are discussed. The chapter concludes with several challenges for future crime location choice research, including challenges regarding temporal aspects of criminal decision making, planned versus opportunistic crimes, and solved versus unsolved crimes.
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James, Stuart H., Paul E. Kish, and T. Paulette Sutton. Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice (Practical Aspects of Criminal and Forensic Investigations). 3rd ed. CRC, 2005.
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Rossmo, Kim. Geoprofiling Terrorism. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.28.
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A number of recent research projects have explored applications of geographic profiling to counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. These efforts analyzed geospatial patterns of terrorist cells (e.g., the spatial relationship between safe houses and weapon storage sites), tested the ability of these techniques to locate terrorist bases from minor crimes and seditious graffiti, and examined the utility of geoprofiling for locating preparation sites used by insurgents for improvised explosive devices and rocket attacks. In appropriate cases, geoprofiling models have utility for prioritizing geo-intelligence and identifying logistic bases of terrorist operations. This chapter first discusses environmental criminology and the geography of crime. It then covers the basics of geographic profiling, its various applications, and the role of geospatial intelligence and crime pattern theory in counterterrorism. Finally, it examines the geospatial and temporal patterns of terrorism to show how geoprofiling can be used to analyze seditious graffiti, insurgency attacks, cyberterrorism, and bioterrorism.
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Bernasco, Wim. Mobility and Location Choice of Offenders. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.17.
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This chapter analyzes the main topics and questions about offender mobility and crime location choice in terms of individual motivations, resources, constraints, and decisions. It begins with a brief overview of the four main frameworks that have been used to theorize offender mobility and crime location choice. This is followed by a characterization of general human mobility as a series of cyclical movements between a limited set of anchor points, and a review of two research initiatives that collected detailed spatial and temporal information on offender mobility. The subsequent section addresses the extent to which offenders plan and prepare their crimes. The chapter also discusses two core elements in crime pattern theory, namely the facilities that attract offenders and offenses (crime generators and attractors) and awareness space. The final section discusses the spatial unit of analysis in offender mobility and location choice.
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Tompson, Lisa, and Timothy Coupe. Time and Opportunity. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.19.
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This chapter provides insights into often-observed temporal regularities of different types of crime. It begins by briefly appraising relevant theories that explain variations in time incidence. It then discusses methodological issues that are unique to temporal analysis. The bulk of the next section presents temporal patterns from four years of crime data recorded by West Yorkshire Police, UK. Several units of analysis are considered: years, months, weeks, and days, and a medley of theories are used to suggest putative explanations for the observed patterns. It focuses first on crimes committed against property (predominantly theft and damage offenses) before considering crimes committed against people and, finally, Internet-enabled crimes against both people and their property. The intention here is to illustrate a variety of empirical regularities for different crime types, and to posit plausible explanations for those patterns.
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Hipp, John R., and Christopher J. Bates. Egohoods. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.12.
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This chapter focuses on a different conception of ecological space known as egohoods. It motivates the use of egohoods regarding the three features of routine activities theory: suitable targets, motivated offenders, and capable guardians. It discusses the spatial patterns of these three concepts and how egohoods as a geographic unit are well suited to capture their dynamic processes. It asks: what are the consequences of sociodemographic and business pattern changes in egohoods for the distribution of crime? Does the change in egohoods have similar implications for crime as does the change in meso-units such as neighborhoods, or microunits such as street segments? The chapter provides an empirical examination of these questions using data from the city of Los Angeles from 2000–2010 of robbery and burglary events.
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Brantingham, Patricia L., Paul J. Brantingham, Justin Song, and Valerie Spicer. Advances in Visualization for Theory Testing in Environmental Criminology. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.37.
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This chapter discusses advances in visualization for environmental criminology. The environment within which people move has many dimensions that influence or constrain decisions and actions by individuals and by groups. This complexity creates a challenge for theoreticians and researchers in presenting their research results in a way that conveys the dynamic spatiotemporal aspects of crime and actions by offenders in a clearly understandable way. There is an increasing need in environmental criminology to use scientific visualization to convey research results. A visual image can describe underlying patterns in a way that is intuitively more understandable than text and numeric tables. The advent of modern information systems generating large and deep data sets (Big Data) provides researchers unparalleled possibilities for asking and answering questions about crime and the environment. This will require new techniques and methods for presenting findings and visualization will be key.
