To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Crimean campaign.
Journal articles on the topic 'Crimean campaign'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Crimean campaign.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
De Bollivier, Marc. "“The Crimean war in the collective memory”: modern Western European historiography of the Crimean campaign of 1853-1856." RUDN Journal of World History 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-3-247-255.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the modern Western historiography of the Crimean war of 1853-1856. The authors refer to problems and issues that prevail in the French and British studies of the events of 1853-1856. In the Western historiographical tradition based on researches of the XIX-XX centuries, still remain insufficiently explored aspects of the Crimean war, for example, the siege of Sevastopol, military operations in the Baltic and White seas, in the Pacific ocean, in the Caucasus. Despite the obvious trend existing in modern European science, associated with the study of the Crimean campaign in the context of the first pan-European war, the attention of historians of Western Europe is more focused on the study of the First world war. However, in recent years there has been a clear interest of French, English and Italian authors to the Black sea region, to the history of the Crimea and, as a consequence, to the Crimean campaign. Generalization of modern experience of historiography of the Crimean war allows to define prospects for further researches.
2
Yurochkin, Vladislav. "The “Slavic issue” and academic archaeology in the Crimea in the aftermath of World War II. To the 120th anniversary of Pavel Nikolaevich Shultz (1901–1983)." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 4 (December 2021): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086960630013785-2.
Full textAbstract:
The actualization of the "Slavic issue" in the post-war Crimea took place at the background of the rise of patriotic sentiments in society. This contributed to the establishment of the Sector of History and Archaeology in the Crimean Research Base at the USSR Academy of Sciences under P.N. Shultz in 1947. The issue in question was developed based on the “Scythian” ethnogenetic myth and autochthonous theories of N.Ya. Marr. The applied task of the studies was to popularize the history of Crimea in close connection with the fate of the Slavs and the Russian people among the settlers who came to the peninsula after the eviction of the Crimean Tatars. These views are most succinctly expressed in the book by P.N. Nadinsky “Studies on the history of the Crimea” (part 1, 1951). During the anti-Marr campaign, the point of Scythian-Slavic kinship in Crimea was rejected. Following the transfer of the peninsula to the Ukrainian SSR, the issue gradually lost its relevance.
3
Krasnodemska, Iryna. "Formation and Development of Ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea (End of the 18th — Beginning of the 21st Century) in Domestic Historiography." Ukrainian Studies, no. 3(80) (October 28, 2021): 170–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.3(80).2021.241577.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the state of scientific research on the history of the formation of the Ukrainian community in Crimea in the late 18th – early 21st century, which appeared in the 1990s – early 2000s, when, after the revival of its autonomy, there was a breakthrough in research on various aspects of Crimean history, and written at a new, higher level on the principles of historicism, objectivity, alternativeness. It is the post-Soviet period that is characterized by extensive scholarly discussions on the history of Crimea and the prospects for its development. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of works, which comprehend the debatable issues of the common historical destiny of Ukraine and Crimea, debunk the myths of “originally Russian Crimea”, highlight the problems of solving the Crimean question in 1917–1920, chronology of P. Bolbachan’s campaign, proclamation of Crimean republics in 1918–1921, the Bolsheviks pursuing a policy of indigenization in the Crimea, the famine of the 1920s–1930s and repression on the peninsula, as well as guerrilla warfare during World War II. The author claims that after 1991, hundreds of academic monographs and articles appeared, dozens of dissertations were defended, and a number of academic conferences on various areas of Crimean history were held.It is established that there is no comprehensive study of the formation of the community of Ukrainians in Crimea at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 21st century. Scarcely studied is the sociopolitical, demographic, economic situation of Ukrainians on the peninsula during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the existence of national and quasi-state formations on its territory, as well as the policy of Crimean regional governments towards Ukrainians and the policy of UPR and Ukrainian State governments regarding the protection of Ukrainians in Crimea, its state affiliation, etc. A comprehensive analysis is required for the policy of Ukraine towards the Ukrainian ethnic community of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in 1991–2014, as well as the occupation policy of the Russian Federation after 2014, which led to discrimination against Crimean Ukrainians and the threat of assimilation of some of them. The annexation of Crimea, which took place in violation of the Constitutions of Ukraine and the ARC, laws of Ukraine and universally recognized international legal norms, rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens living in Crimea, was a pre-arranged special operation, information and propaganda policy being one of its key components. Currently, the problems of the emergence and overcoming of pro-Russian identity in Crimea at the present stage and the development of ways to optimize the system of public administration and national security of Ukraine are insufficiently studied.
4
Белов, Н. В., and А. Б. Белова. "THE CAMPAIGN OF DEVLET GIRAY I TO THE RUSSIAN LANDS AND THE DEFENSE OF BOLKHOV IN OCTOBER 1565." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 13 (February 15, 2022): 779–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2021.83.49.025.
Full textAbstract:
В статье анализируются события военной кампании сентября—октября 1565 г. на русско-крымском пограничье. Расширение источниковой базы за счет обращения к неопубликованным частным разрядным книгам, посольским книгам, новооткрытому летописцу дворян Загряжских, а также использование новейших военно-исторических методик позволили впервые рассмотреть такие важные вопросы, как действие русской разведки осенью 1565 г., причины местнического конфликта в армии кн. И.Д. Бельского, отступления крымского войска и др. Комплексное изучение Болховской кампании позволило прийти к следующим выводам. Поход крымского хана Девлет-Гирея I на русские земли осенью 1565 г. стал очередной вехой затяжного военного противостояния двух государств — Крымского ханства и Российского царства. В результате конфликта хана с представителями татарского служилого сословия поход, первоначально задуманный как политическая акция, превратился в грабительский набег, имевший целью добычу ясыря. Девлет-Гирей I обманул ожидания московского командования, нанеся удар по слабо защищенной Болховской крепости. Однако умелые действия русской разведки помогли отследить пути движения крымского войска и предотвратить прорыв татарских контингентов в южные районы страны. Приближение посланной навстречу крымцам армии кн. И.Д. Бельского вынудило Девлет-Гирея I снять осаду Болхова и, не принимая большого сражения, отступить в Степь. В Приложении публикуются выдержки из Летописца Загряжских и Разрядной книги Болтиных с новыми сведениями о Болховской кампании 1565 г. The article analyzes the events of the military campaign of September—October 1565 on the Russian- Crimean border. Presently, the historical record database expands greatly with unpublished private rank books, ambassadorial books, as well as newly discovered Chronicle of the nobles of Zagryazhski. The authors who use the newest research methods in military historiography make the first ever attempt to consider such substantial issues as the actions of Russian reconnaissance in the mid-fall of 1565, the causes of the regional conflict in the army of Prince Ivan D. Belsky, and the retreat of the Crimean army to mention but a few. As a result of comprehensive study of the Bolkhov campaign, they have reached the following conclusions. The campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I to the Russian lands was another milestone of the protracted military confrontation between the two states, the Crimean Khanate and the Russian Tsardom. As a result of the conflict between khan and representatives of the Tatar noble class, the campaign conceived primarily as a political action turned into a robbery raid aimed at taking prisoners. At first, Devlet Giray I deceived the expectations of the Russian command by attacking the poorly defended Bolkhov fortress. However, the skillful actions of the Russian intelligence helped to track the paths of the Crimean army and prevent the Tatar contingents from breaking through to the south of the country. The approach of the army of Prince Ivan D. Belsky who was sent to meet the Crimeans forced Devlet Giray I to lift the siege of Bolkhov and, without taking a big battle, retreat to the Steppe. In the addendum, excerpts from Chronicle of Zagryazhski and Rank Book of the Boltins are cited, with some new data on the Bolkhov campaign.
5
Henisch, B. A., and H. K. Henisch. "James Robertson and his Crimean War Campaign." History of Photography 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03087298.2002.10443300.
Full text
6
Linkova, Elena V., and Marc De Bollivier. "French historiography of the Crimean war (1853-1856): main trends and tendencies." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-1-240-253.
Full textAbstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the French historiographical tradition of studying the Crimean war. Due to the fact that the French historiography of the Crimean campaign has diff erences from the Russian or Anglo-Saxon, it is interesting to turn to the study of the features that are characteristic for the works of French historians. One of the key theses of this article is the statement of the following situation in French historical science: since the second half of the 19th century the Crimean war was studied in the framework of studies on the history of the Second Empire. In the late twentieth century the scientifi c tradition has undergone certain changes, as a result of which the events of 1853-1856 became the subject of separate studies on the military history of France and historical anthropology. This feature infl uenced the perception of the war in French public opinion and the scientifi c community and led to the diff erentiation of certain problems and subjects directly related to the history of the Crimean war. The study of French historiography allows us to determine the themes that prevailed in the scientifi c thought of France during the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries, as well as those trends that are currently key in discussing the prerequisites, the nature, the results of the military campaign of 1853-1856. The authors conclude that the scientifi c and possibly public interest in the Crimean war in France is much lower than in Russia. The events of 1853-1856, largely overshadowed by the discussions and memory of the First World war, gradually turn into a little-known period of French history. However, the jubilee years associated with the Crimean war and the siege of Sevastopol are an important point that allows us to revisit the study of both the military campaign and diplomacy, and in general the history of Russian-French relations.
7
Malinowski, Pierre, and Elena V. Linkova. "The Crimean War of 1853-1856 in the Memory Space of Russia and France." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-205-215.
Full textAbstract:
On the example of commemoration of various wars and key historical events, it is possible to reconstruct and comprehend the value orientations of states at certain phases of their development. In this article, we propose to turn to the Crimean War of 1853-1856, which was reflected in the historical memory of the two participating countries - Russia and France. With such a comparative approach, attention is drawn to different levels of commemoration of this event: we are talking about scientific research on the Crimean campaign, about the people's memory of generations, about state and political practices. The authors analyze these aspects and identify which of them are most widespread in Russia and Europe, so that the memory of the Crimean War is preserved in modern society. The authors analyze the phenomenon of the forgotten war - a term that has entered the scientific lexicon of the French community and is used to describe the campaign of 1854-1856. The study of the problem makes it possible to answer an important question: why do certain traditions of memory exist, whether they help to form a certain consciousness, value attitudes.
