Dissertations / Theses: 'Criminal psychology'

1

Krusen, Richard Montgomery 1954. "Cognitive Indices of Criminal Thought: Criminals Versus Non-Criminals." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330871/.

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The ability of several psychometric instruments to differentiate between criminal and non-criminal subjects was investigated. The subjects in the study consisted of fifty male individuals between the ages of 18 and 55, half of which had been convicted of one crime and half of which had no history of criminal activity. The tests administered consisted of the Psychopathic Deviation Scale from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Psychopathic Deviation Scale of the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, and two tests designed by the author. The author's tests consisted of the Test of Criminal Cognitions which evaluated antisocial thought patterns and cognitive flexibility, and the Social Semantics Test which assessed individual role definitions. The Test of Criminal Cognitions was administered as a part of a structured interview, and all other scales were administered in a paper and pencil format. The results indicated that the Psychopathic Deviation Scale of the MMPI, and a portion of both the Test of Criminal Cognitions and the Social Semantics Scales differentiated between the groups at the .05 level or better. These findings indicated that criminals tend to be significantly less flexible in their thought and tend to view others in a much more narcissistic manner than non-criminals. The results also indicated that these tests can be utilized to discriminate between criminals and non-criminals. It was additionally noted that the Psychopathic Deviation Scale of the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire did not consistently differentiate between the groups and should not be considered a valid instrument for discriminating between these groups.

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2

Sifferd, Katrina Lee. "Psychology and the criminal law." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412928.

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3

Imhof, Heather V. "Who Are You Calling "Criminal?": A New Look at the Violent Criminal Stereotype." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626338.

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4

Hemphill, James Franklin. "Psychopathy, criminal history, and recidivism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/NQ34517.pdf.

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5

Collett, Marisa Evelyn. "Criminal appearance and legal decision-making." FIU Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2406.

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Previous research has found that people are able and willing to assess whether an individual is a criminal or a non-criminal based on facial observations. What has not been looked at is whether an attribution of criminality could influence decisions as verdict choice, culpability, or punishment severity. The present study examined the effects of target photos that depicted pre-determined “bad guys” and “good guys” on legal decision-making. Participants viewed a case file of an armed robbery and attempted murder. Half the participants viewed a photo of a defendant who was previously deemed a “bad guy” and the other half a “good guy.” No differences were found in verdict preference; however, target photos of “bad guys” elicited higher estimates of the future likelihood that the defendant would commit this type of crime than target photos of good guys. Results indicate that target photos are perceived congruent to their pre-determined categories, but those perceptions were disregarded and participants based their decisions on other factors when making crucial legal decisions.

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6

Kelty, Sally Fiona. ""You have to hit some people, it's all they understand!" : are violent sentiments more criminogenic than attributing hostile intent in the escalation of grievances? /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061019.152626.

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7

Van, Nevel Jolene M. "From Combat Veterans to Criminals: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Criminal Justice Involvement." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4183.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently known as the silent killer among combat veterans who have served in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation New Dawn. Many combat veterans do not know or understand that they may be suffering from mental illness/disorders such as PTSD and turn to maladaptive behavior, resulting in criminal justice involvement (CJI). The goal of this study was to assess a relationship between PTSD and CJI among combat veterans. This study used cognitive behavior theory to understand the relationship between PTSD, CJI, and combat. This study used a predictive correlational design and statistical analysis of retrospective archival data (N=146) provided by the Department of Veteran Affairs to find the correlation between PTSD, CJI, and combat. The 5 research questions were: Does PTSD positively predict CJI in combat veterans? Does criminal history pre combat positively predict CJI in combat veterans who have PTSD? Does combat trauma experience positively predict CJI in combat veterans with PTSD? Does deployment length positively predict PTSD in combat veterans? And do multiple deployments positively predict PTSD in combat veterans? This study determined that PTSD did not significantly predict CJI and that criminal history did not predict PTSD. However, this study did predict that multiple deployments and length of deployment does predict PTSD in combat veterans. This study provides a way to bring change to how veterans are treated in the criminal justice system. This is important for many reasons, such as the positive social change it will have on the veteran community through providing insight on the changes that need to be made in PTSD awareness education and possible change in assessment and treatment of PTSD.

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8

Schopp, Robert Francis. "Actions, reasoning, and criminal liability: Philosophical and psychological foundations of criminal responsibility." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184787.

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Contemporary American Criminal Law, as represented by the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, defines the structure of criminal offenses in a manner that establishes certain psychological processes of the defendant as necessary conditions for criminal liability. In order to convict a defendant, the state must prove all offense elements including the voluntary act and culpability requirements. These provisions involve the actor's psychological processes, but neither the exact nature of these requirements nor the relationship between them is clearly understood. Certain general defenses, such as automatism and insanity, also address the defendant's psychological processes. It has been notoriously difficult, however, to develop a satisfactory formulation of either of these defenses or of the relationship between them and the system of offense elements. This dissertation presents a conceptual framework that grounds the Model Penal Code's structure of offense elements in philosophical action theory. On this interpretation, the offense requirements that involve the defendant's psychological processes can be understood as part of an integrated attempt to establish the criminal law as a behavior guiding institution that is uniquely appropriate to those who have the capacity to direct their conduct through a process of practical reasoning. The key offense requirements are designed to limit criminal liability to those behaviors that are appropriately attributed to the offender as a practical reasoner. Certain general defenses, including insanity, exculpate defendants when their behavior is not attributable to them as practical reasoners as a result of certain types of impairment that are not addressed by the offense elements. This conceptual framework provides a consistent interpretation of the relevant offense elements and defenses as part of an integrated system that limits criminal liability to those acts that are appropriately attributable to the defendant in his capacity as a practical reasoner. In addition, this dissertation contends that this system reflects a defensible conception of personal responsibility.

