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1
Lyons, John Patrick. "A comparative study of imputability in selected portions of canons 1321-1324 of the Code of canon law and the criminal laws of the state of Arizona." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Sugawara, Masayuki. "Corporate criminal liability for manslaughter." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/dde0cfe7-338d-47c9-9b91-09a8f1b85408.
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In the late 1980s, a series of disasters was witness in the United Kingdom, such as the King's Cross Underground fire, the Piper Alpha disaster, the Clapham Junction Railway accident and the capsize of the ferry "Herald of Free Enterprise" at Zeebrugge. Although the following inquiries and reports highly criticised corporations for their poor management and organisation relevant to the risk of harm inherent in their activities, very few prosecutions for manslaughter have followed. Since the occurrence of these disasters, however, an increasing perception that deaths caused through corporate operations should comprise a category of corporate manslaughter has gradually become embedded in the public mind, and the publication on March 1996 of the Law Commission Paper dealing with corporate killing has brought about legal debates concerning how to hold corporations criminally liable for manslaughter. In addressing these legal issues, this thesis first traces the historical development of corporate criminal liability in English law and examines the current status of corporate liability for manslaughter. Then, it indicates practical and theoretical flaws from which most existing theories for corporate manslaughter suffer, and propounds a new theory of corporate liability for manslaughter by which both corporate and individual offenders can be held liable under the same conditions. Finally, it considers corporate defences and sentencing factors in the context of corporate manslaughter
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Duggan, William E. "The institute of suspension a comparison between Canons 2278-2285 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law and Canons 1333-1335 of the 1983 revised Code of Canon Law /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Hane-Weijman, Jansson Rasmus. "Corporate Criminal Liability - time for Sweden to look beyond individual criminal responsibility?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360281.
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Peters, Edward N. J. "Preliminary procedural considerations in the application of ecclesiastical penalties." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
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Kemp, Gerhard. "Individual criminal liability for the international crime of aggression." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1494.
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Thesis (LLD (Public Law))—University of Stellenbosch, 2008.Aggression is regarded as one of the core crimes under customary international law, but the definition of aggression is still contentious. At present there is no international instrument that provides for effective individual criminal liability for the crime of aggression. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) provides for the inclusion of the crime of aggression within the court’s jurisdiction, but the Statute needs to be amended to include a definition of aggression and conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction by the ICC. This dissertation seeks to identify the elements of the international crime of aggression, for purposes of individual criminal liability. It is submitted that the creation of the ICC provides the international community with an historic opportunity to establish effective jurisdiction over the crime of aggression.
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Funk, Antje Elisabeth Margarete. "Criminal liability of Internet providers in Germany and other jurisdictions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70134.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2004ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the criminal liability of Internet providers. The focus is on Germany, but the analysis is put in a wider, comparative context. This is done with reference to South Africa, as well as Europe and the American system. This thesis demonstrates and discusses the existing legal norms to regulate Internet provider liability for illegal content on the Internet and the international efforts to deal with this issue. In the introduction it is shown how the Internet has given rise to a new form of global communication and the accompanying legal problems. This is followed by an examination of the different functions Internet providers have. A survey of some of the important crimes affecting the Internet and also some Internet-specific offences put the more general issue of liability in a more specific context. Traditional and new forms of crimes are discussed. This section is followed by an analysis of Internet provider liability under German criminal law and Germany's Teleservices Act. From an international criminal law perspective some international instruments, like the Cybercrime Convention of the Council of Europe, is discussed. National legislation, especially in the context of the European Union, must always be put in the proper regional and international context. The thesis concludes with some thoughts on alternative, or perhaps complementary, methods to fight illegal and criminal conduct on the Internet. This is done not as a critique of the responses to Internet crime, but rather to strengthen the many hands trying to reduce Internet crime.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handeloor die strafregtelike aanspreekliheid van Internet diensverskaffers. Die fokus val op Duitsland, maar die analise word ook geplaas in 'n wyer, vergelykende konteks. Dit word gedoen met verwysing na Suid-Afrika, sowel as Europa en die VSA. Die tesis demonstreer en bespreek die bestaande regsnorme wat Internet diensverskaffers reguleer met spesifieke verwysing na aanspreeklikheid vir onwettige inhoud op die Internet en internasionale pogings om hierdie probleem aan te spreek. Ter inleiding word daar aangetoon hoe die Internet aanleiding gee tot nuwe vorme van globale kommunikasie en die regsprobleme wat dit tot gevolg het. Dit word gevolg deur 'n ondersoek na die verskillende funksies van Internet verskaffers. 'n Ontleding en bespreking van Internet-spesifieke misdrywe plaas die meer algemene vraagstuk in 'n meer gefokusde konteks. Tradisionele en nuwe vorme van misdaad word bespreek. Hierdie afdeling word gevolg deur 'n ontleding van Internet diensverskaffer aanspreeklikheid ingevolge Duitse reg en die Duitse wetgewing op die terrein van telediens. Uit 'n internasionale strafreg oogpunt word sekere internasionale instrumente, soos die Cybercrime Convention van die Raad van Europa, bespreek. Nasionale wetgewing, veral in die konteks van die Europese Unie, word ook in die relevante regionale en internasionale konteks geplaas. Die tesis word afgesluit met sekere gedagtes oor alternatiewe, of moontlik komplimentêre, metodes in die stryd teen Internet-kriminaliteit. Dit moet nie gesien word as kritiek op die huidige stand van sake nie, maar eerder as 'n poging om die talle rolspelers in die stryd teen Internet misdaad se hande te sterk.
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Valoteau, Aude. "La théorie des vices du consentement et le droit pénal /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Univ. d'Aix-Marseille, PUAM, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/520818334.pdf.
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Schopp, Robert Francis. "Actions, reasoning, and criminal liability: Philosophical and psychological foundations of criminal responsibility." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184787.