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Eck, John E., and Tamara D. Madensen. Place Management. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.22.
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The theory of place management explains why some properties have a great deal of crime or disorder and most others have little or no crime or disorder. This chapter first provides a background necessary for understanding place management. It then describes place managers: who they are and how they differ from others involved in crime or its suppression. This is followed by discussions of what place managers do that is important for preventing or facilitating crime; how place management theory embraces a wide variety of other explanations for crime at place; the processes involved in place management; and the empirical evidence that place management exists and can be manipulated. The final section shows that place management theory opens up several lines of enquiry that could give us a fuller explanation of crime patterns, and could lead to better ways to reduce crime.
Book chapters on the topic "Crime pattern theory"
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Andresen, Martin A. "Pattern theory of crime." In Environmental Criminology, 91–98. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429455391-8.
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Nguyen, Vincent T., Ryan McBride, Andrew J. Park, Herbert H. Tsang, and Valerie Spicer. "Investigating Historical Crime Importance in Vancouver via Temporal-Spatial Crime Pattern Theory." In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2021, Volume 1, 583–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89906-6_39.
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Hipp, John R. "A general theory of spatial crime patterns." In The Spatial Scale of Crime, 14–39. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003262879-2.
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Pohlmann, Markus, and Elizangela Valarini. "The Fight Against Corruption in Brazil: A Case of Good Governance?" In Knowledge for Governance, 225–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_10.
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AbstractThe “Operation Carwash” is so far the biggest corruption scandal in Brazilian history. It did spoil a major part of the political system, and some of the established governance practices in Brazil. In this article, we are taking a closer look into the big corruption case, analyzing the unlawful practices of the Brazilian construction companies, and their relationship with the public sector more thoroughly. By carrying out content analyses of court files, we reveal the systemic corrupt pattern behind by connecting the level of regulations with the level of organizational crime. Furthermore, we ask, if the recent changes in law enforcement are accompanied by a changing environment of good governance? Our answer presented in the second part of the article is no. The political reactions to the “operation carwash” revealed in fact, how many of the “old-school” governance practices survived in Brazil.
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Boris, Eileen. "Vulnerability and Resilience in the Covid-19 Crisis: Race, Gender, and Belonging." In Migration and Pandemics, 65–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_4.
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AbstractDuring the early months of the 2020 pandemic, migrants who travelled to the United States to pick crops, scrub floors, stock warehouses, and tend to elders became ‘heroes’ for performing necessary labour – unless they were surplus bodies crammed into prison-like detention waystations before being deported for the crime of arriving without proper papers. The pandemic intensified states of precarity. Especially among those labelled as ‘essential workers’, the lack of protective equipment and labour rights put them on the frontline of exposure. But domestic and home care workers, meatpackers, fieldhands, and others in the US stepped out of the shadows to demand inclusion in social assistance, occupational health and safety laws, and other state benefits. This chapter historicises the recent hardships and the organising of (im)migrant workers: it shows that the policies of Donald J. Trump were not an aberration, but part of a national pattern of racial differentiation with gendered inflections. Vulnerability, however, is only part of the story. Workers remained resilient in the face of the hidden enemy of Covid-19, as they sought safe and decent living and working conditions.
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Smith, Marcus, and Seumas Miller. "The Rise of Biometric Identification: Fingerprints and Applied Ethics." In Biometric Identification, Law and Ethics, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90256-8_1.