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Wilson, Tierra. "Courtroom Psychology during Criminal Trials and its Therapeutic Role on Victims and Offenders." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7099.

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In the legal and mental health fields little is known about the therapeutic impact of courtroom psychology during criminal trials. The purpose of this research study was to investigate the inter-relating factors of law and psychology throughout criminal trials as experienced by lawyers and psychologists. Research questions explored the influence of courtroom psychology on criminal trial proceedings and challenges as experienced by both criminal trial attorneys in presenting mental health evidence, and by psychologists when testifying during criminal trials. Further exploration focused on the significance of courtroom psychology, and how lawyers and psychologists perceived courtroom psychology impacting justice for victims and influencing offender rehabilitation sentencing decisions. Procedural justice was the conceptual framework utilized in this investigation, and therapeutic jurisprudence was the theoretical base that guided this study. A qualitative-phenomenological research design was applied by interviewing 4 criminal law attorneys and 4 clinical forensic psychologists. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis of the data collected: (a) an increase in the enhancement of psycho-legal services, (b) a need for additional education, (c) a desire to improve professional relationships through collaborative efforts, and (d) a demand for requiring advanced training. These results may serve as a foundation for professionals to provide ethically effective and relevant legal-therapeutic services for progressing courtroom psychology measures. Implications for positive social change from this research include recommendations to government, legal, and mental health system entities to consider generating and readjusting standards of practice that govern criminal trial proceedings.

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10

Spruin, Elizabeth. "The criminal experience of mentally disordered offenders." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2012. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/19286/.

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Mentally Disordered Offenders (MDOs) are a distinct population of offenders. In contrast to offenders serving prisons sentences, MDOs are diverted from the Criminal Justice System to services where their mental health needs can be adequately addressed. Despite the distinct management and treatment of these offenders, to date, there has been no research into the personal narratives and emotions that are connected to how MDOs understand their criminal actions. Narratives can be seen as cognitive structures that dynamically filter and order experience in ways that reflect their content. Emotions of criminals are often what propel an offender’s thoughts into actions, which subsequently provides the internal motives for the crime and the emotional gratifications which sustain a criminal lifestyle. To that end, this thesis explores the personal narratives and emotions of MDOs, exploring these concepts will subsequently lead to a greater understanding of the unique thought processes and emotions of the criminal experience, and of how these factors vary across crimes and offenders. Seventy adult male offenders who have been convicted of an offence and were currently sectioned under the Mental Health Act 2007 or recently been released to a housing association, were recruited for the study. The investigation was carried out in three stages. The first stage explored the criminal narratives of the offenders and the association these narratives had with psychiatric diagnoses and offence types. The second stage examined the emotional experience of committing an offence and the relationship these emotions had with psychiatric diagnoses and offence types. The final stage proposed an emotional narrative framework for MDOs; this framework encompassed the psychiatric diagnosis, emotions and narratives which present themselves during the commission of an offence. This framework explored all these variables across offence types and suggested that specific roles, emotions and diagnoses were related to particular offences. The five studies conducted concurrently through these three stages are discussed in the context of theoretical and therapeutic development, and contribution to the investigative discipline. In summary, the findings of this thesis expand on the current literature by uniquely examining the roles and emotions that MDOs experience during the commission of their crimes. These findings also highlight areas for future research.

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Gillstrom, Brenda Jean. "Language-related hand gestures in criminal psychopaths." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28052.

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Hand gestures were coded from videotaped interviews of male prison inmates divided into high (P), medium (M) and low (NP) groups based on the Psychopathy Checklist (Hare, 1980). Compared with other groups, psychopaths were found to make more beats (a type of nonreferential language-related gesture) when speaking about their family background but not when speaking about their criminal history. There were no group differences in the use of other language gestures or nonlanguage gestures. The results are discussed in terms of speech encoding difficulties that psychopaths may experience in relation to content that involves concepts or words that are abstract or emotion-laden. The results are consistent with language research, and suggest that psychopaths differ from others in the processing and use of language.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

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12

Buckwalter, Renea Michelle. "Investigating criminality : the relationship between criminal thinking and psychopathy /." Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000544/02/1989FT.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.
Thesis advisor: Damon Mitchell. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Criminal Justice." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-27). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Cucolo, Jessica L. "Anger and criminal thinking patterns among adult probationers /." Abstract, 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000541/01/1985Abstr.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.
Thesis advisor: Raymond Chip Tafrate. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Criminal Justice." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-49). Abstract available via the World Wide Web.

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14

Bannister, Benjamin. "Secondary victims' perceptions of justice : implications for forensic psychology." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/559.