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Contemporary American Criminal Law, as represented by the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, defines the structure of criminal offenses in a manner that establishes certain psychological processes of the defendant as necessary conditions for criminal liability. In order to convict a defendant, the state must prove all offense elements including the voluntary act and culpability requirements. These provisions involve the actor's psychological processes, but neither the exact nature of these requirements nor the relationship between them is clearly understood. Certain general defenses, such as automatism and insanity, also address the defendant's psychological processes. It has been notoriously difficult, however, to develop a satisfactory formulation of either of these defenses or of the relationship between them and the system of offense elements. This dissertation presents a conceptual framework that grounds the Model Penal Code's structure of offense elements in philosophical action theory. On this interpretation, the offense requirements that involve the defendant's psychological processes can be understood as part of an integrated attempt to establish the criminal law as a behavior guiding institution that is uniquely appropriate to those who have the capacity to direct their conduct through a process of practical reasoning. The key offense requirements are designed to limit criminal liability to those behaviors that are appropriately attributed to the offender as a practical reasoner. Certain general defenses, including insanity, exculpate defendants when their behavior is not attributable to them as practical reasoners as a result of certain types of impairment that are not addressed by the offense elements. This conceptual framework provides a consistent interpretation of the relevant offense elements and defenses as part of an integrated system that limits criminal liability to those acts that are appropriately attributable to the defendant in his capacity as a practical reasoner. In addition, this dissertation contends that this system reflects a defensible conception of personal responsibility.
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Singh, Rajeshree. "Criminal liability for wilful HIV/AIDS infection: a comparative study." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012686.
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South Africa‘s high prevalence of HIV/AIDS coupled with a high crime rate and incidence of sexual violence necessitated the enquiry and study into the role of criminal law to address the wilful transmission of HIV.1 This study shows that criminal law can be used to punish offenders for wrongdoing and therefore finds application in the wilful transmission of HIV.2 The study distinguishes the dividing line between the justifiable use of criminal law and where use of the criminal law becomes discriminatory in nature and counterproductive to public health measures. The United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the UN) laid down guiding principles for countries to adopt when using the criminal law and stated that countries should use existing criminal law offences to prosecute intentional HIV infections.3 The South African Law Commission (hereinafter referred to as the SALC) endorses this approach. South Africa‘s use of the criminal law, in response to harmful HIV behaviour is in line with the UN recommendations as it uses the existing common law offences to prosecute the wilful transmission of HIV, namely murder, attempted murder and assault. Drawing from the writer‘s comparative study in Chapter Six below, South Africa, members of the Zimbabwean parliament, Canada, as well as the American Bar Association have all concluded that the use of specific HIV-related legislation creates some a form of stigmatization towards people living with HIV and is therefore not warranted. This study shows that criminal law has a role to play in the wilful transmission of HIV; however the creation of HIV specific legislation is not recommended and existing criminal law offences should be used to address harmful HIV related behaviour. Such an approach is in line with the guiding principles laid down by the UN and SALC.
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Webb, Kernaghan. "Regulatory offences, the quest for a non-criminal approach to penal liability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/NQ46622.pdf.
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Peters, Edward N. "Preliminary procedural considerations in the application of ecclesiastical penalties." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1988. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0147.
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Clavijo, Jave Camilo. "Criminal compliance in the peruvian criminal law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115578.
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First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government’s implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance.El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.
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Wells, Emmett G. "A comparative study of the right of defense in canonical penal law and in American criminal law." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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De, Smet Karel, and Elke Janssens. "Criminal liability of legal entities under Belgian law: A high-level overview." Universität Leipzig, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36367.
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The principle that legal entities can be held criminally liable was first introduced into
Belgian law in 1999. Some 20 years later, Belgian Parliament reviewed the rules, and
adopted a number of significant changes. The present article offers a high-level overview of
the currently applicable legal regime.
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Mays, Richard. "Corporate criminal liability and Scots law : the lessons of Anglo-American jurisprudence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22463.
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My thesis is a relatively straight forward one. It is that the jurisprudence on the topic of corporate criminal liability is underdeveloped in Scotland and that there are many lessons to be learnt from the common law jurisdictions in the promulgation of any future comprehensive legal framework adopted in Scotland. Drawing from literature from the Anglo-American systems, I have sought to offer a comprehensive treatment of the subject and how it might be applied in a Scottish context. At the same time, I have analysed all the available jurisprudence both in Scotland and elsewhere in an effort to identify all the relevant issues which require to be addressed in developing a new Scottish framework. The study attempt to be one of black letter law, but is a much wider treatment of the subject encompassing jurisprudential, criminological, phenological, philosophical and organisational issues. Corporate crime, as the student all too readily becomes aware, is a complex subject. It is not just about corporations and criminal law. A deeper understanding of other issues is required to appreciate the intricacies and complexities of a subject which is attracting ever increasing attention. It is my hope that this thesis is testimony both to the breadth of the subject and my efforts to master it. Indeed my opening chapter attempts to tease out the diffuse preliminary issues which one confronts in addressing the subject. They are often issues which sit ill at ease with each other and in some respects the chapter is not the most fluid one ever written. Such is the breadth of the subject it is difficult to know where to start. Does one start with the components of the subject - corporations or criminal law or does one explain the nature of the subject of corporate crime ? I for my part have attempted to bring together what I believe are crucial preliminaries. Chapter 2 is altogether more unitary seeking to analyse the basis of attribution of criminal liability to the corporation. The movement from atomistic conceptions of liability to a holistic basis is discussed and indeed supported. In chapter 3 I seek to cover one of the major controversies of corporate criminal liability - the dichotomy of individualism versus collectivism.
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Pericone, Nicholas P. "The joinder of the issue and the modification of grounds in formal trials." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Alnaami, Khalid. "Criminal medical liability in Islamic law (Sharia) (with some applications in Saudi Arabia)." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683018.
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Nyirenda, Nwazi Bertha. "Does the Code of canon law recognize the right to a trial? a comparative look at Canon 221 and the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0711.
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Leigh, Gavin David. "Moral responsibility and criminal liability for unforeseen death : reconstructing unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter." Thesis, Kingston University, 2016. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/37877/.