8
Bazarova, Tatiana A. "THE PROBLEM OF ANNUAL PAYMENTS TO THE CRIMEAN KHANATE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH NEGOTIATIONS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-183-191.
Full textAbstract:
Тhe paper considers diplomatic struggle around fixing in the Russian-Turkish agreements the refusal of annual payments to the Crimean Khan. This problem was one of the key issues in Russia’s relations with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate during the Petrine era. The participation of Crimean diplomacy in the discussion of the problem at the Russian-Turkish peace talks remains poorly studied in Russian historiography. The Treaty of Constantinople (1700) secured the abolition of annual payments to the Crimean Khanate. However, the failure of the Prut campaign and non-fulfilment of Russian-Turkish peace agreements obligations by the tsar led to the renewal of the demand for annual payments. In 1711 and 1712, during negotiations with Russian ambassadors, the Ottomans did not insist on including to the peace treaty a clause on payments to the Crimean Khan and were content with oral promises. A difficult diplomatic struggle on the “Crimean dacha” unfolded at the peace talks in 1713, when Kaplan I Giray joined the active discussion of the problem. The clause on Crimean payments (without declaring direct obligations) was included in the text of the Adrianople (1713) and Constantinople (1720) treaties. By supporting the “khan’s claims” at the Russian-Turkish peace talks, the Sublime Porte demonstrated the readiness to protect the interests of its vassal. Peter I regarded the return of the clause about the “Crimean dacha” as a blow to Russia’s international prestige.
9
Mytsyk, Juriy, and Taras Chukhlib. "THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT OF 1663 FROM THE ARCHIVES OF POLAND ABOUT THE BEGINNINGS DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY OF IVAN MAZEPA." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 16 (December 24, 2021): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2021.16.245748.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides an original letter of the Murza of the Crimean Khanate to the King of Poland in 1663, which mentions the diplomatic activities of the future Hetman of Ukraine Ivan Mazepa. Analyzing the original document in the Main Archive of Ancient Acts in Warsaw (Poland), the authors conclude that Ivan Mazepa, as the personal secretary of King Jan II Casimir, was instructed by him to deal with the "Crimean" and "Ukrainian" directions of the Polish-Lithuanian state. The published letter is one of the first documentary mentions of the political activity of such an outstanding figure in the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe as Ivan Mazepa. In addition, the submitted document reveals the place of the Crimean Khanate in international relations in the 1660s and its role in the preparation of a joint Polish-Tatar-Ukrainian military campaign of 1663–1664 against the Muscovy in the Left Bank of Ukraine.
10
Abduzhemilev, R. R. "THE DEFENSE OF THE BORDER FORTRESSES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE CRIMEAN KHANATE IN 1689 AND 1695 ACCORDING TO THE CHRONICLE «TARIKH-I MEHMED GERAY»." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 6 (72), no. 4 (2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2020-6-4-3-13.
Full textAbstract:
In the article the fragments of the chronicle «Tarikh-i Mehmed Geray» of the Crimean historian Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarek Geray Chingizi, the content of which covers the description of the foreign policy of Peter the Great in the south at the end of the XVII century, are examined. The copy of the work has been preserved in the Austrian National Library. The material for analysis is the publication in Turkish of the master’s work of Ughur Demir «Tarikh-i Mehmed Giray» (assessment – transliteration of the text)» (consultant: Prof. Dr. Nejdet Oztürk, Istanbul, 163 pages). The translation from the Ottoman into Russian is carried out by R. Abduzhemilev. In the introductory part of the article, the source is described: the author’s personality, writing period, marking and volume of the manuscript, text script, and versatility of the contents. The works of the orientalists, where the chronicle is presented in the scientific-research context, are noted. The author focuses on the military campaigns during the reign of Peter I in the south at the end of the XVIIth century (the siege of the fortresses of Or, Dogan and Azak). The events described in the text: the struggle for the Or fortress, the refusal of Khan el-Haj Selim Geray to participate in the Ottoman campaign, the direction of the tsar’s troops from the north, the readiness of the troops of the Crimean Khanate to repel the siege, the negotiations of the parties, the siege of the Dogan fortress, the Azov fortress, an offensive from the sea, the defense of the strategic positions of the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire.
11
Patrikeeva, Mariya V. "The Crimean War of 1853–1856 in the plots of Russian fables." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 3 (October 28, 2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-3-102-106.
Full textAbstract:
The author of the article examines the reflection of the events of the Crimean War of 1853–1856 in the plots of Russian fables. The article analyses the system of characters, plot dominants of fables, demonstrates the possibilities of this genre in describing the military clash of Russia with hostile states. The author of the article points to a common task that unites the plots of the fables of different poets (it was obligatory to emphasise the confrontation between the sides of the military conflict), but at the same time considers the content and stylistic features of each fable separately. Noting the specificity of the fable genre of the period of the Crimean campaign of 1853–1856, the author of the article points out its connection with the traditions laid down in Russian literature by Ivan Krylov, which were reflected in the plot, stylistics and numerous allusions.
12
Bukatov, A. A., and T. A. Prokhorova. "«ARCHEOLOGY AND THE CRIMEAN WAR. EPISODES»: THE MATERIALS OF UNDERWATER RESEARCH AND EXPIERENCE OF CREATING AN EXHIBITION IN THE STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE «TAURIC CHERSONESE»." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no. 1 (2021): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-1-46-62.
Full textAbstract:
During excavations on the territory of the Heraclean Peninsula and during underwater research in the bays of Sevastopol, archaeologists are faced with a large number of materials related to one of the most ambitious and, without exaggeration, tragic events of the mid-XIX century – the Eastern (Crimean) War, more precisely, with episodes of its Crimean campaign in 1854–1855. The territory of the State Museum-Reserve «Tauric Chersonese» was the scene of this military confrontation, which directly affected the conduct of archaeological work on the territory of Chersonesos and the fate of its researchers. The ancient ruins, or so called «ancient foundations», marked on military maps next to the positions and locations of the troops, were the scenery for this drama. The enemy ships anchored in the bays of the Heracleian Peninsula – the places of ancient harbors. By sea, following the ancient shipping routes, the supply of troops was carried out, the individual episodes of battles unfolded in the coastal waters. Underwater archaeological finds of this period, which have preserved a lot of interesting and unique information, are rather poorly represented in museum expositions. The study of the Crimean War from the point of archeology view is a very promising direction for further research. How and by whom the excavations were conducted during the war, and what the Crimean War left for researchers in the archaeological sense, are only the main topics of possible research. The study of literature and sources, archaeological finds serve as an additional confirmation of this.
13
Patrikeeva, Mariya V. "Actualizing memories of the 1812 Patriotic War in the context of the Crimean War of 1853–1856." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 4, no. 27 (2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-4-27-45-54.
Full textAbstract:
. In the minds of contemporaries, the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Patriotic War of 1812 that preceded it were closely linked. The author of the article examines the image of the French and France as an enemy familiar to the Russians from the 1812 Patriotic War. The article analyzes the system of images, motives, memories associated with the events of 1812–1814 and reflected in the poetic works of the Crimean campaign contemporaries. The author of the article points out the reasons for the actualization of memories, shows how and in what way the perception of the French as military adversaries has changed in comparison with the previous war. Particular attention is paid to the depiction of Napoleon I and his nephew Napoleon III in Russian poetry. If Napoleon I is described by Russian poets of the 1850s. in a respectful manner as a mature politician, the image of Napoleon III is firmly associated with the motives of betrayal, ingratitude for the mercy of Russians towards France in 1814 war. No less attention is paid to the images of the 1812 Patriotic War veterans who appear in the poems of the Crimean War period both alive, eager to rise again to defend the homeland, and dead, tacitly calling on their descendants to repeat the victory over the French. Apart from the images and motifs reflecting Russian-French relations in the historical context, the author finds motifs of feasting and entertainment unrelated to the theme of war in the poetry contemporary to the events of the Crimean War.
14
Velikanov, Vladimir S. "The Chigirin campaign of 1674: An unsuccessful attempt to establish Russian control over the Right-Bank Ukraine." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2021): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2021.3-4.1.02.
Full textAbstract:
The article dwells upon the failed attempt of the Russian government to establish control over the Right-Bank Ukraine in the summer of 1674. At the Pereyaslav Rada on March, 17, 1674, the Cossacks leaders of the Right-Bank Ukraine and the Polish hetman M. Chanenko took the oath to Tzar and elected I. Samoylovich as a hetman “of the both sides of Dnepr”. From the legal side it resulted in establishing Russian governance over the whole Ukraine. The displaced hetman P. D. Doroshenko did not agree with this decision and continued the resistance with the support of the Ottomans and the Crimean Tatars. It made the Russian government send an army headed by Prince G. G. Romodanovski to establish Russian control over the Right-Bank Ukraine by force. He besieged Doroshenko in his capital Chigirin in the end of July, 1674. When the Sultan Mehmed IV got news about the Russian invasion, he canceled his campaign against the Poles and sent his troops to Kiev and Chigirin. The approaching of the Crimean Tatars forced Romodanovski to lift the siege of Chigirin and to retreat to the left bank of Dnepr. After ensuring the safety of Doroshenko, the Turks plundered the Right-Bank Ukraine. As a result, by September, 1674, only the eastern parts of the Right-Bank Ukraine (along Dnepr) remained under Russian control, while the West and the South were controlled by P. D. Doroshenko.
15
Санин, Александр, Aleksandr Sanin, Ольга Краснова, and Olga Krasnova. "Prospects of the development of the Crimea as a tourist region." Servis Plus 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11312.