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An emerging area of study has begun to look at the perceptions of justice of the family and friends of crime victims – or, secondary victims. It is important to improve understanding of secondary victims’ experiences of justice, partly because knowledge about how they perceive justice may help forensic psychologists assist them more effectively. This research attempted to assess how well existing justice theories could account for secondary victims’ perceptions of justice, and also help determine what is important to them. Using the largely ignored group of secondary victims of non-sexual violent crime, the research consisted of two interrelated stages. In Stage One, qualitative analysis was used to determine the justice perceptions of 22 secondary victims. The findings revealed that a combination of principles from various theories of justice were present in secondary victims’ views. However, participants also endorsed unique aspects of victimisation that did not link directly to existing theories. Importantly, many participants made primary victim and offender outcome comparisons using seven variables. Three related to the primary victim and four related to the offender. A second stage of research involved 156 potential secondary victim participants drawn from the community. They responded to a scenario involving a victim of crime, in order to determine whether they considered the same seven variables identified in Stage One in deciding whether justice had been achieved for that victim. The results showed that participants considered these variables when making comparisons of outcomes, and did so irrespective of whether they felt justice had been achieved in the given scenario. Overall, the findings of the two stages of this research represented an important step towards a more comprehensive understanding of the justice experiences and perceptions of secondary victims of violent crime, and therefore have important implications for forensic psychologists working with this group.

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15

Radosteva, Alesya. "Cultural Consultations in Criminal Forensic Psychology:A Thematic Analysis of the Literature." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1536856667462656.

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16

Cline, Donna. "Criminal faces| Clinical experiences of forensic artists." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3567525.

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The forensic artists who create suspect composite drawings of wanted criminals for law enforcement agencies are frequently exposed to the details of traumatic events. The manner and degree to which this exposure to details of violence affects the perceptions and lives of these artists comprise the basis of this phenomenological study. Interviews with 8 experienced forensic artists include inquiries about their background and training and their perceptions of the most disturbing type of crimes, and also about how they subjectively process the traumatic material received via the cognitive interviews that they conduct with victims and witnesses of violent crime. Perceptions of a more comprehensive effect of violence on society are also explored. Other pivotal aspects of this study include the manner in which memories of criminal cases are evoked, and specifically the way in which specific facial features that these artists have imaged in composites may act as triggers to these memories. The results of this inquiry reveal the varied degrees to which these forensic artists are conscious of the effects of this repeated exposure to traumatic detail. However, conscious revelations of such an impact on their lives occur frequently during the research interviews due to the narrative process of specific cases with which they had been involved. Recommended future research includes further exploration of specific facial features as triggers to traumatic memory and of the gender of the forensic artist may have on the perception of facial features and their translatable meanings within the context of a suspect composite interview.

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17

Hicks, Scotia J. "The art and science of criminal profiling." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290111.

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In recent years, the American public has become increasingly fascinated by criminal profiling. Despite the popularity of criminal profiling, however, evidence of its accuracy and utility in serving the various phases of the criminal justice process has not been scientifically demonstrated. Historically portrayed as an art, profiling has increasingly been represented as a science by profiling practitioners, even in the absence of a body of scientific literature to support such a representation. The purpose of this book is twofold: First, the state of criminal profiling today will be critically examined. This examination will include a discussion of the scientific and practical limits of existing approaches and the scientific and practice implications of these limitations for the field of profiling. Next, given the limits of the extant profiling models, this book will discuss the steps necessary for building a science of profiling. It is hoped that collectively these chapters will enable profiling to emerge as a credible and respected field that ultimately will significantly advance law enforcement investigations.

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Kirkpatrick, Bonnie Lavonne High. "Cognitive restructuring : effects on recidivism." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1027089.

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The purpose of this baseline study was to determine the effectiveness of a cognitive restructuring program in reducing recidivism of offenders under supervision in a communitybased setting. The study also sought to determine the relationships between three outcomes (no recidivism within one year of release from the community-based supervised setting, violation of Home Detention requirements resulting in incompleteness of court ordered supervision, and recidivism within one year of release from Home Detention) and risk predictor variables including hours of participation in a cognitive restructuring program (Criminal Intervention), gender, race, age, previous criminal history, educational attainment, and history of substance abuse.The population of the study included offenders under sentence of community-based supervision during a two-year period from November, 1992 to October, 1994. One group of 297 offenders participated in the cognitive restructuring intervention program; another group of 346 offenders did not participate. Chi-square analyses based in contingency tables determined statistical significance of the categorical variables, and stepwise discriminant analysis was utilized to create a model that best differentiated between three outcome groups.When using 16 predictor variables, the results of discriminant analyses indicated that outcomes between groups could be differentiated by a function that accounted for 94% of the variability between groups and resulted in no statistically significant residual discriminations. Pearson product-moment correlational analyses indicated only modest correlations between the variables, and chi-square analyses resulted in the rejection of seven out of ten hypotheses concerning outcome and the categorical risk variables.Two important findings relating to the treatment program, Criminal Intervention, were found. Post-release recidivism of offenders was reduced by 7%. However, offenders participating in the treatment program were terminated from supervision due to violations of the conditions for that supervision at an additional rate of 10% over the nonparticipating violators. The review of the literature and research findings confirmed that individual differences were important to successful rehabilitation; therefore, appropriate matching between intervention program and offender risk and need was warranted. Follow up studies, comprehensive offender assessments, and development, utilization, and validation of a comprehensive risk assessment tool was recommended for future research.
Department of Educational Leadership

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19

Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2016. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/22.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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20

Barrett, Emma Caroline. "The interpretation and exploitation of information in criminal investigations." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/353/.