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The crime of manslaughter, in England and Wales, arguably includes two ways by which it may be proved, those circumstances which extenuate the crime of murder notwithstanding. One of these sub-species is sometimes referred to as unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter. "UDA" manslaughter has been the subject of criticism for at least 175 years. In recent decades this criticism for at least 175 years. in recent decades this criticism has taken the form of a philosophical argument, centring on the concept of moral luck, which has remained unresolved. Reform proposals over the same period have been contradictory. This thesis investigates the criticism by means of normative and juridico-historical inquiries, which assess the moral and historical authority for UDA manslaughter. A normative inquiry reaches the conclusion that moral responsibility for unforeseen death may be justified by the relationship between luck and "pursuit", but that criminal liability requires the capacity to foresee and the opportunity to avoid death. The juridico-historical inquiry determines that intended bodily harm (less than serious harm) was a separate sub-species of manslaughter, but that a wider sub-species, involving any advertent crime and the foreseeable risk of some harm, may be justifies by the concept of "heedlessness", if death is a foreseeable consequence of the circumstances in which the crime is committed.
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Almansoori, Khalid K. A. "Accessorial liability as part of the doctrine of criminal complicity in English and United Arab Emirates criminal law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22211.
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Accessorial liability is part of the doctrine of criminal complicity which provides a set of general legal rules that govern partnership in crime. This well-established type of criminal liability, which is considered to be one of the more important features of criminal law, focuses on the liability of secondary parties who either encourage, help or conspire with a principal who brings about the conduct element of a crime. Accessorial liability, which in this regard, is derivative in nature, requires the principal to commit or at least attempts to commit the crime. It is also subsidiary or ancillary in nature, and thus is often assumed to be less serious than the liability of the principal. One might think that the concept of accessorial liability is stable; in fact it is not. The discussion of the general concept of accessorial liability is useful not only in resolving problems that arise in individual cases but also in terms of clarifying how can legislation, concerning crimes such as money-laundering or drug trafficking, might deal with the problem of multiple offenders. In this thesis we shall examine accessorial liability from the general viewpoint without connecting it to a particular crime in both English and UAE criminal law. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first examines the required conduct element. The second discusses the ambit of causation and omission in accessorial liability. The third chapter examines the general requirements of criminal mens rea; the mens rea requirements for accessorial liability and other related and important issues to elaborate the circumstances that make a person a secondary party. These include: the debate as to intention against knowledge or recklessness, the issue of knowledge of the principal offender's future crime, and the problem of interpreting the Federal Penal Code of the UAE (F.P.C.). Finally, a view is developed as to what approach the law should follow in this area. Chapter four discusses accessorial liability for an additional crime committed by the principal (the doctrine of common purpose), while chapter five examines certain important issues related to accessorial liability such as the liability of the principal offender, the derivative theory, the English Law Commission Paper No. 131 on the new offence of assisting and encouraging crimes, and the doctrine of innocent agency. Final comments are concerned with examining selected defences available to accessories.
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Nana, Constantine Ntsanyu. "Corporate criminal liability in the United Kingdom : determining the appropriate mechanism of imputation." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/466.
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The objectives of this thesis are twofold: firstly, demonstrate that the string of contradictions stretching across substantive and procedural corporate criminal law may be avoided if courts refer to an appropriate mechanism of imputation; and secondly, show how such an appropriate mechanism of imputation may be determined. This study adopts a three-step process to achieve these objectives. The first step involves elaborating on the lack of coherence and integrity in the imputation of acts and intents (or causal relationships) to corporations caused by a disjunction of rules invoked by courts. The second step involves establishing parameters by which mechanisms of imputation may be evaluated. The third step involves evaluating a number of samples by reference to the established parameters. Five mechanisms of imputation applicable in the United Kingdom and in some jurisdictions that trace their legal heritage to the United Kingdom are evaluated. In the conclusion, it is submitted that although none of the mechanisms evaluated may be deemed to be the appropriate mechanism, the aggregation doctrine is the least inappropriate. This is because although it requires some modification, it can best be aligned with propositions of how the criminal liability of corporations may be established on a coherent and consistent basis. The propositions that are put forward include the use of the doctrine of innocent agency to establish a corporation’s guilt in instances where no guilty agent may be identified; and the use of the principle of accessorial liability to establish a corporation’s guilt in instances where a guilty agent may be identified. The aggregation doctrine as modified in this study will enable the prosecutor to establish a corporation’s guilt as advised above if measurable values are given to the ‘innocent’ acts of agents and if emphasis is placed on how the corporation reacted to the discursive dilemma that arose in the decision-making process that preceded the performance of the relevant activity. This will provide evidence to the effect that the aggregated act represents the corporation’s subjective position.
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Mupanga, Godfrey. "The work of the international criminal court in Africa and challenges for the future of international criminal justice." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2645.
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Within the first decade of the ICC‟s existence, its case docket was composed of cases originating from Africa only. Relations between the African governments represented by the AU quickly deteriorated. The AU accuses the ICC of bias and unfair targeting of Africa. After the indictment of heads of states that include Omar Al Bashir of Sudan, Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya and the late Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, the AU passed several resolutions where it reiterated its commitment to the rule of law and to combating impunity. The AU, however, instructed member states to cease all cooperation with the ICC. African states that are ICC members are now faced with conflicting obligations as a result of the AU resolutions. Moreover, the AU resolutions raise the spectre of a legitimacy crisis for the AU and a conflict between articles 27(2) and 98(1) of the Rome Statute. Based mostly on desk research coupled with my experience working on human rights and access to justice programmes in Sudan, South Sudan, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe, this thesis considers the possibility that the ICC is suffering from a legitimacy crisis as a result of the fall out and the issues of unfair selectivity that are raised by the AU. Employing the Third World Approaches to International Law as an analytical framework, the study attempts to reconcile the apparent contradictions in the new outlook and rhetoric of the AU pursuant to its Constitutive Act and the instruction to member states to withdraw cooperation with the ICC. The thesis also proposes practical ways to resolve the conflicting obligations caused by the AU resolutions and by operation of customary international law immunity of high ranking state officials referred to the ICC by way of a Security Council resolution. The current situation gives the ICC the appearance of a weak institution that is only good for low hanging fruit, which has a negative effect on the legitimacy of the ICC.