Full textAbstract:
The leading type of nature use in Crimea is recreation. In this article, the peninsula is considered as a tourist region, identified are its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for its development and threats it is facing. Many of them are associated with joining the peninsula to Russia in March 2014 and a variety of consequences of this event. During the last year significantly decreased the number of tourists and accessibility of the peninsula, which dramatically increases the urgency of the construction of a transport crossing in Kerch. The article provides recommendations for the development of new types of tourism, which, along with the improvement of relations with Ukraine and the transport passage allow to increase the number of tourists. This is important both for the economy of the Crimea as a whole, and for the majority of its inhabitants. The paper also proposes to carry out a redistribution of tourist flows and to actively pursue the advertising campaign of the Crimea as a tourist region in the information space of the Russian Federation. It can be used by patriotic sentiments that have taken place in the country after joining the Crimea. The popularity of the peninsula could rise as a result of the depreciation of the Russian ruble, which significantly changes the situation on the market of tourist services. It is proposed to consider the coast of the Crimea as a set of natural and natural-social system that provides new opportunities for environmental management in the coastal zone. In particular, this approach allows identifying the most important tourist potential areas of the territory, as well as spatial boundaries of human impact. In recent years, the share of organized tourist sharply increased and the geography of tourism greatly changed. It should be remembered that for Crimean are important both organized and unorganized holiday makers.
16
Khrapunov, Nikita. "The Account of Vladimir Monomach’s “Crimean Campaign” in the Sources from the Early Modern Period." Античная древность и средние века, no. 46 (2018): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2018.46.016.
Full text
17
Aloev, A. T. "THE BATTLE AT THE FERRY ZHERESHCHTY: THE KABARDINO-CRIMEAN CAMPAIGN OF 1731 AND ITS RESULTS." BULLETIN of the Kabardian-Balkarian Institute for the Humanities Research 4, no. 39 (2018): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31007/2306-5826-2018-4-39-27-44.
Full text
18
Martyn, Maksym. "NEO-PAGANISM OF THE CRIMEAN KARAITES: GENESIS AND CURRENT STATE." Problems of humanities. History, no. 6/48 (April 27, 2021): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.6/48.228472.
Full textAbstract:
Summary. The purpose of the study is to analyze the history of the emergence and development of the phenomenon in the culture of the Karaites of Eastern Europe, which can be described as neo-paganism. Research methodology is based on the scientific and special-historical methods and the growth of the historical analysis. The article is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and problem-chronological approach. The scholar novelty of the article is in the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to comprehensively study the phenomenon of neo-paganism of the Crimean Karaites in its development, from its origin to the present state. In the same way, for the first time it attempts to single out all the elements on which the neo-pagan discourse of the Crimean Karaites is based, to determine the time and circumstance of the appearance or the first mention of each of them. Conclusions. It was found that the search for or invention of pagan traditions in the culture of the Crimean Karaites was an irreversible and logical consequence of the campaign to absolutize the importance of Turkish heritage and popularize the idea of exclusively Turkish origin of the Crimean Karaites, conducted by Karaite leader S. Shapshal in the 1930s among the Karaites of the Second Polish Republic. The source of inspiration for authors who have been looking for traces of paganism in the culture of the Karaites of Eastern Europe could be materials published in the interwar Karaite press, including the Polish-language magazine "Myśl Karaimska" published in Vilno (contemporary Vilnius), and on the editorial policy of which S. Shapshal had a great influence. However, as can be seen, Shapshal is not always personally responsible for the interpretation of various elements of Karaite culture as pagan and for the emergence of new pseudo-pagan elements. It has also been shown that not all elements of Karaite culture used as evidence of the paganism of their ancestors are late inventions or borrowings, but may be traces of the cultural diffusion of Karaites and Turkish peoples during the long existence of Karaites in the Turkish environment.
19
Plotnikov, Dmitriy. "On the Political Impact of the Ingour Battle of November 6, 1855." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.15.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article analyzes the battle on the Ingour river on November 6, 1855 from the political perspective in order to establish its role in the Caucasian campaign of 1855 of the Crimean war (1853-1856). Methods. Using the approach created by Carl von Clausewitz and developed by Alexander Svechin, the author views war as the continuation of politics and explores the political impact of the Ingour battle regarding its connection with the development of guerilla war in Mingrelia against the Turkish army under Omer-pasha (Ömer Lütfi Paşa). Analysis. Tactical analysis of the battle demonstrates that its organization and conduct on Russian side included considerable flaws. However, political analysis allows understanding that the impact of the Ingour battle went beyond its immediate tactical outcome. Political instability in Mingrelia demanded imperatively that major-general I.K. Bagration-Mukhranskiy, who commanded Russian Gurian force, would confront Omer-pasha at Mingrelian border in order to confirm the political credibility of Russian authorities among the local population. Discussion. Russian readiness to fight for Mingrelia influenced the political situation positively and contributed to the development of guerilla war against Omer-pasha. It was especially beneficial in the difficult conditions of Batum operational area and made a significant contribution to the outcome of the campaign. Thus, it is established in the article that one should view the Ingour battle not as a woeful defeat, but as the sensible tactical sacrifice for political ends that yielded considerable results and influenced the outcome of the 1855 Caucasian campaign in an important way.
20
Amarasinghe, Punsara. "The depiction of “Orthodoxy” in Post-Soviet Space: How Vladimir Putin uses the Church in his anti-Western campaign?" Open Political Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This Article seeks to examine the Russia’s recent interest in uplifting the status of Orthodox church as a pivotal factor in the state and beyond that. Most importantly the position of the Orthodox church has grown rapidly during Putin’s administration as a solacing factor to fill the gap that emerged from the fall of Soviet Union. The 16th century doctrine propounded by Filofei called “Third Rome”, which profoundly portrayed Moscow as the last sanctuary for Eastern Christianity and the 19th century nationalist mantra of “Orthodoxy, Nationality and Autocracy” have been rejuvenated under Putin as new ideological path to move away from Western influence. It has been especially evident that the ideological movement that rigidly denies Russia’s hobnobbing with the Liberal West has been rather intensified after the Crimean crisis in 2014. Under this situation Putin’s usage of Orthodoxy and Russia’s spiritual legacy stand as a direct political tool expressing Russia’s uniqueness in global affairs. This article will critically examine the historical trajectory of Orthodox church in Russia as an indicator of its distinctiveness.
21
Lyulyukin, Vasily, Margarita Kallistratova, Daria Zaitseva, Dmitry Kuznetsov, Arseniy Artamonov, Irina Repina, Igor Petenko, Rostislav Kouznetsov, and Artem Pashkin. "Sodar Observation of the ABL Structure and Waves over the Black Sea Offshore Site." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120811.
Full textAbstract:
Sodar investigations of the breeze circulation and vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were carried out in the coastal zone of the Black Sea for ten days in June 2015. The measurements were preformed at a stationary oceanographic platform located 450 m from the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Complex measurements of the ABL vertical structure were performed using the three-axis Doppler minisodar Latan-3m. Auxiliary measurements were provided by a temperature profiler and two automatic weather stations. During the campaign, the weather was mostly fair with a pronounced daily cycle. Characteristic features of breeze circulation in the studied area, primarily determined by the adjacent mountains, were revealed. Wave structures with amplitudes of up to 100 m were regularly observed by sodar over the sea surface. Various forms of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows, observed at the interface between the sea breeze and the return flow aloft, are described.
22
Aleksandrova, Elena V. "The Crimean War in the Reception of Egor Kovalevsky and Leo Tolstoy." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 15 (2021): 156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/15/9.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines typological intersections between the early works of Leo Tolstoy and the works of the 1850s of Egor Kovalevsky. The theme “Egor Kovalevsky and Leo Tolstoy” has not been studied comprehensively and systematically in Russian literary criticism. The research develops from the history of personal relationships between the writers during the Danube Campaign and the Sevastopol events to a comparative study of the writers’ works created during the Crimean Campaign. Tolstoy’s “Sevastopol in December” and in Kovalevsky’s “The Bombing of Sevastopol” reflected the similarities in the authors’ concepts, themes and images. The article justifies that the central theme developed in the writers’ oeuvre was a person and their role in history. Similarities and differences in the portrayal of the heroic events of the defense of Sevastopol by the writers are considered. Kovalevsky’s essay and Tolstoy’s first story are closely linked by one idea – the sense of civic exaltation, national identity. In describing the Russian soldier, his character, the heroism of the defenders of Sevastopol, the writers follow the “truth of life”. Kovalevsky captures the names of the direct participants in the war. With one detail or episode of the last minutes of their lives, Kovalevsky draws the reader’s attention to the “ordinary heroes” of Sevastopol, emphasizing the importance of their individual feat. Tolstoy’s heroes, on the contrary, are nameless: it is the general mood of the defenders of Sevastopol that is important for the writer. There are common features in the narrative manner of the two writers: ways of depicting heroes, accuracy and imagery of landscape sketches. A few strokes and precise details convey the state of Sevastopol. The mood associated with the state of the city is emphasized by the details of the landscape. The similarity in describing the heroes’ and the narrator’s psychology is expressed through the image of fog. The features of the authors’ creative manner and the role of the narrator are analyzed. There is an obvious difference in the creative methods of Kovalevsky and Tolstoy. Describing real details with historical accuracy, Kovalevsky paints a romantic picture with bright “strokes”. Kovalevsky uses concrete real details most often as a way to emphasize a bright feature he has noted in life, while Tolstoy seeks to show (highlight) the quality of life rather than its specific feature. The difference between Kovalevsky’s essay and Tolstoy’s story is also in the assessment of the historical event. Describing the bombing of Sevastopol as a historian, Kovalevsky does not abandon moral and political generalizations. Thus, the manner of narration and the ways of depicting heroes testify that both Tolstoy and Kovalevsky solve one problem with different artistic means – to truthfully portray the reality and the person as the “center of history”. In search of a true depiction of Sevastopol, Kovalevsky, a historian and romantic writer, moved towards realism embodied in Leo Tolstoy’s story.
23
Uvarkina, Olena V., Olena M. Bieliaieva, Petro M. Skrypnykov, Yuliia V. Lysanets, Liudmyla M. Shylkina, and Tetiana A. Khmil. "THE SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL HERITAGE OF DOCTOR N.I. PIROGOV." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 7 (2020): 1561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202007145.