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This thesis explores psychological mechanisms underlying the acquisition, interpretation and exploitation of information in complex criminal enquiries. Detective work is conceptualised as problem-solving and the importance of sense-making is highlighted. A model of investigative sense-making is presented, grounded in social-cognitive psychological and criminological research and bringing together several theoretical concepts within one coherent framework. Two studies explored aspects of this framework. First, 42 UK police officers gave written responses to four crime-related vignettes. Content analysis of the answers showed how sense-making about what had occurred varied according to the vignettes and between participants. Building on this pilot, a simulated investigation method was developed and tested with 22 UK detectives. Qualitative content analysis of ‘think aloud’ transcripts (using the qualitative analysis package N-Vivo) focused on how participants made sense of the victim’s story, the characteristics of the offender and the plausibility of potential suspects. Participants spontaneously generated and tested multiple hypotheses about investigative information using mental simulation, tolerating high levels of uncertainty throughout the ‘investigation’ and paying particular attention to investigative opportunities. This research suggests that successful detectives need the ability to imagine multiple potential explanations for investigative data and the knowledge to identify the opportunities for action such data affords.

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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687475.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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22

Berg, Richard Allan. "Quantification of standards of proof thresholds in criminal and civil litigation." FIU Digital Commons, 1997. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1600.

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Standards of proof in law serve the purpose of instructing juries as to the expected levels of confidence in determinations of fact. In criminal trials, to reach a guilty verdict a jury must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt, and in civil trials by a preponderance of the evidence. The purposes of this study are to determine the quantitative thresholds used to make these determinations; to ascertain the levels of juror agreement with basic principles of justice; and to try to predict thresholds and beliefs by juror personality characteristics. Participants read brief case descriptions and indicated thresholds in percentages, their beliefs in various principles, and completed three personality measures. A 92-94% threshold in criminal and an 80% threshold in civil matters was found; but prediction by personality was not supported. Significant percentages of jurors disavowed the presumptions of innocence and right to counsel.

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Singher, Alessandre Singher. "Effects of the Walters Criminal Lifestyle Program on Offenders' Criminal Thinking Styles." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3920.

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Researchers have documented the high prevalence of crime in society and the need for programs to assist in the reduction of crime. Social cognitive and criminal lifestyle theories were the two major theoretical frameworks applied to this study due to their focus on the influence of cognitive change on behavioral modifications. A lifestyle approach in such programs reshapes criminal thoughts and transforms criminal behaviors. The efficacy of a lifestyle program in a community correctional facility outside of federal prison walls, modified to run 3 months with parolees and probationers, lacks evidenced research. Using a 2x3 between groups factorial ANCOVA, archival data, which had not previously evaluated, was used to assess whether there were any treatment or cohort differences in criminal thinking. Archival pre and posttest data from The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles were collected from 3 cohort groups who participated in 5 weeks of the criminality program as compared to 5 weeks of primary group programming. Pretest scores on the criminal thinking inventory were controlled to assess the presence of any posttest differences between treatment conditions and cohorts. This study's findings reported statistically significant differences in posttest scores for the criminality program as compared to the primary group program. Using study's findings, clinicians can develop programs that assist in changing an individual's worth, values, and thinking process, which may assist in building outcomes of lower recidivism rates. These lifestyle changes can promote positive social change within the social structure of offenders, the community, and society.

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Chau, Peter Siu Chun. "Social deprivation and criminal punishment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:59b68db7-20b7-461f-8c08-f8ee3e67d636.

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My aim in this thesis is to examine whether there are some mitigating factors, i.e. reasons to punish an offender less for his crime than an otherwise similar offender (other than that the offender suffered from mental disorder or disturbance or other forms of irrationality at the time of offence), that are more applicable to socially deprived offenders than to non-socially deprived offenders. I will answer the thesis question through a critical examination of twelve arguments for claiming that there is a mitigating factor that is more applicable to socially deprived offenders, each proposing a different mitigating factor. My conclusions are as follows: (1) Most of the arguments that I examine fail, i.e. they either fail to highlight a genuine mitigating factor, or we do not have much evidence that the mitigating factor highlighted by the argument has a greater applicability to socially deprived offenders than to non-socially deprived offenders. (2) However, one argument, which can be called the no violation of natural duties argument, is successful. (3) Moreover, the improvement of the worst off argument, an argument that is not often discussed in the literature, is particularly noteworthy. If my discussion about that argument is correct, then even if, as I will argue, the mitigating factor highlighted by that argument may not be more applicable to socially deprived offenders than to non-socially deprived offenders, the remaining parts of that argument would still have profound influence on punishment in our unjust societies.

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25

Carbo, Anthony Robert. "The nine reasons why inmates offend: Rational choice and determinism." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3405.

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The purpose of this study was to consolidate the myriad theories of crime and create a comprehensive list of reasons a person may violate the law. This thesis aimed to accurately identify and categorize the general criminal motivations of sentenced inmates at Glen Helen Rehabilitation Center (GHRC). By administering a survey to sentenced inmates this study supported the research hypothesis that all of the participants would agree that they had committed their illegal act due exclusively to one or more of the nine reasons discussed.

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Eriksson, Åsa. "Risk factors for criminal offending among men with schizophrenia." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-666-2/.