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Iijima, Mitsuru. "Die Entwicklung des strafrechtlichen Unrechtsbegriffs in Japan : eine kritische Betrachtung aus strafrechtsdogmatischer und rechtsphilosophischer Perspektive /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/385621922.pdf.
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Aboubacar, Youssouf-Mdahoma. "La responsabilité pénale de l'enfant du droit romain jusqu'au code de la justice pénale des mineurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0511.
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« Alors la preuve vous l’abandonnez aux jurés. Et où chercheront ils la preuve du discernement ? Dans l’âme du coupable reconnu : elle est fermée à leurs yeux. Quoi de plus arbitraire, quoi de moins raisonnable. Je demande que cet article soit écarté ». C’est ainsi que Dominique Joseph Garat, député de la Constituante, s’était exclamé devant la représentation nationale pour affirmer son opposition concernant l’idée d’une irresponsabilité du mineur fondée sur le discernement. Cette insurrection ne sera pas la seule, bien au contraire. En effet, la question de l’enfance délinquante n’a cessé de revenir dans le débat public, et même très récemment avec l’ordonnance n°2019-950 du 11 septembre 2019 portant partie législative du code de la justice pénale des mineurs. Le législateur, la jurisprudence et la doctrine se sont toujours efforcés depuis le début de l’époque contemporaine de construire un régime juridique propre à l’enfant, se fondant notamment sur les notions de « âge » et de « discernement ». Toutefois, la préoccupation de la société quant à sa responsabilité civile et pénale n’est pas récente : le statut juridique de l’enfant a fait l’objet, tout au long de l’histoire, d’aménagements spécifiques et différents de celui du majeur. Du droit romain à l’ordonnance de 1945, en passant notamment par le droit canonique et de l’Ancien Régime, l’évolution de la responsabilité de celui dont la raison n'est pas encore pleinement développée apparaît certes intéressante mais surtout indispensable dans la compréhension de l’esprit des règles qui lui sont aujourd’hui applicables. En ce sens, la présente thèse traitera pleinement et chronologiquement de cette évolution« Then the evidence you leave it to the jury. And where will they seek the proof of discernment ? In the soul of the acknowledged culprit: it is closed to them. What's more arbitrary, what's less reasonable. I ask that this article be removed ». Thus, Dominique Joseph Garat, deputy of the Constituent Assembly, exclaimed in front of the national representation to affirm his opposition concerning the idea of a miner's irresponsibility based on discernment. This insurrection will not be the only one, on the contrary. Indeed, the issue of child delinquency has continued to return to public debate, and even very recently with Ordinance No. 2019-950 of 11 September 2019 on the legislative part of the Code of Juvenile Criminal Justice. The legislator, the jurisprudence and the doctrine have always endeavored since the beginning of the contemporary era to construct a legal regime peculiar to the child, basing himself particularly on the notions of “age” and “discernment”. However, the company's concern with its civil and criminal liability is not recent: the legal status of the child has been the subject, throughout history, of specific adjustments and different from that of the major. From Roman law to the 1945 ordinance, passing in particular by canon law and the Ancien Régime, the evolution of the responsibility of the one whose reason is not yet fully developed appears certainly interesting but especially indispensable in the understanding of the spirit of the rules that are applicable today.In this sense, this thesis will deal fully and chronologically with this evolution
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Hassanein, Ahmed Samir. "The principle of complementarity betwen international and national criminal courts." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165410.
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The principle of complementarity is the cornerstone of the establishment of the International Criminal Court as well as one of the key factors for its successful operation. Having said that, the qualities of being flexible and adaptable make the task of interpreting the principle of complementarity extremely sensitive and technically tricky. According to the current wording of the principle of complementarity in the Rome Statute, the ICC could factually exercise primacy over the national jurisdiction, if a loose interpretation of the principle is adopted, or conversely being residual to national jurisdictions, if the principle was strictly interpreted. While the principle of complementarity was at the heart of the negotiating process for the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the emerging practice of the Court to date has left the vast majority of the questions on complementarity unanswered, even the few issues which the Court has touched upon are not immune from criticism. This thesis will thus strive, through an in-depth analysis of the past, present and practice of the principle of complementarity and its corollary issues, to offer workable answers as well as constructive criticism. Guided by the central objective of ending impunity for the core crimes through criminal justice, this thesis, in interpreting the principle of complementarity, will follow a balanced approach which, while unequivocally favours national prosecutions where possible, it adopts a broadening interpretation when national jurisdictions are genuinely unavailable or ineffective. To this end, this thesis eventually presents the principle of complementarity as a managerial principle which promotes for the effective investigation and prosecution of the core crimes through the adoption of different policies which encourage, inter alia, a division of labour between the International Criminal Court and domestic jurisdictions, and enable states to carry out proceedings and overcome dilemmas of ‘inability’ or ‘unwillingness’ without the role of the International Criminal Court being limited in such incidents to excluding national jurisdiction.
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Milinis, Albertas. "Criminal Liability for Murder without Circumstances Aggravating and Mitigating (Part 1 Art. 129 of the Criminal Code)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090507_135323-23627.