Full textAbstract:
The aim: was to analyze the scientific and pedagogical heritage of N.I. Pirogov, which remains relevant in the modern medical and pedagogical community, and opens new little-known pages of the scientific, pedagogical and medical activity of the doctor. Materials and methods: The authors conducted a thorough analysis of scientific publications by N.I. Pirogov and papers devoted to his activity as a doctor, educator and researcher using analytical, comparative and bibliosemantic methods. Conclusions: The study suggested the new chronological boundaries in the scientific and educational heritage of N.I. Pirogov. The developed periodization accurately reflects the beginning of his scientific and pedagogical path in medical education, specifically refers to the period of his work in Germany as a supervisor of professorial candidates from 1862 to 1866, and the period of his participation in Sevastopol (Crimean) campaign and in the Franco-Prussian War, which was very important for the development of military field surgery.
24
Александрова, Екатерина Валентиновна. "THE GENRE NATURE OF “THREE CHAPTERS FROM THE POLITICAL AND MILITARY HISTORY OF 1853, 1854, AND 1855” BY E. P. KOVALEVSKY." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 4(216) (July 6, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-4-121-130.
Full textAbstract:
Введение. Представлен ранее практически не исследованный материал исторических очерков Е. П. Ковалевского, посвященных событиям Дунайской кампании. Цель – изучить жанровое своеобразие очерков Ковалевского с точки зрения их содержания (осмысления событий), формы (проблема повествователя) и определить их роли в литературном процессе 1850-х гг. Материал и методы. В центре исследовательского внимания – «Три главы из политической и военной истории 1853, 1854 и 1855 годов», написанные непосредственным участником событий и одновременно представителем официальных кругов. Материалы, опубликованные в «Отечественных записках» в 1856 г., рассматриваются в сопоставлении с изданным только в 1868 г. (по политическим соображениям) произведением «Война с Турцией и разрыв с западными державами в 1853 и 1854 годах». В работе использованы сравнительно-сопоставительный и культурно-исторический методы. Результаты и обсуждение. Очерки Ковалевского представляют собой важный факт одного из первых осмыслений событий Дунайской кампании на фоне замалчивания официальными кругами политических причин начала Крымской войны. Двойственная позиция автора-повествователя и специфика содержания определили своеобразие жанровой формы – синтез документального изложения с элементами очерка и рассказа. Заложенная в «Трех главах…» этическая проблематика (проблема героя, патриотизма) и их поэтика (описание природы, роль повествователя) расширяют горизонты творческих поисков автора и дают толчок в осмыслении, подаче нового материала (форма и содержание) современникам. Заключение. Выявлены типологические свойства исторического очерка в творчестве Ковалевского и его художественные особенности. Исследование очеркового жанра на примере «военных рассказов» Ковалевского дает возможность выстроить линию творческой преемственности в русской литературе (Толстой и Достоевский). Работа будет полезна ученым историко-филологического профиля: с точки зрения генезиса, синтетической природы очеркового жанра (идея патриотизма неразрывно связана с позицией автора и ролью повествователя) и литературно-фактографического контекста событий Крымской кампании. Introduction. The material of historical essays by E. P. Kovalevsky, devoted to the events of the Danube campaign, which was practically not studied before, is presented in the work. The aim of the work is to study the genre content of Kovalevsky’s essays and determine their role in the literary process of the 1850s. Material and methods. The research focuses on the work “Three chapters from the political and military history of 1853, 1854 and 1855”, written by a direct participant of the events and at the same time a representative of official circles. Published in “Otechestvennye Zapiski” in 1856, it is considered in comparison with the work “The War with Turkey and the severance with the Western powers in 1853 and 1854” which was published for political reasons only in 1866. The research uses comparative and cultural-historical methods. Results and discussion. The research shows that Kovalevsky’s essays are the first artistic interpretation of the Danube campaign events against the background of official circles’ silence on the political reasons for the beginning of the Crimean war. The originality of the author’s creative manner is shown in the synthesis of a documentary narrative with elements of essay and story. The problems of essays (the problem of the hero, patriotism) and their poetics (the description of nature, the role of the narrator) expand the horizons of the author’s creative search and give an impetus to understanding and presenting new material (form and content) to contemporaries. Conclusion. Typological features of the historical essay and its artistic features in the work of Kovalevsky are revealed. The study of the essay genre on the example of Kovalevsky’s “war stories” makes it possible to build a line of creative continuity in Russian literature (Tolstoy and Dostoevsky). This work will be useful for scientists of historical and philological profile: from the point of view of genesis, the synthetic nature of the essay genre and the literary and factual context of the events of the Crimean campaign.
25
Egorysheva, I. V., and E. V. Sherstneva. "Significant and memorable dates of the sanitary case of 2022." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 1 (2022): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2201-08.
Full textAbstract:
The staff of the Department of the History of Medicine of the N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health has prepared a list and description of significant and memorable dates of sanitary affairs, timed to 2022. The material is presented in three sections: «historical and medical events», «publication of works» and «personalities». The main historical and medical event of 2022 is the centenary of the publication of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR «On sanitary authorities of the Republic» (1922, September 15). The publication of the Decree is considered the starting point of the modern history of the state sanitary and epidemiological service, the prototype of which originated in pre-revolutionary Russia. Of particular interest are scientific works published 150–250 years ago and devoted to the current problems of hygiene and epidemiology at that stage — air quality, prevention of workers’ diseases, treatment and anti-epidemic measures for the plague, the state of the Crimean army in the campaign of 1854–1856. The section «personalities» contains a list of round dates from the birth and death of prominent figures in the field of hygiene and a description of the main milestones of their lives and activities.
26
Southwick, Leslie. "The Sword Presented to Major William George Drummond Stewart, VC, in Recognition of his Services in the Crimean War and Indian Mutiny Campaign." Arms & Armour 5, no. 2 (October 2008): 108–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174161208x345657.
Full text
27
Stloljarova, Ljubov. "‘THE GREAT CRIMEAN KHAN HIMSELF IS COMING FOR WAR’: THE CRIMEAN KHAN ĞAZI-GIRAY’S CAMPAIGN AGAINST MOSCOW IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DYNASTIC CRISIS IN RUSSIA IN THE END OF THE 16TH — BEGINNING OF 17TH CENTURY." Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy 2021 (2021): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1560-1382-2021-42-602-612.
Full text
28
Glantz, David M. "Forgotten battles of the German‐Soviet war (1941–45), part 6: the winter campaign (5 December 1941‐April 1942): the crimean counteroffensive and reflections." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2001): 121–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040108430472.
Full text
29
Валентинович Пилипчук, Ярослав. "About military-political history of Vainakh people in Ancient Times and Middle Ages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 21, 2021): 32–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/32-69.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is dedicated to the reconstruction of ethnic and political history of the Nakhs in the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Several Nakh tribes were known mainly to Georgians and Armenians. Nakhs were the main population of Georgia until the 4th century BC. The formation of the Iberian kingdom (Kartli) was closely connected with the interaction of the Kartvelian peoples with the nakhs of the South Caucasus, which appeared in Georgian sources under the name Durdzuks. The Nakhs were confronted with Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans n the North Caucasus. Therefore, Nakhs were better known in the South Caucasus. The most notable of the Durdzuk cluster was the tribe of the Tsanars. During the VIII-IX centuries Tsanars actively resisted the Arabs. The Tsanar chorebishop was one of the titles of the king of Kakheti and they actively participated in the Kakheti wars with the Abkhaz, Kartli, and Tao-Klardzhet kings. The final Kartvelization of the tsanars dates back to the XI century. Tushins, Pshavs, Khevsurs were kartvelized in the end of the XII century. Only the Batsbians retained the Nakh identity. Ethnonym Dzurzuk from the XIII century ceased to denote the Nakh population of the South Caucasus, which began to be designated by Kistins and Batsbians. Durdzuks from the XIII century these are the nakhs of the North Caucasus. The North Caucasian nakhs were ruled by the Alan kings in the XI-XIII centuries. Mongol invasion in XIII century weakened the power of the Alans over the North Caucasus. The territory of Chechnya united the Nakh state of Simsim in the middle of the XIV century, which at the end of the XIV century attacked by the Chagatays of Timur. Establish Georgian power over the highlanders in the middle of the fourteenth century. And in the 30s. XVII century Georgian kings Giorgi V and Teymuraz tried. Their real power was only over Georgian highlanders (Pshavs, Khevsurs, Tushins) and Batsbians. Kabardinians made a big campaign against the Nakhs in the middle of the XVI century. Temruk Idarov during the campaign of 1563 used the help of Nogays and Russians. Kabardinians entered the Sunzha region and drove the Ingush into the mountains. In the mountains was the possession of the Ingush Lars. The first of the Chechens to contact the Russians were the rulers of Aukh (Okoks of Russian sources). Some part of the Okoks in the XVII century evicted from Aukh on a plane to the area of Terek and Sunzha. The population of the Chechen possession obeyed the princes Turlovs from Gumbet. The people of Nokhch-Mokkh often opposed the Russians in the XVII century. There are some reasons to believe that they depended on the Kumyk rulers of the Andirean beilik. Avars and Kumyks also contributed to the penetration of Islam to the Chechens. Shibutians (Shatoys) and Chantiyans actively contacted Russians. Russian influence until the middle of the XVIII century it was rather nominal and was manifested in the presence of Cossacks and Streltsy on the Terek and Sunzha and in the exchange of embassies with Georgia. Not a single regional state such as the Safavid state or the Crimean Khanate has succeeded in establishing its power in the Central Caucasus. Chechens used vassality from the Russians as a counterweight to the influence of the Crimean Khanate and the Afshar state in the first half of the XVIII century, but this did not interfere with their situational alliances with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars against the Russians. Chechens actively supported Islamic fanatics. Strengthening Russian power in the North Caucasus in the second half of the XVIII century led to the fact that the Ingush took Russian citizenship. There have been social changes in Chechnya. Societies drove out their princes. In this situation, the Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus made an attempt to unite Sheikh Mansur. An attempt to unite Chechnya was also undertaken in the XIX century by Beibulat Taimiev. Key words: Vainakhs, Durdzuki, Chechens, Ingushes, Chechen domain, Georgia, Minor Kabarda, free societies
30
Chava, Ihor. "COSSACK-POLISH WARS OF 1652–1653 IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE POLISH HISTORIANS OF THE LATE 19th CENTURY TILL 1939." Problems of humanities. History, no. 6/48 (April 27, 2021): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.6/48.228469.