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27

Tirnady, Rachel Lee. "Life skills and criminal thinking : a comparison between offenders and college students /." Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000532/02/1981FT.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.
Thesis advisor: Damon Mitchell. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Criminal Justice." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-43). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Tsoudis, Olga. "Defining the criminal situation: An affect control explanation of construals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187157.

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The definition of the situation is important to observers in everyday social interaction. From the identity of the social actor, the observer attempts to fill in details about the situation. From this "going beyond the information given", the observer defines the situation. The definition then allows the observer to make predictions about the social actor and the situation. Going beyond the information given is referred to as a situational construal (Dunning 1989). The individual forms a concrete image of the situation, resolving ambiguities through construals. However, a still unanswered question has remained: What determines the construals? In this study, affect and construals are linked together. Through the identity of the actor, affect can be linked to expectations, which are used to fill in information. Affect control theory is one theory linking affect to other elements of the situation, such as the relationships between identity, behavior and emotion. The observer has stored knowledge linking identities with affective meanings that generate role behaviors in specific situations, associating identity with specific behavioral expectations. Emotion displays assist the observer in inferring the identities of social actors. One specific situation in which affect and construals are evident is the criminal situation. The criminal situation has ambiguities for which decisions must be made by various observers throughout the criminal justice process. In this study, affect control theory's application to the criminal justice system focuses on inferences made during a probation officer's presentence report, specifically the recommended sentence. Probation officers and undergraduate students respond to vignettes of a criminal situation. In Study 1, undergraduates, after reading a presentence report with criminal and victim statements, assign punishment and answer questions regarding the criminal case. Study 2 replicates Study 1 with probation officers. Study 3 further tests the influence of knowledge structures on construals. Results demonstrate a link between identity and construals. Results answer questions about how the probation officer resolves ambiguities in reaching a recommended sentence. The influence of various knowledge structures is also demonstrated. The cognitive process model applied to the probation officers and the students can be generalized to observers of other situations. One explanation of situational construal is demonstrated.

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Tengström, Anders. "Mental illness & criminal behavior /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4130-0/.

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30

Du, Toit Jacobus Petrus. "Bad faith: the psychological life of a satanist who committed murder." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007483.

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Traditional methods of psychological and forensic research fail to adequately provide an account of the psychological meaning that perpetrators of crime derive when appropriating their actions to Satanic involvement. In February 2001, a young man appeared in a South African High Court and testified that he had committed murder as a result of his involvement in Satanism. The aim of this study is to gain a phenomenological understanding of how this man appropriates the act of murder to involvement in Satanism. A review of literature elucidates Satanism as a context for meaning, provide a framework for defining murder as a criminal act, and situate this study in the broader field of phenomenological-existential, psychological research. An emergent design case-study approach was applied to data gathered from a single subject, by means of a three-interview series. An empirical phenomenological methodology was used during the interpretive phase to arrive at both a descriptive account of the subject's phenomenological experience and how the eidetic structure of the experience of Satanism as a context tor meaning emerged. A discussion of the subject's appropriation of murder with Satanism illustrates how the subject imposed a dichotomy of good and bad on his life-world in an attempt to derive meaning from his experience of inadequacy. Involvement with Satanism is meaningful, in that it affords its followers an increased sense of power, a safe environment to explore individuality, shared responsibility associated with exercising free choice, social situatedness and an affirmation of being through an increased awareness of finitude. The research subject experienced committing murder as an act of loyalty to the perceived gains he had been afforded as result of his involvement with Satanism.

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McCurry, Ford C. "How Psychology’s Empirical Results Can Benefit the Criminal Justice System: Expert Testimony." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1166.

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Brigham and Bothwell (1983) claimed that jurors have a scientifically incorrect view of eyewitness testimony. The purpose of this study was to examine the most beneficial way to assist the jury in dealing with eyewitness testimony. Duckworth, Kreiner, Stark-Wroblewski, and Marsh (2011) applied interactive participation in an eyewitness activity and expert testimony to a mock-jury dealing with eyewitness testimony and found that those who participated in the activity had significantly fewer convictions. The methodological framework of the Duckworth et al. study was applied to East Tennessee State University criminal justice undergraduates. Although this study did not find any significant effects in hearing expert testimony on empirical findings regarding eyewitness testimony or participating in an individual recall activity, cross tabulation frequencies indicated a directional pattern of relationship when independent variables were compared to the control group.

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Kaderabek, Barbara Kathleen. "ARE TWO HEADS BETTER THAN ONE? THE EFFECTS OF TEAMWORK ON CRIMINAL PROFILE ACCURACY." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04022009-091446/.

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This study compared the accuracy of criminal profiles produced by individuals versus profiles produced by teams of two. Participants were 239 college students who were randomly assigned to work alone or in a team. Participants were asked to read a double sexual homicide case, profile the offender, and answer the Profiling Offender Characteristics Questionnaire. The results indicate that although novice profiler teams only slightly outperformed individuals on overall profile accuracy, teamwork significantly improved profiling accuracy for the cognitive characteristics of the offender. In contrast, teams and individuals showed similar profile accuracy for all other facets of the offender. These results may reflect the type of reasoning used by teams and individuals to profile different offender characteristics.

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Van, der Westhuysen Martine J. C. "Impulse control, substance abuse and clinical factors in habitual criminal violence : a neuropsychological approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13861.