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Subject of the dissertation research – analysis of the body of murder without circumstances aggravating and mitigating its gravity provided for in Part 1 Art. 129 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania as well as analysis of theoretical and practical problems that arise upon qualifying these criminal acts. The goal of this research is to reveal a concept of murder without circumstances aggravating and mitigating its gravity where punishment is imposed in accordance with Part 1 Art. 129 of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, to analyse attributes of this criminal act, to raise theoretical and practical problems of qualification of the analysed criminal act and to make proposals for solution of these problems.Disertacijos tyrimo dalykas – nužudymo be jo pavojingumą didinančių ir mažinančių aplinkybių, numatyto Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso (toliau tekste – LR BK) 129 str. 1 d., sudėties analizė bei teorinių ir praktinių problemų, kylančių kvalifikuojant šias nusikalstamas veikas, tyrimas. Disertacijos tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti nužudymo be jo pavojingumą didinančių ar mažinančių aplinkybių, už kurį kyla baudžiamoji atsakomybė pagal LR BK 129 straipsnio 1 dalį, sampratą, išanalizuoti šios nusikalstamos veikos požymius, iškelti nagrinėjamos nusikalstamos veikos teorines ir praktines kvalifikavimo problemas bei pateikti pasiūlymus šių problemų sprendimui.
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Muftah, Mustafa Ramadan. "Corporate criminal liability : an analytical study of the application of the criminal law to companies and to their directing management." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU603189.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyse the concept of corporate criminal liability in Britain and elsewhere when comparison is needed. The concept of holding a corporation criminally liable is not new, it has been known for a long time, but the development in the last century and especially in the last quarter of this century is the main reason to turn and focus the public's attention towards blaming corporations for a quite wide range of society's ills. As a result of decisions by corporate executives or managers, and because corporation's negligence and pursuit of profits at any cost, may cause harm and inflicted risks on workers, consumers and the general public. It can be shown that many accidents indicate willful violations of health, safety and environmental regulations. Despite the fact that violations may cause serious harm to the entire communities (eg cases of toxic chemical dumps, and radioactive water leaking from improperly maintained nuclear reactors), nonetheless prosecution of corporation is not always successful. Moreover, while corporations are accused of polluting the environment, and are blamed for destroying the economic structure of a community, at the same time they may be praised for community service projects, and be credited with providing jobs. The concept of the separate legal personality of corporations has posed many questions when dealing with corporations or their executives and managers. Even with the development of the criminal law regarding the concept of crime and the various attempts to bring corporations under the umbrella of criminal law the problem have not fully resolved. Practical problems occur when considering whether corporations are capable of acting themselves. This thesis is an attempt to follow the development of corporate criminal liability, discuss the present state of the law and ask what is the best view which should be taken to achieve the goal of criminal law to control all kinds of behaviour that are appropriate to be controlled by the criminal law whether of individuals or corporations and other forms of organizations. The views of those who argue that companies cannot be subjected to criminal punishment because they do not have the requisite mens rea to commit crimes, and because of the difficulty of imposing certain penalties such as imprisonment or the death penalty on corporations, are incorrect. Changes in public attitudes towards wrongful conduct by corporations and their increasing role in every aspect of daily life, bringing with it increasing number of accidents and disasters has led to a corpus of literature which is prepared to attribute blame to corporations for their misbehaviour.
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Nel, Pieter Willem. "Toerekeningsvatbaarheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafreg (Afrikaans)." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06232008-121535/.
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Leung, Yee-kwan Equeen. "Personal liability for environmental damages /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457257.
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Mettraux, Guenael. "Command responsibility in international law : the boundaries of criminal liability for military commanders and civilian leaders." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2576/.
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Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of command or superior responsibility provides that a military commander or a civilian leader may be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed by subordinates even where he has taken no direct or personal part in the commission of these crimes. The basis of this type of liability lies in a grave and culpable failure on the part of a superior to fulfill his duty to prevent or punish crimes of subordinates. Command responsibility is not a form of objective liability, nor is it a form of accomplice liability although it borrows elements from various types and forms of liability. It is a form of liability that is personal in nature and which is triggered by a personal and culpable dereliction of duty. Liability is entailed, however, not for a specific crime of 'dereliction of duty', but instead in relation to the underlying offence that has been committed by subordinates of the superior. In that sense, the responsibility of a superior is entailed and is closely linked to the crimes of his subordinates for which he may be convicted. Contrary to most other forms of criminal liability, the doctrine of command responsibility first developed as a norm of international law, rather than under domestic law. It is central to the ability of international law to ensure compliance with standards of humanitarian law and it remains a most important legal instrument in the fight against impunity. The present thesis provides a comprehensive and insightful dissection of that doctrine, its scope of application, its elements as well as the evidential difficulties involved in establishing those elements in the context of criminal prosecutions.
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Edlund, Mary. "The use of the "leave of absence" to address non-criminal sexual misconduct by priests." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
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DeStefano, Michele, and Hendrik Schneider. "Compliance Elliance Journal: Trend Towards a New Punitivity?: Corporate Criminal Liability in Focus." Universität Leipzig, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36265.
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Van, der Merwe Abrie. "An analysis of assisted dying and the practical implementation thereof in South African criminal law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65628.
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This dissertation will examine the legality of assisted dying procedures performed in the Republic of South Africa. This is due to the rising awareness about terminal patients’ dignity and autonomy at the end of their life. The physician’s liability, who assists such a patient to end their life, will be examined and whether there is any legal recourse available will be explored. Comparisons will also be made between other legal systems, including Canada, the Netherlands, Oregon of the United States of America and England and Wales. These jurisdictions have been chosen to provide a wide variety of perspectives and possible alternatives that South Africa should take into consideration should parliament or the courts decide to argue the matter. Other sources are also considered, such as the influence of the history and development of the common law crime of murder, as well as the role the Health Professions Council of South Africa will play. Possibly most importantly, the material criminal law of South Africa is thoroughly studied with all forms of assisted dying in mind. This is to establish what kind of liability, criminal or otherwise, a physician might incur should they decide to assist a patient in these circumstances. Lastly, recommendations are made based on the research done throughout this dissertation, which would ideally assist in any future arguments made on the topic.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Fernández, Díaz Carmen Rocío, and Documet Rafael Hernando Chanjan. "Criminal liability of legal persons: a comparative study between Spain and Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115494.