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AbstractIn the late nineteenth century, it became understood that the patterns on the skin of the fingers were unique and could be used for identification purposes, leading to the development of biometric identification (Smith M, Mann M, Urbas G. Biometrics, crime and security. Routledge, 2018). The ease with which fingerprints can be accessed and recorded, and the ease with which they transfer to surfaces and objects, made them ideal for law enforcement purposes. Today, in digital form, fingerprints and other biometric identification techniques, notably DNA profiles and facial recognition technology, are a widely used means of identification across a range of applications, from accessing personal devices, to banking, border security and law enforcement. However, these uses have raised a raft of ethical or moral (we use these terms interchangeably) concerns, some of the more important of which we discuss in this work.In the first chapter, we discuss general aspects of biometric identification, before focusing on fingerprint identification, including its reliability as form of evidence. Secondly, we provide an overview of applied ethics; and outline a key theoretical notion, relevant to many of the issues discussed throughout the later chapters: collective responsibility. Finally, we analyse the ethical risks and benefits associated with the technique of fingerprint identification.
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"Crime Pattern Theory." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1343. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_100798.
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"Crime pattern theory." In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 100–116. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203118214-13.
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Brantingham, Patricia L., and Paul J. Brantingham. "Environment, Routine, and Situation: Toward a Pattern Theory of Crime." In Routine Activity and Rational Choice, 259–94. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315128788-12.
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"Environment, Routine, and Situation: Toward a Pattern Theory of Crime (1993)." In Classics in Environmental Criminology, 381–410. Routledge, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781439817803-20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Crime pattern theory"
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Da Silveira, Márcio V. C., and Wladmir C. Brandão. "Characterizing Crimes from Web." In VI Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/brasnam.2017.3249.
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Crime prevention requires the effective use of police resources, which demands the access of criminal information for planning security actions. The number of crime occurrences is higher than the official reported numbers. Many victims do not report crimes directly to the security agencies. Instead, they prefer to anonymously report using different channels, such as the Web. In this article, we introduce our approach to characterize crimes reported in the Web. Particularly, we collect criminal data from popular websites that store crime occurrences, and we use clustering analysis to discover crime patterns on the collected data. Applying our approach to a popular Brazilian crime report website, we observe that more than 41% of the crimes were not reported to the security agencies, and most of them are thefts and robberies occurring at night and dawn. In addition, minor offenses present different patterns of serious crimes. Moreover, crime patterns are different in rich and poor neighborhood.
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Garcia-Zanabria, Germain, and Luis Gustavo Nonato. "Visual crime pattern analysis." In Anais Estendidos da Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sibgrapi.est.2022.23261.
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Studying and analyzing crime patterns in big cities is a challenging Spatio-temporal problem. The problem’s difficulty is linked to different factors such as data modeling, unsophisticated hotspot detection techniques, Spatio-temporal patterns, and study delimitation. Previous works have mostly focused on the analysis of crimes with the intent of uncovering patterns associated to social factors, seasonality, and urban activities in whole districts, regions, and neighborhoods. Those tools can hardly allow micro-scale crime analysis closely related to crime opportunity, whose understanding is fundamental for planning preventive actions. Visualizing different patterns hidden in crime time series data is another issue in this context, mainly due to the number of patterns that can show up in the time series analysis. In this dissertation, we propose a set of approaches for interactive visual crime analysis. Relying on machine learning methods, statistical and mathematical mechanisms, and visualization, each proposed methodology focus on solving specific crime-related problems. These proposed tools to explore specific city locations turned out to be essential for domain experts to accomplish their analysis in a bottom-up fashion, revealing how urban features related to mobility, passerby behavior, and the presence of public infrastructures can influence the quantity and type of crimes. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed methodologies have been demonstrated with a comprehensive set of quantitative and qualitative analyses, as well as case studies performed by domain experts involving real data from different-sized cities. The experiments show the capability of our approaches in identifying different crime-related phenomena.
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Mendeel Hassan, Hassan. ""The war of shrines and mosques Between sectarian escalation and ideological atonement"." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/38.