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Bibliography: leaves 183-203.
Past research is reviewed in relation to criminal violence, psychopathy disordered impulse control and neuropsychological findings in these areas. Drawing upon publications from fields such as neurology, psychiatry and biochemistry, a theoretical foundation for a link between a functional disorder of impulse control and habitual impulsive violence is presented. Research on pharmacological treatment of violence is reviev.1ed as a possible alternative method to assist the violent offender to inhibit violent impulses. In order to assess whether functional impairment of impulse control may be a factor which contributes to the high local rate of habitual criminal violence on an interpersonal level, 50 violent and 50 nonviolent prisoners from Pollsmoor and Brandvlei Prisons in the Western Cape were compared on a self-report dyscontrol scale, neuropsychological measures of impulse control, incidence of substance abuse, prior head injury, and certain clinical and demographical variables. The violent group was selected on the basis of serving a current sentence for violent crime, plus a history of habitual interpersonal violence of a non-political nature from their criminal records in the prison files. The crime category of robbery was excluded from both subject groups, as it was considered to be a planned crime with an economic motive rather than an impulsive act of violence. The nonviolent sample was required to have no violent convictions of any nature, but the number of previous offences had to be comparable to those of the violent group. The total number of convictions per person ranged from 2 to 25 (mean 9.6).

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Roberts, Alexander J. "The impact of trait displaced aggression on impulsivity, criminal behavior, and drug use." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1526947.

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Crime and drug use are social issues that have profound negative effects on society. Trait displaced aggression (TDA) is the tendency of an individual to respond to a provocation by aggressing against a target other than the original provocateur. The current study was the first to examine whether TDA was associated with (a) specific criminal behaviors, and (b) specific types of drug use as well as the first to assess the potential mediating effect of impulsivity on these relationships. Participants were administered self-report questionnaires assessing TDA, drug use, criminal behavior, and impulsivity. TDA was related to violent but not nonviolent crime and this relationship was mediated by impulsivity. In addition, TDA was related to the use of several specific drugs including crack, marijuana, and cocaine. Implications of these findings for reducing both crime and drug use will be discussed.

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King, Sherria Nicole. "Stress and Job Satisfaction in Career College Criminal Justice Department Heads." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5490.

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There has been a significant amount of research on the impact of stress and job satisfaction amongst employees in a multitude of professional settings, including the criminal justice and higher education field. Yet, information on criminal justice professionals who work in more untraditional types of higher education institutions, such as career colleges, was lacking. The purpose of this quantitative research study was to examine whether there is a significant relationship between stress, job satisfaction, and being employed as a criminal justice department head within a career college institution and compare whether heads of other departments within career college institutions differ in terms of these relationships. Selye's stress model and Spector's model of job satisfaction were used as the theoretical framework. Nonexperimental quantitative survey data were collected from 77 department heads and instructors who worked in career college institutions. Participants were selected using a nonprobability convenience sampling procedure. The data were evaluated using discriminant analysis. The overall results showed no significant differences in the relationship of stress and job satisfaction between criminal justice department heads and instructors and their counterparts in other academic departments. Further in-depth research regarding the individual work-related experiences of these professionals could be beneficial in gaining a holistic understanding of criminal justice professionals who transition to higher education. With more knowledge, employers within this sector of higher education may be able to better evaluate institutional practices and develop more effective intervention and training programs aimed at improving retention and job satisfaction, as well as, igniting a change in the negative image that is often times associated with career college institutions.

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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias on Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/407.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0-10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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Spano, Cheryl. "Central California's Juvenile/Dependency and Criminal Courts' Treatment of Parent-Child Contact." Thesis, Walden University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13859371.

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Parties to a legal action of child abuse can be prosecuted criminally as well as charged with allegations within the jurisdiction of juvenile/dependency court. This can lead to seemingly conflicting goals regarding contact and visitation between the two parties (victim and defendant; child and parent). In essence, restraining orders or visitation orders from one court can contradict the case goals of another court. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to (a) determine if there is a pattern of inconsistent goals in cases of concurrent jurisdictional child-abuse cases, (b) evaluate the effect of conflicting court orders on each jurisdiction’s cases, and (c) examine the ability of these courts to process cases in a timely manner in light of both courts’ goals and concerns. Previous to this study, scholarly literature surrounding no-contact orders was limited to domestic violence and criminal contexts. There is no current scholarly research addressing the treatment of no-contact orders in concurrent jurisdiction cases. This study utilized standardized surveys, one-on-one interviews, and observations to evaluate and examine the areas of inquiry. Participants were chosen for their extensive knowledge and professional duties regarding both the juvenile/dependency and criminal court systems. The results of this research indicate that many participants considered these two jurisdictions to maintain contradictory goals, which is particularly problematic in contact/no-contact orders. Participants found the issue of restraining orders in this context to manifest in unfairness, confusion, and delay. A myriad of recommendations are offered in an effort to assist this county, as well as others, in its promotion of fairness to court participants and parties of these concurrent cases.

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Bosetti, Luca. "From the criminal to the sinthome : Lacan's ethics of psychoanalysis and contemporary life." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12768/.