Full textAbstract:
Summary. The purpose of the research is to study the depiction of the events of the Cossack-Polish war of 1652–1653 in the works of the Polish historians of the late 19th century till 1939, and in particular, the battles of Batoh, Zhvanets and Zhvanets Peace Treaty; to find out the peculiarities of scientific approaches and interpretations by researchers of historical events and the influences on them of the intellectual discourse of the epoch in which scientists lived and worked; to identify the specifics of scientists’ interpretations of the facts of the past through the prism of their political sympathies and belonging to various historical schools and trends; to analyze the diversity of scientists’ approaches to the causes and consequences of battles and attempts to establish understanding between the parties to the conflict; to consider general historians’ assessments of the significance of the events of 1652–1653 in the fate of the Polish and Ukrainian peoples. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific principles of objectivity, historicism, objectivism, scientific pluralism, systematics and reliance on historical sources. Both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison) and special-historical methods were used in the work: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, problem-chronological, historical-systematic ones etc. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was the first to study the image of the events of the Polish-Cossack wars of 1652–1653 in Polish historiography of the late 19th century till 1939 on the basis of a significant set of historiographical sources. The peculiarities of ideological influences of political concepts and historical schools on the assessments of Polish scientists of the battles near Batoh and Zhvanets, Zhvanets Peace Treaty were studied in the research as well. Conclusions. Polish historians of the late 19th century – 1939 saw the cause of the new Polish-Cossack war of 1652 in the unresolved conflict during the Brest campaign, when the military victory of the crown armies was lost due to aristocratic anarchy and the flexibility of Polish commanders during negotiations at Bila Tserkva. Researchers believed that the difficult situation of B. Khmelnytsky after the defeat in 1651 pushed him to start a new round of war. Scholars exposed the Battle of Batoh itself as one of the greatest national tragedies of the Polish people and described these events in mythologized images. Special emphasis was placed on the depiction of the execution of captured Polish soldiers by Cossacks and Tatars, which emphasized the barbaric nature of the Cossacks. Scholars saw the very defeat of the crown troops as evidence of the problems of the society of the Commonwealth, which was ruled by aristocratic anarchy. For Polish scholars, the battle of Batoh became a symbol of the transition of the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation to a new stage, characterized by a special intransigence of the parties, and was a cornerstone in the destruction of the ancient brotherhood of both peoples. In the bloody finale of the campaign of 1652, scholars saw the reason for the conclusion of the Ukrainian-Moscow Agreement of 1654, because after the Battle of Batoh a peaceful settlement of relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossacks was no longer possible. The campaign of Zhvanets of 1653 was studied by many Polish historians in the context of the Moldavian campaigns of the crown and Cossack troops and it was considered to have been their finale. In assessing the significance of the Battle of Zhvanets, Polish researchers tended to define it as a hopeless forced confrontation between the hostile parties, who were aware of their futile chances for a final victory in this armed confrontation. Thus, scholars saw the campaign of Zhvanets as a failure for both sides of the conflict, which only exacerbated the depletion of their human and material resources. Similarly, scholars viewed Zhvanets Peace Treaty as a mere temporary agreement that was to suspend the military campaign of 1653 and had no prospect of continuing it to truly resolve the differences between the Ukrainian and Polish peoples. According to scholars, the treaty was forced by agreements with the Tatars for King John Casimir, while for B. Khmelnytsky it was fictitious because of his already reached agreement with Moscow. Historians have paid attention to the gradual strengthening of the role of the Crimean Khan as an arbiter in relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks during 1652–1653, as well as the growth of his role in the geopolitical structure of Central and Eastern Europe.
31
Tsyuryumov, Alexander V. "Участие калмыков в Русско-турецкой войне 1768–1774 гг.: вопросы организации и обеспечения." Oriental studies 15, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-59-1-19-27.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article reviews events to have aimed at preparing Russia’s military for the war against Turkey in the late 1760s. The former included both general strategy development and involvement of Kalmyk troops. Special attention was paid to the preparation of orders on Kalmyk cavalry’s mobilization, its distribution across Russian army groups, elaboration of tactical plans, provisioning and allowances. Goals. So, the study aims at answering the latter set of questions. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes documents and materials form the National Archive of Kalmykia, Archive of Foreign Policy of Imperial Russia, and a number of government decrees published in Collections of the Imperial Russian Historical Society and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Results and conclusions. Having been the only combat effective force of Imperial Russia in the Lower Volga and North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Khanate was given utmost significance. In early April of 1769, Viceroy Ubashi gathered almost the whole of his troops in Yashkol area. The corps of Lieutenant General M. J. von Berg enforced with a ten thousand Kalmyk cavalry led by Prince Kirip was largely responsible for the Crimean direction. Another ten thousand cavalry group under the command of Viceroy Ubashi was to join the corps of Major General J. F. von Medem and suppress landlords of Kabardia that tended to support Turkey. After the departure of the twenty thousand troops all uluses (domains) were ordered to stay on the right bank of the Volga. But the subsequent campaign of 1769 unexpectedly witnessed a series of conflicts to have resulted from insufficient allowances and provisioning of Kalmyk military units.
32
Silverstein, Christine M. "Are We Walking to the Future or to the Past? A Retrospective Analysis of Professional Nursing during the Pandemic of 2020, Dating back to the Crimean War, 1853-1856." Communication, Society and Media 3, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): p102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/csm.v3n3p102.
Full textAbstract:
This retrospective analysis, based on facts derived from contemporary news media, videos, and journal articles, scrutinizes a White House televised ceremony that celebrated National Nurses Day on May 6, 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and the #MeToo movement. On the surface, it appears that nurses were honored by the President, but a deeper look beneath reveals otherwise. This historian explores two pivotal moments during the ceremony that changed the focus from a celebration to a campaign event, which occurred when a female nurse practitioner stepped out of line to posit that personal protective equipment was “sporadic” and President Trump’s reaction to it. Although counterintuitive, queries arise as to whether the Commander-in-Chief celebrated professional nursing or denigrated it, as nurses kowtowed to authoritarian rule and unwittingly abandoned the time-honored principles of facts, science, and caring in professional nursing extant since its inception. Retrospectively, documents from archives are examined and the biographies of two transformational leaders, Hildegard Peplau and Florence Nightingale. These questions are asked: In 2020 how would they uphold their high standards and teachings today that set the stage for the evolution of professional nursing? What role would therapeutic interpersonal interactions of caring in nursing play in the 21st century?
33
Popova, A. Yu, E. B. Ezhlova, Yu V. Demina, A. N. Kulichenko, A. G. Ryazanova, D. V. Efremenko, I. V. Kuznetsova, et al. "Results of Work of the Rospotrebnadzor SAET on the Provision of Sanitary Epidemiological Welfare of the Population during the Summer Health-Promotion Campaign, 2014 in the Crimean Federal District." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4 (December 20, 2015): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2015-4-45-48.
Full text
34
Valentinovich Pilipchuk, Yaroslav. "Kabarda between Turks and Russians." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/37-63.
Full textAbstract:
of the East Circassians ancestors of the Kabardinians to the territory of the former Western Alanya can be dated to the time after the invasion of Timur 1395-1396. The design of Kabarda as a principality can be dated to the first half of the 15th century. The division of Kabarda into Idarey, Kaitukoi, Tlachtostan, Dzhelyakhstan can be dated to the first half of the XVI century. Kabarda in this era becomes one of the leading forces in the North Caucasus. Kabardinians competed with the Great Nogai Horde for control of the Astrakhan Khanate. Temryuk Idarov in 1563 attracted Nogais and Russians in his confrontation with the Ingush. Kabardians of Idarey to confront the Crimean Tatars and Kumyks in the XVI century. They were allies of Russians. The Idaroviches use the Russians in the confrontation with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars, and they themselves take part in the Livonian War and the Russian campaigns against various Caucasian rulers. Ties of Kabardians and with Nogais are made. Kabardinians of Kaitukoi are guided by the Crimean Khanate and the Small Nogai Horde. Circassian expansion to the east leads to the fact that the Karachais, Balkars, part of the Ossetians and Chechens are under the control of the Kabardinians. In the struggle for hegemony in the North Caucasus, the Kabardinians in the 16th –17th centuries face with the kumyks. None of the parties managed to win a convincing victory and they mutually exhausted each other. Kabardinians were the guides of Russian influence in the 17th century in the North Caucasus and their helped Russians in the Russian-Qizilbash conflict in 1651–1653. Kabardinians actively support the Russians against the Crimean Tatars in the 17th century. The significance of the Battle of Kanzhal is greatly exaggerated in Kabardinian historiography. We can talk about the participation of 20 thousands of Crimean Tatars in the battle and the death of a fourth of them in the battle. The defeat of 1708 only temporarily weakened the Crimean Tatars. Crimean Tatars make revenge hikes to Kabarda and devastate the region in the 10-ies and 20-ies of XVIII century. The Kabardinians victories under Baksan (1729) and Chеrеshty (1731) helped to stop the Crimean Tatar advance. Kabarda there were the Baksan and Kashkatau parties oriented to the Russians and Crimeans in the 18th century. They sought to win over external forces in order to secure subjectivity in foreign policy relations. The anti-Russian position of the Kabardinians set up the construction by Russians of the Mozdok fortress. Key words: Kabarda, Lesser Kabarda, Great Kabarda, Idarey, Kaitukoi, Crimean Khanate, Russian state, Great Nogai Horde, Lesser Nogai Horde, Ottoman Empire
35
Ahtamo, Valtteri. "Pala Ukrainasta – väkisin, mutta suostutellen." Idäntutkimus 29, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33345/idantutkimus.112036.