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This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in Spain in 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs, which supposes a change in the so called model of transfer of liability, that existed before. Parallel to this transformation in the Spanish criminal code, in Peru recently the law 30424 has come into forth, which contents a corporate liability model, very similar to the one foreseen in Spain. Both models of liability and the possibility of its exemption raise doubts about if they really tried to penalize legal persons or not.El presente trabajo estudia la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas en España, la cual, después de haberse introducido en el año 2010, ha sufrido una reforma de hondo calado con la ley orgánica 1/2015. Esta ha conllevado importantes modificaciones y novedades, como la creación de una eximente de responsabilidad mediante la adopción de programas de cumplimiento, que ha supuesto un cambio en el antes existente modelo de transferencia de responsabilidad. Paralelamente a esta transformación que ha tenido lugar en el Código Penal español, en el Perú recientemente se ha aprobado la ley 30424, que crea un modelo de responsabilidad para las personas jurídicas muy similar al previsto en España. Ambos modelos de responsabilidad y la posibilidad de su exención plantean la duda de si realmente se pretende responsabilizar penalmente a las personas jurídicas o no.
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Neuhöfer, Daniel. "Monitoring employees' e-mail communication : a comparative analysis of employers' criminal liability under British and German law /." München : AVM, 2010. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3434591&prov=M&dokv̲ar=1&doke̲xt=htm.
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Neuhöfer, Daniel. "Monitoring employees' e-mail communication a comparative analysis of employers' criminal liability under British and German law." München AVM, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000542610/04.
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Schuetze, Jennifer Johanna. "To cause or not to cause, that is the question : the prosecutorial standard for incitement at international criminal law." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82670.
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The prosecutorial standard for incitement is subject to different approaches in the common law and civil law traditions respectively. The most crucial difference lies in the role attributed to the result as a definitional element of the offence. While the civil law generally characterizes proof of results as a prerequisite to liability, the common law views it as significant but not determinative of guilt. This divergence is expounded at the international level, which condones both approaches with respect to different crimes, employing the common law approach only to genocide and relegating all other crimes to the purview of the civil law approach. The practical effect is a focus on the gravity of the substantive crime to which incitement attaches, rather than on the crucial role of incitement itself. This thesis will seek to elucidate the parameters of this debate with the aim of deconstructing and redrawing preconceived barriers in international criminal law.
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Leung, Yee-kwan Equeen, and 梁綺君. "Personal liability for environmental damages." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253453.
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Xu, Yuan Chang. "The validity of bite mark evidence for legal purposes." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8193.
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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)Bite mark evidence has been admitted into US courts since the 1870s. It quickly gained popularity after the conviction of W.E. Marx in 1974 for manslaughter using primarily bite mark evidence. However, since the development of DNA typing and testing in forensic science, the emergence of wrongful convictions has placed the validity of bite mark evidence admissibility into severe dispute. This mini-thesis is a condensation of the past ten years’ worth of literature on the latest researches regarding bite mark evidence. The theory of the uniqueness of the human dentition is analysed. The accurate reproducibility of bite mark on skin with regard to distortion is discussed. Some bite mark court cases, including wrongful convictions are explored. Inconsistent expert opinions and the lack of standards amongst practitioners are also examined. The aim of this study is to summarize the validity of bite mark evidence in the courts of law.
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Pavlova, Marina. "Sukčiavimo atribojimas nuo civilinės teisės pažeidimo." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061209_114759-58237.
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Nusikaltimo ir civilinės teisės pažeidimo atribojimo problema nepraranda savo aktualumo. Jį ypač išryškėja bandant atrasti civilinės teisės pažeidimo ir sukčiavimo atribojimo kriterijus. Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - nustatyti baudžiamosios ir civilinės teisės santykį, visapusiškai išnagrinėti sukčiavimą kaip teisinį reiškinį, atskleisti jo sudėties požymius, raidą, pasireiškimo formas bei atrasti atribojimo nuo civilinės teisės pažeidimų kriterijus. Darbe analizuojama teisės normų taikymo praktika, jos trūkumai, pateikiami pasiūlymai, siekiant įstatymo taikymo tobulinimo. Darbe iškelta hipotezė, kad trys pagrindiniai sukčiavimo atribojimo nuo civilinės teisės pažeidimo kriterijai yra apgaulė, kreditoriaus galimybės apginti savo teises civilinės teisės priemonėmis atėmimas ar apsunkinimas panaudojant apgaulę bei tiesioginę tyčią.The problem of the delimitation between criminal and civil delict is still relevant. Especially it appears significant when attempting to find the delimitation criterions for the fraud and the civil delict. The aim of this Master’s thesis is to find the relation between the criminal and civil law, to analyze a fraud in all its legal aspects, to detect the elements constituting this criminal offence, its evolution and realization forms and to justify delimitation criterions between it and civil delict. Court practice in fraud field and its drawbacks are considered; also suggestions for development of law practice are given in this Master’s thesis. Hypothesis of this Master’s thesis is proposition, that there are three principal delimitation criterions between fraud and civil delict: deception, deprivation of access for creditor to maintain his (her) rights by means of civil law or imposition on these rights by means of deception and the deliberate tortuous intent.
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Тищенко, С. В. "Кримінальна відповідальність як самостійний інститут кримінального права." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23134.
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Тищенко, С. В. Кримінальна відповідальність як самостійний інститут кримінального права : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / С. В. Тищенко ; керівник роботи І. В. Берднік ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра правоохоронної діяльності та загальноправових дисциплін. – Чернігів, 2021. – 105 с.Нинішній стан розвитку України та її прагнення до інтеграції в єдиний європейський простір вимагає фундаментальних та комплексних змін в багатьох сферах життєдіяльності держави. Безумовно, однією із таких сфер є кримінально-правова політика. Однією із ключових категорії кримінального права є саме кримінальна відповідальність. Проблематика кримінальної відповідальності здається на перший погляд винятково теоретичною проблемою, вирішення проблемних аспектів якої не викликає труднощів ні в законодавця, ні в науці кримінального права, оскільки різноманітні проблемні питання інституту кримінальної відповідальності вже багато років дискутуються в науці. Проте, незважаючи на це, інститут кримінальної відповідальності має пряме та безпосереднє відношення до правозастосовної діяльності правоохоронних органів держави та суду, які забезпечують реалізацію кримінальної відповідальності, а тому з цього випливає, що кримінальна відповідальність є одним із основоположних інститутів кримінального права. Метою дослідження є вивчення особливостей інституту кримінальної відповідальності як самостійного інституту кримінального права. Об’єктом дослідження виступають суспільні відносини, що виникають та розвиваються при застосуванні кримінальної відповідальності. Предметом дослідження є кримінальна відповідальність як самостійний інститут кримінального права.