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This thesis examines the continuity and the changes in Lacan's elaboration of psychoanalytic ethics. It focuses in particular on the shift from Lacan's classic formulation of psychoanalytic ethics in relation to the criminal figures of Sade and Antigone in Seminar VII, to his later formulation of a psychoanalytic ethics based on a re-elaboration of the concept of symptom - the sinthome - in the 1970s. By illustrating the way in which psychoanalytic ethics is constantly, from Freud to Lacan, defined against a critique of civilization, and by engaging with a number of contemporary clinical readings of Lacan's work, this thesis argues that the development of Lacan's understanding of psychoanalytic ethics should be seen as an attempt to adapt the practice of psychoanalysis to a major change in the structure of contemporary civilization. In this way, this thesis also insists on the importance of maintaining a distinction between Lacan's theory of ethics and, on the other hand, the ethical effects of psychoanalytic practice, and aims to explore the dialogue, the exchanges and the tensions between psychoanalytic practice and contemporary culture.

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Spencer, David James. "Predicting early failure on probation using survival analysis and psychological predictor variables /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Booth, Alexis L., and Jill D. PhD Stinson. "Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on High Risk Inpatients Criminal Behavior." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/289.

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) play a role in the development of chronic mental and physical diseases in adulthood. These experiences include adversities such as: emotional/verbal abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and household dysfunction. In this study, we hypothesize that forensic mental health offenders will have higher ACE scores than community participants. Secondly, we hypothesize that these participants will show higher rates of and earlier incidences of offending, arrest, incarceration, and hospitalization as a result of their ACE scores. Further, we hypothesize that males and females will be affected by ACEs differently. Using archival data from a secure forensic psychiatric facility in the Midwestern US, data were collected from 211 participants, of which 80% were males and 18% females. The ages of the participants ranged from 23 to 72 with a median age of 43. Using SPSS software, we were able to determine frequency of the ten categories of abuse, maltreatment, and familial dysfunction as included in the original ACE research. Correlations were run to determine the relationship between ACEs and criminal behavior. Statistical comparisons were also run to examine the differences between males and females. ACE score significantly correlated with age at first psychiatric admission. Males and females were significantly different with regard to ACE score. However, other variables were not significant and suggest that future research need to more deeply examine these differences, and additional variables that may determine criminal outcomes in high-risk samples.

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Hussain, Qusai. "Checklist of offence pathways for rapists : a clinician's guide to informed intervention /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002296.

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Lee, Ria J. Heilbrun Kirk. "Imagined versus actual violence: the role of cognitions in predicting violence risk /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2004. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/366.

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Africa, Adelene R. "An analysis of psychological and legal conceptions of the defence of non-pathological criminal incapacity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13901.

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Bibliography: leaves 59-62.
The defence of non-pathological capacity presents challenges for both law and psychology because it acknowledges that psychological factors other than mental illness, are grounds for complete exculpation. In this sense, South African law differs from its Anglo-American counterparts as it recognises that non-pathological factors playa role in negating criminal responsibility. Legal and mental health professionals are instrumental in the application of the defence, but both case law and literature reflect differences in the way in which the defence is understood and applied. Disagreement within and between disciplines adds to the controversial nature of the defence. This study examines the interpretation and practical application of the defence by mental health professionals and lawyers. It explores how participants' understanding of the defence informs its application in practice. A sample of ten participants including mental health professionals (comprising psychologists and psychiatrists) and lawyers (comprising advocates) was chosen, in order that a comparison be drawn between the two groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted so as to enable in-depth exploration of issues regarding conceptions of criminal responsibility, the role of expert testimony and the conceptual understanding and application of the defence.

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Marcus, Mindy Beth. "Explaining adult crime : the role of Adlerian theory and the generalizability of social control theory /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Ratliff, Ebony Burrell. "EFFECT OF CRIMINAL DEFENDANT'S HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE AND PERSONALITY DISORDER DIAGNOSIS ON JUROR DECISION-MAKING." MSSTATE, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07052007-133705/.

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This study investigated whether a defendant?s history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and/or personality disorder (PD) diagnosis affected juror decision-making in a child sexual abuse trial. The personality disorders in the study were borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (APD). Participants were 186 college students who read a summary of the trial and then made various juror decisions. The defendant?s CSA history, alone or combined with PD diagnosis, did not affect guilt ratings or sentence recommendations, indicating that jurors did not automatically assume that a defendant who had been abused as a child was guilty (as an adult) of being an abuser. However, when the defendant had a PD diagnosis, there were higher guilt ratings than when there was no PD diagnosis. PD diagnosis was the best predictor of guilt ratings, suggesting that jurors perceive defendants more negatively if they have borderline or antisocial personality disorder.

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Silkstone, Christine. "Psychopathy in South African criminal case law between 1947 and 1999: an exploration of the relationship between psychology and law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12009.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This study drew on South African criminal case reports containing judicial pronouncements on psychopathy between 1947 and 1999 to explore the historical relationship between psychology and the law. In criminal law, where mental illness is alleged, the issue of responsibility arises. During the period of the study, there were important legal developments in the criminal law relating to criminal responsibility, including the formulation of a statutory test for capacity in 1977 that did away with the M’Naghten Rules and irresistible impulse principle, ... Diminished responsibility was also entrenched in the criminal law in the same Act. Psychopathy provided an interesting case study as, in terms of legal thinking, a diagnosis may indicate pathology but is not of a degree that it necessarily follows that it would be unreasonable to assign blame in law.