Full textAbstract:
Tämä artikkeli käsittelee vuoden 2014 Krimin valtauksen läpivientiä painopisteenään Venäjän hallinnon tuottaman oikeutuksen tarkastelu. Päättäjien julkilausumista ja valtionmedian representaatiosta koostuvaa venäjänkielistä aineistoa analysoidaan tapahtumaketjuun suhteuttaen diskursiivis-retorisen geopolitiikan luennalla, mikä valottaa oikeutuskampanjan reaktiivista toteutusmuotoa ja kohdeyleisöihin vedonneen suostuttelun perustaa. Kreml sai johdettua Ukrainan sisäisestä konfliktista ensin juridisuuteen ja turvallisuuteen vetoavat interventiodiskurssit, joilla vakuutteli kotiyleisöä ja krimiläisiä maanmiehiä puolelleen osin jo ennen Krimin miehitystä, ja täydensi oikeutussisältöä niemimaan liittämisen lähestyessä Krimin ja Venäjän historiallisen ykseyden sekä Venäjää alistavan tekopyhän lännen diskurssein. Analyysi tuo esille diskurssit koostavien retoristen elementtien yksityiskohtia ja niiden kumulaatiota, millä Venäjän hallinto muodosti Krimin anastusta puoltavan geopoliittisen mielikuvan. Kuvitelmalla oli ilmeinen painoarvo kohdeyleisösidonnaisen kannatuksen varmistamisessa käytännön toimille. This article analyses the Russian Government’s justifying operation of the annexation of Crimea in 2014. By analysing chronologically Russian policymakers’ speech acts and governmental media representations in relation to key events and agents’ actions through a discursive-rhetorical geopolitical reading, the paper sheds light on the campaign’s reactive implementation and the basis of its persuasive power. The Kremlin managed to derive from the Ukrainian internal conflict firstly juridical and security-invoking intervention discourses, campaigning with them for the home audience and Crimean compatriots before the military occupation. During the formal annexation, the Kremlin added discourses such as Crimean and Russian historical unity and the hypocritical West that is subjugating Russia. The analysis highlights the cumulation of rhetorical elements in which the Russian regime formed a geopolitical image favouring the Crimean land grab. The image had an obvious weight in ensuring targeted audiences’ support for practical action.
36
Chayinska, Maria, Anca Minescu, and Craig McGarty. "Political solidarity through action (and inaction): How international relations changed intracultural perceptions in Ukraine." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 3 (May 2017): 396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216682354.
Full textAbstract:
The present research sought to explain the mechanisms behind rival Ukrainian solidarity campaigns advocating protection of the minority Crimean Tatars in the immediate aftermath of Russia’s 2014 annexation of the Crimean peninsula. Adapting the social identity model of helping and solidarity we propose that political solidarity is a form of collective action in which allies can align their aspirational identities to the oppressed group’s political loyalties through a process of disidentification from powerful outgroups. We proposed and found supportive evidence ( N = 657) for the notion that both action (facilitation pathway) and inaction (inhibitory pathway) to support the Crimean Tatars were derived from disidentification from the European Union or the Russian-Federation-dominated Customs Union and are mediated by perception of the Crimean Tatars’ loyalties towards Russia and Ukraine. The findings provide initial evidence for a new understanding of political mobilization in support of third parties as a group-level emergent phenomenon in the context of identity threat.
37
Antic, Cedomir. "To crimea via Belgrade: Thomas Fonblanque to Lord Raglan 1854-1855." Balcanica, no. 39 (2008): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0839123a.
Full textAbstract:
Eleven letters sent to Lord Raglan, Commander-in-Chief of British troops in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855, by Thomas Fonblanque, British Consul General at Belgrade, constitute a little known group of documents that provided useful information for the Allied campaign in the Balkans and the Crimea. The paper, however, pays special attention to the Consul?s "Sanitary Memorandum", as it reflects the scope of interest and range of knowledge of the average British diplomat at the time.
38
Zabłocka‑Kos, Agnieszka. "„Hin sinkt der Wall, der alte Schutz, es fallen seine Stützen”. Ryska twierdza w XVI–XIX w. i jej defortyfikacja w 1857 r." Porta Aurea, no. 19 (December 22, 2020): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.14.
Full textAbstract:
The following article presents the issue of the fortification of Riga and associated plans of the suburbs in the 17th and 18th centuries (plans of Johann van Rodenburg and Rudolf Friedrich Härbel), as well as the projects of the transformation of the former fortification zones in the 19th century. Additionally, the paper covers the question of an unknown plan of Riga from 1843. In 1812, as a result of an intentional arson during the Russian campaign, the suburbs were completely destroyed. This prompted Filippo Paulucci to create a new plan that, among others, carefully delineated the transformation of the glacis into a wide esplanade. In 1856, after the Crimean War, a decision was made to de-fortify the city. In November 1857, in a very solemn manner, the process of Riga’s defortification began. Torch -bearing citizens participated in marches across the city, taking part in concerts and collective singing; during all these festivities, the city was brightly illuminated. This event was an amalgamation of solemn state celebrations and a folk, carnival-like fiesta. Celebrations connected with the process of Riga’s defortification belong to a small group of defortifications in European cities celebrated so uproariously.
In early 1857, the architect Johann Daniel Felsko created a remarkably interesting plan developing the former fortification grounds, as well as a new idea of the spatial development of the city. Felsko used the modern division into functional zones: the trading-communication zone (port, depots, railway station, and ‘gostiny dvor’ (‘merchant yard’) and the stately-park zone (palaces, elegant revenue houses, public buildings), which, at that time, was still a great rarity. The conception utilized in Riga definitely overtook the ideas for the Vienna Ring Road (the second half of 1857). In my opinion, Felsko’s idea shares the most similarities with the former fortification zones in Frankfurt am Main, which were reclaimed in 1806. However, his plan was never faithfully realized.
Out of numerous projects concerning the esplanade and promenade on the grounds of the former glacis, in the second half of the 19th century, there emerged one of the most interesting and beautiful European promenade complexes. Some of the first public buildings were the Riga-Daugavpils Railway Station and the theatre; later, school buildings, the Riga Technical University, and numerous palaces and houses were erected there. In the early 20th century, Riga was the third biggest and industrially developed city east of the Oder, reaching the population of over 470,000 citizens in 1913, following Warsaw and Wrocław. Its spatial development ideas, created in the 19th century, were then fully implemented.
39
Briuchowecka, Łarysa. "Польща в українському кіно." Studia Filmoznawcze 37 (September 14, 2016): 25–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-116x.37.5.
Full textAbstract:
POLAND IN UKRAINIAN CINEMAMultinational Ukraine in the time of Ukrainization conducted a policy which was supportive of the national identity, allowed the possibility of the cultural development of, among others, Jews, Crimean Tatars, and Poles. Cinema was exemplary of such policy, in 1925 through to the 1930s a number of films on Jewish and Crimean Tatar topics were released by Odessa and Yalta Film Studios. However, the Polish topic, which enjoyed most attention, was heavily politicized due to tensions between the USSR and the Second Commonwealth of Poland; the Soviet government could not forgive Poland the refusal to follow the Bolshevik path. The Polish topic was particularly painful for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic due to the fact that the Western fringe of Ukrainian lands became a part of Poland according to the Treaty of Riga which was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. This explains why Polish society was constantly denounced in the Ukrainian Soviet films The Shadows of Belvedere, 1927, Behind the Wall, 1928. Particular propagandistic significance in this case was allotted to the film PKP Piłsudski Kupyv Petliuru, Piłsudski Bought Petliura, 1926, which showed Poland subverting the stability of the Ukrainian SSR and reconstructed the episode of joint battles of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1920 as well as the Winter Campaign. The episodes of Ukrainian history were also shown on the screen during this favorable for cinema time, particularly in films Zvenyhora 1927 by Oleksandr Dovzhenko and a historical epopee Taras Triasylo 1927. The 1930s totalitarian cinema presented human being as an ideological construct. Dovzhenko strived to oppose this tendency in Shchors 1939 where head of the division Mykola Shchors is shown as a successor of Ivan Bohun, specifically in the scene set in the castle in which he fights with Polish warriors. Dovzhenko was also assigned by Soviet power to document the events of the autumn of 1939, when Soviet troops invaded Poland and annexed Western Ukraine. The episodes of “popular dedications” such as demonstrations, meetings, and elections constituted his journalistic documentary film Liberation 1940. A Russian filmmaker Abram Room while working in Kyiv Film Studios on the film Wind from the East 1941 did not spare on dark tones to denunciate Polish “exploiters” impersonated by countess Janina Pszezynska in her relation to Ukrainian peasant Khoma Habrys. Ihor Savchenko interpreted events of the 17th century according to the topic of that time in his historical film Bohdan Khmelnitsky 1941 where Poles and their acolytes were depicted as cruel and irreconcilable enemies of Ukrainian people both in terms of story and visual language, so that the national liberation war lead by Khmelnytsky appeared as a revenge against the oppressors. The Polish topic virtually disappeared from Ukrainian cinema from the post-war time up until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The minor exclusions from this tendency are Zigmund Kolossovsky, a film about a brave Polish secret service agent shot during the evacuation in 1945 and the later time adaptations of the theatre pieces The Morality of Mrs Dulska 1956 and Cracovians and Highlanders 1976. Filmmakers were able to return to the common Polish-Ukrainian history during the time of independence despite the economic decline of film production. A historical film Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnitsky by Mykola Mashchenko was released in 2008. It follows the line of interpretation given to Khmelnitsky’s struggle with Polish powers by Norman Davies, according to whom the cause of this appraisal was the peasant fury combined with the actual social, political and religious injustices to Eastern provinces. The film shows how Khmelnitsky was able to win the battles but failed to govern and protect the independence of Hetmanate which he had founded. The tragedies experienced by Poland and Ukraine during the Second World War were shown in a feature film Iron Hundred 2004 by Oles Yanchuk based on the memoirs of Yuri Borets UPA in a Swirl of Struggle as well as in documentaries Bereza Kartuzka 2007, Volyn. The Sign of Disaster 2003 among others.Translated by Larisa Briuchowecka
40
Briuchowecka, Łarysa. "Polska w kinie ukraińskim." Studia Filmoznawcze 37 (September 14, 2016): 89–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-116x.37.6.