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"The systematic targeting of shrines, shrines and holy shrines is a clear conflict between truth and falsehood, which derives its roots from the extremist takfiri ideology that afflicted the body of the nation. The war of shrines and mosques has two sides: political and ideological. There are groups that do not believe in shrines, regardless of the status of their owners, and one of the priorities of their political program is to escalate sectarian strife to the climax, and there has become a pattern of crimes that are being carried out in the service of the takfiri doctrine that sees in the righteous servants of God from the people of the Prophet’s House and in their graves mere idols that must be demolished and purified The land is from it, and therefore crime is an .ideological act with a political dimension rather than a political act"
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Pelinski Raiher, Augusta. "Property crimes and local structural characteristics: a spatial analysis between Brazilian municipalities." In IX Jornadas Castellano-Leonesas de Ciencia Regional. Universidad de León, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/jclcreg/v0i17.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial pattern of crime distribution (mainly property crime) throughout Brazilian municipalities, investigating their relation with structural characteristics. To reach this aim, property crime agglomerates (CA) were measured and the probability of a municipality having a CA was estimated using the Spatial Probit mode. The analysis identified that formal control, surveillance environment and social intervention as well as the availability of targets and offenders are decisive elements for a municipality to have a CA. Regionally, the surveillance environment and the availability of targets and offenders were the predominant elements.
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Knox, Michael A. "Forensic Engineering Applications in Crime Scene Reconstruction." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38659.
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Forensic engineers have traditionally engaged in the analysis of such events as traffic accidents, fires, industrial accidents, structural failures and product liability claims. The application of engineering science and design principles to these types of cases has been well established and has proven valuable to the legal and professional communities. Despite this extensive background in forensic issues, engineers have been reluctant to apply their training and education to the reconstruction of criminal events. Anecdotal experience shows that the common response by engineers to the field of crime scene reconstruction is: “We don’t do that”. Indeed, Internet research reveals very few cases in which forensic engineers have delved into the reconstruction of shooting incidents, and virtually no cases in which engineers have engaged in that analysis of homicidal beatings, bloodstain patterns or other such criminal events. This paper will explore the role of the forensic engineer in the field of crime scene reconstruction both as practitioner and researcher and will show that there is a growing role for engineers to play in the reconstruction of criminal events. Example cases will be explored, and the application of engineering science to those cases will be demonstrated. This paper will also look at ways for forensic engineers to bridge the experience gap that has perhaps been at the center of their reluctance to become involved in crime scene reconstruction.
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Turanjanin, Veljko. "MIGRANTS AND SAFETY IN SERBIA DURING AND AFTER CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22437.
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The removal of internal borders and the establishment of freedom of movement are important aspects of the EU’s history, but they are not accompanied by a uniform legal system. The migrant dilemma isn’t going away, and the pattern and character of these movements have evolved dramatically over the previous six decades. The author of this article addresses the issue of migrants’ position in Serbia’s rural areas during the coronavirus pandemic. During the period of emergency, Serbia enacted policies that imprisoned migrants in detention centres, effectively depriving them of their liberty. According to the government’s reasoning, it was done to protect migrants’ health. Given the rising violence between migrants and the local people, the question is whether the state intended to safeguard migrants’ health or citizens from migrants in this manner. The author conducted a survey in these areas, explains the findings in depth, and draws a conclusion based on his findings. The paper is comprised of several units. In the first place, the author briefly explains the state of emergency in Serbia and gives an overview of migration centers in Serbia. The central part of this paper deals with the research between citizens in relation to migrants, both in their general attitude and in terms of the relationship between migrants and crime. Residents of migrants’ areas were surveyed, as the author believed thought that due to the location of migration centres, they would be most affected by waves of migrants and possibly, crimes committed by migrants. The author set two initial hypotheses and both were confirmed, and according to the research, the population has a negative attitude towards migrants. At the same time, most respondents show distrust of the state’s claim that migrants are imprisoned for their health. The author believes that this move by the state at that time was a hasty reaction in order to prevent the uncontrolled movement of migrants and the potential spread of the infectious coronavirus disease. In the same time, the author tries to answer to the question about the migrants’ position today and in the near future.
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Jadhav, Vishwas S., and Ajit D. Kelkar. "Fabrication, Processing and Characterization of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Laminated Composite Embedded With Graphene Lattice Sheets." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71191.