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Hankins, Jewell E. "Criminal History and LSI-R Scores of RSAT Participants in the State of Massachusetts: Impact of Offender Age on Program Completion and Rates of Offender Recidivism." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1087.

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The purpose of this study was to understand how offender age impacted residential substance abuse treatment (RSAT) program success in reducing rates of recidivism for offenders exiting the judicial system. Despite passing legislation in the 1980s and 1990s, which increased the penalties for certain crimes, offender recidivism remains high, with no apparent drop in the number of incarcerations and re-incarcerations, resulting in high costs and threats to the safety and quality of life experienced within communities. Social learning theory, behavioral decision theory, and biologically based theories of behavior were the theoretical foundations. Archival data collected from a RSAT grant program at between January 1, 1999 and June 6, 2001 were examined. Data related to participant scores on the Level of Service Inventory Revised (LSI-R), acquired prior to program placement and upon program completion, were compared with the number of incarcerations before and after program completion; charges for convictions already decided and/or pending convictions, age at admission(s) and age at the time of the offender's first offense, and types of offenses (domestic or sexual) committed were explored in a factor analysis. Negative correlations identified included: sex offenders and their age at admission and between LSI-R scores and completing the RSAT program. Positive correlations identified included: new convictions and completing the RSAT program, age at admission to program and age of first offense, and date of first offense and sex offender variables. Implications for positive social change include reduced rates of recidivism among offenders with substance abuse problems.

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Hendrix, Jasmine L. "A Longitudinal Study Investigating the Effects of Baumrind's Parenting Styles on Deviant, Delinquent, and Criminal Behavior." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10635356.

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Professionals have a tendency to employ treatment-based approaches or palliative care with little regard for removing the causes of conditions using preventive interventions or behavior-change programming efforts. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the parenting style received in childhood and the potential for criminal behavior as an adult in order to aid in preventative interventions to help at-risk youth. The research design of the current study was based on the secondary analysis of data from the NLSY97 data set. One MANOVA was conducted to assess the impacts of parenting style and race on deviant, delinquent, and criminal involvement. A second MANOVA was conducted to assess the impact of parenting style on deviant, delinquent, and criminal behavior over time. When examined separately, total number of arrests and delinquency scores were highest for children of parents with neglecting or authoritarian parenting styles. Total number of arrests and total number of incarcerations were higher for Black respondents than for Hispanic or White respondents, while White respondents had significantly higher mean delinquency scores than Black respondents. A measure of criminal and delinquent behavior was summed across three timeframes; results showed no significant impact of parenting style on any of the three timeframes or on the combined dependent variables. Parenting style is one of the many factors of juvenile delinquency, and it is hoped that this study will inform all individuals interacting with children of the importance of implementing early intervention, awareness, and respect across multi-disciplinarians.

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Gutiérrez, Quintanilla José Ricardo, and García Cecilia Beatriz Portillo. "Criminal violence associated to mental health in Salvadorian people." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/99926.

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This is an ex post facto study with a retrospective and cross sectional design, consisting of a random sample of 1,143 participants (538 men and 605 women), age range 17-56 or more. The measures used involved the Escala de estrés y ansiedad delincuencial, and the Cuestionario de salud general. Results revealed that approximately three fourths of the simple considered that the criminal violence context affected their mental health. Differences between men and women were established. Women and urban residents exhibited a greater number of stress symptoms and criminal anxiety. Recommendations for future studies are suggested.
El presente es un estudio expos facto con un diseño retrospectivo y transeccional, que consideró una muestra probabilística de 1,143 personas (538 hombres y 605 mujeres) con un rango de edad entre 17 y 56 años o más. Los instrumentos de medida fueron la Escala de estrés y ansiedad delincuencial, y el Cuestionario de salud general. Los resultados revelaron que aproximadamente las tres cuartas partes de la muestra consideró que el contexto de violencia delincuencial afectó su salud mental. Existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Las mujeres y los residentes urbanos presentaron mayor número de síntomas de estrés y ansiedad delincuencial. Se sugieren recomendaciones para estudios futuros.

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Bass, Annabelle. "The Effects Of Explicit And Implicit Racial Bias On Evaluations Of Individuals Involved With The Criminal Justice System." W&M ScholarWorks, 2021. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1627047840.

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A racialization of crime exists in American society with Black men in particular being associated with crime. The purpose of this research was to examine whether perceptions of criminal sentencing decisions and perceptions of male criminal offenders would vary as a function of race and are associated with explicit and implicit racial bias. Four studies were conducted utilizing a within-subjects design in which participants viewed fictitious case records for Black and White criminal offenders and completed measures of bias and perceptions of the sentencing decision and the offenders themselves. Two studies included samples of White American adults (n = 113 and 111) obtained through online paid research participation systems and two more were conducted with samples of undergraduate participants (n = 111 and 150). The first set of studies examined this in the context of individuals accused of drug crimes with both an adult and undergraduate sample and the second set examined this in the context of violent crimes also with both an adult and undergraduate sample. For the adult samples, perceptions did not differ as a function of race but individual differences in explicit and implicit racial biases were significantly associated with negative evaluations and harsher sentencing for the Black target. For the student samples, perceptions significantly differed as a function of race in favor of the Black target, while individual differences in explicit biases were consistent with those of the adult samples. This work can add to our understanding of the factors that can impact the decisions made about accused offenders of color as they progress through the criminal justice system in America.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Criminal psychology'

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