The current state of Ukraine's development and its desire to integrate into the single European space requires fundamental and comprehensive changes in many spheres of state life. Undoubtedly, one of such spheres is criminal law policy. One of the key categories of criminal law is criminal liability. At first glance, the issue of criminal liability seems to be a purely theoretical problem, the solution of problematic aspects of which does not cause difficulties for either the legislator or the science of criminal law, as various issues of the institution of criminal liability have been discussed in science for many years. However, despite this, the institution of criminal liability is directly and indirectly related to the law enforcement activities of state and court law enforcement agencies, which ensure the implementation of criminal liability, and therefore it follows that criminal liability is one of the fundamental institutions of criminal law. The purpose of the study is to study the features of the institution of criminal liability as an independent institution of criminal law. The object of research is the social relations that arise and develop in the application of criminal liability. The subject of the study is criminal liability as an independent institution of criminal law.
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pellos, gian marco. "Responsabilità penale del Data Protection Officer e tutela transnazionale della privacy dopo il Regolamento (UE) 2016/679." Doctoral thesis, Urbino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2664164.
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Villone, Edward J. "Officers Armed With Degrees: Does Education Shield Law Enforcement Officers From Complaints?" Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1288069360.
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Ruiz, Baltazar Carmen, and Ramírez Walter Palomino. "Incorporation of the autonomous liability of corporate bodies in the opinion on the new Criminal Code: do I need now a criminal compliance?" THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107690.
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Currently, different legal systems are starting to demand criminal responsibility of corporate bodies. The Opinion on the New Criminal Code, prepared by the Justice and Human Rights Commission of the Congress of the Republic of Peru, follows this trend, proposing an exemption from liability in case the corporate body counts with a criminal compliance.Given this situation, in this article, the authors answer the arising questions: what does criminal compliance stands for? What are the accessory consequences of the criminal liability of corporate bodies in our current legislation? What are the novelties that the Opinion on the New Criminal Code introduces?Actualmente, diversas legislaciones están comenzando a exigir la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas. El Dictamen del Nuevo Código Penal, elaborado por la Comisión de Justicia y Derechos Humanos del Congreso de la República, sigue esta corriente, planteando la excepción de responsabilidad en el caso de contar con un criminal compliance.Frente a tal realidad, los autores responden a las cuestiones que surgen: ¿en qué consiste el criminal compliance? ¿Cuáles son las consecuencias accesorias de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas en nuestra actual legislación? ¿Qué novedades trae la propuesta del Dictamen del Nuevo Código Penal?
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Nyirenda, Fannie. "Corporate criminal responsibility under the Malabo Protocol: A step forward?" University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6342.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)Traditionally, domestic criminal law was focused on individual guilt as can be seen from the principles of punishment, which are closely linked to blameworthiness and the infliction of loss or punishment to the offender. It most often requires the proof of the offender's mental state at the time of the committing the offence. Due to the emergence of the concept of legal persona, there has emerged a framework of imputing criminal liability on entities with legal personality. This concept has gained momentum in the domestic criminal law systems of many countries. The modern-day development of corporate criminal responsibility (CCR) emerged from the common law countries and has undergone a series of developments. Various models of imputing liability on a corporation have been developed with the United Kingdom having recently passed laws for serious offences like corporate manslaughter.
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Al-Bana, Faisal H. A. "Criminal liability for sexual transmission of/exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) under United Arab Emirates (UAE) law : a critical analysis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654974.
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The emergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as a serious health concern has prompted an e».1ensive debate in many countries, such as the United States of America (USA), over people's criminal liability for exposing others to HIV. However, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) the issue of the criminalisation of HIV transmission/exposure has not been sufficiently considered. This thesis aims to determine how the criminal law in the UAE should deal with HIV exposure. The thesis argues that criminal law has a role in the context of exposing others to HIV. However, although the consideration of the arguments of opponents of criminalisation in this thesis shows that such arguments do not justify abandoning criminal liability, it reveals that some of these arguments raise valid concerns that need to be taken into account in order to avoid the law being unfair to infected people or counterproductive. This research attempts to determine the appropriate scope of imposing criminal liability so as to avoid the law being unfair or counterproductive. The research argues that imposition of criminal liability for sexually exposing an unsuspecting partner to HIV should neither be contingent on actual transmission, nor on the exposure occurring during high risk sexual activities. The research also argues that an HIV positive test result should not be required on the part of the defendant for being criminally liable for exposing others.
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Bražaitė, Viktė. "Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už teroro aktą pagal Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių baudžiamuosius įstatymus: lyginamasis tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_110227-55189.
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Teroro aktas – nusikalstama veika, kuria kėsinamasi į visuomenės saugumą. Gilinantis į šio reiškinio mokslinio ištirtumo bazę, pastebėta, kad neanalizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos (LR) baudžiamieji įstatymai tarptautiniame kovos su teroro aktais kontekste. Tai suponavo pristatomo darbo mokslinę problemą, kuri lyginamuoju, abstrakcijos ir apibendrinimo metodais spręsta lyginant Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių baudžiamosios atsakomybės už teroro aktą įstatymus.
Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais, galima teigti, kad nei tarptautiniu, nei nacionaliniu lygmeniu nėra susiformavusi teismų praktika ar doktrininis aiškinimas siekiant apibrėžti konkretų teroro aktus sudarančių veikų sąrašą. Egzistuoja įvairiopa teroro aktų klasifikacija, tačiau tiksliausias ir išsamiausias būtų J. D. Višniakovo ir kt. skirstymas, teroro aktus klasifikuojant pagal tokius pagrindus: ideologiją ir pasireiškimo sferą, veikimo zoną, veikimo būdą ir pajėgas, dalyvaujančius asmenis.
2013 m. liepos 2 d. įstatymu pakeitus teroro akto dispoziciją, LR BK 250 str. nuostatos sugretintos su tarptautinės bendrijos reikalavimais. Teroristinių tikslų nustatymas baudžiamojoje byloje svarbus ne tik tuo, kad tai – būtinasis teroro akto sudėties požymis, bet ir dėl to, kad būtent per teroristinių tikslų kategoriją šį nusikaltimą galima atriboti nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų.RFR terorizmo nusikaltimas įtvirtintas RF BK 205 straipsnyje. Terorizmas pagal RF BK – tai sprogdinimas, padegimas ar kiti veiksmai, sukeliantys grėsmę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]An act of terrorism is a criminal activity targeting safety of the public. By going deeper into the basis of scientific research of this phenomenon it was noticed that the criminal laws of the Republic of Lithuania (RL) have not been analysed within the context of international fight against acts of terrorism. This implied the scientific problem of the Paper being introduced which was being dealt with through application of comparative, abstraction, and generalization methods comparing the Lithuanian and foreign laws regarding criminal liability for an act of terrorism. Based on the results of the research done we may claim that jurisprudence or doctrinal interpretation has not been formed in order to define a specific list activities considered as acts of terrorism neither on the international, nor the national level. There are different classifications of acts of terrorism, however, the most accurate and comprehensive one is the classification by J. D. Višniakovas et al. in which case acts of terrorism are based on the following grounds: ideology and the field of occurrence, coverage area, method of operation and forces, as well as people involved. Upon changing the disposition of an act of terrorism by a law on 2 July 2013, provisions stipulated in Art. 250 of the CC of RL [Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania] have been harmonized with the requirements of the international community. Determination of terrorist targets in a criminal case is important not only in... [to full text]
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Petravičiūtė, Goda. "Atleidimas nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiajam susitaikius teorijoje ir teismų praktikoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_111820-99622.
Full textAbstract:
Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuotos ir įvertintos atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kai kaltininkas susitaiko su nukentėjusiu asmeniu teorinės nuostatos, išanalizuotos jų problemos, išnagrinėtas šios atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės rūšies teorinis reglamentavimas Lietuvoje bei jo taikymo Lietuvos teismų praktikoje problemos, pateikiami pasiūlymai taikymo praktinėms problemoms išspręsti. Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjami teoriniai baudžiamosios atsakomybės, atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės aspektai, nurodoma atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kai kaltininkas susitaiko su nukentėjusiu asmeniu vieta baudžiamosios teisės sistemoje, jos požymiai, skirtumai nuo kitų baudžiamosios teisės institutų bei reikšmė. Antroje dalyje analizuojami teoriniai atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiam asmeniui susitaikius aspektai, taikymo pagrindai, teorinės ir praktinės problemos, su kuriomis susiduriama taikant šiuos pagrindus, galimi jų sprendimo būdai. Trečioje dalyje yra nagrinėjami atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiajam susitaikius taikymo apribojimai bei teisiniai padariniai.The final Master's thesis analysed and evaluated the theoretical approaches for exemption from criminal liability when the perpetrator reconciles with the victim, analyzing their problems and theoretical regulation of dealing with the exemption of from criminal liability of this kind in Lithuania, and problems of its application in the Lithuanian case law, by providing the recommendations for solving practical problems for its application. The first part deals with theoretical aspects of criminal liability and with exemption from criminal liability, pointing out the role in the criminal justice system of exemption from criminal liability when the perpetrator reconciles with the victim, its features, differences from other criminal justice institutions, and the value. The second part examines the theoretical aspects of exemption from criminal liability in case of reconciliation of the victim and the offender, the basics of its application, theoretical and practical problems encountered in the application of these fundamentals, and their possible solutions. The third part analyses the limitations for application of exemption from criminal liability in case of reconciliation of the perpetrator and the victim, and legal consequences.
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Simon, Joanna. "Preventive terrorism offences : the extension of the ambit of inchoate liability in criminal law as a response to the threat of terrorism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d60038d1-fc76-4845-8ea9-3f6e2c58129e.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to assess the justifications for various extensions of the criminal law introduced to combat terrorism, in particular those extensions that go beyond the existing remit of inchoate offences and extend liability to earlier acts and intentions. Its method is to begin by exploring the principles of criminal law theory that ought to apply to such extensions; to interrogate the definition of terrorism; and then to examine four recent classes of offence in counter-terrorism legislation that extend the criminal law beyond its legitimate boundaries. These offences are collectively referred to in this thesis as 'preventive terrorism offences' to reflect the fact that the primary rationale for their enactment is to prevent terrorism. The thesis concludes by assessing the place of these offences within the government's overall counter-terrorism strategy, focusing in particular on the Prevent leg of the strategy, which aims to reduce extremism and tackle the root causes of terrorism. The preventive terrorism offences display several very troubling features, most notably that they have the potential to criminalise non-wrongful conduct. It is argued that by virtue of their ability to criminalise non-wrongful conduct the offences under examination diminish the legitimacy and moral force of the criminal law. Furthermore, by extending inchoate liability to very remote acts of preparation, possession, encouragement, and association, the criminal law occupies the same operational space as measures under the Prevent strategy that are intended to be reintegrative. This overlap has the potential to render the offences counterproductive to the larger counter-terrorism endeavour by creating the perception that the Prevent strategy is in fact a covert surveillance mechanism to gather intelligence for future prosecutions. This perception leads to further mistrust and alienation of individuals and communities who feel disproportionately targeted by these measures. Thus, the offences not only offend criminal law principles and values, but also have the potential to offend the very preventive justification that is given for their enactment.