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Abstract This manuscript introduces the challenges in the fabrication of graphene sheet reinforced non-crimp fabric (NCF) composite laminates and their influence on the interlaminar strength of the composite laminates. In the current work, the laminates were fabricated using non-crimp carbon fabric prepreg along with 50,120 and 240 μm thick graphene sheets at the mid-plane. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests are done as per ASTM 5528 using INSTRON electromechanical testing system. Modified Beam Theory method used to compute Mode I fracture toughness, using load, displacement, specimen dimension, and crack opening displacement. The graphene sheets are brittle; little bonding between the graphene and matrix observed during the fabrication process results in a fragile interface. To overcome this problem, graphene sheets were converted into a lattice structure. The lattice structure used in the present research had horizontal, vertical, and square grids. Effects of sheet thickness, grid pattern were evaluated by Mode I fracture toughness, with and without nanoengineered enhanced laminates. Axio Image upright microscope used to compare the bonding at the midplane after the DCB test. The results indicate that the composite laminates fabricated using lattice graphene structure had better interlaminar strength than the laminates fabricated with straight graphene sheets.
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Vosyliute, Ieva, and Nijole Maknickiene. "INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL FRAUD DETECTION BY USING COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.787.
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Due to increasing technical capabilities, financial fraud becomes more sophisticated and more difficult to detect. As there are various categories and typologies of financial fraud, different detection techniques may be applied. However, based on the data generated daily by financial organizations, a technical solution must be implemented. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of financial fraud, the categorizations of financial fraud, and financial fraud detection with the particular focus on computational intelligence-based techniques. As outlined in the reviewed literature, money laundering is a multilayered crime involving several fraud typologies; therefore, it was selected to be analysed in this research. The purpose of the research is to investigate the synthetic dataset of the money laundering scheme to see whether additional patterns could be outlined, which would help financial organizations to recognize suspicious activity easier. To achieve this goal, computational intelligence - decision tree, was selected as a classification method to identify additional patterns. As a result, data classification provides new data parameters which are essential in improving accurate and efficient financial fraud detection.
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Villegas, Diego, William Dehlin, and Tammy L. Haut Donahue. "A Study of Collagen Crimp Pattern in the Bovine Anterior and Posterior Medial Meniscal Horn Attachments." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176011.
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Menisci are fibrocartilagenous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateau that aid in joint lubrication and stability in the knee joint. Previous experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the meniscal horn attachments, which serve as the transition from mensical fibrocartilage into subchondral bone, are important for proper meniscal function [1–3]. Meniscal attachments did not show significant differences in surface mechanical properties such as ultimate strain or moduli, however, there were significant differences in overall behavior of the anterior versus posterior attachments [4]. No significant differences in creep or stress relaxation properties were found between the different meniscal attachments [5].
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Porwal, Charles. "Exploring the spatial tools to generate social inclusive and empowered space for people living in margins." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/poca4957.
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A good public space must be accommodative for everyone including the marginal, the forgotten, the silent, and an undesirable people. With the process of development, the city leaves behind the marginalized section of the society especially urban poor, who constitute about 20-30 percent of the urban population and are majorly involved in informal settlement like congested housing typologies and informal economy in which they face the everyday social, physical and economic exclusion. Thus, the informal sector and the marginalized becomes the forgotten elements in urban space. ‘Cities for the Citizen’ a slogan described by Douglas address the same issues of democratization, multicultural/gender difference between humans. Though these people have strong characteristics and share a unique pattern and enhances the movement in the city which makes a city a dynamic entity. The lack of opportunities and participation to such section leaves the city divided and generates the negative impacts in the mind of victims which further leads to degradation of their mental health and city life because of their involvement in crime, unemployment, illiteracy and unwanted areas. The physical, social, cultural and economic aspects of space should accommodate the essential requirements for the forgotten and provide them with inclusive public environment. It is very necessary that they generate the association and attachment to the place of their habitation. We can easily summarize that the city which used to be very dynamic and energetic is now facing the extreme silence in the present pandemic times. The same people are returning back to their homes after facing the similar problems of marginalization and exclusion even during hard times where they had no place to cover their heads. So, we have to find the way in which they can be put into consideration and make them more inclusive and self-sustaining. With the economic stability, social stability is also equally necessary for the overall development of an individual. So, the paper tries to focus upon the idea of self-sustaining livelihood and social urbanism which talks about development of cities aiming to the social benefit and upliftment of their citizen. The social urbanism strategy in any project tries to inject investment into targeted areas in a way that cultivates civic pride, participation, and greater social impact. Thus, making the cities inclusive and interactive for all the development. The paper will tries to see such spaces as a potential investment in term of city’s finances and spaces to generate a spatial & development toolkit for making them inclusive by improving the interface of social infrastructure.