Full textAbstract:
POLAND IN UKRAINIAN CINEMAMultinational Ukraine in the time of Ukrainization conducted a policy which was supportive of the national identity, allowed the possibility of the cultural development of, among others, Jews, Crimean Tatars, and Poles. Cinema was exemplary of such policy, in 1925 through to the 1930s a number of films on Jewish and Crimean Tatar topics were released by Odessa and Yalta Film Studios. However, the Polish topic, which enjoyed most attention, was heavily politicized due to tensions between the USSR and the Second Commonwealth of Poland; the Soviet government could not forgive Poland the refusal to follow the Bolshevik path. The Polish topic was particularly painful for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic due to the fact that the Western fringe of Ukrainian lands became a part of Poland according to the Treaty of Riga which was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. This explains why Polish society was constantly denounced in the Ukrainian Soviet films The Shadows of Belvedere, 1927, Behind the Wall, 1928. Particular propagandistic significance in this case was allotted to the film PKP Piłsudski Kupyv Petliuru, Piłsudski Bought Petliura, 1926, which showed Poland subverting the stability of the Ukrainian SSR and reconstructed the episode of joint battles of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1920 as well as the Winter Campaign. The episodes of Ukrainian history were also shown on the screen during this favorable for cinema time, particularly in films Zvenyhora 1927 by Oleksandr Dovzhenko and a historical epopee Taras Triasylo 1927. The 1930s totalitarian cinema presented human being as an ideological construct. Dovzhenko strived to oppose this tendency in Shchors 1939 where head of the division Mykola Shchors is shown as a successor of Ivan Bohun, specifically in the scene set in the castle in which he fights with Polish warriors. Dovzhenko was also assigned by Soviet power to document the events of the autumn of 1939, when Soviet troops invaded Poland and annexed Western Ukraine. The episodes of “popular dedications” such as demonstrations, meetings, and elections constituted his journalistic documentary film Liberation 1940. A Russian filmmaker Abram Room while working in Kyiv Film Studios on the film Wind from the East 1941 did not spare on dark tones to denunciate Polish “exploiters” impersonated by countess Janina Pszezynska in her relation to Ukrainian peasant Khoma Habrys. Ihor Savchenko interpreted events of the 17th century according to the topic of that time in his historical film Bohdan Khmelnitsky 1941 where Poles and their acolytes were depicted as cruel and irreconcilable enemies of Ukrainian people both in terms of story and visual language, so that the national liberation war lead by Khmelnytsky appeared as a revenge against the oppressors. The Polish topic virtually disappeared from Ukrainian cinema from the post-war time up until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The minor exclusions from this tendency are Zigmund Kolossovsky, a film about a brave Polish secret service agent shot during the evacuation in 1945 and the later time adaptations of the theatre pieces The Morality of Mrs Dulska 1956 and Cracovians and Highlanders 1976. Filmmakers were able to return to the common Polish-Ukrainian history during the time of independence despite the economic decline of film production. A historical film Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnitsky by Mykola Mashchenko was released in 2008. It follows the line of interpretation given to Khmelnitsky’s struggle with Polish powers by Norman Davies, according to whom the cause of this appraisal was the peasant fury combined with the actual social, political and religious injustices to Eastern provinces. The film shows how Khmelnitsky was able to win the battles but failed to govern and protect the independence of Hetmanate which he had founded. The tragedies experienced by Poland and Ukraine during the Second World War were shown in a feature film Iron Hundred 2004 by Oles Yanchuk based on the memoirs of Yuri Borets UPA in a Swirl of Struggle as well as in documentaries Bereza Kartuzka 2007, Volyn. The Sign of Disaster 2003 among others.Translated by Larisa Briuchowecka
41
Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof. "Informowanie o wyprawie wojennej w końcu XVII w. – przypadek Johanna Reyera i kampanii krymskiej 1689 roku." Klio - Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym 59, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/klio.202.023.
Full textAbstract:
Artykuł dotyczy niemieckojęzycznej relacji z przebiegu wyprawy wojska rosyjskiego przeciwko Tatarom krymskim wiosną 1689 r. (tzw. drugiej wyprawy krymskiej). Autorem tego przekazu był pruski dyplomata i tajny radca Johann Reyer (* 1641, † 1718). Odbył on w 1688–1689 r. jako poseł księcia-elektora Fryderyka III podróż na dwór moskiewski. Analiza źródłoznawcza i treściowa zredagowanej przez niego relacji z owej wyprawy, opartej na pierwotnym tekście rosyjskim, daje możliwość zbadania sposobów percepcji wydarzeń wojennych, jak również ich pojmowania w końcu XVII stulecia. W pierwotnej, rosyjskiej redakcji źródło wykazuje wszelkie cechy ‘narracji wodzowsko-dworskiej’. Charakterystycznym jej elementem jest ujęcie wydarzeń w kontekście działań wodza wojska. Jego osoba jest ukazana w sytuacjach, które nie zawsze mają związek ze sprawami kierownictwa militarnego, ale każdorazowo pozwalają ukazać osobiste zalety wodza. Obecny jest m.in. topos wodza bliskiego swoim wojownikom/żołnierzom. Topiczność narracji odnosi się również do wyznaczników sukcesu wojennego (wysokie straty przeciwnika, wielkie łupy wojenne zdobyte na nim, zniszczenie miejsc jego egzystencji) oraz do obrazu przeciwnika (duża liczebność, barbaryzacja). Trzecim aspektem analizowanej w artykule relacji jest niski poziom spójności implikatywnej narracji i warunowany przezeń wysoki poziom ogólnikowości opisu. W żadnym miejscu przekazu poszczególne okoliczności i wydarzenia rozgrywające się w wojsku rosyjskim podczas wyprawy nie zostały przedstawione w na tyle szczegółowy sposób, by narracja mogła zyskać większy potencjał wyjaśniający opisywane wypadki. Zależności między poszczególnymi zjawiskami i wypadkami sprowadzone są do najprostszych relacji chronologicznego sąsiedztwa i nie ma w nich wspomnianej implikatywności. Wszystkie powyższe spostrzeżenia dotyczące struktury treści i budowy narracji dotyczą pierwotnego przekazu rosyjskiego, jednak pozostają one wiążące również dla niemieckiej redakcji Johanna Reyera. Ten bowiem przejął zasadniczy zrąb narracji, w zasadzie nie ingerując w jego treść, a tym bardziej nie opatrując go żadnymi krytycznymi komentarzami, choć wprowadził zarazem do niego dość długi wstęp. Oznacza to, że Reyer funkcjonował w podobnych strukturach mentalnych pojmowania i analizy zdarzeń wojennych, jak ówczesne wojskowe otoczenie kniazia Vasilija V. Golicyna, wśród którego członków powstała pierwotna rosyjska relacja. Dane dostarczone przez niego na dwór księcia-elektora miały zaledwie pewien potencjał informacyjny, ale pozbawione były jakiegokolwiek potencjału analitycznego. Zatem nawet, jeśli w kręgu wojskowych pozostających na służbie Hohenzollernów w końcu XVII w. znaleźliby się ludzie zdolni do racjonalnej oraz systematycznej analizy, krytycznej reflekcji i podejmowania złożonych rozumowań indukcyjnych w kwestiach militarnych, to informatorzy pokroju Reyera nie byli w stanie dostarczyć im do tego odpowiedniej jakości danych. Casus Johanna Reyera, człowieka o rozległych horyzontach umysłowych, należącego do ścisłej elity ówczesnej Brandemburgii-Prus, pokazuje, iż fenomen racjonalizacji w sprawach militarnych w końcu XVII w. w kręgu tamtejszych elit jeszcze się nie rozpoczął, przy czym właśnie w pokoleniu Reyera zarysowywały się początki przełomu racjonalistycznego, stojącego u podstaw krytycznego, systematycznego i dążącego do koherentności oglądu świata – było to pokolenie Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibnitza (* 1646, † 1716), z którym Reyer korespondował, oraz Izaaka Newtona (* 1742, † 1727), który w roku pierwszej wyprawy krymskiej (1687) opublikował swoje przełomowe Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica stojące w centrum tzw. nowożytnej rewolucji naukowej. Zmieniająca się wojskowość zachodnioeuropejska miała w ów racjonalistyczny przełom wejść z mniej więcej jedno bądź nawet dwupokoleniowym opóźnieniem, wraz z osobami m.in. Maurice’a de Saxe (* 1696, † 1750), Fryderyka II Wielkiego (* 1712, † 1786) oraz Henry’ego Humphrey’a Evansa Lloyda (* ca 1718/1720, † 1783).//The article pertains to the German-language account of the Russian army’s expedition against Crimean Tatars in the spring 1689 (so-called second Crimean campaign). The author of this narration was a Prussian diplomat and secret councilor Johann Reyer (* 1641, † 1718). In 1688–1689 he traveled to the Moscow court as a Prince-elector Frederick the Third’s representative. The source and content analysis of the report from the expedition that he provided, based on the original Russian text, enables to explore the ways of perceiving military events and warfare as well as understanding them at the end of the 17th century. In the original Russian version, the source reveals all the features of ‘court-leadership narrative’. Its distinctive element is the presentation of the events in the context of the military commander’s actions. The commander himself is presented in the situations which are not always connected with the issues of military leadership, but each time they enable to present personal advantages of the leader. Among other things, one can indicate the topos of a commander who is close with his soldiers. The topicality of the narrative also refers to the indicators of war success (significant losses of the opponent, large spoils of war won from the enemy, destruction of the opponent’s place of existence) and the depiction of the opponent (their large number, barbarization). The third aspect of the account analyzed in the article is the low level of consistency of the implicative narrative and high level of generalization of the description conditioned by it. At no point were the particular events and circumstances taking place in the Russian army during the expedition presented in a manner descriptive enough so as the narrative could potentially better explain the described cases. Dependencies between particular phenomena and cases are reduced to the simplest relations of chronological proximity and they lack the aforementioned implication. All of the abovementioned observations regarding the structure of the content and the construction of the narrative pertain to the original Russian account; however, they remain relevant for the German version by Johann Reyer as well. In fact, he adopted the core of the narrative basically without interfering with the content and what is more – without providing any critical comments, although at the same time he made a considerably long introduction. What it means is that Reyer functioned in similar mental structures of understanding and analyzing wartime events as the military entourage of the Russian commander-in-chief Vasily V. Golitsyn, among whose members the original Russian account was written. The data which he provided for the Prince-elector’s court had some informative potential, but it lacked analytical potential of any kind. Therefore, even if among the soldiers on the Hohenzollern’s duty at the end of the 17th century there were people capable of rational and systematic analysis, critical reflection and complex inductive reasoning regarding military issues, the informants such as Reyer were not able to provide them with data of sufficient quality. Johann Reyer’s casus, who was a man of extensive mental horizons that belonged to the strict elite of then Brandenburg-Prussia, shows that the phenomenon of rationalization regarding military affairs at the end of the 17th century among the elite of Branderburg-Prussia had not yet begun. It was the time of Reyer’s generation when the beginnings of the rationalization breakthrough were depicted, which stood at the basis of critical, systematic and coherence-oriented view of the world – it was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz’s (* 1646, † 1716) generation, with whom Reyer exchanged letters, and Izaak Newton’s (* 1742, † 1727), who in the year of the first Crimean campaign (1687) just published his ground-breaking Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, which was the core for the so-called modern scientific revolution. The western European military affairs changing at that time fully entered the rationalist breakthrough with more or less one- or two-generation delay along with people such as Maurice de Saxe (* 1696, † 1750), Frederick the Great (* 1712, † 1786) and Henry Humphrey Evans Lloyd (* ca 1718/1720, † 1783).
42
Calzado, Mercedes. "Election campaign audiences and urban security: Citizens and elections promises during a mediatized political campaign (Argentina 2015)." Communication & Society 33, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.155-169.
Full textAbstract:
Este artículo analiza la relación entre la ciudadanía con la publicidad electoral sobre inseguridad en la elección presidencial de Argentina en 2015. Durante este año, el crimen urbano fue una de las mayores preocupaciones del país al punto de que cuatro de los seis candidatos presidenciales produjeron spots específicos sobre el tópico. En este contexto, el artículo se pregunta: ¿Qué implicaba la inseguridad para los ciudadanos?, ¿acordaban con las promesas de campaña?, ¿cómo interpretaron los materiales audiovisuales sobre inseguridad? El objetivo es explorar cómo las denominadas audiencias electorales interpretaron las publicidades sobre inseguridad en la elección presidencial de 2015 y reflexionar sobre sobre su lugar en los procesos de mediatización política. La realización de seis grupos focales permitió concluir que las audiencias electorales: i. vivencian con preocupación la inseguridad en la ciudad, desconfían de la justicia, la policía y de sus representantes políticos; ii. no critican las promesas puntuales de los candidatos, sino que procuran develar las intenciones reales o engañosas de las publicidades electorales; iii. definen los fragmentos de publicidad electoral como construidos en clave emotiva (por tanto, falsos), o como lógicos y racionales (por tanto, cercanos a la verdad).
43
Benyamovskiy, V. N., and L. F. Kopaevich. "Coniacian-Campanian Alan-Kyr section of the Mountainous Crimea: biostratigraphy and palaebiogeography." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2016-2-3-17.
Full textAbstract:
This article is a continuation of study of the reference section Alan Kyr (Central Crimea, Belogorsk region). Recorded the difference in age between complexes dating of radiolarians and planktonic foraminifera and benthic foraminifera. A likely explanation for this can be assumed that in the Crimea stratigraphically important taxa could appear before f few million years. Than on the platform where they could migrate during major global eustatic transgression in the early Campanian age. The article discusses the impact of paleobiogeographical aspect on taxonomic composition of foraminiferal zonal complexes as plankton and benthos.
44
Shalak, Maxim E. "Historical and geographical analysis of the Cronicle of Remmal Khodja “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”." Crimean Historical Review, no. 1 (June 2021): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.1.95-117.
Full textAbstract:
This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical work of the famous Ottoman scholar Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade, well known as Remmal Khodja, his work “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”, which was written in the middle of the XVI century. This source, is dedicated to the history of the reign of Khan Sahib Giray (1532–1551), it will be studied here for the purpose of revealing information on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and adjacent territories. The beginning of this analysis was published in № 2, 2018 of this journal. In his chronicle Remmal Khodja describes nine military campaigns of Sahib Giray. He describes in details the routes of movement of the Tatar troops, gives the places of crossings and location sites of the troops. Very valuable are the characteristics given by the court historian to the opponents of the khan and descriptions of the terrain on which the fighting was conducted. From the above I mentioned information, it may seem, that Remmal Khodja described the events as if he was its direct witness. In all the military campaigns of Sahib Giray, described by Remmal Khodja, can be traced four directions of those campaigns. To the west – to Moldavia, to the north – to Russia and Lithuania, to the east – to the Astrakhan Khanate, and south-east – to the Caucasus. Of all the directions, the North Caucasus region is described in more detailed way in the source, since Sahib Giray made four campaigns to this territory. The revealed information gives us the chance to clarify the boundaries of the Crimean Khanate, the lands that were in its vassal dependence, the location of sites and fortresses, as well as the areas of residence of some North Caucasian tribes. The only publication of “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” was implemented in 1973 by O. Gökbilgin. The scientist published a Chronicle in the modern Turkish transcription, providing it with a French translation.
45
Longhurst, Chris. "Hashtag campaign launched to tackle hate crimes." Learning Disability Practice 19, no. 9 (October 26, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ldp.19.9.6.s2.
Full text
46
Pozachenyuk, Katerina, and Irina Yakovenko. "Vine landscapes in Crimea: evolution, problems, prospects." Miscellanea Geographica 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The conditions and factors of development of the vine landscapes in Crimea and their evolution are considered for the ancient, medieval, imperial, Soviet (first and second halves of the 20th century), and post-Soviet periods. The characteristics of the vineyard landscape zones (South Coast, Foothills and Steppe) are presented. Having reached their maximum areas in the period 1955-1970, the area of the vineyards in Crimea decreased steadily until 2017. The main causes of degradation were the spread of phylloxera, the campaign against alcoholism in 1985, the deterioration of sales after the collapse of the USSR, and the ineffective system of cultivation technology. The current ways of reviving grape landscapes – the introduction of innovative methods of farming, greening and cluster forms of viticulture and winemaking – are addressed.
47
Kolesnik, Yu B. "Three campaigns of solar observations with an astrolabe at Simeiz." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 172 (1996): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900127998.
Full textAbstract:
Positional observations of the Sun have become, in recent years, one of the most important contribution of astrolabes to fundamental astrometry. After pioneer observations at CERGA and Sao Paulo, both in 1974, other astrolabes have been adapted for observations of the Sun in Paris (now at Malatya, Turkey), Santiago de Chile (Chollet & Noël 1993) and San-Fernando (Sánchez et al. 1993, 1995). First experimental campaign of solar observations with an astrolabe installed at Simeiz Observatory (Crimea, Ukraine) has been undertaken in 1986 (Kolesnik 1987). After some instrumental improvements, observations covering about 2.5–3 months were continued in 1987, 1990, 1991. The results are reported here.
48
Sillanpää, A., L. O. Takalo, E. Valtaoja, H. Teräsranta, Yu S. Efimov, N. Shakhovskoy, J. Heidt, and H. Bock. "Coordinated Multifrequency Observations of OJ 287 and MK 421 (March 1993)." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090017593x.
Full textAbstract:
We present some very preliminary results of the multifrequency microvariability campaign of two BL Lac objects OJ 287 and Mk 421 carried out mainly during four days in March 1993. During these four days also IUE was observing these blazars. In this poster we present only a small part of the whole data: radio observations at Metsähovi, CCD observations on La Palma and Heidelberg and UBVRI photopolarimetric observations at Crimea. Because of the very bad global weather conditions and also because of the faintnes of OJ 287 our optical observations were very limited.
49
Somin, Sergii, and Igor Tkachenko. "Information as Component of Public Security under the Conditions of Hybrid Warfare." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Public Administration 12, no. 2 (2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-9193.2019/12-7/8.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the article is to research the essence of the leading scientific approaches and foreign practices into the public security; to identify informational component of public security under the conditions of hybrid warfare. Despite significant number of publications devoted to the problems of informational security and start of counterpropaganda in Ukrainian Mass Media, the external media surrounding is still not capable yet to resist adequately Russian informational aggression. Ukrainian media policy demands substantial modernization in offensiveness, usage of new technical and manipulative capabilities. Authors analysed European model of people power and proposed the ways of its adaptation of Ukrainian reality though the actualization of those definitions, as national and public security, fundamental national interests. Also, authors made research of the modern social-political situation in Ukraine and developed proposals for improving state informational policy based on Crimea example. In addition, the actual tasks of the state policy are developed for the challenges based on hybrid warfare. The practical aim of the publication is to develop and implement scientifically justified conceptual approaches to counteract the Russification of the Ukrainian population in the conditions of Crimea annexation and armed conflict in the East of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the situation with freedom of speech and mass media in the occupied Crimea, authors submitted proposals on strengthening the Ukrainian information presence on the peninsula; the basic principles of development and implementation of the National concept of information policy in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol are substantiated. Negative trends that already exist in the domestic media space are highlighted and ways to minimize them are proposed. Special attention was paid to the need for a coordinated large-scale and daily information campaign on Crimea.
50
WINKEL, F. W. "RESPONSE GENERALISATION IN CRIME PREVENTION CAMPAIGNS." British Journal of Criminology 27, no. 2 (1987): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047660.
Full text