Reports on the topic "Crime pattern theory"
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Chauvin, Juan Pablo. Cities and Public Health in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003692.
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This paper presents an overview of how health outcomes vary across cities in Latin America and discusses some of the known drivers of this variation. There are large disparities in outcomes across cities and across neighborhoods of the same city. Because health is closely related to the socioeconomic conditions of individuals, part of the spatial variation reflects residential segregation by income. Local characteristics also have a direct effect on health outcomes, shaping individuals' access to health services and the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles. In addition, urban environments affect health through natural atmospheric conditions, through local infrastructure in particular water, sanitation, and urban transit and through the presence of urban externalities such as traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and the spread of transmissible diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates many of these patterns, since the impact of the disease has differed sharply across cities, and much of this variation can be explained by observable local characteristics particularly population, connectivity with other cities and countries, income levels, and residential overcrowding.
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Hilbrecht, Margo, David Baxter, Alexander V. Graham, and Maha Sohail. Research Expertise and the Framework of Harms: Social Network Analysis, Phase One. GREO, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2020.006.
Full textAbstract:
In 2019, the Gambling Commission announced a National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms. Underlying the strategy is the Framework of Harms, outlined in Measuring gambling-related harms: A framework for action. "The Framework" adopts a public health approach to address gambling-related harm in Great Britain across multiple levels of measurement. It comprises three primary factors and nine related subfactors. To advance the National Strategy, all componentsneed to be supported by a strong evidence base. This report examines existing research expertise relevant to the Framework amongacademics based in the UK. The aim is to understand the extent to which the Framework factors and subfactors have been studied in order to identify gaps in expertise and provide evidence for decision making thatisrelevant to gambling harms research priorities. A social network analysis identified coauthor networks and alignment of research output with the Framework. The search strategy was limited to peer-reviewed items and covered the 12-year period from 2008 to 2019. Articles were selected using a Web of Science search. Of the 1417 records identified in the search, the dataset was refined to include only those articles that could be assigned to at least one Framework factor (n = 279). The primary factors and subfactors are: Resources:Work and Employment, Money and Debt, Crime;Relationships:Partners, Families and Friends, Community; and Health:Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Mental Health. We used Gephi software to create visualisations reflecting degree centrality (number of coauthor networks) so that each factor and subfactor could be assessed for the density of research expertise and patterns of collaboration among coauthors. The findings show considerable variation by framework factor in the number of authors and collaborations, suggesting a need to develop additional research capacity to address under-researched areas. The Health factor subcategory of Mental Health comprised almost three-quarters of all citations, with the Resources factor subcategory of Money and Debt a distant second at 12% of all articles. The Relationships factor, comprised of two subfactors, accounted for less than 10%of total articles. Network density varied too. Although there were few collaborative networks in subfactors such as Community or Work and Employment, all Health subfactors showed strong levels of collaboration. Further, some subfactors with a limited number of researchers such as Partners, Families, and Friends and Money and debt had several active collaborations. Some researchers’ had publications that spanned multiple Framework factors. These multiple-factor researchers usually had a wide range of coauthors when compared to those who specialised (with the exception of Mental Health).Others’ collaborations spanned subfactors within a factor area. This was especially notable forHealth. The visualisations suggest that gambling harms research expertise in the UK has considerable room to grow in order to supporta more comprehensive, locally contextualised evidence base for the Framework. To do so, priority harms and funding opportunities will need further consideration. This will require multi-sector and multidisciplinary collaboration consistent with the public health approach underlying the Framework. Future research related to the present analysis will explore the geographic distribution of research activity within the UK, and research collaborations with harms experts internationally.